eLife Assessment

This study provides important insights into bacterial genome evolution by analyzing single-cell genome sequences of cyanobacteria from Yellowstone hot springs. Using compelling evidence, the authors demonstrate that both homologous recombination within species and frequent hybridization across species are major drivers of genome diversification. Despite the challenges that are inherent to sparse and fragmented single-cell data, the analyses are thorough, carefully controlled, and supported by multiple complementary approaches, making the conclusions highly robust. This work represents a significant advance in our understanding of microbial evolution in natural environments.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study uses tools of population and functional genomics to examine long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the context of human evolution. Analyses of computationally predicted human-specific lncRNAs and their genomic targets lead to the development of hypotheses regarding the potential roles of these genetic elements in human biology. The conclusions regarding evolutionary acceleration and adaptation, however, only incompletely take data and literature on human/chimpanzee genetics and functional genomics into account.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study is a comprehensive investigation into the regulatory mechanisms and regional distribution of enteroendocrine cell subtypes in the Drosophila midgut, significantly advancing the understanding of how WNT and BMP gradients contribute to EE diversity. The methodological foundation and robust genetic evidence are solid in supporting the key roles of compartment boundary signals, particularly WNT and BMP, in specifying EE subtypes and division modes. However, there is a lack of full mechanistic insight regarding Notch pathway involvement, incomplete quantification of phenotype data, and insufficient global pattern analysis, which detracts from fully supporting some proposed models. Overall, the study provides a platform for future work but would benefit from stronger data integration and expanded mechanistic exploration.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study addresses the effects of selection on aggression on fitness and life-history trade-offs in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the evidence presented is incomplete and does not support the claims proposed in the study of increased survival of highly aggressive males at the expense of reproductive success and shorter mating duration. The main limitation of the study is the choice to use males from only one aggressive Drosophila line in combination with CantonS females, that do not allow disambiguation between nonaggression-related factors, such as hybrid vigor and aggression-related factors influencing mating and lifespan.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study examines how mammals descend effectively and securely along vertical substrates. The conclusions from comparative analyses based on behavioral data and morphological measurements collected from 21 species across a wide range of taxa are convincing, making the work of interest to all biologists studying animal locomotion.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides a systematic investigation of parent-of-origin (POE) effects on gene expression using large trio-based data from the Framingham Heart Study, uncovering thousands of potentially novel associations. While the findings are potentially significant, the statistical support for classifying POE eQTLs and some downstream analyses is incomplete, and more stringent re-analysis is needed. With such revisions, the work would serve as a foundation for advancing understanding of POEs and their role in gene regulation.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows that retinal bipolar cell subtype-specific differences in the size of synaptic ribbon-associated vesicle pools contribute to the transient versus sustained kinetics of the responses of retinal ganglion cells. The data are extensive and compelling. This work will be of broad interest to researchers working on synaptic transmission, retinal signal processing, and sensory neurobiology.

eLife Assessment

This important work provides a new method to extract cfDNA from residual plasma from heparin separators for molecular testing. The evidence supporting the authors' claims is convincing, although some further metrics should also be evaluated. This finding will be interesting to people working in epigenomics and infectious disease diagnostics.

eLife Assessment

The characterization of a dissociable Mediator subunit implicated in cellular pathways, particularly lung alveolar function and HIV latency, would be conceptually interesting. The authors have preliminary evidence for a stable Med16 subcomplex that may regulate specific genes. This work is useful in that it points to interactions between Med16 and UBP1, but the evidence is preliminary and incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This important study systematically investigates repeat expansion in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana using a new k-mer-based method, expanding on smaller studies to more comprehensively identify cis- and trans-acting loci associated with repeat dynamics. The approach is methodologically sound and broadly applicable to large-scale short-read datasets for assessing copy number variation and genomic repeat content. While convincing in its scope and novelty, the findings would be further strengthened with exploratory analyses of datasets from other species with more or fewer repeats in their genomes.

eLife Assessment

This work introduces FunC-ESMs, a proteome-scale framework to classify loss-of-function missense variants into distinct mechanistic groups by combining two complementary state-of-the-art machine learning models. The strength of evidence is convincing, supported by solid benchmarking, integration with experimental datasets, and careful methodological design. The significance of the findings is valuable, providing a resource of clear interest to researchers and diagnostic laboratories working on variant interpretation.

eLife Assessment

This work reveals metabolic pathways and molecular events mechanistically linked to B cell activation. Using an unbiased, comprehensive proteome profiling method and various functional validation approaches, this study generated convincing evidence suggesting a role for amino acid uptake, cholesterol accumulation, and protein prenylation in the proliferation, survival, and biogenesis of B cells stimulated with LPS and other activating stimuli. The significance of the findings is considered to be fundamental, in that they will advance our understanding of cell metabolism during B cell activation.

eLife Assessment

This important study advances our understanding of how cellular quality control machinery influences cystic fibrosis (CF) drug responsiveness by systematically analyzing the effects of the chaperone calnexin on more than two hundreds of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) variants. The evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing, with a comprehensive deep mutational scanning methodology and rigorous quantitative analysis. The findings reveal that calnexin is critical for both CFTR protein expression and corrector drug efficacy in a variant-specific manner, providing invaluable insights that could guide the development of personalized CF therapies. This work will be of significant interest to researchers in protein folding, CF drug development, and genetic disease therapeutics.

eLife Assessment

This important study uses data from OpenAlex on more than 50 million journal articles in over 50,000 research journals to examine the dynamics of interdisciplinarity and international collaboration in research journals. The data analytics used to quantify disciplinary and national diversity are convincing, and support the claims that journals have become more diverse in both aspects. The revisions made by the authors have addressed the small number of concerns the reviewers had about the original version.

eLife Assessment

The authors investigated the potential role of IgG N-glycosylation in Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), which may offer significant insights for understanding molecular mechanisms and for the development of therapeutic strategies for this infectious disease. The findings are thought to be valuable to the field and the strength of evidence to support the findings is solid.

eLife Assessment

This study addresses an important question in liver biology: how zonal hepatocytes balance survival and proliferation following injury; using spatial transcriptomics, mechanistic perturbations, and functional assays, the authors propose that a mid-zone Atf4-Chop axis to Btg2 program temporarily suppresses proliferation to promote survival during APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The idea that distinct intrahepatic zones mount tailored stress responses is conceptually significant and has implications for regeneration and toxicology. The dataset is rich and the methodology modern, but several conclusions rely on assumptions about zonation under injury, limited injury models, and incomplete functional validation of the Atf4-Chop-Btg2 axis. With targeted revisions and additional experiments, the work has the potential to provide strong mechanistic insights into liver zonation and injury responses.

eLife Assessment

This study presents an important finding by identifying OPG as a novel stromal checkpoint influencing T-cell anti-tumor responses, thereby shedding new light on the complex interplay between the tumor microenvironment and immune regulation. The data are robust and the experimental approaches are sound, providing solid support for the study's conclusions; however, there are a number of additional questions raised by the data. Of particular note are the questions raised on the mechanistic effects of TRAIL versus RANKL. In addition, it would broaden the interest in this study to include more translational human data to complement the work presented.

eLife Assessment

This useful study attempts to place an ancient maize sample from Bolivia, dated to the end of the Incan empire, in genetic and geographical context. The analyses show that this sample is most closely related to ancient Peruvian maize, but the data remain inadequate to determine the direction of dispersal and the extent of Inca influence over the genetic make up of the analyzed sample. There are additional deficiencies in the statistical analyses and selection inferences. The topic of the study would appeal to researchers studying maize dispersal and adaptation.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a meta-analysis of two independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that investigate the role of plasma proteins as potential biomarkers for enhancing the early detection of prostate cancer (PCa). The results provide useful confirmatory data that support existing evidence currently published. The evidence is incomplete: the study does not provide a comprehensive synthesis of all currently published work, does not explore other clinical outcomes related to prostatic disease, and its findings have not been validated through an external cohort study. These shortcomings notwithstanding, the work may be of interest to researchers studying correlates and predictors of prostate cancer risk.

eLife Assessment

This global study compares environmental niche model outputs of avian influenza pathogen niche constructed for two distinct periods, and uses differences between those outputs to suggest that the changed case numbers and distribution relate to intensification of chicken and duck farming, and extensive cultivation. While a useful update to existing niche models of highly pathogenic avian influenza, the justification for the use of environmental niche models to explore correlative relationships between land cover change and changed case epidemiology is incomplete. Key assumptions have not been adequately clarified for the readers benefit, and in consequence the communication of the likely limitations of the work are not sufficiently clear.

eLife Assessment

This study provides new single-cell multi-omics datasets that may be useful in the study of early cardiac lineages. However, the authors' conclusions regarding the mutual regulation of key regulators for cardiac specification and new cardiac lineage trajectories are inadequately supported by persuasive analysis and do not align with prior published studies. If revised to address the serious caveats adequately, the findings may be of interest to researchers in the field of cardiac development and congenital heart disease.

eLife Assessment

This study provides valuable information on the impact of Lamin A/C knockdown on gene expression using RNA-Seq analysis, as well as on telomere dynamics through live cell imaging. However, the conclusions remain inadequately supported by the current data, and several of the major technical concerns raised in the first round have not yet been fully resolved.

eLife Assessment

This important work represents an advance in our understanding of resident myeloid cells in the zebrafish brain, particularly as it provides a molecular definition of dendritic cell subtypes associated with their localization. Combined evidence from single cell transcriptomics and histology is compelling. The associated atlas will be used as a resource by the zebrafish community and beyond.

eLife Assessment

This work provides high-precision single-cell data on the relationship between DnaA activity and cell size, offering important insights for the field of cell cycle control. These findings motivate a novel and intriguing hypothesis for DNA replication initiation -the "extrusion model"- in which DNA-binding proteins modulate free DnaA availability in response to biomass-DNA imbalance. While the current indirect evidence does not fully establish the model, an experimental perturbation involving H-NS offers convincing support for its plausibility, laying the groundwork for future investigation.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript provides an improved version of an important cancer risk estimation tool and refines and expands upon resources that are currently available to the cancer genetics community. The new program is validated in a set of clinical pedigrees demonstrating its practical accuracy and relevance to the field. Collectively, the data are compelling and support the major conclusions of this manuscript.

eLife Assessment

This paper presents a valuable software package, named "Virtual Brain Inference" (VBI), that enables faster and more efficient inference of parameters in dynamical system models of whole-brain activity, grounded in artificial network networks for Bayesian statistical inference. The authors have provided convincing evidence, across several case studies, for the utility and validity of the methods using simulated data from several commonly used models, but more thorough benchmarking could be used to demonstrate the practical utility of the toolkit. This work will be of interest to computational neuroscientists interested in modelling large-scale brain dynamics.

eLife Assessment

This is a valuable study that presents convincing evidence on the genesis of the CPSF6 condensates that form upon HIV-1 infection and the specific molecular determinants involved in their formation, as well as their interactions with SRRM. The study could be strengthened by assessing the relevance of their findings to infection, and in particular, with reverse transcription and gene expression

eLife Assessment

The results by Zhu et al provide valuable insights into the representation of border ownership in area V1. They used neuropixel recording to demonstrate the clustering of border ownership, and compared cross-correlation functions between neurons in different layers to demonstrate that they depend on the type of stimulus. The strength of the evidence is solid but can be improved by performing additional analyses and addressing some concerns (as raised in the previous and current review), and accounting for the differences in classical and non-classical receptive field stimulation conditions.

eLife Assessment

This study presents SegPore, a valuable new method for processing direct RNA nanopore sequencing data, which improves the segmentation of raw signals into individual bases and boosts the accuracy of modified base detection. The evidence presented to benchmark SegPore is solid, and the authors provide a fully documented implementation of the method. SegPore will be of particular interest to researchers studying RNA modifications.

eLife assessment

This is a valuable study that combines a wide range of approaches to provide a biophysical and evolutionary mechanism that could explain why some particular mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 protein N arose during the COVID-19 pandemic. The evidence is solid and relies on multiple experimental approaches. However, some of the results were dependent on extremely high protein concentrations, which may affect certain conclusions.

eLife Assessment

The study reports a potential pathway for isoleucine biosynthesis mediated by the underground activity of AHASII, which converts glyoxylate and pyruvate to 2-ketobutyrate. While the findings are valuable in revealing a possible alternative route for isoleucine production, the evidence presented remains incomplete. More comprehensive biochemical experiments are required to substantiate the physiological feasibility of this pathway.

eLife Assessment

This valuable biomechanical analysis of kangaroo kinematics and kinetics across a range of hopping speeds and masses is a step towards understanding a long-standing problem in locomotion biomechanics: the mechanism for how kangaroos, unlike other mammals, can increase hopping speed without a concomitant increase in metabolic cost. The authors convincingly demonstrate that changes in kangaroo posture with speed increase tendon stress/strain and hence elastic energy storage/return. This greater tendon elastic energy storage/return may counteract the increased cost of generating muscular force at faster speeds and thus allows for the invariance in metabolic cost. This methodologically impressive study sets the stage for further work to investigate the relation of hopping speed to metabolic cost more definitively.

eLife Assessment

This important paper employs multiple experimental approaches and presents evidence that changes in membrane voltage directly affect ERK signaling to regulate cell division. This result is relevant because it supports an ion channel-independent pathway by which changes in membrane voltage can affect cell growth. The evidence now presented is solid and the data support the conclusions. This paper should be of interest to a broad readershp in the areas of cell and developemental biology and electrophysiology.

eLife Assessment

This high-N, multi-task study offers a comprehensive examination of rhythmicity in behavioral performance during listening. It presents a valuable set of findings that reveal task- and ear-specific effects, challenging the notion of a universal rhythmicity in auditory perception. The evidence is solid and the work is likely to be of significant interest to behavioral and cognitive scientists focused on perception and neural oscillations.

eLife Assessment

This important study establishes bathy phytochromes, a unique class of bacterial photoreceptors that respond to near-infrared light (NIR), as versatile tools for bacterial optogenetics. NIR light is a key control signal in optogenetics due to its deep tissue penetration and the ability to combine with existing red- and blue-light sensitive systems, but thus far, NIR-activated proteins have been poorly characterized. The strength of evidence is convincing, with comprehensive in vitro characterization, modular design strategies, and validation across different hosts, supporting the versatility and potential for these tools in biotechnological applications. This study should advance the fields of optogenetics and photobiology and inspire future work.

eLife Assessment

This study provides important insights into how researchers can use perceptual metamers to formally explore the limits of visual representations at different processing stages. The framework is compelling and the data largely support the claims, subject to minor caveats.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable finding relating to how the state of arousal is represented within the superior colliculus, a principal visuo-oculomotor structure. The main conclusion that the representation of arousal is segregated, and thus influences visual activity but not motor output, is incompletely supported by the evidence, but could be stronger if a specific concern relating to an alternative explanation for the dichotomy was addressed. The work will be of interest to sensory, motor, and cognitive neuroscientists.

eLife Assessment

This important study presents a novel approach to enhance the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) by genetically modifying their glycogen synthesis pathway, resulting in increased glycogen accumulation and improved cell survival under starvation conditions, particularly in the context of experimental pulmonary fibrosis. The methods and findings are generally solid and could be strengthened in the future by investigating the kinetics of persistence, the immunomodulatory effects, and the underlying improved mechanism of action of MSCs in this pulmonary fibrosis model. If confirmed, this approach could suggest potential methods to improve the therapeutic functionality of MSCs in cell therapy strategies.

eLife Assessment

This important manuscript evaluates how sample size and demographic balance of reference cohorts affect the reliability of normative models. The evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing, although some additional analysis and clarifications could improve the generalisability of the conclusions. This work will be of interest to clinicians and scientists working with normative models.

eLife Assessment

This important paper reports the development of proteins and small molecules that induce degradation of a clinically-relevant oncogenic transcription factor, LMO2. The findings provide a proof of concept that PROTAC-type chemicals can be developed against intrinsically disordered proteins. The methods provide a blueprint for rational design of PROTACs starting from intracellular antibody paratopes. Overall, the paper is supported by solid evidence and will be of interest to chemical biologists and cancer pharmacologists.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study concerns a model for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, the learned avoidance by C. elegans of the PA14 pathogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A recent study questioned whether transgenerational inheritance in this paradigm lacks robustness. The authors of this study have worked independently of the group that reported the original phenomenon and also independently of the group that challenged the original report. With solid data, this study independently validates findings previously reported by the Murphy group, confirming that the paradigm is reproducible elsewhere. The reviewers also appreciated the information on reagent sources used by different groups. The present study is therefore of broad interest to anyone studying genetics, epigenetics, or learned behavior.

eLife Assessment

This paper presents a valuable theory and analysis of the role of neurogenesis and inhibitory plasticity in the drift of neural representations in the olfactory system. For one of the findings, regarding the impact of neurogenesis on the drift, the evidence remains incomplete. The reason lies in the differences in variability/drift of the mitral/tufted cell responses observed in the model compared to experimental observations, where these responses remain stable over extended time scales.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study compares auditory cortex responses to sounds and cochlear implant stimulation measured with surface electrode grids in rats. Beyond the reduced frequency resolution of cochlear implants observed previously, this study suggests key discrepancies between neuronal representations of cochlear stimulations and natural sounds. However, the evidence for this potentially interesting result is incomplete because there is a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of the comparison method. This study is of interest to researchers in the auditory neuroscience field and clinicians implementing treatments with cochlear implants.

eLife Assessment

This important study uses simultaneous EEG and fMRI recordings to shed light on the relationship between alpha and gamma oscillations and specific cortical layers. The sophisticated methodology provides solid evidence for correlations between oscillatory power and the strength and contents of fMRI signals in different cortical layers, though some caveats remain. This paper will be of interest to neuroscientists studying the role and mechanisms of alpha and gamma oscillations.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows that visual search for upright and rotated objects is affected by rotating participants in a VR and gravitational reference frame. However, the evidence supporting this conclusion is incomplete, given the authors' use of normalized response time and the assumption that object recognition across rotations requires mental rotation.

eLife Assessment

This study provides important results with regard to the ongoing debate of the relationship between internalizing psychopathology and learning under uncertainty. The methods and analyses are solid, and the results are backed by a large sample size, yet the study could still benefit from a more detailed discussion about the difference in experimental design and analysis compared to previous studies. If these concerns are addressed, this study would be of interest to researchers in clinical and computational psychiatry for the behavioral markers of psychopathological symptoms.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study describes MerQuaCo, a computational and automatic quality control tool for spatial transcriptomics datasets. The authors have collected a remarkable number of tissues to construct the main algorithm. The compelling strength of the evidence is demonstrated through a combination of empirical observations, automated computational approaches, and validation against existing software packages. MerQuaCo will interest researchers who routinely perform spatial transcriptomic imaging (especially MERSCOPE), as it provides an imperfection detector and quality control measures for reliable and reproducible downstream analysis.

eLife Assessment

This study provides a valuable contribution to spatial transcriptomics by introducing MerQuaCo, a computational tool for standardizing quality control in image-based spatial transcriptomics datasets. The tool addresses the lack of consensus in the field and provides robust metrics to identify and quantify common imperfections in datasets. The work is supported by an impressive dataset and compelling analyses, and will be of significant interest to researchers focused on data reproducibility and downstream analysis reliability in spatial transcriptomics.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows how the relative importance of inter-species interactions in microbiomes can be inferred from empirical species abundance data. The methods based on statistical physics of disordered systems are compelling and rigorous, and allow for distinguishing healthy and non-healthy human gut microbiomes via differences in their inter-species interaction patterns. This work should be of broad interest to researchers in microbial ecology and theoretical biophysics.

for - paper - title - Memory, Sleep, Dreams, and Consciousness: A Perspective Based on the Memory Theory of Consciousness - author - Andrew E. Budson, Ken A Paller - adjacency - memories - sleep - dreams - Memory Theory of Consciousness - MToC

summary - The authors present a theory of dreaming and sleep that I resonate with, that sleep is a time in which the brain performs unconscious processing of memories, consolidating them by taking advantage of consciousnesss down time to perform massive parallel processing to connect memories together. - dreams are seen as a small conscious byproduct of the massive parallel processing task, and their meaning may have value depending on how we interpret them.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript characterizes a mutated clone of RNA polymerase I in yeast, referred to as SuperPol, to understand the mechanisms of RNA polymerase I elongation and termination. The authors present convincing evidence that demonstrates the existence of premature termination in Pol I transcription. Overall, the characterization of this RNA pol I offers important insights into the regulation of ribosomal RNA transcription and its potential application in cancer pharmacology.

[Editors' note: this paper was reviewed by Review Commons.]

eLife Assessment

In this study, the authors offer a theoretical explanation for the emergence of nematic bundles in the actin cortex, carrying implications for the assembly of actomyosin stress fibers. As such, the study is a valuable contribution to the field actomyosin organisation in the actin cortex. The theoretical work is solid and provides a rigorous theoretical framework to study active self-organisation in actomyosin systems, including qualitative comparison with experimental observations.

eLife Assessment

The study is useful for advancing spatial transcriptomics through its novel regression-based linear model (glmSMA) that integrates single-cell RNA-seq with spatial reference atlases, and its methodological framework is convincing. The approach demonstrates notable utility by enabling higher-resolution cell mapping across multiple biological systems and spatial platforms compared to existing tools.

eLife Assessment

This study provides a fundamental advancement in our understanding of trabecular meshwork cell diversity and its role in eye pressure regulation and glaucoma using multimodal single-cell analysis, spatial validation, and functional testing that go beyond the current state-of-the-art. The study demonstrates that mitochondrial dysfunction, specifically in one of three distinct cell subtypes (TM3), contributes to elevated IOP in a genetic mouse model of glaucoma carrying a mutation in the transcription factor Lmx1b. While the identification of TM3 cells as metabolically specialized is compelling, there is somewhat limited evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction to the Lmx1b mutation in TM3 cells.

eLife Assessment

This useful study investigates how intrinsically disordered domains can interact to dictate the sub-cellular localization of a major innate immune sensor termed cGAS. The data from various cellular and biochemical assays are mostly solid, but the main conclusions from these experiments need to be validated further. This paper is relevant to immunologists, especially those interested in cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways.

eLife Assessment

Ruppert et al. investigated how activation of thermogenesis by cold exposure (CE) and methionine restriction (MetR) impacts health and leads to weight loss in mice. The authors provided valuable datasets showing that the responses to MR and CE are tissue-specific, while MR and CE affect beige adipose similarly. Although the study is descriptive, the data analyses are solid, with well-supported conclusions drawn from the findings.

eLife Assessment

This interesting study adapts machine learning tools to analyze movements of a chromatin locus in living cells in response to serum starvation. The machine learning approach developed is useful, the experiments are well controlled, and the data are solid. The study would be greatly strengthened by testing key predictions made using perturbation experiments. This work will be of interest to those studying chromosome biology and gene expression patterns.

eLife Assessment

This study characterises motor and somatosensory cortex neural activity during naturalistic eating and drinking tongue movement in nonhuman primates. The data, which include electrophysiology, three-dimensional tracking of tongue movements, and nerve block manipulations, are valuable to neuroscientists and neural engineers interested in tongue use. Although the current analyses provide a solid description of single neuron activity in these areas, both the population level analyses and the characterisation of activity changes following nerve block could be improved.

eLife Assessment

The authors describe an interesting approach to studying the dynamics and function of membrane proteins in different lipid environments. The important findings have theoretical and practical implications beyond the study of EGFR to all membrane signalling proteins. The evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing, based on the use of a nanodisk system to study membrane proteins in vitro, combined with state-of-the-art single-molecule FRET. The work will be of broad interest to cell biologists and biochemists.

eLife Assessment

In this valuable study, through carefully executed and rigorously controlled experiments, the authors challenged a previously reported role of the Death Receptor 6 (DR6/Tnfrsf21) in Wallerian degeneration (WD). Using two DR6 knockout mouse lines and multiple WD assays, both in vitro and in vivo, the authors provided convincing evidence that loss of DR6 in mice does not protect peripheral axons from WD after injury. Questions remain about whether this conclusion is generalizable to CNS axonal degeneration in disease models such as ALS, AD, and prion diseases. In addition, the authors need to provide information about the sex, age, and genetic background of their animal studies to allow readers to better assess the basis for inconsistencies from previous reports on the protective effects of DR6.

eLife Assessment

In their study, Brown et. al. provide an important advance in understanding the architecture of the mycobacterial outer membrane. Using all-atom simulations of model mycomembranes, the work reports compelling structural insights into how α-mycolic acids and outer leaflet lipids (PDIM and PAT) shape membrane organisation. The work revealed membrane heterogeneity with ordered inner leaflets and disordered outer leaflets that provide a molecular explanation for the resilience of the mycobacterial envelope.

eLife Assessment

This important study uses innovative microfluidics-based single-cell imaging to monitor replicative lifespan, protein localization, and intracellular iron levels in aging yeast cells. The evidence for the proposed role of Ssd1 and reduced nutrients for lifespan through limiting iron uptake is convincing, even though some mechanistic details remain unclear. This work will be of interest to cell biologists working on aging and iron metabolism.

eLife Assessment

With the goal of investigating the assembly and fragmentation of cellular aggregates, this manuscript investigates cyanobacterial aggregates in a laboratory setting. This investigation of the conditions and mechanisms behind aggregation is an important contribution as it yields basic understanding of natural processes and offers potential strategies for control. The combination of computational and experimental investigations in this manuscript provides solid support for the role of shear on aggregation and fragmentation. However, the role of extracellular matrix, with possibly a strong effect on aggregation, is not adequately studied.

eLife Assessment

This important and creative study finds that the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau - via its resultant monsoon system rather than solely its high elevation - has shifted avian migratory directions from a latitudinal to a longitudinal orientation. The authors have expanded and clarified their lines of evidence (including an enlarged tracking set and explicit caveats on species-level eBird inference), such that the central claims are now solid. The conclusions - that monsoon dynamics, rather than elevation per se, are most consistent with observed longitudinal reorientation - illustrates how large, community-sourced and climate-model datasets can inform continent-scale shifts in migratory behavior over time that complement traditional approaches.

eLife Assessment

This important work has the potential to expand the repertoire of transgenic animals for systems neuroscience investigations across multiple fields. The generation of new reagents has the potential to open new directions in experimental design, and the Cas9-based approach for generating mice may provide additional benefits compared to existing BAC transgenic mouse lines. However, whereas some of the imaging data are compelling, quantitative analysis of transgene fidelity is incomplete, as it relies on a qualitative description of reporter XFP expression at low magnification, with some electrophysiological characterization.

eLife Assessment

This important study reports on the redundant roles of the decapping activators Edc3 and Scd6 in orchestrating post-transcriptional programs to modulate metabolic responses to nutrients in yeast. The authors employed mutagenesis studies in conjunction with a battery of transcriptome-wide analyses to provide convincing evidence supporting their conclusions. Considering the broad implications of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, this study will be of interest across a variety of biomedical disciplines ranging from biochemistry and molecular and cellular biology to those specializing in studying various pathologies.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript revisits the well-studied KdpFABC potassium transport system from bacteria with a convincing set of new higher resolution structures, a protein expression strategy that permits purification of the active wildtype protein, and solid insight obtained from mutagenesis and activity assays. The thorough and thoughtful mechanistic analyses makes this a valuable contribution to the membrane transport field.

eLife Assessment

This is a methodologically rich manuscript that is important for revealing the center-surround inhibition profile of expectation in orientation space. The analyses are compelling in validating the critical role of predictive coding feedback. The findings provide novel insights into how expectation optimizes perception via enhancement and suppression.

eLife Assessment

This important study reports the results of efforts to replicate two phenomena of significant interest to early-career scientists and scientific policymakers: the Matthew effect and the early-career setback effect. Several previous studies of these effects have focused on early-career researchers with grant proposals that fell just below or just above a funding threshold. Those just above the threshold were more likely to be successful when they applied for funding later in the career (an example of the well-known Matthew effect), while those just below were more likely to go on to have stronger publication records (the early-career setback effect). In this study the Matthew effect was found to be robust across funders, and to generalize from those close to the funding threshold to the whole population. The early-career setback effect was not robust across funders and did not generalize to the whole population. The evidence reported is convincing.

eLife Assessment

This important research addresses the effects of subjective control and task difficulty on experienced stress using a novel behavioral task administered on the same day in two large online samples. Convincing evidence is provided, establishing the internal and external task validity of the task, as well as a relationship between the sense of control and task difficulty, with individual differences in relevant mental health constructs. Evidence for the specificity of the link between control and stress would be more substantial if the design had not conflated control and reward rate. This work will be of interest to psychologists and clinicians studying the concepts of controllability, stress, and psychopathology.

eLife Assessment

This important study addresses the timely and interesting question of how itaconate generation emerged in evolution, using taxonomic analysis of the gene and enzyme cis-aconitate decarboxylase (CAD). The authors provide solid evidence identifying three CAD branches in metazoans and showing that the early metazoan paleo-form indeed generates aconitate and is already linked to innate immunity. They further provide limited evidence suggesting that taxonomic differences in subcellular localisation of this enzyme may allow for innate immune signalling without compromising cellular energetics. The implications of the study will be of high interest to the field of innate host defence and immunometabolism.

eLife Assessment

This work provides a valuable comparison of sentence structure representations in the human brain and state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs). Based on solid analysis of 7T fMRI data, it systematically identifies sentences in which LLMs underperform relative to models that explicitly code for syntactic structure. The study will be of significant interest to both cognitive neuroscientists and artificial intelligence researchers.

eLife Assessment

This useful study introduces a computational pipeline for designing RNA in situ fluorescence hybridization probes that could improve the sensitivity and specificity of RNA detection in cells. While the approach is novel and the preliminary data suggestive, the evidence supporting a clear advantage over existing probe design strategies is incomplete. The work will be of interest to researchers developing or using molecular tools for imaging RNA in cells.

eLife Assessment

This set of experiments provides a valuable finding regarding the need for prior inhibitory training to recruit the infralimbic cortex in extinction learning. The multiple clever behavioral designs supply converging lines of evidence in a compelling manner, but several issues, such as the group sizes and appropriate analysis of data, render the overall strength of support incomplete. With these issues resolved, this manuscript will be of interest to behavioral neuroscientists, especially those interested in learning & memory and/or cortical function.

eLife Assessment

This important study presents convincing findings on creating an exhaustive library of new enhancer-AAVs targeting astrocytes and oligodendrocytes with high potential for both basic and translational work, which will be of value to a large and growing community. However, the outdated description of glial biology in the Introduction, the overstated claims of utility in the Conclusion, and the loose stringency in the criteria used to assemble the library diminish the strengths of the claims. The work will be of interest to neuroscientists working on glial cell biology.

eLife Assessment

This paper presents a collection of analyses relating structure and function in the whole-brain Drosophila EM connectome and whole-brain calcium imaging data. The linkage of detailed anatomical structure with population activity is of broad interest in circuit neuroscience in light of increasingly detailed brain maps, but the analysis methods used made the evidence incomplete. The conclusions are useful for specific network observations, but a more thorough analysis of the anatomical and functional data is needed to support the overall claims.

eLife Assessment

This study by Lapao et al. uncovers a novel role for the Rab27A effector SYTL5 in regulating mitochondrial function and mitophagy under hypoxic conditions. Using a range of imaging and functional assays, the authors demonstrate that SYTL5 localizes to mitochondria in a Rab27A-dependent manner and impacts mitochondrial respiration and metabolic reprogramming. While the findings are solid and valuable in the area of cancer biology, further mechanistic clarity and improved imaging would strengthen the conclusions.

eLife Assessment

This work provides one of the first important attempts to look at Drosophila immune responses against bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens in a way that combines the roles of four major arms in immunity (Imd signaling, Toll signaling, phagocytosis, and melanization) rather than studying them separately. The findings are compelling and the tools provided can be used as they are, or built upon, in various contexts.

eLife Assessment

This potentially valuable study presents claims of evidence for coordinated membrane potential oscillations in E. coli biofilms that can be linked to a putative K+ channel and that may serve to enhance photo-protection. The finding of waves of membrane potential would be of interest to a wide audience from molecular biology to microbiology and physical biology. Unfortunately, a major issue is that it is unclear whether the dye used can act as a Nernstian membrane potential dye in E. coli. The arguments of the authors, who largely ignore previously published contradictory evidence, are not adequate in that they do not engage with the fact that the dye behaves in their hands differently than in the hands of others. In addition, the lack of proper validation of the experimental method including key control experiments leaves the evidence incomplete.

eLife Assessment

This is a fundamental study that provides a detailed single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic map of the mouse trabecular meshwor, identifying three distinct trabecular meshwor subtypes with specific functional roles. It links the glaucoma-associated transcription factor LMX1B to mitochondrial regulation in TM3 cells and demonstrates that nicotinamide treatment prevents IOP elevation in Lmx1bV265D/+ mutant mice, highlighting a potential metabolic therapeutic strategy for glaucoma. This convincing work would be further supported by data that link the transcriptional data with mitochondrial functional assays.

eLife Assessment

This is a valuable methodological contribution towards accurate characterization of viral genetic diversity using long-read sequencing and unique molecular identifiers (UMIs). However, the methods are currently incomplete and the sensitivity is not rigorously demonstrated. Addressing these gaps would strengthen the manuscript and make it a key addition to the field.

eLife Assessment

This study provides important insights into the role of polyUbiquitination in neurodegenerative diseases, elucidating how pUb promotes neurodegeneration by affecting proteasomal function. The findings not only offer a new perspective on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases but also provide potential targets for developing new therapeutic strategies. The experiments in the revised submission provide solid evidence to support the conclusions.

eLife Assessment

This manuscript presents an in-depth analysis of gene expression across multiple brown algal species with differing life histories, providing convincing evidence for the conservation of life cycle-specific gene expression. While largely descriptive, the study is an important step forward in understanding the core cellular processes that differ between life cycle phases, and its findings will be of broad interest to developmental and evolutionary biologists.

eLife Assessment

In this preregistered study, Kunkel and colleagues set out to compare the magnitude and duration of placebo versus nocebo effects in healthy volunteers, and also to examine the different factors contributing to these effects. The authors follow a rigorous methodology in a within-subjects design, taking into consideration standard conventions for manipulation of expectations, and using an appropriate sham condition. They present compelling evidence of long-lasting placebo and nocebo effects, with nocebo responses demonstrating consistently greater strength. These valuable results have the potential for a great impact in the field of experimental and clinical pain.

eLife Assessment

This work describes a highly complex automated algorithm for analyzing vascular imaging data from two-photon microscopy. This tool has the potential to be extremely valuable to the field and to fill gaps in knowledge of hemodynamic activity across a regional network. The solid biological application provides a demonstration of their pipeline's capabilities and suggests intriguing hypotheses around prolonged vascular tone changes, but will need to be followed up by further experiments to be conclusively demonstrated.

eLife Assessment

This paper provides important insight into how early life experience shapes adult behavior in fruit bats. The authors raised juvenile bats either in an impoverished or enriched environment and studied their foraging behaviors. The evidence is convincing that bats raised in enriched environments are more active, bold, and exploratory. The work will be of interest to ethologists and developmental psychologists.

eLife Assessment

This revised manuscript presents an important characterization of mouse auditory cortex receptive field organization, utilizing two-photon imaging of specific subpopulations. They demonstrate a degradation of tonotopic organization from the input to the output neurons. The strength of the evidence is convincing.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable assessment of and solid evidence for increased similarity in visual appearance combined with increased chemical differences between two butterfly species in sympatry compared with differences between three populations of one of the two species in allopatry. The similarity in visual appearance hints to an evolutionary response to shared predators (but alternative explanations are possible). Thus, the difference in chemical signaling likely helps to avoid between-species mating in sympatry.

eLife Assessment

This study presents important information about the role of mu opioid receptors in neurotransmission between the medial habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus. The authors provide convincing evidence that mu opioid receptor activation has differential effects on transmission from substance P neurons and cholinergic neurons, and that blockade of potassium channels can unmask a nicotinic cholinergic synaptic response. This work will be of high interest to those studying this brain region, and potentially to the larger neuroscience community studying motivated behavior.

eLife Assessment

This important study elucidates the role of the exocyst component EXOC6A at distinct stages of ciliogenesis, which advances our understanding of ciliary membrane remodeling and cilium formation. The authors provide solid evidence that EXOC6A interacts with myosin-Va and is dynamically recruited via dynein-, microtubule-, and actin-dependent mechanisms, to support proper formation of the ciliary membrane. The study will be of interest to cell biologists and other researchers interested in vesicular trafficking, organellar membrane dynamics, and ciliogenesis.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study investigates the role of HIF1a signaling in epicardial activation and neonatal heart regeneration in mice. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches, the authors demonstrate that stabilization of HIF1a enhances epicardial activation and extends the regenerative capacity of the heart beyond the typical neonatal window following myocardial infarction. The main conclusion is well supported by solid data, although some minor concerns regarding experimental interpretation require further clarification to ensure accuracy.

eLife Assessment

This fundamental work substantially advances our understanding of how the glycocalyx of cells provide a non-specific barrier for the interaction of viruses with cell-surface receptors. Using both in vitro experiments and in vivo manipulations they provide compelling evidence for the properties of the glycocalyx to serve as an energy barrier as a main attribute of its mode of action. The work will be of broad interest to virologists and the cell biology community that studies host-pathogen interactions.

eLife Assessment

Endothelial cell-specific loss of TGF-beta signaling in mice leads to CNS vascular defects, specifically impairing retinal development and promoting immune cell infiltration. The data are solid, showing that loss of TGF-beta signaling triggers vascular inflammation and attracts immune cells specific to CNS vasculature. These findings are important, highlighting TGF-beta's role in maintaining vascular-immune homeostasis and its therapeutic potential in neurovascular inflammatory diseases.

eLife Assessment

This cleverly designed and potentially important work supports our understanding regarding how and whether social behaviours promoting egalitarianism can be learned, even when implementing these norms entails a cost for oneself. However, the evidence supporting the major claims is currently incomplete, with the major limitation being whether Ps truly learn egalitarianism from a teacher or instead exhibit reduced guilt across time that is reduced when observing others behaving more selfishly. With a strengthening of the supporting evidence, this work will be of interest to a wide range of fields, including cognitive psychology/neuroscience, neuroeconomics, and social psychology, as well as policy making.

eLife Assessment

This important study provides solid evidence for new insights into the role of Type-1 nNOS interneurons in driving neuronal network activity and controlling vascular network dynamics in awake, head-fixed mice. The authors use an original strategy based on the ablation of Type-1 nNOS interneurons with local injection of saporin conjugated to a substance P analogue into the somatosensory cortex. They show that ablation of type I nNOS neurons has surprisingly little effect on neurovascular coupling, although it alters neural activity and vascular dynamics.

eLife Assessment

This paper addresses a significant question regarding the low overlap between genetic discoveries for human complex diseases and those for gene expression by emphasizing the contribution of cell-type-specific chromatin accessibility QTLs. The analyses supporting the main claims are convincing, and the key conclusions are valuable and of interest to readers in the fields of human genetics and functional genomics.

eLife Assessment

This study reports important findings about the nature of feedback to primary visual cortex (V1) during object recognition. The state-of-the-art functional MRI evidence for the main claims is solid, and the combination of high-resolution fMRI with MEG yields significant insight into neural mechanisms. The findings presented here are relevant to a number of scientific fields such as object recognition, categorisation and predictive coding.

eLife Assessment

This important study identifies a plant-derived metabolite, betulin, as an effective natural insecticide against aphids and uncovers its specific molecular target. The evidence is compelling, combining greenhouse and field efficacy trials with rigorous molecular, genetic, and electrophysiological approaches that converge on a conserved binding site in the aphid GABA receptor. While additional work is needed to fully assess potential off-target effects and ecological safety, the study provides a strong mechanistic foundation. These findings will be of interest to researchers in plant biology, chemical ecology, and sustainable pest management.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable finding about how receptor-ligand binding pathways with multi-site phosphorylation can show non-monotonic responses to increasing ligand affinity and to kinase activity. The authors provide compelling evidence through a simple ordinary differential equation model of such signaling networks with the key new ingredient of ligand-induced receptor degradation. The work will be of interest to physicists and biologists working on signal transduction and biological information processing.

eLife Assessment

This important study characterizes and validates a new activity marker - fast labelling of engram neurons (FLEN) - which is transiently active and driven by cFos, allowing the monitoring of intrinsic and synaptic properties of engram neurons shortly after the learning experience. The results convincingly demonstrate the utility of this novel viral tool for studying early changes in the properties of engram cells. FLEN will provide a beneficial tool for the neuroscience community once it is made available at a plasmid repository.

eLife Assessment

This work derives a valuable general theory unifying theories of efficient information transmission in the brain with population homeostasis. The general theory provides an explanation for firing rate homeostasis at the level of neural clusters with firing rate heterogeneity within clusters. Applying this theory to the primary visual cortex, the authors present solid evidence that accounts for stimulus-specific and neuron-specific adaptation. Reviewers have provided additional suggestions for improving the readability of the manuscript, as well as discussing previous results on adapting coding as well as those aspects of experimental data that are not fully explained by the present theory.

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates nerve-injury-induced allodynia by studying the role of a subpopulation of excitatory dorsal horn CCK+ neurons that express the estrogen receptor GPR30 and potentially modulate nociceptive sensitivity via direct inputs from primary somatosensory cortex. In this revised version, the authors addressed many of the critiques raised through added analyses that convincingly support the notion that spinal GPR30 neurons are indeed an excitatory subpopulation of CCK+ neurons that contribute to neuropathic pain. While evidence of a direct functional corticospinal projection to CCK+/GPR30+neurons is not fully demonstrated, this work will be of broad interest to researchers interested in the neural circuitry of pain.

eLife Assessment

This study presents a valuable finding regarding the role of oxytocin neurons in thermogenesis and behavioral thermoregulation. The use of numerous converging methods, including behavior, fiber photometry, optogenetics, thermal recordings, metabolic analyses, and more, produces a multi-dimensional dataset delivering findings that provide solid support for the conclusions. Conclusions would be strengthened with validation of the approaches, inclusion of a loss of function experiment, and further investigation of the social nature of the behavior. The maternal findings are, at present, somewhat disconnected from the conclusions. The findings are novel and open new doors for understanding the role of the PVT and oxytocin in thermoregulation work; the work will be of strong interest to the thermoregulation, social behavior, and oxytocin signaling communities.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study identifies a brown adipose tissue-specific heat shock factor 1-alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) molecular cascade as a regulator of systemic aging, showing that ADH5 deficiency contributes to BAT dysfunction and health decline in aged mice. While there is evidence to support this mechanism, the conclusions remain incomplete, particularly regarding statistical rigor and clarity in data presentation.

eLife Assessment

This modelling study tests several hypotheses describing how seasonality and migration drive the epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever Virus among transhumant cattle in The Gambia. The work is methodologically solid, and findings offer valuable insights into how the movement of cattle in and out of the Gambia River and Sahel ecoregions could lead to source-sink transmission dynamics among cattle subpopulations, sustaining endemic transmission.

eLife Assessment

This important study identifies a putative iron and zinc transporter in the plasma membrane of the obligate intracellular pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii. Using an array of different approaches, the authors convincingly demonstrate that this transporter regulates diverse cellular processes, including parasite metabolism and differentiation. This work will be of broad interest to cell biologists and biochemists studying metal ion transport mechanisms.

eLife Assessment

In this manuscript, the authors report the fundamental finding that a secreted ubiquitin ligase of Shigella, called IpaH1.4, mediates the degradation of a host defense factor, RNF213. The data are convincing and represent a major contribution to our understanding of cell-autonomous immunity and bacterial pathogenesis as they provide new mechanistic insight into how the cytosolic bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri evades IFN-induced host immunity.

eLife Assessment

This study presents important methodologies for repeated brain ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) in awake mice and a set of results indicating that wakefulness reduces vascularity and blood flow velocity. The data supporting these findings are solid. This study is relevant for scientists investigating vascular physiology in the brain.

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates why the 13-lined ground squirrel (13LGS) retina is unusually rich in cone photoreceptors, the cells responsible for color and daylight vision. The authors perform deep transcriptomic and epigenetic comparisons between the mouse and the 13-lined ground squirrel (13LGS) to provide convincing evidence that identifies mechanisms that drive rod vs cone-rich retina development. Overall, this key question is investigated using an impressive collection of new data, cross-species analysis, and subsequent in vivo experiments. However, the functional analysis showing the sufficiency and necessity of Zic3 and Mef2C remains incomplete, and further analyses are needed to support the claim that these enhancers are newly evolved in 13LGS.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows that calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum of the parasitic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii play a major role in buffering calcium levels in the cytosol as well as other organelles such as the mitochondrion. Advanced imaging techniques, including use of genetically encoded calcium indicators provide compelling evidence for the role of the SERCA-Ca2+ ATPase pump in regulating organellar calcium levels. However, it remains unclear whether intra-organellar calcium transport occurs via ER-mitochondria membrane contact sites or other mechanisms. This work will be of interest to cell and molecular biologists interested in calcium signalling in divergent eukaryotes.

eLife Assessment

Whole-brain imaging of neuronal activity in freely behaving animals holds great promise for neuroscience, but numerous technical challenges limit its use. In this important study, the authors describe a new set of deep learning-based tools to track and identify the activity of head neurons in freely moving nematodes (C. elegans) and jellyfish (Clytia hemisphaerica). While the tools convincingly enable high tracking speed and accuracy in the settings in which the authors have evaluated them, the claim that these tools should be easily generalizable to a wide variety of datasets is incompletely supported.

eLife Assessment

This study makes a novel and valuable contribution by adapting step selection functions, traditionally used in animal ecology, to explore human movement and environmental risk exposure in urban slums, offering a promising framework for spatial epidemiology, particularly regarding leptospirosis. The integration of GPS telemetry with environmental data and the stratification by gender and serostatus are notable strengths that enhance the study's relevance for public health applications. The strength of evidence is compelling.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study presents a theoretical model of how punctuated mutations influence multistep adaptation, supported by empirical evidence from some TCGA cancer cohorts. This solid model is noteworthy for cancer researchers as it points to the case for possible punctuated evolution rather than gradual genomic change. However, the parametrization and systematic evaluation of the theoretical framework in the context of tumor evolution remain incomplete, and alternative explanations for the empirical observations are still plausible.

eLife Assessment

This important work fills a gap in the characterization of motor architecture and chemical coupling of the male reproductive system, crucial to understanding male reproduction and fertility. The convincing analysis reveals two distinct types of glutamatergic neurons that co-release either serotonin or octopamine. While serotonergic neurons are required for male fertility, octopaminergic neurons are dispensable, indicating a division of labour. This work lays the foundations for future investigations into the conserved key principles by which multi-transmitter systems control coordinated motor outputs.

eLife Assessment

This useful study uses creative scalp EEG decoding methods to attempt to demonstrate that two forms of learned associations in a Stroop task are dissociable, despite sharing similar temporal dynamics. However, the evidence supporting the conclusions is incomplete due to concerns with the experimental design and methodology. This paper would be of interest to researchers studying cognitive control and adaptive behavior, if the concerns raised in the reviews can be addressed satisfactorily.

eLife Assessment

This important study used five metrics to compare the cost-effectiveness of intramural and extramural research funded by the National Institutes of Health in the United States between 2009 and 2019. They found that each type of research had its own set of strengths: extramural research was more cost-effective in terms of publications, whereas intramural research was more cost-effective in terms of influencing clinical work. The evidence supporting these findings is mostly solid, but there are a number of questions about the methods and data - notably about indirect cost recovery and other non-NIH sources of funding - that need to be answered.