Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This study addresses the population genetic underpinnings of the extraordinary diversity of genes in the MHC, which is widespread among jawed vertebrates. This topic has been widely discussed and studied, and several hypotheses have been suggested to explain this diversity. One of them is based on the idea that heterozygote genotypes have an advantage over homozygotes. While this hypothesis lost early on support, a reason study claimed that there is good support for this idea. The current study highlights an important aspect that allows us to see results presented in the earlier published paper in a different light, changing strongly the conclusions of the earlier study, i.e., there is no support for a heterozygote advantage. This is a very important contribution to the field. Furthermore, this new study presents an alternative hypothesis to explain the maintenance of MHC diversity, which is based on the idea that gene duplications can create diversity without heterozygosity being important. This is an interesting idea, but not entirely new.

Strengths:

(1) A careful re-evaluation of a published model, questioning a major assumption made by a previous study.

(2) A convincing reanalysis of a model that, in the light of the re-analysis-loses all support.

(3) A convincing suggestion for an alternative hypothesis.

Weaknesses:

(1) The statement that the model outcome of Siljestam and Rueffler is very sensitive to parameter values is, in this form, not correct. The sensitivity is only visible once a strong assumption by Siljestam and Rueffler is removed. This assumption is questionable, and it is well explained in the manuscript by J. Cherry why it should not be used. This may be seen as a subtle difference, but I think it is important to pin done the exact nature of the problem (see, for example, the abstract, where this is presented in a misleading way).

(2) The title of the study is very catchy, but it needs to be explained better in the text.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

This manuscript describes a careful and thorough evaluation of an evolutionary simulation model published previously. The model and this report address the question, whether heterozygote advantage (HA) by itself as a selection mechanism can explain a substantial level of allelic diversity as it is often seen in MHC immune genes. Despite decades of research on the topic of pathogen-mediated selection for MHC diversity, it remains an open question by which specific selection mechanisms this exceptional allelic diversity is maintained.

The previously published paper posits, in contrast to various previous studies, that HA is, in fact, able to maintain a level of allelic diversity as seen in many populations, just by itself, given certain conditions. The current manuscript now challenges this conclusion by highlighting that the previous model results only hold under very narrow parameter ranges.

Besides criticizing some of the conceptual points of the previous paper, the author carefully rebuilt the previously published model and replicated their results, before then evaluating the robustness of the model results to reasonable variation in different parameters. From this evaluation, it becomes clear that the previously reported results hinge strongly on a certain scaling or weighing factor that is adjusted for every parameter setting and essentially counteracts the changes induced by changing the parameters. The critical impact of this one parameter is not clearly stated in the previous paper, but raises serious doubts about the generalizability of the model to explain MHC allelic variation across diverse vertebrate species.

Given the fact that the MHC genes are among the most widely studied genes in vertebrates, and that understanding their evolution will shed light on their association with various complex diseases, the insights from this report and the general discussion of how MHC diversity evolved are of interest to at least some of the community. The manuscript is very well written and makes it easy to follow the theoretical and methodological details of the model and the arguments. I have only a few minor comments that I am detailing below. Furthermore, I would be very interested to read a response by the previous authors, especially on the relevance of this scaling/weighing factor that they introduced into their model, as it is possible that I might have missed something about its meaning.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Laura Morano and colleagues have performed a screen to identify compounds that interfere with the formation of TopBP1 condensates. TopBP1 plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response, and specifically the activation of ATR. They found that the GSK-3b inhibitor AZD2858 reduced the formation of TopBP1 condensates and activation of ATR and its downstream target CHK1 in colorectal cancer cell lines treated with the clinically relevant irinotecan active metabolite SN-38. This inhibition of TopBP1 condensates by AZD2858 was independent from its effect on GSK-3b enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, they show that AZD2858 thus can interfere with intra-S-phase checkpoint signaling, resulting in enhanced cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of SN-38 (or SN-38+Fluoracil aka FOLFIRI) in vitro in colorectal carcinoma cell lines.

Comments on latest version:

The requested plots are in figure S7 of the latest manuscript version, and look convincing. My last point is now adequately addressed.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In 2021 (PMID: 33503405) and 2024 (PMID: 38578830) Constantinou and colleagues published two elegant papers in which they demonstrated that the Topbp1 checkpoint adaptor protein could assemble into mesoscale phase-separated condensates that were essential to amplify activation of the PIKK, ATR, and its downstream effector kinase, Chk1, during DNA damage signalling. A key tool that made these studies possible was the use of a chimeric Topbp1 protein bearing a cryptochrome domain, Cry2, which triggered condensation of the chimeric Topbp1 protein, and thus activation of ATR and Chk1, in response to irradiation with blue light without the myriad complications associated with actually exposing cells to DNA damage.

In this current report Morano and co-workers utilise the same optogenetic Topbp1 system to investigate a different question, namely whether Topbp1 phase-condensation can be inhibited pharmacologically to manipulate downstream ATR-Chk1 signalling. This is of interest, as the therapeutic potential of the ATR-Chk1 pathway is an area of active investigation, albeit generally using more conventional kinase inhibitor approaches.

The starting point is a high throughput screen of 4730 existing or candidate small molecule anti-cancer drugs for compounds capable of inhibiting the condensation of the Topbp1-Cry2-mCherry reporter molecule in vivo. A surprisingly large number of putative hits (>300) were recorded, from which 131 of the most potent were selected for secondary screening using activation of Chk1 in response to DNA damage induced by SN-38, a topoisomerase inhibitor, as a surrogate marker for Topbp1 condensation. From this the 10 most potent compounds were tested for interactions with a clinically used combination of SN-38 and 5-FU (FOLFIRI) in terms of cytotoxicity in HCT116 cells. The compound that synergised most potently with FOLFIRI, the GSK3-beta inhibitor drug AZD2858, was selected for all subsequent experiments.

AZD2858 is shown to suppress the formation of Topbp1 (endogenous) condensates in cells exposed to SN-38, and to inhibit activation of Chk1 without interfering with activation of ATM or other endpoints of damage signalling such as formation of gamma-H2AX or activation of Chk2 (generally considered to be downstream of ATM). AZD2858 therefore seems to selectively inhibit the Topbp1-ATR-Chk1 pathway without interfering with parallel branches of the DNA damage signalling system, consistent with Topbp1 condensation being the primary target. Importantly, neither siRNA depletion of GSK3-beta, or other GSK3-beta inhibitors were able to recapitulate this effect, suggesting it was a specific non-canonical effect of AZD2858 and not a consequence of GSK3-beta inhibition per se.

To understand the basis for synergism between AZD2858 and SN-38 in terms of cell killing, the effect of AZD2858 on the replication checkpoint was assessed. This is a response, mediated via ATR-Chk1, that modulates replication origin firing and fork progression in S-phase cell under conditions of DNA damage or when replication is impeded. SN-38 treatment of HCT116 cells markedly suppresses DNA replication, however this was partially reversed by co-treatment with AZD2858, consistent with the failure to activate ATR-Chk1 conferring a defect in replication checkpoint function.

Figures 4 and 5 demonstrate that AZD2858 can markedly enhance the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of SN-38 and FOLFIRI through a combination of increased apoptosis and growth arrest according to dosage and treatment conditions. Figure 6 extends this analysis to cells cultured as spheroids, sometimes considered to better represent tumor responses compared to single cell cultures.

Significance:

Liquid phase separation of protein complexes is increasingly recognised as a fundamental mechanism in signal transduction and other cellular processes. One recent and important example was that of Topbp1, whose condensation in response to DNA damage is required for efficient activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway. The current study asks a related but distinct question; can protein condensation be targeted by drugs to manipulate signalling pathways which in the main rely on protein kinase cascades?

Here, the authors identify an inhibitor of GSK3-beta as a novel inhibitor of DNA damage-induced Topbp1 condensation and thus of ATR-Chk1 signalling.

This work will be of interest to researchers in the fields of DNA damage signalling, biophysics of protein condensation, and cancer chemotherapy.

Comments on latest version:

Having read the revised manuscript and rebuttal I am satisfied that the authors have resolved my various original concerns through a combination of clarification/ explanation and textual changes necessary to make the description of certain data precise. My impression is that they have also largely or completely satisfied the concerns of the other reviewers, with the possible exception of reviewer 1's point about the relative toxicity of AZD and FOLFIRI in colorectal cancer cell lines versus the untransformed CCD841 cell line. This is of course an important point with respect to the possible practical application of this combination for cancer therapy, however this seems somewhat subsidiary to the main novelty and significance of the findings, which are that protein liquid phase separation/ condensation can be manipulated pharmacologically to modify signal transduction processes and that existing drugs can be re-purposed to this end.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors have extended their previous research to develop TOPBP1 as a potential drug target for colorectal cancer by inhibiting its condensation. Utilizing an optogenetic approach, they identified the small molecule AZD2858, which inhibits TOPBP1 condensation and works synergistically with first-line chemotherapy to suppress colorectal cancer cell growth. The authors investigated the mechanism and discovered that disrupting TOPBP1 assembly inhibits the ATR/Chk1 signaling pathway, leading to increased DNA damage and apoptosis, even in drug-resistant colorectal cancer cell lines.

Comments on latest version:

This reviewer does not have further comments to the paper.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors use Dyngo-4a, a known Dynami inhibitor to test its influence on caveolar assembly and surface mobility. They investigate whether it incorporates into membranes with Quartz-Crystal Microbalance, they investigate how it is organized in membranes using simulations. Finally, they use lipid-packing sensitive dyes to investigate lipid packing in the presence of Dyngo-4a, membrane stiffness using AFM and membrane undulation using fluorescence microscopy. They also use a measure they call "caveola duration time" to claim that something happens to caveolae after Dyngo-4a addition and using this parameter, they do indeed see an increase in it in response to Dyngo-4a, which is reduced back to the baseline after addition of cholesterol.

Overall, the authors claim: 1) Dyngo-4a inserts into the membrane and this 2) results in "a dramatic dynamin-independent inhibition of caveola scission". 3) Dyngo-4a was inserted and positioned at the level of cholesterol in the bilayer and 4) Dyngo-4a-treatment resulted in decreased lipid packing in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane 5) but Dyngo-4a did not affect caveola morphology, caveolae-associated proteins, or the overall membrane stiffness 6) acute addition of cholesterol counteracts the block in caveola scission caused by Dyngo-4a.

Overall, in this reviewers opinion, claims 1, 3, 4, 5 are well-supported by the presented data from electron and live cell microscopy, QCM-D and AFM.

However, there is no convincing assay for caveolar endocytosis presented besides the "caveola duration" which although unclearly described seems to be the time it takes in imaging until a caveolae is not picked up by the tracking software anymore in TIRF microscopy.

Since the main claim of the paper is a mechanism of caveolar endocytosis being blocked by Dyngo-4a, a true caveolar internalization assay is required to make this claim. This means either the intracellular detection of not surface connected caveolar cargo or the quantification of caveolar movement from TIRF into epifluorescence detection in the fluorescence microscope. Otherwise, the authors could remove the claim and just claim that caveolar mobility is influenced.

Significance:

A number of small molecule inhibitors for the GTPase dynamics exist, that are commonly used tools in the investigation of endocytosis. This goes as far that the use of some of these inhibitors alone is considered in some publications as sufficient to declare a process to be dynamin-dependent. However, this is not correct, as there are considerable off-target effects, including the inhibition of caveolar internalization by a dynamin-independent mechanism. This is important, as for example the influence of dynamin small molecule inhibitors on chemotherapy resistance is currently investigated (see for example Tremblay et al., Nature Communications, 2020).

The investigation of the true effect of small molecules discovered as and used as specific inhibitors and their offside effects is extremely important and this reviewer applauds the effort. It is important that inhibitors are not used alone, but other means of targeting a mechanism are exploited as well in functional studies. The audience here thus is besides membrane biophysicists interested in the immediate effect of the small molecule Dyngo-4a also cell biologists and everyone using dynamic inhibitors to investigate cellular function.

Comments on revised version:

Please include the promised data on caveolar internalization and remove the above mentioned claim on membrane undulations from the text.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the authors probe the mechanisms by which Dyngo-4a, a dynamin inhibitor used to block endocytosis, disrupts caveolae dynamics. They provide compelling evidence that Dyngo-4a inhibits caveolae dynamics and endocytosis (as well as several other aspects of plasma membrane dynamics) by a dynamin-independent mechanism. They also provide strong computational and experimental data showing that Dyngo-4a inserts into membranes and decreases lipid packing in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Finally, they demonstrate that the addition of excess cholesterol to cells reverses the effects of Dyngo-4a on caveolae dynamics, presumably by reversing lipid packing defects. Based on these findings they conclude that lipid packing regulates caveolae dynamics and endocytosis in a cholesterol-dependent manner.

This work should be of value to cell biologists interested in plasma membrane remodeling and membrane trafficking, biophysicists that study small molecule/membrane interactions and membrane remodeling processes, and chemists interested in designing drugs to target membrane trafficking machinery and pathways.

Strengths:

This work addresses the important topic of how a widely used endocytic inhibitor actually works. In the process of addressing this question, the authors uncover unexpected connections between how lipids are packed in cell membranes and membrane dynamics. The methods are appropriate and many of the claims made in this work are well supported by data.

Weaknesses:

I appreciate that the manuscript has already gone through one round of revisions and that many of the concerns from the previous reviewers appear to have been addressed. However, as an interested reader, I would like to offer several additional comments for the authors to consider.

(1) It is not clear based on the data presented whether the effects of Dyngo-4a on lipid packing give rise to defects in caveolae dynamics or if these effects are merely correlated. To show this more definitively, one might expect additional experimental approaches to be used to perturb lipid packing. I appreciate this is probably beyond the scope of the current study. However, it seems important for the manuscript to be clear about how far this interpretation can be pushed in the absence of additional independent lines of evidence.

(2) On a related note, it is not obvious how changes in lipid packing in the outer leaflet could impact caveolae dynamics. It would be helpful to include a cartoon illustrating how this might work.

(3) The authors note that Dyngo-4a inhibits several dynamic processes including generalized plasma membrane mobility (Fig 4A&B), transferrin uptake (Fig S4C), and fusion of fusogenic liposomes (Fig S4G). This clearly indicates there is a major disruption of the plasma membrane going on here that is not limited to caveolae. They go on to show that the addition of cholesterol reverses the effects of Dyngo-4a on caveolae dynamics. However, they do not discuss whether adding back cholesterol has similar effects on plasma membrane mobility and transferrin uptake. This information could help to further pinpoint whether the mechanisms of action are shared, and if the role of cholesterol is more general in controlling these events or is instead specific to caveolae.

(4) In Fig 4C, the morphology of the neck region of the Dyngo04a treated caveolae structure appears to be "pinched" compared to the control. I appreciate that more EM studies are underway. It would be useful to specifically compare the morphology of the caveolae as part of those studies.

(5) In Line 91, a statement is made that 8S complex formation requires cholesterol. This is debatable, as they appear to form in E. coli in the absence of cholesterol (reference 14).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study uses a novel DNA origami nanospring to measure the stall force and other mechanical parameters of the kinesin-3 family member, KIF1A, using light microscopy. The key is to use SNAP tags to tether a defined nanospring between a motor-dead mutant of KIF5B and the KIF1A to be integrated. The mutant KIF5B binds tightly to a subunit of the microtubule without stepping, thus creating resistance to the processive advancement of the active KIF1A. The nanospring is conjugated with 124 Cy3 dyes, which allows it to be imaged by fluorescence microscopy. Acoustic force spectroscopy was used to measure the relationship between the extension of the NS and force as a calibration. Two different fitting methods are described to measure the length of the extension of the NS from its initial diffraction-limited spot. By measuring the extension of the NS during an experiment, the authors can determine the stall force. The attachment duration of the active motor is measured from the suppression of lateral movement that occurs when the KIF1A is attached and moving. There are numerous advantages of this technology for the study of single molecules of kinesin over previous studies using optical tweezers. First, it can be done using simple fluorescence microscopy and does not require the level of sophistication and expense needed to construct an optical tweezer apparatus. Second, the force that is experienced by the moving KIF1A is parallel to the plane of the microtubule. This regime can be achieved using a dual beam optical tweezer set-up, but in the more commonly used single-beam set-up, much of the force experienced by the kinesin is perpendicular to the microtubule. Recent studies have shown markedly different mechanical behaviors of kinesin when interrogated by the two different optical tweezer configurations. The data in the current manuscript are consistent with those obtained using the dual-beam optical tweezer set-up. In addition, the authors study the mechanical behavior of several mutants of KIF1A that are associated with KIF1A-associated neurological disorder (KAND).

Strengths:

The technique should be cheaper and less technically challenging than optical tweezer microscopy to measure the mechanical parameters of molecular motors. The method is described in sufficient detail to allow its use in other labs. It should have a higher throughput than other methods.

Weaknesses:

The experimenter does not get a "real-time" view of the data as it is collected, which you get from the screen of an optical tweezer set-up. Rather, you have to put the data through the fitting routines to determine the length of the nanospring in order to generate the graphs of extension (force) vs time. No attempts were made to analyze the periods where the motor is actually moving to determine step-size or force-velocity relationships.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This work is important because it complements other single-molecule mechanics approaches, in particular optical trapping, which inevitably exerts off-axis loads. The nanospring method has its own weaknesses (individual steps cannot be seen), but it brings new clarity to our picture of KIF1A and will influence future thinking on the kinesins-3 and on kinesins in general.

Strengths:

By tethering single copies of the kinesin-3 dimer under test via a DNA nanospring to a strong binding mutant dimer of kinesin-1, the forces developed and experienced by the motor are constrained into a single axis, parallel to the microtubule axis. The method is imaging-based, which should improve accessibility. In principle, at least, several single-motor molecules can be simultaneously tested. The arrangement ensures that only single molecules can contribute. Controls establish that the DNA nanospring is not itself interacting appreciably with the microtubule. Forces are convincingly calibrated, and reading the length of the nanospring by fitting to the oblate fluorescent spot is carefully validated. The excursions of the wild-type KIF1A leucine zipper-stabilised dimer are compared with those of neuropathic KIF1A mutants. These mutants can walk to a stall plateau, but the force is much reduced. The forces from mutant/WT heterodimers are also reduced.

Weaknesses:

The tethered nanospring method has some weaknesses; it only allows the stall force to be measured in the case that a stall plateau is achieved, and the thermal noise means that individual steps are not apparent. The nanospring does not behave like a Hookean spring - instead linearly increasing force is reported by exponentially smaller extensions of the nanospring under tension. The estimated stall force for Kif1A (3.8 pN) is in line with measurements made using 3-bead optical trapping, but those earlier measurements were not of a stall plateau, but rather of limiting termination (detachment) force, without a stall plateau. More confidence in the 3.7 pN stall plateau determined in the current work could be obtained by demonstrating that a stall at a higher force is obtained using the nanospring method on kinesin-1, which stalls at >7 pN in single bead optical trapping.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

It is well known that autophagosomes/autolysosomes move along microtubules. However, as these previous studies did not distinguish between autophagosomes and autolysosomes, it remains unknown whether autophagosomes begin to move after fusion with lysosomes or even before fusion. In this manuscript, the authors show using fusion-deficient vps16a RNAi cells that both pre-fusion autophagosomes and lysosomes can move along the microtubules towards the minus end. This was confirmed in snap29 RNAi cells. By screening motor proteins and Rabs, the authors found that autophagosomal traffic is primarily regulated by the dynein-dynactin system and can be counter-regulated by kinesins. They also show that Rab7-Epg5 and Rab39-ema interactions are important for autophagosome trafficking.

Strengths:

This study uses reliable Drosophila genetics and high-quality fluorescence microscopy. The data are properly quantified and statistically analyzed. It is a reasonable hypothesis that gathering pre-fusion autophagosomes and lysosomes in close proximity improves fusion efficiency.

Weaknesses:

(1) This study investigates the behavior of pre-fusion autophagosomes and lysosomes using fusion-incompetent cells (e.g., vps16a RNAi cells). However, the claim that these cells are truly fusion-incompetent relies on citations from previous studies. Since this is a foundational premise of the research, it should be rigorously evaluated before interpreting the data. It's particularly awkward that the crucial data for vps16a RNAi is only presented at the very end of Figure 10-S1; this should be among the first data shown (the same for SNAP29). It would be important to determine the extent to which autophagosomes and lysosomes are fusing (or tethered in close proximity), within each of these cell lines.

(2) In the new Figures 8 and 9, the authors analyze autolysosomes without knocking down Vps16A (i.e., without inhibiting fusion). However, as this reviewer pointed out in the previous round, it is highly likely that both autophagosomes and autolysosomes are present in these cells. This is particularly relevant given that the knockdown of dynein-dynactin, Rab7, and Epg5 only partially inhibits the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes (Figure 10H). If the goal is to investigate the effects of fusion, it would be more appropriate to analyze autolysosomes and autophagosomes separately. The authors mention that they can differentiate these two structures based on the size of mCherry-Atg8a structures. If this is the case, they should perform separate analyses for both autophagosomes and autolysosomes.

(3) This is also a continued Issue from the previous review. The authors suggest that autophagosome movement is crucial for fusion, based on the observed decrease in fusion rates in Rab7 and Epg5 knockdown cells (Fig. 10). However, this conclusion is not well supported. It is known that Rab7 and Epg5 are directly involved in the fusion process itself. Therefore, the possibility that the observed decrease is simply due to a direct defect in fusion, rather than an impairment of movement, has not been ruled out.

(4) The term "autolysosome maturation" appears multiple times, yet its meaning remains unclear. Does it refer to autolysosome formation (autophagosome-lysosome fusion), or does it imply a further maturation process occurring after autolysosome formation? This is not a commonly used term in the field, so it requires a clear definition.

(5) In Figure 1-S1D, the authors state that the disappearance of the mCherry-Atg8a signal after atg8a RNAi indicates that the observed structures are not non-autophagic vacuoles. This reasoning is inappropriate. Naturally, knocking down Atg8 will abolish its signal, regardless of the nature of the vacuoles. This does not definitively distinguish autophagic from non-autophagic structures.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Boda et al. describes the results of a targeted RNAi screen in the background of Vps16A-depleted Drosophila larval fat body cells. In this background, lysosomal fusion is inhibited, allowing the authors to analyze the motility and localization specifically of autophagosomes, prior to their fusion with lysosomes to become autolysosomes. In this Vps16A-deleted background, mCherry-Atg8a labeled autophagosomes accumulate in the perinuclear area, through an unknown mechanism.

The authors found that depletion of multiple subunits of the dynein/dynactin complex caused an alternation of this mCherry-Atg8a localization, moving from the perinuclear region to the cell periphery. Interactions with kinesin overexpression suggest these motor proteins may compete for autophagosome binding and transport. The authors extended these findings by examining potential upstream regulators including Rab proteins and selected effectors, and they also examined effects on lysosomal movement and autolysosome size. Altogether, the results are consistent with a model in which specific Rab/effector complexes direct movement of lysosomes and autophagosomes toward the MTOC, promoting their fusion and subsequent dispersal throughout the cell.

Strengths:

Although previous studies of the movement of autophagic vesicles have identified roles for microtubule-based transport, this study moves the field forward by distinguishing between effects on pre- and post-fusion autophagosomes, and by its characterization of the roles of specific Dynein, Dynactin, and Rab complexes in regulating movement of distinct vesicle types. Overall, the experiments are well controlled, appropriately analyzed, and largely support the authors' conclusions..

Weaknesses:

One limitation of the study is the genetic background that serves as basis for the screen. In addition to preventing autophagosome-lysosome fusion, disruption of Vps16A has been shown to inhibit endosomal maturation and to block trafficking of components to the lysosome from both the endosome and Golgi apparatus. Additional effects previously reported by the authors include increased autophagosome production and reduced mTOR signaling. Thus Vps16A-depleted cells have a number of endosome, lysosome and autophagosome-related defects, with unknown downstream consequences. Additionally, the cause and significance of the perinuclear localization of autophagosomes in this background is unclear. Thus, interpretations of the observed reversal of this phenotype are difficult, and have the caveat that they may apply only to this condition, rather than to normal autophagosomes. Additional experiments to observe autophagosome movement or positioning in a more normal environment would improve the manuscript.

Comments on revision:

The revised manuscript and author responses have satisfactorily met my concerns. I have no further issues and congratulate the authors on this work.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

In multicellular organisms, autophagosomes are formed throughout the cytosol, while late endosomes/lysosomes are relatively enriched in the perinuclear region. It is known that autophagosomes gain access to the lysosome-enriched region by microtubule-based trafficking. The mechanism by which autophagosomes move along microtubules remains incompletely understood. In this manuscript, Péter Lőrincz and colleagues investigated the mechanism driving the movement of nascent autophagosomes along microtubule towards non-centrosomal microtubule organizing center (ncMTOC) using fly fat body as a model system. The authors took an approach by examining autophagosome positioning in cells where autophagosome-lysosome fusion was inhibited by knocking down the HOPS subunit Vps16A. Despite being generated at random positions in the cytosol, autophagosomes accumulate around the nucleus when Vps16A is depleted. They then performed an RNA interference screen to identify the factors involved in autophagosome positioning. They found that the dynein-dynactin complex is required for trafficking of autophagosomes toward ncMTOC. Dynein loss leads to the peripheral relocation of autophagosomes. They further revealed that a pair of small GTPases and their effectors, Rab7-Epg5 and Rab39-ema, are required for bidirectional autophagosome transport. Knockdown of these factors in Vps16a RNAi cells causes scattering of autophagosomes throughout the cytosol.

Strengths:

The data presented in this study help us to understand the mechanism underlying the trafficking and positioning of autophagosomes.

Weaknesses:

(1) The experiments were performed in Vps16A RNAi KD cells. Vps16A knockdown blocks fusion of vesicles derived from the endolysosomal compartments such as fusion between lysosomes. The pleiotropic effect of Vps16A RNAi may complicate the interpretation.

(2) In this study, the transport of autophagosomes is investigated in fly fat cells. In fat cells, a large number of large lipid droplets accumulate and the endomembrane systems are distinct from that in other cell types. The knowledge gain from this study may not apply to other cell types.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

In this manuscript, the authors employ a combined proteomic and genetic approach to identify the glycoprotein QC factor malectin as an important protein involved in promoting coronavirus infection. Using proteomic approaches, they show that the non-structural protein NSP2 and malectin interact in the absence of viral infection, but not in the presence of viral infection. However, both NSP2 and malectin engage the OST complex during viral infection, with malectin also showing reduced interactions with other glycoprotein QC proteins. Malectin KD reduce replication of coronaviruses, including SARS-COV2. Collectively, these results identify Malectin as a glycoprotein QC protein involved in regulating coronavirus replication that could potentially be targeted to mitigate coronavirus replication.

In the revised manuscript, the authors have addressed many of my comments from the previous submission. Notably, they've provided some additional mechanistic data, focused primarily on the activation of different stress signaling pathways, to help define malectin impacts viral replication, although this is mostly suggests that activation of these pathways may not be the main mechanism of malectin-dependent reductions in viral replication. Regardless, I'm sure this mechanism will be the focus of continued efforts on this project. They have also addressed other concerns related to interactions between OST and malectin, as well as the curious interactions between non-structural proteins with both ER and mitochondrial proteins. Overall, the authors have been responsive to my comments and comments from other reviewers, and the manuscript has been improved. It will be a good addition to eLife.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

In their revised manuscript, the authors addressed most of the reviewers' concerns. One concern was the emphasis on increased MLEC-OST interactions during infection, which the authors toned down in the revision. They clarified that MLEC interaction with OST is maintained-rather than increased-during infection, while its interaction with other QC factors decreases. They also added context and discussion of the co-localization of viral proteins with ER and mitochondrial proteins, noting that both nsp2 and MLEC localize to mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), providing a plausible explanation for these interactions.

Another concern involved the effects of MLEC KD on the cellular environment. To address this, the authors analyzed stress pathway activation and glycosylation of endogenous proteins in MLEC KD cells. They found only modest upregulation of the HSF1 pathway and no changes in the UPR or other stress responses, suggesting MLEC KD does not broadly disrupt ER proteostasis. Additionally, glycopeptide profiling showed only minor changes in host protein glycosylation, supporting a more direct role for MLEC in viral replication rather than general host glycoprotein disruption.

However, some weaknesses remain. Direct interaction between MLEC and nsp2 during infection was not detected, and the identified viral glycopeptides were limited to only five Spike sites. Furthermore, the mechanism by which MLEC promotes viral replication is still unclear.

In summary, the authors strengthened the manuscript by addressing reviewers' concerns through additional data, clarified language, and expanded discussion. While the overall support for MLEC's pro-viral role is solid, its precise mechanism of action remains speculative. Future work will be needed to directly link MLEC's activity to specific steps in viral protein biogenesis and replication.

Original summary: In this study, Davies and Plate set out to discover conserved host interactors of coronavirus non-structural proteins (Nsp). They used 293T cells to ectopically express flag-tagged Nsp2 and Nsp4 from five human and mouse coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1 and 2, and analyzed their interaction with host proteins by affinity purification mass-spectrometry (AP-MS). To confirm whether such interactors play a role in coronavirus infection, the authors measured the effects of individual knockdowns on replication of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) in mouse Delayed Brain Tumor cells. Using this approach, they identified a previously undescribed interactor of Nsp2, Malectin (Mlec), which is involved in glycoprotein processing and shows a potent pro-viral function in both MHV and SARS-CoV-2. Although the authors were unable to confirm this interaction in MHV-infected cells, they show that infection remodels many other Mlec interactions, recruiting it to the ER complex that catalyzes protein glycosylation (OST). Mlec knockdown reduced viral RNA and protein levels during MHV infection, although such effects were not limited to specific viral proteins. However, knockdown reduced the levels of five viral glycopeptides that map to Spike protein, suggesting it may be affected by Mlec.

Strengths:

This is an elegant study that uses a state-of-the-art quantitative proteomic approach to identify host proteins that play critical roles in viral infection. Instead of focusing on a single protein from a single virus, it compares the interactomes of two viral proteins from five related viruses, generating a high confidence dataset. The functional follow-ups using multiple live and reporter viruses, including MHV and CoV2 variants, convincingly depict a pro-viral role for Mlec, a protein not previously implicated in coronavirus biology.

Weaknesses:

Although a commonly used approach, AP-MS of ectopically expressed viral proteins may not accurately capture infection-related interactions. The authors observed Mlec-Nsp2 interactions in transfected 293T cells (1C) but were unable to reproduce those in mouse cells infected with MHV (3C). EIF4E2/GIGYF2, two bonafide interactors of CoV2 Nsp2 from previous studies, are listed as depleted compared to negative controls (S1D). Most other CoV2 Nsp2 interactors are also depleted by the same analysis (S1D). Previously reported MERS Nsp2 interactors, including ASCC1 and TCF25, are also not detected (S1D). Furthermore, although GIGYF2 was not identified as an interactor of MHV Nsp2/4 in human cells (S1D), its knockdown in mouse cells reduced MHV titers about 1000 fold (S4). The authors should attempt to explain these discrepancies.

More importantly, the authors were unable to establish a direct link between Mlec and the biogenesis of any viral or host proteins, by mass-spectrometry or otherwise. Although it is clear that Mlec promotes coronavirus infection, the mechanism remains unclear. Its knockdown does not affect the proteome composition of uninfected cells (S15B), suggesting it is not required for proteome maintenance under normal conditions. The only viral glycopeptides detected during MHV infection originated from Spike (5D), although other viral proteins are also known to be glycosylated. Cells depleted for Mlec produce ~4-fold less Spike protein (4E) but no more than 2-fold less glycosylated spike peptides (5D), compounding the interpretation of Mlec effects on viral protein biogenesis. Furthermore, Spike is not essential for the pro-viral role of Mlec, given that Mlec knockdown reduces replication of SARS-CoV-2 replicons that express all viral proteins except for Spike (6A/B).

Any of the observed effects on viral protein levels could be secondary to multiple other processes. Interventions that delay infection for any reason could lead to imbalance of viral protein levels, because Spike and other structural proteins are produced at a much higher rate than non-structural proteins due to the higher abundance of their cognate subgenomic RNAs. Similarly, the observation that Mlec depletion attenuates MHV-mediated changes to the host proteome (S15C/D) can also be attributed to indirect effects on viral replication, regardless of glycoprotein processing. In the discussion, the authors acknowledge that Mlec may indirectly affect infection through modulation of replication complex formation or ER stress, but do not offer any supporting evidence. Interestingly, plant homologs of Mlec are implicated in innate immunity, favoring a more global role for Mlec in mammalian coronavirus infections.

Finally, the observation that both Nsp2 (3C) and Mlec (3E/F) are recruited to the OST complex during MHV infection neither support nor refute any of these alternate hypotheses, given that Mlec is known to interact with OST in uninfected cells and that Nsp2 may interact with OST as part of the full length unprocessed Orf1a, as it co-translationally translocates into the ER.

Therefore, the main claims about the role of Mlec in coronavirus protein biogenesis are only partially supported.

Comments on revisions:

Figure 7B should be revised to show that MLEC maintains interactions with rather than recruited to the OST.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors were attempting to identify the molecular and cellular basis for why modulators of the HR pathway, specifically PARPi, are not effective in CDK12 deleted or mutant prostate cancers and they seek to identify new therapeutic agents to treat this subset of metastatic prostate cancer patients. Overall, this is an outstanding manuscript with a number of strengths and in my opinion represents a significant advance in the field of prostate cancer biology and experimental therapeutics.

Strengths:

The patient data cohort size and clinical annotation from Figure 1 are compelling and comprehensive in scope. The associations between tandem duplications and amplifications of oncogenes that have been well-credentialed to be drivers of cancer development and progression are fascinating and the authors identify that in those that have AR amplification for example, there is evidence for AR pathway activation. The association between CDK12 inactivation and various specific gene/pathway perturbations is fascinating and is consistent with previously published studies - it would be interesting to correlate these changes with cell line-based studies in which CDK12 is specifically deleted or inhibited with small molecules to see how many pathways/gene perturbations are shared between the clinical samples and cell and mouse models with CDK12 perturbation. The short-term inhibitor studies related to changes in HRD genes and protein expression with CDK12/13 inhibition are fascinating and suggest differential pathway effects between short inhibition of CDK12/13 and long-term loss of CDK12. The in vivo studies with the inhibitor of CDK12/13 are intriguing but not definitive

Weaknesses:

Given that there are different mutations identified at different CDK12 sites as illustrated in Figure 1B it would be nice to know which ones have been functionally classified as pathogenic and for which ones that the pathogenicity has not been determined. This would be especially interesting to perform in light of the differences in the LOH scores and WES data presented - specifically, are the pathogenic mutations vs the mutations for which true pathogenicity is unknown more likely to display LOH or TD? For the cell inhibition studies with the CDK12/13 inhibitor, more details characterizing the specificity of this molecule to these targets would be useful. Additionally, could the authors perform short-term depletion studies with a PROTAC to the target or short shRNA or non-selected pool CRISPR deletion studies of CDK12 in these same cell lines to complement their pharmacological studies with genetic depletion studies? Also perhaps performing these same inhibitor studies in CDK12/13 deleted cells to test the specificity of the molecule would be useful. Additionally, expanding these studies to additional prostate cancer cell lines or organdies models would strengthen the conclusions being made. More information should be provided about the dose and schedule chosen and the rationale for choosing those doses and schedules for the in vivo studies proposed should be presented and discussed. Was there evidence for maximal evidence of inhibition of the target CDK12/13 at the dose tested given the very modest tumor growth inhibition noted in these studies?

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The study explores the functional consequence of CDK12 loss in prostate cancer. While CDK12 loss has been shown to confer homologous recombination (HR) deficiency through premature intronic polyadenylation of HR genes, the response of PARPi monotherapy has failed. This study therefore performed an in-depth analysis of genomic sequencing data from mCRPC patient tumors, and showed that tumors with CDK12 loss lack pertinent HR signatures and scars. Furthermore, functional exploration in human prostate cancer cell lines showed that while the acute inhibition of CDK12 resulted in aberrant polyadenylation of HR genes like BRCA1/2, HR-specific effects were overall modest or absent in cell lines or xenografts adapted to chronic CDK12 loss. Instead, vulnerability to genetically targeting CDK13 resulted in a synthetic lethality in tumors with CDK12 loss, as shown in vivo with SR4825, a CDK12/13 inhibitor - thus serving as a potential therapeutic avenue.

The evidence supporting this study is based on in-depth genomic analyses of human patients, acute knockdown studies of CDK12 using a CDK12/13 inhibitors SR4835, adaptive knockout of CDK12 using LuCaP 189.4_CL and inducible re-expression of CDK12, CDK12 single clones in 22Rv1 (KO2 and KO5) and Skov3 (KO1), Tet-inducible knockdown of BRCA2 or CDK12 followed by ionizing radiation and measurement of RAD51 foci, lack of sensitivity generally to PARPi and platinum chemotherapy in cells adapted to CDK12 loss, loss of viability of CDK13 knockout in CDK12 knockout cells, and in vivo testing of SE4825 in LuCaP xenografts with intact and CDK12 loss.

Strengths:

Overall, this study is robust and of interest to the broader homologous recombination and CDK field. First, the topic is clinically relevant given the lack of PARPi response in CDK12 loss tumors. Second, the strength of the genomic analysis in CDK12 lost PCa tumors is robust with clear delineation that BRCA1/2 genes and maintenance of most genes regulating HR are intact. Specifically, the authors find that there is no mutational signature or genomic features suggestive of HR, such as those found in BRCA1/2 tumors. Lastly, novel lines are generated in this study, including de novo LuCaP 189.4_CL with CDK12 loss that can be profound for potential synthetic lethalities.

Weakness:

One caveat that continues to be unclear as presented, is the uncoupling of cell cycle/essentiality of CDK12/13 from HR-directed mechanisms. Is this purely a cell cycle arrest phenotype acutely with associated down-regulation of many genes?

While the RAD51 loading ssRNA experiments are informative, the Tet-inducible knockdown of BRCA2 and CDK12 is confusing as presented in Figure 5, shBRCA2 + and -dox are clearly shown. However, were the CDK12_K02 and K05 also knocked down using inducible shRNA or a stable knockout? The importance of this statement is the difference between acute and chronic deletion of CDK12. Previously, the authors showed that acute knockdown of CDK12 led to an HR phenotype, but here it is unclear whether CDK12-K02/05 are acute knockdowns of CDK12 or have been chronically adapted after single cell cloning from CRISPR-knockout.

Given the multitude of lines, including some single-cell clones with growth inhibitory phenotypes and ex-vivo derived xenografts, the variability of effects with SR4835, ATM, ATR, and WEE1 inhibitors in different models can be confusing to follow. Overall, the authors suggest that the cell lines differ in therapeutic susceptibility as they may have alternate and diverse susceptibilities. It may be possible that the team could present this more succinctly and move extraneous data to the supplement.

The in-vitro data suggests that SR4835 causes growth inhibition acutely in parental lines such as 22RV1. However, in vivo, tumor attenuation appears to be observed in both CDK12 intact and deficient xenografts, LuCAP136 and LuCaP 189.4 (albeit the latter is only nominally significant). Is there an effect of PARPi inhibition specifically in either model? What about the the 22RV1-K02/05? Do these engraft? Given the role of CDK12/13 in RNAP II, these data might suggest that the window of susceptibility in CDK12 tumors may not be that different from CDK12 intact tumors (or intact tissue) when using dual CDK12/13 inhibitors but rather represent more general canonical essential functions of CDK12 and CDK13 in transcription. From a therapeutic development strategy, the authors may want to comment in the discussion on the ability to target CDK13 specifically.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Significance:

About 5% of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPC) display genomic alterations in the transcriptional kinase CDK12. The mechanisms by which CDK12 alterations drive tumorigenesis in this molecularly-defined subset of mCRPC have remained elusive. In particular, some studies have suggested that CDK12 loss confers a homologous recombination deficiency (HRd) phenotype, However, clinical studies have not borne out the benefit to PARP inhibitors in patients with CDK12 alterations, despite the fact that these agents are typically active against tumors with HRd.

In this study, Frank et al. reconcile these findings by showing that: (1) tumors with biallelic CDK12 alterations do not have genomic features of HRd; (2) in vitro, HR gene downregulation occurs with acute depletion of CDK12 but is far less pronounced with chronic CDK12 loss; (3) CDK12-altered cells are uniquely sensitive to genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of CDK13.

Strengths:

Overall, this is an important study that reconciles disparate experimental and clinical observations. The genomic analyses are comprehensive and conducted with a high degree of rigor and represent an important resource to the community regarding the features of this molecular subtype of mCRPC.

Weaknesses:

(1) It is generally assumed that CDK12 alterations are inactivating, but it is noteworthy that homozygous deletions are comparatively uncommon (Figure 1a). Instead many tumors show missense mutations on either one or both alleles, and many of these mutations are outside of the kinase domain (Figure 1b). It remains possible that the CDK12 alterations that occur in some tumors may retain residual CDK12 function, or may confer some other neomorphic function, and therefore may not be accurately modeled by CDK12 knockout or knockdown in vitro. This would also reconcile the observation that knockout of CDK12 is cell-essential while the human genetic data suggest that CDK12 functions as a tumor suppressor gene.

(2) It is not entirely clear whether CDK12 altered tumors may require a co-occurring mutation to prevent loss of fitness, either in vitro or in vivo (e.g. perhaps one or more of the alterations that occur as a result of the TDP may mitigate against the essentiality of CDK12 loss).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Hurtado et al. show that Sox9 is essential for retinal integrity, and its null mutation causes the loss of the outer nuclear layer (ONL). The authors then show that this absence of the ONL is due to apoptosis of photoreceptors and a reduction in the numbers of other retinal cell types such as ganglion cells, amacrine cells and horizontal cells. They also describe that Müller Glia undergoes reactive gliosis by upregulating the Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein. The authors then show that Sox9+ progenitors proliferate and differentiate to generate the corneal cells through Sox9 lineage-tracing experiments. They validate Sox9 expression and characterize its dynamics in limbal stem cells using an existing single-cell RNA sequencing dataset. Finally, the authors show that Sox9 deletion causes progenitor cells to lose their clonogenic capacity by comparing the sizes of control and Sox9-null clones. Overall, Hurtado et al. underline the importance of Sox9 function in retinal cells.

Strengths:

The authors have characterized a myriad of striking phenotypes due to Sox9 deletion in the retina and limbal stem cells which will serve as a basis for future studies.

Weaknesses:

Hurtado et al. highlight the importance of Sox9 in the retina and limbal stem cells by describing several affects of Sox9 depletion in the adult eye. However, it is unclear how or where Sox9 precisely acts as a mechanistic investigation of the transcription factor's role in this tissue is lacking.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Sox9 is a transcription factor crucial for development and tissue homeostasis, and its expression continues in various adult eye cell types, including retinal pigmented epithelium cells, Müller glial cells, and limbal and corneal basal epithelia. To investigate its functional roles in the adult eye, this study employed inducible mouse mutagenesis. Adult-specific Sox9 depletion led to severe retinal degeneration, including the loss of Müller glial cells and photoreceptors. Further, lineage tracing revealed that Sox9 is expressed in a basal limbal stem cell population that supports stem cell maintenance and homeostasis. Mosaic analysis confirmed that Sox9 is essential for the differentiation of limbal stem cells. Overall, the study highlights that Sox9 is critical for both retinal integrity and the differentiation of limbal stem cells in the adult mouse eye.

Strengths:

In general, inducible genetic approaches in the adult mouse nervous system are rare and difficult to carry out. Here, the authors employ tamoxifen-inducible mouse mutagenesis to uncover the functional roles of Sox9 in the adult mouse eye.

Careful analysis suggests that two degeneration phenotypes (mild and severe) are detected in the adult mouse eye upon tamoxifen-dependent Sox9 depletion. Phenotype severity nicely correlates with the efficiency of Cre-mediated Sox9 depletion.

Molecular marker analysis provides strong evidence of Mueller cell loss and photoreceptor degeneration.

A clever genetic tracing strategy uncovers a critical role for Sox9 in limbal stem cell differentiation.

Comments on revised submission:

The revised manuscript is very much improved and has addressed all my concerns.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This work computationally characterized the threat-reward learning behavior of mice in a recent study (Akiti et al.), which had prominent individual differences. The authors constructed a Bayes-adaptive Markov decision process model, and fitted the behavioral data by the model. The model assumed (i) hazard function staring from a prior (with free mean and SD parameters) and updated in a Bayesian manner through experience (actually no real threat or reward was given in the experiment), (ii) risk-sensitive evaluation of future outcomes (calculating lower 𝛼 quantile of outcomes with free 𝛼 parameter), and (iii) heuristic exploration bonus. The authors found that (i) brave animals had more widespread hazard priors than timid animals and thereby quickly learned that there was in fact little real threat, (ii) brave animals may also be less risk-aversive than timid animals in future outcome evaluation, and (iii) the exploration bonus could explain the observed behavioral features, including the transition of behavior from the peak to steady-state frequency of bout. Overall, this work is a novel interesting analysis of threat-reward learning, and provides useful insights for future experimental and theoretical work. However, there are several issues that I think need to be addressed.

Strengths:

- This work provides a normative Bayesian account for individual differences in braveness/timidity in reward-threat learning behavior, which complements the analysis by Akiti et al. based on model-free threat reinforcement learning.

- Specifically, the individual differences were characterized by (i) the difference in the variance of hazard prior and potentially also (ii) the difference in the risk-sensitivity in evaluation of future returns.

Weakness:

- Theoretically the effect of prior is diluted over experience whereas the effect of biased (risk-aversive) evaluation persists, but these two effects could not be teased apart in the fitting analysis of the current data.

- It is currently unclear how (whether) the proposed model corresponds to neurobiological (rather than behavioral) findings, different from the analysis by Akiti et al.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have adequately replied to all the concerns that I raised in my review of the original manuscript. I do not have any remaining concern, and I am now more convinced that this work provides novel important insights and stimulates future experimental and theoretical examinations.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript presents computational modelling of the behaviour of mice during encounters with novel and familiar objects, originally reported in Akiti et al. (Neuron 110, 2022). Mice typically perform short bouts of approach followed by retreat to a safe distance, presumably to balance exploration to discover possible reward with the potential risk of predation. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in this exploratory behaviour, both across time as an individual subject becomes more confident in approaching the object, and across subjects; with some mice rapidly becoming confident to closely explore the object, while other timid mice never become fully confident that the object is safe. The current work aims to explain both the dynamics of adaptation of individual animals over time, and the quantitative and qualitative differences in behaviour between subjects, by modelling their behaviour as arising from model-based planning in a Bayes adaptive Markov Decision Process (BAMDP) framework, in which the subjects maintain and update probabilistic estimates of the uncertain hazard presented by the object, and rationally balance the potential reward from exploring the object with the potential risk of predation it presents.

In order to fit these complex models to the behaviour the authors necessarily make substantial simplifying assumptions, including coarse-graining the exploratory behaviour into phases quantified by a set of summary statistics related to the approach bouts of the animal. Inter-individual variation between subjects is modelled both by differences in their prior beliefs about the possible hazard presented by the object, and by differences in their risk preference, modelled using a conditional value at risk (CVaR) objective, which focuses the subject's evaluation on different quantiles of the expected distribution of outcomes. Interestingly, these two conceptually different possible sources of inter-subject variation in brave vs timid exploratory behaviour turn out not to be dissociable in the current dataset as they can largely compensate for each other in their effects on the measured behaviour. Nonetheless, the modelling captures a wide range of quantitative and qualitative differences between subjects in the dynamics of how they explore the object, essentially through differences in how subject's beliefs about the potential risk and reward presented by the object evolve over the course of exploration, and are combined to drive behaviour.

Exploration in the face of risk is a ubiquitous feature of the decision-making problem faced by organisms, with strong clinical relevance, yet remains poorly understood and under-studied, making this work a timely and welcome addition to the literature.

Strengths:

- Individual differences in exploratory behaviour are an interesting, important, and under-studied topic.

- Application of cutting-edge modelling methods to a rich behavioural dataset, successfully accounting for diverse qualitative and qualitative features of the data in a normative framework.

- Thoughtful discussion of the results in the context of prior literature.

Limitations:

- The model-fitting approach used of coarse-graining the behaviour into phases and fitting to their summary statistics may not be applicable to exploratory behaviours in more complex environments where coarse-graining is less straightforward.

Comments on revisions:

All recommendations to authors from the first review were addressed in the revised manuscript.

Editorial note: To ensure a thorough evaluation of the revised manuscript, we invited a third reviewer to assess whether the authors had sufficiently addressed the concerns raised in the initial round of peer review. This additional reviewer confirmed that the authors responded partially to the original reviewers requests. While he/she also provided a set of new comments, these do not alter the original assessment or editorial decision regarding the manuscript. For transparency and completeness, the additional comments are included below.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, Li and coworkers present experiments generated with human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiated to astrocytes through a three-step protocol consisting of neural induction/midbrain patterning, switch to expansion of astrocytic progenitors, and terminal differentiation to astroglial cells. They used lineage tracing with a LMX1A-Cre/AAVS1-BFP iPSCs line, where the initial expression of LMX1A and Cre allows the long-lasting expression of BFP, yielding BFP+ and BFP- populations, that were sorted when in the astrocytic progenitor expansion. BFP+ showed significantly higher number of cells positive to NFIA and SOX9 than BFP- cells, at 45 and 98 DIV. However, no significant differences in other markers such as AQP4, EAAT2, GFAP (which show a proportion of less than 10% in all cases) and S100B were found between BFP-positive or -negative, at these differentiation times. Intriguingly, non-patterned astrocytes produced higher proportions of GFAP positive cells than the midbrain-induced and then sorted populations. BFP+ cells have enhanced calcium responses after ATP addition, compared to BFP- cells. Single-cell RNA-seq of early and late cells from BFP- and BFP+ populations were compared to non-patterned astrocytes and neurons differentiated from iPSCs. Bioinformatic analyses of the transcriptomes resulted in 9 astrocyte clusters, 2 precursor clusters and one neuronal cluster. DEG analysis between BFP+ and BFP- populations showed some genes enriched in each population, which were subject to GO analysis, resulting in biological processes that are different for BFP+ or BFP- cells.

Strengths:

The manuscript tries to tackle an important aspect in Neuroscience, namely the importance of patterning in astrocytes. Regionalization is crucial for neuronal differentiation and the presented experiments constitute a trackable system to analyze both transcriptional identities and functionality on astrocytes.

Weaknesses:

The presented results have several fundamental issues, to be resolved, as listed in the following major points:

(1) It is very intriguing that GFAP is not expressed in late BFP- nor in BFP+ cultures, when authors designated them as mature astrocytes.<br /> (2) In Fig. 2D, authors need to change the designation "% of positive nuclei".<br /> (3) In Fig. 2E, the text describes a decrease caused by 2APB on the rise elicited by ATP, but the graph shows an increase with ATP+2APB. However, in Fig. 2F, the peak amplitude for BFP+ cells is higher in ATP than in ATP+2APD, which is mentioned in the text, but this is inconsistent with the graph in 2E.<br /> (4) The description of Results in the single-cell section is confusing, particularly in the sorted CD49 and unsorted cultures. Where do these cells come from? Are they BFP-, BFP+, unsorted for BFP, or non-patterned? Which are the "all three astrocyte populations"? A more complete description of the "iPSC-derived neurons" is required in this section to allow the reader to understand the type and maturation stage of neurons, and if they are patterned or not.<br /> (5) A puzzling fact is that both BFP- and BFP- cells have similar levels of LMX1A, as shown in Fig. S6F. How do authors explain this observation?<br /> (6) In Fig. 3B, the non-patterned cells cluster away from the BFP+ and BFP-; on the other hand, early and late BFP- are close and the same is true for early and late BFP+. A possible interpretation of these results is that patterned astrocytes have different paths for differentiation, compared to non-patterned cells. If that can be implied from these data, authors should discuss the alternative ways for astrocytes to differentiate.<br /> (7) Fig. 3D shows that cluster 9 is the only one with detectable and coincident expression of both S100B and GFAP expression. Please discuss why these widely-accepted astrocyte transcripts are not found in the other astrocytes clusters. Also, Sox9 is expressed in neurons, astrocyte precursors and astrocytes. Why is that?<br /> (8) Line 337, Why authors selected a log2 change of 0.25? Typically, 1 or a higher number is used to ensure at least a 2-fold increase, or a 50% decrease. A volcano plot generated by the comparison of BFP+ with BFP- cells would be appropriate. The validation of differences by immunocytochemistry, between BFP+ and BFP-, is inconclusive. The staining is blur in the images presented in Fig. S8C. Quantification of the positive cells, without significant background signal, in both populations is required.<br /> (9) Lines 349-351: BFP+ cells did not show higher levels of transcripts for LMX1A nor FOXA2. This fact jeopardizes the claim that these cells are still patterned. In the same line, there are not significant differences with cortical astrocytes, indicating a wider repertoire of the initially patterned cells, that seems to lose the midbrain phenotype. Furthermore, common DGE shared by BFP- and BFP+ cells when compared to non-patterned cells indicate that after culture, the pre-pattern in BFP+ cells is somehow lost, and coincides with the progression of BFP- cells.<br /> (10) For the GO analyses, How did authors select 1153 genes? The previous section mentioned 287 genes unique for BFP+ cells. The Results section should include a rationale for performing a wider search for the enriched processes.<br /> (11) For Fig. 4C and 4D, both p values and the number of genes should be indicated in the graph. I would advise to select the 10 or 15 most significant categories, these panels are very difficult to read. Whereas the listed processes for BFP+ have a relation to Parkinson disease, the ones detected for BFP- cells are related to extracellular matrix and tissue development. Does it mean that BFP+ cells have impaired formation of this matrix, or defective tissue development? This is in contradiction of enhanced calcium responses of BFP+ cells compared to BFP- cells.<br /> (12) Both the comparison between midbrain and cortical astrocytes in Fig. S8A, and the volcano plot in S8B do not show consistent changes. For example, RCAN2 in Fig. S8A has the same intensity for cortical and midbrain cells, but is marked as an enriched gene in midbrain in the p vs log2FC graph in Fig. S8B.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This study elucidates the molecular linkage between the mobilization of damaged rDNA from the nucleolus to its periphery and the subsequent repair process by HDR. The authors demonstrate that the nucleolar adaptor protein Treacle mediates rDNA mobilization, and the MDC1-RNF8-RNF168 pathway coordinates the recruitment of the BRCA1-PALB2-BRCA2 complex and RAD51 loading. This stepwise regulation appears to prevent aberrant recombination events between rDNA repeats. This work provides compelling evidence for the recruitment of the Treacle-TOPBP1-NBS1 complex to rDNA DSBs and demonstrates the critical role of MDC1 in the rDNA damage response. There are some issues with the over-interpretation of results as described subsequently. Some aspects could be strengthened, for example, a potential role of the RAP80-Abraxas axis, the origin of the repair synthesis (HDR vs. NHEJ)

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in repeated DNA pose a challenge for repair by homologous recombination (HR) due to the potential of generating chromosomal aberrations, especially involving repeats on different chromosomes. This conceptual caveat led to a long-held notion that HR is not active in repeated DNA, which was disproven in groundbreaking work by Chiolo showing in Drosophila that DSBs in pericentromeric repeats are mobilized to the nuclear periphery for repair by HR. A similar mechanism operates in mouse cells, as shown by the Gautier laboratory, but the mobilization goes to the nucleolar periphery, called nucleolar caps. In this manuscript, the authors reexamine the role of MDC1 in the mobilization of DSBs in rDNA in human cells. Previous work has shown that MDC1 is replaced by Treacle, the gene associated with Treacher Collins syndrome 1, in its role as the main adaptor of the DNA damage response, and these results are confirmed here. The novelty of this contribution lies in the discovery that MDC1 is required downstream in the recruitment of BRCA1 and RAD51 to nucleolar DSBs that were mobilized to the nucleolar cap. Using multiple MCD knockout models and DSBs induced by the nuclease PpoI, which cleaves at nuclear sites as well as in the 28S rDNA, convincingly documents this role of MDC1 and shows that it acts upstream of the RNF8-RNF168 ubiquitylation axis. Using a proxy assay of co-localization of EdU incorporation at DSBs (gammaH2AX), evidence is provided that MDC1 is required for HR in rDNA. MDC1 was not required for RAD51 recruitment to IR-induced foci, but it is unclear whether this is related to the different DSB chemistry (enzymatic versus IR) or to the localization of the DSB (rDNA versus unique sequence genome).

Strengths:

(1) The manuscript is well-written, and the experimental evidence is nicely presented.

(2) Multiple MDC1 knockout models are used to validate the results.

(3) Convincing back-complementation data clarify the relationship between MDC1 and RNF8.

Weaknesses:

(1) The recruitment of BRCA2 was not directly demonstrated. This caveat could be recognized, as IF for BRCA2 is challenging.

(2) PpoI also induces DSBs in the non-rDNA genome. These DSBs would be an ideal control to establish nucleolar specificity of the events described and clarify whether the difference between IR and PpoI is the chemical structure of the DSB or the location of the DSB.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors present an approach that uses the transformer architecture to model epistasis in deep mutational scanning datasets. This is an original and very interesting idea. Applying the approach to 10 datasets, they quantify the contribution of higher-order epistasis, showing that it varies quite extensively.

Suggestions:

(1) The approach taken is very interesting, but it is not particularly well placed in the context of recent related work. MAVE-NN, LANTERN, and MoCHI are all approaches that different labs have developed for inferring and fitting global epistasis functions to DMS datasets. MoCHI can also be used to infer multi-dimensional global epistasis (for example, folding and binding energies) and also pairwise (and higher order) specific interaction terms (see 10.1186/s13059-024-03444-y and 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012132). It doesn't distract from the current work to better introduce these recent approaches in the introduction. A comparison of the different capabilities of the methods may also be helpful. It may also be interesting to compare the contributions to variance of 1st, 2nd, and higher-order interaction terms estimated by the Epistatic transformer and MoCHI.

(2) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004771 is another useful reference that relates different metrics of epistasis, including the useful distinction between biochemical/background-relative and background-averaged epistasis.

(3) Which higher-order interactions are more important? Are there any mechanistic/structural insights?

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper presents a novel transformer-based neural network model, termed the epistatic transformer, designed to isolate and quantify higher-order epistasis in protein sequence-function relationships. By modifying the multi-head attention architecture, the authors claim they can precisely control the order of specific epistatic interactions captured by the model. The approach is applied to both simulated data and ten diverse experimental deep mutational scanning (DMS) datasets, including full-length proteins. The authors argue that higher-order epistasis, although often modest in global contribution, plays critical roles in extrapolation and capturing distant genotypic effects, especially in multi-peak fitness landscapes.

Strengths:

(1) The study tackles a long-standing question in molecular evolution and protein engineering: "how significant are epistatic interactions beyond pairwise effects?" The question is relevant given the growing availability of large-scale DMS datasets and increasing reliance on machine learning in protein design.

(2) The manuscript includes both simulation and real-data experiments, as well as extrapolation tasks (e.g., predicting distant genotypes, cross-ortholog transfer). These well-rounded evaluations demonstrate robustness and applicability.

(3) The code is made available for reproducibility.

Weaknesses:

(1) The paper mainly compares its transformer models to additive models and occasionally to linear pairwise interaction models. However, other strong baselines exist. For example, the authors should compare baseline methods such as "DANGO: Predicting higher-order genetic interactions". There are many works related to pairwise interaction detection, such as: "Detecting statistical interactions from neural network weights", "shapiq: Shapley interactions for machine learning", and "Error-controlled non-additive interaction discovery in machine learning models".

(2) While the transformer architecture is cleverly adapted, the claim that it allows for "explicit control" and "interpretability" over interaction order may be overstated. Although the 2^M scaling with MHA layers is shown empirically, the actual biological interactions captured by the attention mechanism remain opaque. A deeper analysis of learned attention maps or embedding similarities (e.g., visualizations, site-specific interaction clusters) could substantiate claims about interpretability.

(3) The distinction between nonspecific (global) and specific epistasis is central to the modeling framework, yet it remains conceptually underdeveloped. While a sigmoid function is used to model global effects, it's unclear to what extent this functional form suffices. The authors should justify this choice more rigorously or at least acknowledge its limitations and potential implications.

(4) The manuscript refers to "pairwise", "3-4-way", and ">4-way" interactions without always clearly defining the boundaries of these groupings or how exactly the order is inferred from transformer layer depth. This can be confusing to readers unfamiliar with the architecture or with statistical definitions of interaction order. The authors should clarify terminology consistently. Including a visual mapping or table linking a number of layers to the maximum modeled interaction order could be helpful.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Sethi and Zou present a new neural network to study the importance of epistatic interactions in pairs and groups of amino acids to the function of proteins. Their new model is validated on a small simulated data set and then applied to 10 empirical data sets. Results show that epistatic interactions in groups of amino acids can be important to predict the function of a protein, especially for sequences that are not very similar to the training data.

Strengths:

The manuscript relies on a novel neural network architecture that makes it easy to study specifically the contribution of interactions between 2, 3, 4, or more amino acids. The study of 10 different protein families shows that there is variation among protein families.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript is good overall, but could have gone a bit deeper by comparing the new architecture to standard transformers, and by investigating whether differences between protein families explain some of the differences in the importance of interactions between amino acids. Finally, the GitHub repository needs some more information to be usable.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript uses adaptive sampling simulations to understand the impact of mutations on the specificity of the enzyme PDC-3 β-lactamase. The authors argue that mutations in the Ω-loop can expand the active site to accommodate larger substrates.

Strengths:

The authors simulate an array of variants and perform numerous analyses to support their conclusions.

The use of constant pH simulations to connect structural differences with likely functional outcomes is a strength.

Weaknesses:

I would like to have seen more error bars on quantities reported (e.g., % populations reported in the text and Table 1).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript uses adaptive sampling simulations to understand the impact of mutations on the specificity of the enzyme PDC-3 β-lactamase. The authors argue that mutations in the Ω-loop can expand the active site to accommodate larger substrates.

Strengths:

The authors simulate an array of variants and perform numerous analyses to support their conclusions.

The use of constant pH simulations to connect structural differences with likely functional outcomes is a strength.

Weaknesses:

I would like to have seen more error bars on quantities reported (e.g., % populations reported in the text and Table 1).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The study is methodologically solid and introduces a compelling regulatory model. However, several mechanistic aspects and interpretations require clarification or additional experimental support to strengthen the conclusions.

Strengths:

(1) The manuscript presents a compelling structural and biochemical analysis of human glutamine synthetase, offering novel insights into product-induced filamentation.

(2) The combination of cryo-EM, mutational analysis, and molecular dynamics provides a multifaceted view of filament assembly and enzyme regulation.

(3) The contrast between human and E. coli GS filamentation mechanisms highlights a potentially unique mode of metabolic feedback in higher organisms.

Weaknesses:

(1) The mechanism underlying spontaneous di-decamer formation in the absence of glutamine is insufficiently explored and lacks quantitative biophysical validation.

(2) Claims of decamer-only behavior in mutants rely solely on negative-stain EM and are not supported by orthogonal solution-based methods.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

The authors set out to resolve the high-resolution structure of a glutamine synthetase (GS) decamer using cryo-EM, investigate glutamine binding at the decamer interface, and validate structural observations through biochemical assays of ATP hydrolysis linked to enzyme activity. Their work sits at the intersection of structural and functional biology, aiming to bridge atomic-level details with biological mechanisms - a goal with clear relevance to researchers studying enzyme catalysis and metabolic regulation.

Strengths and weaknesses of methods and results:

A key strength of the study lies in its use of cryo-EM, a technique well-suited for resolving large, dynamic macromolecular complexes like the GS decamer. The reported resolutions (down to 2.15 Å) initially suggest the potential for detailed structural insights, such as side-chain interactions and ligand density. However, several methodological limitations significantly undermine the reliability of the results:

(1) Cryo-EM data processing: The absence of critical details about B-factor sharpening - a standard step to enhance map interpretability - is a major concern. For high-resolution maps (<3 Å), sharpening is typically applied to resolve side-chain features, yet the submitted maps (e.g., those in Figures 1D, 2D, and supplementary figures) appear unprocessed, with density quality inconsistent with the claimed resolutions. This makes it difficult to evaluate whether observed features (e.g., glutamine binding) are genuine or artifacts of unsharpened data.

(2) Modeling and density consistency: The structural models, particularly for glutamine binding at the decamer interface, do not align with the reported resolution. The maps shown in Figure 2D and Supplementary Figure S7 lack sufficient density to confidently place glutamine or even surrounding residues, conflicting with claims of 2.15 Å resolution. Additionally, fitting a non-symmetric ligand (glutamine) into a symmetry-refined map requires justification, as symmetry constraints may distort ligand placement.

(3) Biochemical assay controls: While the enzyme activity assays aim to link structure to function, they lack essential controls (e.g., blank reactions without GS or substrates, substrate omission tests) to confirm that ATP hydrolysis is GS-dependent. The use of TCEP, a reducing agent, is also not paired with experiments to rule out unintended effects on the PK/LDH system, further limiting confidence in activity measurements.

Achievement of aims and support for conclusions:

The study falls short of convincingly achieving its goals. The claimed high-resolution structural details (e.g., side-chain densities, ligand binding) are not supported by the provided maps, which lack sharpening and show inconsistencies in density quality. Similarly, the biochemical data do not robustly validate the structural claims due to missing controls. As a result, the evidence is insufficient to confirm glutamine binding at the decamer interface or the functional relevance of the observed structural features.

Likely impact and utility:

If these methodological gaps are addressed, the work could make a meaningful contribution to the field. A well-resolved GS decamer structure would advance understanding of enzyme assembly and ligand recognition, while validated biochemical assays would strengthen the link between structure and function. Improved data processing and clearer reporting of validation steps would also make the structural data more reliable for the community, providing a resource for future studies on GS or related enzymes.

Additional context:

Cryo-EM has transformed structural biology by enabling high-resolution analysis of large complexes, but its success hinges on rigorous data processing and validation steps that are critical to ensuring reproducibility. The challenges highlighted here are not unique to this study; they reflect broader issues in the field where incomplete reporting of methods can obscure the reliability of results. By addressing these points, the authors would not only strengthen their current work but also set a positive example for transparent and rigorous structural biology research.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

In this manuscript, the authors propose a product-dependent negative-feedback mechanism of human glutamine synthetase, whereby the product glutamine facilitates filament formation, leading to reduced catalytic specificity for ammonia. Using time-resolved cryo-EM, the authors demonstrate filament formation under product-rich conditions. Multiple high-quality structures, including decameric and di-decameric assemblies, were resolved under different biochemical states and combined with MD simulations, revealing that the conformational space of the active site loop is critical for the GS catalysis. The study also includes extensive steady-state kinetic assays, supporting the view that glutamine regulates GS assembly and its catalytic activity. Overall, this is a detailed and comprehensive study. However, I would advise that a few points be addressed and clarified.

(1) In Figure 2D and Supplementary Figure 7, the extra density observed between the two decamers does not appear to have the defining features of a glutamine. A less defined density may be expected given the nature of the complex, but even though mutagenesis assays were performed to support this assignment, none of these results constitutes direct and conclusive evidence for glutamine binding at this site. I would thus suggest showing the density maps at multiple contour thresholds to allow readers to also better evaluate the various small molecules under turnover conditions that cannot be well fitted based on this density map, helping to provide a more balanced interpretation of the results.

(2) On the same point regarding the density for the enzyme under turnover conditions, more details should be provided about the symmetry expansion and classification performed, and also show the approximate ratio of reconstructions that include this density. Did you try symmetry expansion followed by focused classification, especially on the interface region?

(3) The interface between the two decamers of the model needs to be double-checked and reassigned, especially for the residues surrounding the fitted glutamine. For example, the side chain of the Lys residue shown in the attached figure is most likely modeled incorrectly.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Frelih et al. investigated both periodic and aperiodic activity in EEG during working memory tasks. In terms of periodic activity, they found post-stimulus decreases in alpha and beta activity, while in terms of aperiodic activity, they found a bi-phasic post-stimulus steepening of the power spectrum, which was weakly predictive of performance. They conclude that it is crucial to properly distinguish between aperiodic and periodic activity in event-related designs as the former could confound the latter. They also add to the growing body of research highlighting the functional relevance of aperiodic activity in the brain.

Strengths:

This is a well-written, timely paper that could be of interest to the field of cognitive neuroscience, especially to researchers investigating the functional role of aperiodic activity. The authors describe a well-designed study that looked at both the oscillatory and non-oscillatory aspects of brain activity during a working memory task. The analytic approach is appropriate, as a state-of-the-art toolbox is used to separate these two types of activity. The results support the basic claim of the paper that it is crucial to properly distinguish between aperiodic and periodic activity in event-related designs as the former could confound the latter. They also add to the growing body of research highlighting the functional relevance of aperiodic activity in the brain. Commendably, the authors include replications of their key findings on multiple independent data sets.

Comments on the previous version:

The authors have addressed several of the weaknesses I noted in my original review, specifically, they softened their claims regarding the theta findings, while simultaneously strengthening these findings with additional analyses (using simulations as well as a new measure of rhythmicity, the phase autocorrelation function, pACF). Most of the other suggested control analyses were also implemented. While I believe the fact that the participants in the main sample were not young adults could be made even more explicit, and the potential interaction between age and aperiodic changes could be unpacked a little in the discussion, the age of the sample is definitely addressed upfront.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, Frelih et al, investigate the relationship between aperiodic neural activity, as measured by EEG, and working memory performance, and compares this to the more commonly analyzed periodic, and in particular theta, measures that are often associated with such tasks. To do so, they analyze a primary dataset of 57 participants engaging in an n-back task, as well as a replication dataset, and use spectral parameterization to measure periodic and aperiodic features of the data, across time. In the revision, the authors have clarified some key points, and added a series of additional analyses and controls, including the use of an additional method, that helps to complement the original analyses and further corroborates their claims. In doing so, they find both periodic and aperiodic features that relate to the task dynamics, but importantly, the aperiodic component appears to explain away what otherwise looks like theta activity in a more traditional analysis. This study therefore helps to establish that aperiodic activity is a task-relevant dynamic feature in working memory tasks and may be the underlying change in many other studies that reported 'theta' changes, but did not use methods that could differentiate periodic and aperiodic features.

Strengths:

Key strengths of this paper include that it addresses an important question - that of properly adjudicating which features of EEG recordings relate to working memory tasks - and in doing so provides a compelling answer, with important implications for considering prior work and contributing to understanding the neural underpinnings of working memory. The revision is improved by showing this using an additional analysis method. I do not find any significant faults or error with the design, analysis, and main interpretations as presented by this paper, and as such, find the approach taken to be a valid and well-enacted. The use of multiple variants of the working memory task, as well as a replication dataset significantly strengthens this manuscript, by demonstrating a degree of replicability and generalizability. This manuscript is also an important contribution to motivating best practices for analyzing neuro-electrophysiological data, including in relation to using baselining procedures. I think the updates in the revision have helped to clarify the findings and impact of this study.

Weaknesses:

Overall, I do not find any obvious weaknesses with this manuscript and it's analyses that challenge the key results and conclusions. Updates through the revision have addressed my previous points about adding some additional notes on the methods and conclusions.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Using a specparam (1/f) analysis of task-evoked activity, the authors propose that "substantial changes traditionally attributed to theta oscillations in working memory tasks are, in fact, due to shifts in the spectral slope of aperiodic activity." This is a very bold and ambitious statement, and the field of event-related EEG would benefit from more critical assessments of the role of aperiodic changes during task events. Unfortunately, the data shown here does not support the main conclusion advanced by the authors.

Strengths:

The field of event-related EEG would benefit from more critical assessments of the role of aperiodic changes during task events. The authors perform a number of additional control analyses, including different types of baseline correction, ERP subtraction, as well as replication of the experiment with two additional datasets.

Comments on previous revisions:

The authors have completed a substantial revision based on the comments from all of the reviewers. Overall, the major claims of the initial report have been profoundly tempered.

[Editors' note: We determined that this revised version appropriately tempers some of the prior claims and addresses the concerns raised by the reviewers through two rounds of review.]

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors tried to quantify the difference between human complex traits by calculating genetic overlap scores between a pair of traits. Sherlock-II was devised to integrate GWAS with eQTL signals. The authors claim that Sherlock-II is superior to the previous version (robustness, accuracy, etc). It appears that their framework provides a reasonable solution to this important question, although the study needs further clarification and improvements.

(1) Sherlock-II incorporates GWAS and eQTL signals to better quantify genetic signals for a given complex trait. However, this approach is based on the hypothesis that "all GWAS signals confer association to complex trait via eQTL", which is not true (PMID: 37857933). This should be acknowledged (through mentioning in the text) and incorporated into the current setup (through differential analysis - for example, with or without eQTL signals, or with strong colocalization only).

(2) When incorporating eQTL, why did the authors use the top p-value tissues for eQTL? This approach seems simpler and probably more robust. But many eQTLs are tissue-specific. Therefore, it would also be important to know if eQTLS from appropriate tissues were incorporated instead.

(3) One of the main examples is the novel association between Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer. Although the authors provided a molecular clue underlying the association, it is still hard to comprehend the association easily, as the two diseases are generally known to be exclusive to each other. This is probably because breast cancer GWAS is performed for germline variants and does not consider the contribution of somatic variants.

(4) It would help readers understand the story better if a summary figure of the entire process were provided. The current Figure 1 does not fulfil that role.

(5) Figure 2 is not very informative. The readers would want to know more quantitative information rather than a heatmap-style display. Is there directionality to the relationship, or is it always unidirectional?

(6) In Figure 3, readers may want to know more specific information. For example, what gene signals are really driving the hypoxia signal in Alzheimer's disease vs breast cancer? And what SNP signals are driving these gene-level signals?

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors introduce a gene-level framework to detect shared genetic architecture between complex traits by integrating GWAS summary statistics with eQTL data via a new algorithm, Sherlock-II, which aggregates signals from multiple (cis/trans) eSNPs to produce gene-phenotype p-values. Shared pathways are identified with Partial-Pearson-Correlation Analysis (PPCA).

Strengths:

The authors show the gene-based approach is complementary and often more sensitive than SNP-level methods, and discuss limitations (in terms of no directionality, dependence on eQTL coverage).

Weaknesses:

(1) How do the authors explain data where missing tissues or sparse eQTL mapping are available? Would that bias as to which genes/traits can be linked and may produce false negatives or tissue-specific false positives?

(2) Aggregating SNP-level signals into gene scores can be confounded by LD; for example, a nearby causal variant for a different gene or non-expression mechanism may drive a gene's score, producing spurious gene-trait links. How do the authors prevent this?

(3) How the SNPs are assigned to genes would affect results, this is because different choices can change which genes appear shared between traits. The authors can expand on these.

(4) Many reported novel trait links remain speculative without functional or orthogonal validation (e.g., colocalization, perturbation data). Thus, the manuscript's claims are inconclusive and speculative.

(5) It would be best to run LD-aware colocalization and power-matched simulations to check for robustness.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This work aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms affected in hypoxic conditions, causing reduced cortical interneuron migration. They use human assembloids as a migratory assay of subpallial interneurons into cortical organoids and show substantially reduced migration upon 24 hours of hypoxia. Bulk and scRNA-seq show adrenomedullin (ADM) up-regulation, as well as its receptor RAMP2, confirmed atthe protein level. Adding ADM to the culture medium after hypoxic conditions rescues the migration deficits, even though the subtype of interneurons affected is not examined. However, the authors demonstrate very clearly that ineffective ADM does not rescue the phenotype, and blocking RAMP2 also interferes with the rescue. The authors are also applauded for using 4 different cell lines and using human fetal cortex slices as an independent method to explore the DLXi1/2GFP-labelled iPSC-derived interneuron migration in this substrate with and without ADM addition (after confirming that also in this system ADM is up-regulated). Finally, the authors demonstrate PKA-CREB signalling mediating the effect of ADM addition, which also leads to up-regulation of GABAreceptors. Taken together, this is a very carefully done study on an important subject - how hypoxia affects cortical interneuron migration. In my view, the study is of great interest.

Strengths:

The strengths of the study are the novelty and the thorough work using several culture methods and 4 independent lines.

Weaknesses:

The main weakness is that other genes regulated upon hypoxia are not confirmed, such that readers will not know until which fold change/stats cut-off data are reliable.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary

The manuscript by Puno and colleagues investigates the impact of hypoxia on cortical interneuron migration and downstream signaling pathways. They establish two models to test hypoxia, cortical forebrain assembloids, and primary human fetal brain tissue. Both of these models provide a robust assay for interneuron migration. In addition, they find that ADM signaling mediates the migration deficits and rescue using exogenous ADM. The findings are novel and very interesting to the neurodevelopmental field, revealing new insights into how cortical interneurons migrate and as well, establishing exciting models for future studies. The authors use sufficient iPSC line,s including both XX and XY, so the analysis is robust. In addition, the RNAseq data with re-oxygenation is a nice control to see what genes are changed specifically due to hypoxia. Further, the overall level of validation of the sequencing data and involvement of ADM signaling is convincing, including the validation of ADM at the protein level. Overall, this is a very nice manuscript. I have a few comments and suggestions for the authors.

Strengths and Weaknesses:

(1) Can the authors comment on the possibility of inflammatory response pathways being activated by hypoxia? Has this been shown before? While not the focus of the manuscript, it could be discussed in the Discussion as an interesting finding and potential involvement of other cells in the Hypoxic response.

(2) Could the authors comment on the mechanism at play here with respect to ADM and binding to RAMP2 receptors - is this a potential autocrine loop, or is the source of ADM from other cell types besides inhibitory neurons? Given the scRNA-seq data, what cell-to-cell mechanisms can be at play? Since different cells express ADM, there could be different mechanisms in place in ventral vs dorsal areas.

(3) For data from Figure 6 - while the ELISA assays are informative to determine which pathways (PKA, AKT, ERK) are active, there is no positive control to indicate these assays are "working" - therefore, if possible, western blot analysis from assembloid tissue could be used (perhaps using the same lysates from Figure 3) as an alternative to validate changes at the protein level (however, this might prove difficult); further to this, is P-CREB activated at the protein level using WB?

(4) Could the authors comment further on the mechanism and what biological pathways and potential events are downstream of ADM binding to RAMP2 in inhibitory neurons? What functional impact would this have linked to the CREB pathway proposed? While the link to GABA receptors is proposed, CREB has many targets beyond this.

(5) Does hypoxia cause any changes to inhibitory neurogenesis (earlier stages than migration?) - this might always be known, but was not discussed.

(6) In the Discussion section, it might be worth detailing to the readers what the functional impact of delayed/reduced migration of inhibitory neurons into the cortex might result in, in terms of functional consequences for neural circuit development.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors aimed to test whether hypoxia disrupts the migration of human cortical interneurons, a process long suspected to underlie brain injury in preterm infants but previously inaccessible for direct study. Using human forebrain assembloids and ex vivo developing brain tissue, they visualized and quantified interneuron migration under hypoxic conditions, identified molecular components of the response, and explored the effect of pharmacological intervention (specifically ADM) on restoring the migration deficits.

Strengths:

The major strength of this study lies in its use of human forebrain assembloids and ex vivo prenatal brain tissue, which provide a direct system to study interneuron migration under hypoxic conditions. The authors combine multiple approaches: long-term live imaging to directly visualize interneuron migration, bulk and single-cell transcriptomics to identify hypoxia-induced molecular responses, pharmacological rescue experiments with ADM to establish therapeutic potential, and mechanistic assays implicating the cAMP/PKA/pCREB pathway and GABA receptor expression in mediating the effect. Together, this rigorous and multifaceted strategy convincingly demonstrates that hypoxia disrupts interneuron migration and that ADM can restore this defect through defined molecular mechanisms.

Overall, the authors achieve their stated aims, and the results strongly support their conclusions. The work has a significant impact by providing the first direct evidence of hypoxia-induced interneuron migration deficits in the human context, while also nominating a candidate therapeutic avenue. Beyond the specific findings, the methodological platform - particularly the combination of assembloids and live imaging - will be broadly useful to the community for probing neurodevelopmental processes in health and disease.

Weaknesses:

The main weakness of the study lies in the extent to which forebrain assembloids recapitulate in vivo conditions, as the migration of interneurons from hSO to hCO does not fully reflect the native environment or migratory context of these cells. Nevertheless, this limitation is tempered by the fact that the work provides the first direct observation of human interneuron migration under hypoxia, representing a major advance for the field. In addition, while the transcriptomic analyses are valuable and highlight promising candidates, more in-depth exploration will be needed to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing neuronal migration and maturation under hypoxic conditions.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Inhibitory hM4Di and excitatory hM3Dq DREADDs are currently the most commonly utilized chemogenetic tools in the field of nonhuman primate research, but there is a lack of available information regarding the temporal aspects of virally-mediated DREADD expression and function. Nagai et al. investigated the longitudinal expression and efficacy of DREADDs to modulate neuronal activity in the macaque model. The authors demonstrate that both hM4Di and hM3Dq DREADDs reach peak expression levels after approximately 60 days and that stable expression was maintained for up to two years for hM4Di and at least one year for hM3Dq DREADDs. During this period, DREADDs effectively modulated neuronal activity, as evidenced by a variety of measures, including behavioural testing, functional imaging, and/or electrophysiological recording. Notably, some of the data suggest that DREADD expression may decline after two-three years. This is a novel finding and has important implications for the utilization of this technology for long-term studies, as well as its potential therapeutic applications. Lastly, the authors highlight that peak DREADD expression may be significantly influenced by the presence of fused or co-expressed protein tags, emphasizing the importance of careful design and selection of viral constructs for neuroscientific research. This study represents a critical step in the field of chemogenetics, setting the scene for future development and optimization of this technology.

Strengths:

The longitudinal approach of this study provides important preliminary insights into the long-term utility of chemogenetics, which has not yet been thoroughly explored.

The data presented are novel and inclusive, relying on well-established in vivo imaging methods as well as behavioral and immunohistochemical techniques. The conclusions made by the authors are generally supported by a combination of these techniques. In particular, the utilization of in vivo imaging as a non-invasive method is translationally relevant and likely to make an impact in the field of chemogenetics, such that other researchers may adopt this method of longitudinal assessment in their own experiments. Rigorous standards have been applied to the datasets, and the appropriate controls have been included where possible.

The number of macaque subjects (20) from which data was available is also notable. Behavioral testing was performed in 11 subjects, FDG-PET in 5, electrophysiology in 1, and [11C]DCZ-PET in 15. This is an impressive accumulation of work that will surely be appreciated by the growing community of researchers using chemogenetics in nonhuman primates.

The implication that chemogenetic effects can be maintained for up to 1.5-2 years, followed by a gradual decline beyond this period, is an important development in knowledge. The limited duration of DREADD expression may present an obstacle in the translation of chemogenetic technology as a potential therapeutic tool, and it will be of interest for researchers to explore whether this limitation can be overcome. This study therefore represents a key starting point upon which future research can build.

Weaknesses:

None.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper reports histological, PET imaging, functional and behavioural data evaluating the longevity of AAV2 infection in multiple brain areas of macaques in the context of DREADD experiments. The central aim is to provide unprecedented information about how long the expression of HM4di or HM3dq receptors are expressed and efficient in modulating brain functions after vector injections. The data show peak expression after 40 to 60 days of vector injection, and stable expressions for up to 1.5 years for hM4di, and that hM3dq remained mostly at 75% of peak after a year, declining to 50% after 2 years. DREADDs effectively modulated neuronal activity and behaviour for approximately two years, evaluated with behavioural testings, neural recordings or FDG-PET. A statistical evaluation revealed that vector titers, DREADD type and tags contribute to the measured peak level of DREADD expression.

The article present a thorough discussion of the limitations and specificities of chemogenetic approaches in monkeys.

Strength:

These are unique data, in non-human primate (NHP), an animal model that not only features physiological and immunological characteristics similar to humans, but also contributes to neurobiological functional studies over long timescales with experiments spanning months or years. This evaluation of long-term efficacy of DREADDs will be very important for all laboratories using chemogenetics in NHP but also for future use of such approach in experimental therapies. The longevity estimates are based on multiple approaches including behavioural and neurophysiological, thus providing information on functional efficacy of DREADD expression.

Performing such evaluation requires specific tools like PET imaging that very few monkey labs have access to. This study was done by the laboratory that has developed the radiotracer c11-DCZ, used here, a radiotracer binding selectively to DREADDs and providing, using PET, quantitative in vivo measures of DREADD expression. This study and its data should thus be a reference in the field, providing estimates to plan future chemogenetic experiments.

Publishing databases of experimental outcomes in NHP DREADD experiments is crucial for the community because such experiments are rare, expensive and long. It contributes to refining experiments and reducing the number of animals overall used in the domain.

Weaknesses:

This study is a meta-analysis of several experiments performed in one lab. The good side is that it combined a large amount of data that might not have been published individually; the down side is that all things where not planned and equated, creating a lot of unexplained variances in the data. However, this was judiciously used by the authors to provide very relevant information. One might think that organized multi-centric experiments planned using the knowledge acquired here, will provide help testing more parameters, including some related to inter-individual variability, and particular genetic constructs.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary

This manuscript, from the developers of the novel DREADD-selective agonist DCZ (Nagai et al., 2020), utilizes a unique dataset where multiple PET scans in a large number of monkeys, including baseline scans before AAV injection, 30-120 days post-injection, and then periodically over the course of the prolonged experiments, were performed to access short- and long-term dynamics of DREADD expression in vivo, and to associate DREADD expression with the efficacy of manipulating the neuronal activity or behavior. The goal was to provide critical insights into practicality and design of multi-year studies using chemogenetics, and to elucidate factors affecting expression stability.

Strengths are systematic quantitative assessment of the effects of both excitatory and inhibitory DREADDs, quantification of both the short-term and longer-term dynamics, a wide range of functional assessment approaches (behavior, electrophysiology, imaging), and assessment of factors affecting DREADD expression levels, such as serotype, promoter, titer (concentration), tag, and DREADD type.

These finding will undoubtedly have a very significant impact on the rapidly growing, but still highly challenging field of primate chemogenetic manipulations. As such, the work represents an invaluable resource for the community.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript assesses the differences between young and aged chondrocytes. Through transcriptomic analysis and further assessments in chondrocytes, GATA4 was found to be increased in aged chondrocyte donors compared to young. Subsequent mechanistic analysis with lentiviral vectors, siRNAs, and a small molecule were used to study the role of GATA4 in young and old chondrocytes. Lastly, an in vivo study was used to assess the effect of GATA4 expression on osteoarthritis progression in a DMM mouse model.

Strengths:

This work linked the over expression of GATA4 to NF-kB signaling pathway activation, alterations to the TGF-b signaling pathway, and found that GATA4 increased the progression of OA compared to the DMM control group. Indicating that GATA4 contributes to the onset and progression of OA in aged individuals.

Comments on revised version:

Great work! All my concerns have been well addressed.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This study elucidated the impact of GATA4 on aging- and injury-induced cartilage degradation and osteoarthritis (OA) progression, based on the team's finding that GATA expression is positively correlated with aging in human chondrocytes. By integrating cell culture of human chondrocytes, gene manipulation tools (siRNA, lentivirus), biological/biochemical analyses and murine models of post-traumatic OA, the team found that increasing GATA4 levels reduced anabolism and increased catabolism of chondrocytes from young donors, likely through upregulation of the BMP pathway, and that this impact is not correlated with TGF-β stimulation. Conversely, silencing GATA4 by siRNA attenuated catabolism and elevated aggrecan/collagen II biosynthesis of chondrocytes from old donors. The physiological relevance of GATA4 was further validated by the accelerated OA progression observed in lentivirus-infected mice in the DMM model.

Strengths:

This is a highly significant and innovative study that provides new molecular insights into cartilage homeostasis and pathology in the context of aging and disease. The experiments were performed in a comprehensive and rigorous manner. The data were interpreted thoroughly in the context of the current literature.

Weaknesses:

The only aspect that would benefit from further clarification is a more detailed discussion of aging-associated ECM changes in the context of prior literature.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This is an exciting, comprehensive paper that demonstrates the role of GATA4 on OA-like changes in chondrocytes. The authors present elegant reverse translational experiments that justify this mechanism and demonstrate the sufficiency of GATA4 in a mouse model of osteoarthritis (DMM), where GATA4 drove cartilage degeneration and pain in a manner that was significantly worse than DMM alone. This could pave the way for new therapies for OA that account for both structural changes and pain.

Strengths:

(1) GATA4 was identified from human chondrocytes.

(2) IHC and sequencing confirmed GATA4 presence.

(3) Activation of SMADs is clearly shown in vitro with GATA4 overexpression.

(4) The role of GATA4 was functionally assessed in vivo using the mouse DMM model, where the authors uncovered that GATA4 worsens OA structure and hyperalgesia in male mice.

(5) It is interesting that GATA4 is largely known to be found in cardiac cells and to have a role in cardiac repair, metabolism, and inflammation, among other things listed by the authors in the discussion (in liver, lung, pancreas). What could this new knowledge of GATA4 mean for OA as a potentially systemically mediated disease, where cardiac disease and metabolic syndrome are often co-morbid?

Weaknesses:

I do not have further comments. Thank you for addressing the previously mentioned concerns.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

In this work, Rios-Jimenez and Zomer et al have developed a 'zero-code' accessible computational framework (BEHAV3D-Tumour Profiler) designed to facilitate unbiased analysis of Intravital imaging (IVM) data to investigate tumour cell dynamics (via the tool's central 'heterogeneity module' ) and their interactions with the tumour microenvironment (via the 'large-scale phenotyping' and 'small-scale phenotyping' modules). A key strength is that it is designed as an open-source modular Jupyter Notebook with a user-friendly graphical user interface and can be implemented with Google Colab, facilitating efficient, cloud-based computational analysis at no cost. In addition, demo datasets are available on the authors GitHub repository to aid user training and enhance the usability of the developed pipeline.

To demonstrate the utility of BEHAV3D-TP, they apply the pipeline to timelapse IVM imaging datasets to investigate the in vivo migratory behaviour of fluorescently labelled DMG cells in tumour bearing mice. Using the tool's 'heterogeneity module' they were able to identify distinct single-cell behavioural patterns (based on multiple parameters such as directionality, speed, displacement, distance from tumour edge) which was used to group cells into distinct categories (e.g. retreating, invasive, static, erratic). They next applied the framework's 'large-scale phenotyping' and 'small-scale phenotyping' modules to investigate whether the tumour microenvironment (TME) may influence the distinct migratory behaviours identified. To achieve this, they combine TME visualisation in vivo during IVM (using fluorescent probes to label distinct TME components) or ex vivo after IVM (by large-scale imaging of harvested, immunostained tumours) to correlate different tumour behavioural patterns with the composition of the TME. They conclude that this tool has helped reveal links between TME composition (e.g. degree of vascularisation, presence of tumour-associated macrophages) and the invasiveness and directionality of tumour cells, which would have been challenging to identify when analysing single kinetic parameters in isolation.<br /> While the analysis provides only preliminary evidence in support of the authors conclusions on DMG cell migratory behaviours and their relationship with components of the tumour microenvironment, conclusions are appropriately tempered in the absence of additional experiments and controls.

The authors also evaluated the BEHAV3D TP heterogeneity module using available IVM datasets of distinct breast cancer cell lines transplanted in vivo, as well as healthy mammary epithelial cells to test its usability in non-tumour contexts where the migratory phenotypes of cells may be more subtle. This generated data is consistent with that produced during the original studies, as well as providing some additional (albeit preliminary) insights above that previously reported. Collectively, this provides some confidence in BEHAV3D TP's ability to uncover complex, multi-parametric cellular behaviours that may be missed using traditional approaches.

While the tool does not facilitate the extraction of quantitative kinetic cellular parameters (e.g. speed, directionality, persistence and displacement) from intravital images, the authors have developed their tool to facilitate the integration of other data formats generated by open-source Fiji plugins (e.g. TrackMate, MTrackJ, ManualTracking) which will help ensure its accessibility to a broader range of researchers. Overall, this computational framework appears to represent a useful and comparatively user-friendly tool to analyse dynamic multi-parametric data to help identify patterns in cell migratory behaviours, and to assess whether these behaviours might be influenced by neighbouring cells and structures in their microenvironment.

When combined with other methods, it therefore has the potential to be a valuable addition to a researcher's IVM analysis 'tool-box'.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors produce a new tool, BEHAV3D to analyse tracking data and to integrate these analyses with large and small scale architectural features of the tissue. This is similar to several other published methods to analyse spatio-temporal data, however, the connection to tissue features is a nice addition, as is the lack of requirement for coding. The tool is then used to analyse tracking data of tumour cells in diffuse midline glioma. They suggest 7 clusters exist within these tracks and that they differ spatially. They ultimately suggest that these behaviours occur in distinct spatial areas as determined by CytoMAP.

Strengths:

The tool appears relatively user-friendly and is open source. The combination with CytoMAP represents a nice option for researchers.

The identification of associations between cell track phenotype and spatial features is exciting and the diffuse midline glioma data nicely demonstrates how this could be used.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

The manuscript by Rios-Jimenez developed a software tool, BEHAV3D Tumor Profiler, to analyze 3D intravital imaging data and identify distinctive tumor cell migratory phenotypes based on the quantified 3D image data. Moreover, the heterogeneity module in this software tool can correlate the different cell migration phenotypes with variable features of the tumor microenvironment. Overall, this is a useful tool for intravital imaging data analysis and its open-source nature makes it accessible to all interested users.

Strengths:

An open-source software tool that can quantify cell migratory dynamics from intravital imaging data and identify distinctive migratory phenotypes that correlate with variable features of the tumor microenvironment.

Weaknesses:

Motility is the main tumor cell feature analyzed in the study together with some other tumor-intrinsic features, such as morphology. However, these features are insufficient to characterize and identify the heterogeneity of the tumor cell population that impacts their behaviors in the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). For instance, there are important non-tumor cell types in the TME, and the interaction dynamics of tumor cells with other cell types, e.g., fibroblasts and distinct immune cells, play a crucial role in regulating tumor behaviors. BEHAV3D-TP focuses on analysis of tumor-alone features, and cannot be applied to analyze important cell-cell interaction dynamics in 3D.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript uses molecular dynamics simulations to understand how forces felt by the intracellular domain are coupled to opening of the mechanosensitive ion channel NOMPC. The concept is interesting - as the only clearly defined example of an ion channel that opens due to forces on a tethered domain, the mechanism by which this occur are yet to be fully elucidated. The main finding is that twisting of the transmembrane portion of the protein - specifically via the TRP domain that is conserved within the broad family of channels- is required to open the pore. That this could be a common mechanism utilised by a wide range of channels in the family, not just mechanically gated ones, makes the result significant. It is intriguing to consider how different activating stimuli can produce a similar activating motion within this family. While the authors do not see full opening of the channel, only an initial dilation, this motion is consistent with partial opening of structurally characterized members of this family.

Strengths:

Demonstrating that rotation of the TRP domain is the essential requirement for channel opening would have significant implcaitions for other members of this channel family.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript centres around 3 main computational experiments. In the first, a compression force is applied on a truncated intracellular domain and it is shown that this creates both a membrane normal (compression) and membrane parallel (twisting) force on the TRP domain. This is a point that was demonstrated in the authors prior eLife paper - so the point here is to quantify these forces for the second experiment.

The second experiment is the most important in the manuscript. In this, forces are applied directly to two residues on the TRP domain with either a membrane normal (compression) or membrane parallel (twisting) direction, with the magnitude and directions chosen to match that found in the first experiment. Only the twisting force is seen to widen the pore in the triplicate simulations, suggesting that twisting, but not compression can open the pore. This result is intriguing and there appears to be a significant difference between the dilation of pore with the two force directions. When the forces are made of similar magnitude, twisting still has a larger effect than forces along the membrane normal.

The second important consideration is that the study never sees full pore opening, rather a widening that is less than that seen in open state structures of other TRP channels and insufficient for rapid ion currents. This is something the authors acknowledge in their prior manuscript Twist may be the key to get this dilation, but we don't know if it is the key to full pore opening. Structural comparison to open state TRP channels supports that this represents partial opening along the expected pathway of channel gating.

Experiment three considers the intracellular domain and determines the link between compression and twisting of the intracellular AR domain. In this case, the end of the domain is twisted and it is shown that the domain compresses, the converse to the similar study previously done by the authors in which compression of the domain was shown to generate torque.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This study uses all atom MD simulation to explore the mechanics of channel opening for the NOMPC mechanosensitive channel. Previously the authors used MD to show that external forces directed along the long-axis of the protein (normal to the membrane) results in AR domain compression and channel opening. This force causes two changes to the key TRP domains adjacent to the channel gate: 1) a compressive force pushes the TRP domain along the membrane normal, while 2) a twisting torque induces a clock-wise rotation on the TRP domain helix when viewing the bottom of the channel from the cytoplasm. Here, the authors wanted to understand which of those two changes are responsible for increasing the inner pore radius, and they show that it is the torque. The simulations in Figure 2 probe this question with different forces, and we can see the pore open with parallel forces in the membrane, but not with the membrane-normal forces. I believe this result as it is reproducible, the timescales are reaching 1 microsecond, and the gate is clearly increasing diameter to about 4 Å. This seems to be the most important finding in the paper, but the impact is limited since the authors already shows how forces lead to channel opening, and this is further teasing apart the forces and motions that are actually the ones that cause the opening.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Duan and Song interrogates the gating mechanisms and specifically force transmission in mechanosensitive NOMPC channels using steered molecular dynamics simulations. They propose that the ankyrin spring can transmit force to the gate through torsional forces adding molecular detail to the force transduction pathways in this channel.

Strengths:

Detailed, rigorous simulations coupled with a novel model for force transduction.

Weaknesses:

Experimental validation of reduced mechanosensitivity through mutagenesis of proposed ankyrin/TRP domain coupling interactions would greatly enhance the manuscript.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper attempts to measure the complex changes of consciousness in the human brain as a whole. Inspired by the perturbational complexity index (PCI) from classic research, authors introduce simulation PCI (𝑠𝑃𝐶𝐼) of a time series of brain activity as a measure of consciousness. They first use large-scale brain network modeling to explore its relationship with the network coupling and input noise. Then the authors verify the measure with empirical data collected in previous research.

Strengths:

The conceptual idea of the work is novel. The authors measure the complexity of brain activity from the perspective of dynamical systems. They provide a comparison of the proposed measure with four other indexes. The text of this paper is very concise, supported by experimental data and theoretical model analysis.

Comments on revisions:

The manuscript is in good shape after revision. I would suggest that the author open-source the code and data in this study.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Breyton and colleagues analysed the emergent dynamics from a neural mass model, characterised the resultant complexity of the dynamics, and then related these signatures of complexity to datasets in which individuals had been anaesthetised with different pharmacological agents. The results provide a coherent explanation for observations associated with different time series metrics, and further help to reinforce the importance of modelling when integrating across scientific studies.

Strengths:

* The modelling approach was clear, well-reasoned and explicit, allowing for direct comparison to other work and potential elaboration in future studies through the augmentation with richer neurobiological detail.

* The results serve to provide a potential mechanistic basis for the observation that Perturbational Complexity Index changes as a function of consciousness state.

Weaknesses:

* Coactivation cascades were visually identified, rather than observed through an algorithmic lens. Given that there are numerous tools for quantifying the presence/absence of cascades from neuroimaging data, the authors may benefit from formalising this notion.

* It was difficult to tell, graphically, where the model's operating regime lay. Visual clarity here will greatly benefit the reader.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have addressed my concerns.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript "Synaptotagmin 1 and Synaptotagmin 7 promote MR1-mediated presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens", authored by Kim et al., showed that the calcium-sensing trafficking proteins Synaptotagmin (Syt) 1 and Syt7 specifically promote (are critical for) MAIT cell activation in response to Mtb-infected bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B (Fig. 1) and monocyte-like cell line THP-1 (Figure 3) . This work also showed co-localization of Syt1 and Syt7 with Rab7a and Lamp1, but not with Rab5a (Figure 5). Loss of Syt1 and Syt7 resulted in a larger area of MR1 vesicles (Figure 6f) and an increased number of MR1 vesicles in close proximity to an Auxotrophic Mtb-containing vacuoles during infection (Figure 7ab). Moreover, flow organellometry was used to separate phagosomes from other subcellular fractions and identify enrichment of auxotrophic Mtb-containing vacuoles in fractions 42-50, which were enriched with Lamp1+ vacuoles or phagosomes (Figures 7e-f).

Strengths:

This work nicely associated Syt1 and Syt7 with late endocytic compartments and Mtb+ vacuoles. Gene editing of Syt1 and Syt7 loci of bronchial epithelial and monocyte-like cells supported Syt1 and Syt7 facilitated maintaining a normal level of antigen presentation for MAIT cell activation in Mtb infection. Imaging analyses further supported that Syt1 and Syt7 mutants enhanced the overlaps of MR1 with Mtb fluorescence, and the MR1 proximity with Mtb-infected vacuoles, suggesting that Syt1 and Syt7 proteins help antigen presentation in Mtb infection for MAIT activation.

Weaknesses:

Additional data are needed to support the conclusion, "identify a novel pathway in which Syt1 and Syt7 facilitate the translocation of MR1 from Mtb-containing vacuoles" and some pieces of other evidence may be seen by some to contradict this conclusion.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The study demonstrates that calcium-sensing trafficking proteins Synaptotagmin (Syt) 1 and Syt7 are involved in the efficient presentation of mycobacterial antigens by MR1 during M. tuberculosis infection.

This is achieved by creating antigen-presenting cells in which the Syt1 and Syt7 genes are knocked out. These mutated cell lines show significantly reduced stimulation of MAIT cells, while their stimulation of HLA class I-restricted T cells remains unchanged. Syt1 and Syt7 co-localize in a late endo-lysosomal compartment where MR1 molecules are also located, near M. tuberculosis-containing vacuoles.

Strengths:

This work uncovers a new aspect of how mycobacterial antigens generated during infection are presented. The finding that Syt1 and Syt7 are relevant for final MR1 surface expression and presentation to MR1-restricted T cells is novel and adds valuable information to this process.

The experiments include all necessary controls and convincingly validate the role of Syt1 and Syt7.

Another key point is that these proteins are essential during infection, but they are not significant when an exogenous synthetic antigen is used in the experiments. This emphasizes the importance of studying infection as a physiological context for antigen presentation to MAIT cells.

An additional relevant aspect is that the study reveals the existence of different MR1 antigen presentation pathways, which differ from the endoplasmic reticulum or endosomal pathways that are typical for MHC-presented peptides.

Weaknesses:

The reduced MAIT cell response observed with Syt1 and Syt7-deficient cell lines is statistically significant but not completely abolished. This may suggest that only some MR1-loaded molecules depend on these two Syt proteins. Further research is needed to determine whether, during persistent M. tuberculosis infection, enough MR1-loaded molecules are produced and transported to the plasma membrane to sufficiently stimulate MAIT cells.

The study proposes that other Syt proteins might also play a role, as outlined by the authors. However, exploring potential redundant mechanisms that facilitate MR1 loading with antigens remains a challenging task.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

In the submitted manuscript, the authors investigate the role of Synaptotagmins (Syt1) and (Syt7) in MR1 presentation of MtB.

Strengths:

In the first series of experiments, the authors determined that knocking down Syt1 and Sy7 in antigen-presenting cells decreases IFN-γ production following cellular infection with Mtb. These experiments are well performed and controlled.

Weaknesses:

Next, they aim to mechanistically investigate how Syt1 and Syt7 affect MtB presentation. In particular, they focus on MR1, a non-classical MHC-I molecule known to present endogenous and exogenous metabolites, including MtB metabolites.

Results from these next series of experiments are less clear. Firstly, they show that knocking down Syt1 and Sy7 does not change MtB phagocytosis as well as MR1 ER-plasma membrane translocation. Based on this, they suggest that Syt1 and Syt7 may affect MR1 trafficking in endosomal compartments. However, neither subcellular compartment analysis nor flow organelleometry clearly establishes the role of Syt1 and Syt7 in MtB trafficking.

Altogether, the notion that Synaptotagmins facilitate MR1 interaction with Mtb-containing compartments and its vesicular transport was already known. As such, the manuscript should add additional insight on where/how the interaction occurs. The reviewer is left with the notion that Syt1 and Sy7 may affect MR1 presentation, facilitating the trafficking of MR1 vesicles from endosomal compartments to either the cell surface or other endosomal compartments. The analysis is observational and additional data or discussion could address what the insight gained beyond what is already known from the literature.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This study by Thapliyal and Glauser investigates the neural mechanisms that contribute to the progressive suppression of thermonociceptive behavior that is induced under conditions of starvation. Several previous studies have demonstrated that when starved, C. elegans alters its preferences for a variety of sensory cues, including CO2, temperature, and odors, in order to prioritize food seeking over other behavioral drives. The varied mechanisms that underlie the ability of internal states to alter behavioral responses are not fully understood, however there is growing evidence for a role by neuropeptidergic signaling as well as capacity for functionally distinct microcircuits, formed by distinct internal states, to trigger similar behavior outcomes.

Within the physiological range of C. elegans (~15-25C), starvation triggers a profound reduction in temperature-driven thermotaxis behaviors. This reduction involves the recruitment of the amphid sensory neuron pair AWC. The AWC neurons primarily act to sense appetitive chemosensory cues, however under starvation conditions begin to display temperature responses that previous studies have linked to the reduction in thermotaxis navigation. Here, Thapliyal and Glauser investigate the impact of starvation on thermonociceptive responses, innate escape behaviors that are triggered by exposure to noxious temperatures above 26C or rapid thermal stimuli below 26C. They compare the strength of thermonociceptive behaviors, specifically heat-triggered reversals, in worms experiencing either early food deprivation (1 hour off food) or prolonged starvation (6 hours off food). Their experiments demonstrate a progressive loss of heat-triggered reversals that is mediated by AWC and ASI neurons, as well as both glutamateric and neuropeptidergic signaling.

At the level of neural activity, this study reports that the transition from early food deprivation to prolonged starvation reconfigures the temperature-driven activity of AWC neurons from largely deterministic to stochastic. This finding is interesting in light of previous work that reported the opposite transition (from stochastic to deterministic) in temperature-driven AWC responses when comparing well-fed worms to those kept from food for 3 hours. This study also identifies neural and genetic mechanisms that contribute to differences in thermonociceptive responses at +1 versus +6 hours starvation; confusingly, these mechanisms are partially distinct from those that contribute to differences in negative thermotaxis behaviors in well-fed and +3 hours starvation worms (Takeishi et al 2020). A limitation of this manuscript is that these differences are not particularly acknowledged or addressed, other than the hypothesis that independent mechanisms underlie negative thermotaxis versus thermonociceptive stimuli. However, this suggestion is not experimentally verified. Multiple additional aspects of this study make the results difficult to synthesize with existing knowledge, including 1) differences in - and insufficient discussion of - the magnitude and kinetics of thermal stimuli; 2) this study's use of "heating power" rather than temperature values when presenting behavioral results; 3) the use of +1 hours starvation as a baseline instead of well-fed worms. Indeed, this last point reflects a noticeable experimental result that differs from previous studies, namely that at room temperature the basal movements of well-fed and starved worms are not different. Such a surprisingly result warrants further quantification of worm mobility in general and could have prompted a set of experiments directly testing previously published thermal conditions, to demonstrate that the new effects reported arise specifically from the use of thermonociceptive stimuli, as hypothesized. Finally, a previous report (Yeon et al 2021) demonstrated differences in the impact of chronic versus acute neural silencing on starvation-dependent plasticity in the context of negative thermotaxis. We therefore wonder whether similar developmental compensation impacts the neural circuits that contribute to starvation-dependent plasticity in the thermonociceptive responses.

A weakness of this manuscript is that the introduction is insufficiently scholarly in terms of citations and the description of current knowledge surrounding the impact of internal state on sensory behavior, particularly given previous work on the impact of feeding state on thermosensory behavioral plasticity (Takeshi et al 2020, Yeon et al 2021) and chemosensory valence (Banerjee et al 2023, Rengarajan et al 2019, etc). Similarly, the authors commanding knowledge of the distinction between thermotaxis navigation (especially negative thermotaxis) and thermonociceptive behaviors could be communicated in more depth and clarity to the readers, in order to contextualize this study's new findings within the previous literature.

Nevertheless, this study represents a solid addition to the growing evidence that C. elegans sensory behaviors are strongly impacted by internal states, and that neuropeptigergic signaling plays a key role in mediating behavioral plasticity. To that end, the authors have provided solid evidence of their claims.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

In this work Thapliyal and Glauser tried to provide mechanistic understanding by which animals modulate their neural circuit responses to control nociceptive behavior on the basis of the dynamic internal feeding state. It is an important study that adds to growing body of evidences coming from multiple model systems. They have used elegant genetics, behavioral and Ca-imaging experiments to demonstrate how the auxiliary thermosensory neuron pair, AWC and one of the internal state sensing interneuron pair, ASI, respond to dynamic internal starvation-state to modulate behavioral response to noxious heat. Interestingly, these neuron pairs use distinct molecular mechanisms along with some other unidentified neurons to suppress heat-indued reversal response under short-term and prolonged starvations. The experiments are well performed that support most of the claims and provide important framework for future studies.

I have some queries that if answered, will certainly enhance the study,

(1) The results suggests that ASI is one of the primary drivers for the starvation-evoked behavioral plasticity, which regulates AWC activity under prolonged starvation. It raises many important questions including, a) how starvation modulates ASI response to heat? b) under prolonged starvation, whether ASI also promotes other, non-AWC, glutamatergic inhibitory neurons to suppress heat-induced reversal and how?

(2) How does ASI regulate AWC activity? In the proposed model (figure 8) authors suggested an independent, unknown signal, other than INS-32 and NLP-18, from ASI to regulate AWC activity. However, from the results the existence of another signal is not very clear.

(3) Previously, Takeishi et. al., showed that ins-1 dynamically modulates AWC-AIA mediated thermotaxis behavior based on the feeding state of the animal. It raises questions whether ins-1 also contributes to noxious heat-induced reversal behavior.

(4) Experiments with AWC fate conversion mutants (nsy-1 and nsy-7) were very good ideas, however the results obtained were confusing. flp-6 mutant data suggests AWCoff would be essential for heat induced reversal, especially at the low intensity stimulus level. However, nsy-1 mutant forming two AWCon neurons showed complete rescue at the low heat level, which is quite opposite. Similarly, although less prominent, eat-4 rescue experiments suggested both nsy-1 and nsy-7 should behave normally at high heat condition, which was not the result observed.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Thapliyal and Glauser show that hunger alters how C. elegans respond to noxious thermal stimuli. Using targeted neural ablation, mutant analysis, and live-cell functional imaging the authors demonstrate that hunger changes the properties of AWC sensory neurons, which sense noxious heat. The authors further show that effects of hunger on nociception require ASI neurons, which are known to respond to hunger and mediate effects of food deprivation on behavior. Finally, the study uses mutant analysis to implicate glutamate and specific neuropeptides in thermal nociception and in modulation of nociceptors by hunger-responsive neurons.

Strengths:

The study clearly shows a strong effect of hunger on nociception and documents a striking effect of hunger on the intrinsic properties of AWC sensory neurons, which respond to noxious heat. The study also clearly and compellingly demonstrates that ablation of hunger-responsive ASI neurons blocks effects of hunger on nociceptive AWCs. These data, which constitute the kernel of the manuscript, are striking and exciting.

Weaknesses:

The study has some weaknesses that the authors should address.

(1) Ablation of AWC neurons alters the basal sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli. This should be clearly noted in the description of the result and warrants some discussion.

(2) Throughout the study it seems that data are replotted in multiple figure panels. The authors should clearly indicate in figure legends when this occurs. Also, the authors should ensure that statistical tests requiring multiple comparisons are correctly implemented and reflect the number of times experimental data are compared to a single set of control data.

(3) How ASIs modulate AWCs remains unclear. The authors find that loss of INS-6, an insulin-like peptide provided by ASIs, partially recapitulates the effect of ASI ablation. This is observation is not further developed and instead the authors characterize other secreted factors that seem to mediate sensitization of animals to noxious heat stimuli. While it is interesting that there are multiple opposing inputs into the nociceptor circuit, the essential connection between ASIs and AWCs that underlies the foundational observations in figures 1 and 2 is not sufficiently characterized.

(4) The assertion that 'starvation reshapes AWC responses from deterministic to stochastic' is not clearly supported by the data. AWC neurons seem capable of showing different responses to thermal stimuli, and the probabilities associated with these responses change after fasting. The different kinds of responses are seen under basal and fasted conditions.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this article, the authors develop a method to re-analyze published data measuring the transcription dynamics of developmental genes within Drosophila embryos. Using a simple framework, they identify periods of transcriptional activity from traces of MS2 signal and analyze several parameters of these traces. In the five data sets they analyzed, the authors find that each transcriptional "burst" has a largely invariant duration, both across spatial positions in the embryo and across different enhancers and genes, while the time between transcriptional bursts varies more. However, they find that the best predictor of the mean transcription levels at different spatial positions in the embryo is the "activity time" -- the total time from the first to the last transcriptional burst in the observed cell cycle.

Strengths:

(1) The algorithm for analyzing the MS2 transcriptional traces is clearly described and appropriate for the data.

(2) The analysis of the four transcriptional parameters -- the transcriptional burst duration, the time between bursts, the activity time, and the polymerase loading rate is clearly done and logically explained, allowing the reader to observe the different distributions of these values and the relationship between each of these parameters and the overall expression output in each cell. The authors make a convincing case that the activity time is the best predictor of a cell's expression output.

(3) The figures are clearly presented and easy to follow.

Weaknesses:

(1) The strength of the relationship between the different transcriptional parameters and the mean expression output is displayed visually in Figures 5 and 7, but is not formally quantified. Given that the tau_off times seem more correlated to mean activity for some enhancers (e.g., rho) than others (e.g., sna SE), the quantification might be useful.

(2) There are some mechanistic details that are not discussed in depth. For example, the authors observe that the accumulation and degradation of the MS2 signal have similar slopes. However, given that the accumulation represents the transcription of MS2 loops, while the degradation represents diffusion of nascent transcripts away from the site of transcription, there is no mechanistic expectation for this. The degradation of signal seems likely to be a property of the mRNA itself, which shouldn't vary between cells or enhancer reporters, but the accumulation rate may be cell- or enhancer-specific. Similarly, the activity time depends both on the time of transcription onset and the time of transcription cessation. These two processes may be controlled by different transcription factor properties or levels and may be interesting to disentangle.

(3) There are previous analyses of the eve stripe dynamics, which the authors cite, but do not compare the results of their work to the previous work in depth.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work, Nieto et al. investigate how spatial gene expression patterns in the early Drosophila embryo are regulated at the level of transcriptional bursting. Using live-cell MS2 imaging data of four reporter constructs and the endogenous eve gene, the authors extract temporal dynamics of nascent transcription at single-cell resolution. They implement a novel, simplified algorithm to infer promoter ON/OFF states based on fluorescence slope dynamics and use this to quantify burst duration (Ton), inter-burst duration (Toff), and total activity time across space.

The key finding is that while Ton and Toff remain relatively constant across space, the activity time-the window between first and last burst-is spatially modulated and best explains mean expression differences across the embryo. This uncovers a general strategy where early embryonic patterning genes modulate the duration of their transcriptionally permissive states, rather than the frequency or strength of bursting itself. The manuscript also shows that different enhancers of the same gene (e.g., sna proximal vs. shadow) can differentially modulate Toff and activity time, providing mechanistic insight into enhancer function.

Strengths:

The manuscript introduces activity time as a major, previously underappreciated determinant of spatial gene expression, distinct from Ton and Toff, providing an intuitive mechanistic link between temporal bursting and spatial patterning.

The authors develop a tractable inference algorithm based on linear accumulation/decay rates of MS2 fluorescence, allowing efficient burst state segmentation across thousands of trajectories.

Analysis across multiple biological replicates and different genes/enhancers lends confidence to the reproducibility and generalizability of the findings.

By analyzing both synthetic reporter constructs and an endogenous gene (eve), the work provides a coherent view of how enhancer architecture and spatial regulation are intertwined with transcriptional kinetics.

The supplementary information extends the biological findings with a gene expression noise model that accounts for non-exponential dwell times and illustrates how low-variability Ton buffers stochasticity in transcript levels.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript does not clearly delineate how this analysis extends beyond the prior landmark study (citation #40: Fukaya et al., 2016). While the current manuscript offers new modeling and statistics, more explicit clarification of what is novel in terms of biological conclusions and methodological advancement would help position the work.

While the methods are explained in detail in the Supplementary Information, the manuscript would benefit from including a diagrammatic model and explicitly clarifying whether the model is descriptive or predictive in scope.

The interpretation that fluorescence decay reflects RNA degradation could be confounded by polymerase runoff or transcript diffusion from the transcription site. These potential limitations are not thoroughly discussed.

The so-called loading rate is used as an empirical parameter in fitting fluorescence traces, but is not convincingly linked to distinct biological processes. The manuscript would benefit from a more precise definition or reframing of this term.

Impact and Utility:

The study provides a general and scalable framework for dissecting transcriptional kinetics in developing embryos, with implications for understanding enhancer logic and developmental robustness. The algorithm is suitable for adaptation to other live-imaging datasets and could be useful across systems where temporal transcriptional variability is being quantified. By highlighting activity time as a key regulatory axis, the work shifts attention to transcriptionally permissive windows as a primary developmental control layer.

This work will be of interest to: developmental biologists investigating spatial gene expression, researchers studying transcriptional regulation and noise, quantitative biologists developing models for transcriptional dynamics, and imaging and computational biologists working with live single-cell data.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

In this paper, the authors developed a simple algorithm to analyse live imaging transcription data (MS2) and infer various kinetic parameters. They then applied it to analyse data from previous publications on Drosophila that measured the dynamics of reporter genes driven by various enhancers alone (sna, Kr, rho), or in an endogenous context (eve).

The authors find that the main correlate with mean gene expression levels is the activity time, that is, the time during which the gene is bursting. They also find a correlation with the variation of the off time.

Strengths:

(1) The findings are very clearly presented.

(2) The simplicity of the algorithm is nice, and the comparative analysis among the various enhancers can be helpful for the field.

Weaknesses:

(1) The algorithm is not benchmarked against previously used algorithms in the field to infer ON and OFF times, for example, those based on Hidden Markov models. A comparison would help strengthen the support for this algorithm (if it really works well) or show at which point one must be careful when interpreting this data.

(2) More broadly, the novelty of the findings and how those fit within the knowledge of the field is not super clear. A better account of previous findings that have already quantified ON, OFF times and so on, and how the current findings fit within those, would help better appreciate the significance of the work.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors state the study's goal clearly: "The goal of our study was to understand to what extent animal individuality is influenced by situational changes in the environment, i.e., how much of an animal's individuality remains after one or more environmental features change." They use visually guided behavioral features to examine the extent of correlation over time and in a variety of contexts. They develop new behavioral instrumentation and software to measure behavior in Buridan's paradigm (and variations thereof), the Y-maze, and a flight simulator. Using these assays, they examine the correlations between conditions for a panel of locomotion parameters. They propose that inter-assay correlations will determine the persistence of locomotion individuality.

Strengths:

The OED defines individuality as "the sum of the attributes which distinguish a person or thing from others of the same kind," a definition mirrored by other dictionaries and the scientific literature on the topic. The concept of behavioral individuality can be characterized as: (1) a large set of behavioral attributes, (2) with inter-individual variability, that are (3) stable over time. A previous study examined walking parameters in Buridan's paradigm, finding that several parameters were variable between individuals, and that these showed stability over separate days and up to 4 weeks (DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw718). The present study replicates some of those findings, and extends the experiments from temporal stability to examining correlation of locomotion features between different contexts.

The major strength of the study is using a range of different behavioral assays to examine the correlations of several different behavior parameters. It shows clearly that the inter-individual variability of some parameters is at least partially preserved between some contexts, and not preserved between others. The development of high-throughput behavior assays and sharing the information on how to make the assays is a commendable contribution.

Weaknesses:

The definition of individuality considers a comprehensive or large set of attributes, but the authors consider only a handful. In Supplemental Fig. S8, the authors show a large correlation matrix of many behavioral parameters, but these are illegible and are only mentioned briefly in Results. Why were five or so parameters selected from the full set? How were these selected? Do the correlation trends hold true across all parameters? For assays in which only a subset of parameters can be directly compared, were all of these included in the analysis, or only a subset?

The correlation analysis is used to establish stability between assays. For temporal re-testing, "stability" is certainly the appropriate word, but between contexts it implies that there could be 'instability'. Rather, instead of the 'instability' of a single brain process, a different behavior in a different context could arise from engaging largely (or entirely?) distinct context-dependent internal processes, and have nothing to do with process stability per se. For inter-context similarities, perhaps a better word would be "consistency".

The parameters are considered one-by-one, not in aggregate. This focuses on the stability/consistency of the variability of a single parameter at a time, rather than holistic individuality. It would appear that an appropriate measure of individuality stability (or individuality consistency) that accounts for the high-dimensional nature of individuality would somehow summarize correlations across all parameters. Why was a multivariate approach (e.g. multiple regression/correlation) not used? Treating the data with a multivariate or averaged approach would allow the authors to directly address 'individuality stability', along with the analyses of single-parameter variability stability.

The correlation coefficients are sometimes quite low, though highly significant, and are deemed to indicate stability. For example, in Figure 4C top left, the % of time walked at 23{degree sign}C and 32{degree sign}C are correlated by 0.263, which corresponds to an R2 of 0.069 i.e. just 7% of the 32{degree sign}C variance is predictable by the 23{degree sign}C variance. Is it fair to say that 7% determination indicates parameter stability? Another example: "Vector strength was the most correlated attention parameter... correlations ranged... to -0.197," which implies that 96% (1 - R2) of Y-maze variance is not predicted by Buridan variance. At what level does an r value not represent stability?

The authors describe a dissociation between inter-group differences and inter-individual variation stability, i.e. sometimes large mean differences between contexts, but significant correlation between individual test and retest data. Given that correlation is sensitive to slope, this might be expected to underestimate the variability stability (or consistency). Is there a way to adjust for the group differences before examining correlation? For example, would it be possible to transform the values to in-group ranks prior to correlation analysis?

What is gained by classifying the five parameters into exploration, attention, and anxiety? To what extent have these classifications been validated, both in general, and with regard to these specific parameters? Is increased walking speed at higher temperature necessarily due to increased 'explorative' nature, or could it be attributed to increased metabolism, dehydration stress, or a heat-pain response? To what extent are these categories subjective?

The legends are quite brief and do not link to descriptions of specific experiments. For example, Figure 4a depicts a graphical overview of the procedure, but I could not find a detailed description of this experiment's protocol.

Using the current single-correlation analysis approach, the aims would benefit from re-wording to appropriately address single-parameter variability stability/consistency (as distinct from holistic individuality). Alternatively, the analysis could be adjusted to address the multivariate nature of individuality, so that the claims and the analysis are in concordance with each other.

The study presents a bounty of new technology to study visually guided behaviors. The Github link to the software was not available. To verify successful transfer or open-hardware and open-software, a report would demonstrate transfer by collaboration with one or more other laboratories, which the present manuscript does not appear to do. Nevertheless, making the technology available to readers is commendable.

The study discusses a number of interesting, stimulating ideas about inter-individual variability, and presents intriguing data that speaks to those ideas, albeit with the issues outlined above.

While the current work does not present any mechanistic analysis of inter-individual variability, the implementation of high-throughput assays sets up the field to more systematically investigate fly visual behaviors, their variability, and their underlying mechanisms.

Comments on revisions:

While the incorporation of a hierarchical mixed model (HMM) appears to represent an improvement over their prior single-parameter correlation approach, it's not clear to me that this is a multivariate analysis. They write that "For each trait, we fitted a hierarchical linear mixed-effects model in Matlab (using the fit lme function) with environmental context as a fixed effect and fly identity (ID) as a random intercept... We computed the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) from each model as the between-fly variance divided by total variance. ICC, therefore, quantified repeatability across environmental contexts."

Does this indicate that HMM was used in a univariate approach? Can an analysis of only five metrics of several dozen total metrics be characterized as 'holistic'?

Within Figure 10a, some of the metrics show high ICC scores, but others do not. This suggests that the authors are overstating the overall persistence and/or consistency of behavioral individuality. It is clear from Figure S8 that a large number of metrics were calculated for each fly, but it remains unclear, at least to me, why the five metrics in Figure 10a are justified for selection. One is left wondering how rare or common is the 0.6 repeatability of % time walked among all the other behavioral metrics. It appears that a holistic analysis of this large data set remains impossible.

The authors write: "...fly individuality persists across different contexts, and individual differences shape behavior across variable environments, thereby making the underlying developmental and functional mechanisms amenable to genetic dissection." However, presumably the various behavioral features (and their variability) are governed by different brain regions, so some metrics (high ICC) would be amenable to the genetic dissection of individuality/variability, while others (low ICC) would not. It would be useful to know which are which, to define which behavioral domains express individuality, and could be targets for genetic analysis, and which do not. At the very least, the Abstract might like to acknowledge that inter-context consistency is not a major property of all or most behavioral metrics.

I hold that inter-trial repeatability should rightly be called "stability" while inter-context repeatability should be called "consistency". In the current manuscript, "consistency" is used throughout the manuscript, except for the new edits, which use "stability". If the authors are going to use both terms, it would be preferable if they could explain precisely how they define and use these terms.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors repeated measured the behavior of individual flies across several environmental situations in custom-made behavioral phenotyping rigs.

Strengths:

The study uses several different behavioral phenotyping devices to quantify individual behavior in a number of different situations and over time. It seems to be a very impressive amount of data. The authors also make all their behavioral phenotyping rig design and tracking software available, which I think is great and I'm sure other folks will be interested in using and adapting to their own needs.

Weaknesses/Limitations:

I think an important limitation is that while the authors measured the flies under different environmental scenarios (i.e. with different lighting, temperature) they didn't really alter the "context" of the environment. At least within behavioral ecology, context would refer to the potential functionality of the expressed behaviors so for example, an anti-predator context, or a mating context, or foraging. Here, the authors seem to really just be measuring aspects of locomotion under benign (relatively low risk perception) contexts. This is not a flaw of the study, but rather a limitation to how strongly the authors can really say that this demonstrates that individuality is generalized across many different contexts. It's quite possible that rank-order of locomotor (or other) behaviors may shift when the flies are in a mating or risky context.

I think the authors are missing an opportunity to use much more robust statistical methods. It appears as though the authors used pearson correlations across time/situations to estimate individual variation; however far more sophisticated and elegant methods exist. The problem is that pearson correlation coefficients can be anti-conservative and additionally, the authors have thus had to perform many many tests to correlate behaviors across the different trials/scenarios. I don't see any evidence that the authors are controlling for multiple testing which I think would also help. Alternatively, though, the paper would be a lot stronger, and my guess is, much more streamlined if the authors employ hierarchical mixed models to analyse these data, which are the standard analytical tools in the study of individual behavioral variation. In this way, the authors could partition the behavioral variance into its among- and within-individual components and quantify repeatability of different behaviors across trials/scenarios simultaneously. This would remove the need to estimate 3 different correlations for day 1 & day 2, day 1 & 3, day 2 & 3 (or stripe 0 & stripe 1, etc) and instead just report a single repeatability for e.g. the time spent walking among the different strip patterns (eg. figure 3). Additionally, the authors could then use multivariate models where the response variables are all the behaviors combined and the authors could estimate the among-individual covariance in these behaviors. I see that the authors state they include generalized linear mixed models in their updated MS, but I struggled a bit to understand exactly how these models were fit? What exactly was the response? what exactly were the predictors (I just don't understand what Line404 means "a GLM was trained using the environmental parameters as predictors (0 when the parameter was not change, 1 if it was) and the resulting individual rank differences as the response"). So were different models run for each scenario? for different behaviors? Across scenarios? what exactly? I just harp on this because I'm actually really interested in these data and think that updating these methods can really help clarify the results and make the main messages much clearer!

I appreciate that the authors now included their sample sizes in the main body of text (as opposed to the supplement) but I think that it would still help if the authors included a brief overview of their design at the start of the methods. It is still unclear to me how many rigs each individual fly was run through? Were the same individuals measured in multiple different rigs/scenarios? Or just one?

I really think a variance partitioning modeling framework could certainly improve their statistical inference and likely highlight some other cool patterns as these methods could better estimate stability and covariance in individual intercepts (and potentially slopes) across time and situation. I also genuinely think that this will improve the impact and reach of this paper as they'll be using methods that are standard in the study of individual behavioral variation

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, Mahajan et.al introduce two innovative macroscopic measures-intrachromosomal gene correlation length (𝓁∗) and transition energy barrier-to investigate chromatin structural dynamics associated with aging and age-related syndromes such as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) and Werner Syndrome (WRN). The authors propose a compelling systems-level approach that complements traditional biomarker-driven analyses, offering a more holistic and quantitative framework to assess genome-wide dysregulation. The concept of 𝓁∗ as a spatial correlation metric to capture chromatin disorganization is novel and well-motivated. The use of autocorrelation on distance-binned gene expression adds depth to the interpretation of chromatin state shifts. The energy landscape framework for gene state transitions is an elegant abstraction, with the notion of "irreversibility" providing a thermodynamic interpretation of transcriptional dysregulation. The application to multiple datasets (Fleischer, Line-1) and pathological states adds robustness to the analysis. The consistency of chromosome 6 (and to some extent chromosomes 16 and X) emerging as hotspots aligns well with known histone cluster localization and disease-relevant pathways. The manuscript does an excellent job of integrating transcriptomic trends with known epigenetic hallmarks of aging, and the proposed metrics can be used in place of traditional techniques like PCA in capturing structural transcriptome features. However, a direct correlation with ATACseq/ HiC data with the present analysis will be more informative.

Strengths:

Novel inclusion of statistical metrics that can help in systems-level studies in aging and chromatin biology.

Weaknesses:

(1) In the manuscript, the authors mention "While it may be intuitive to assume that highly expressed genes originate from euchromatin, this cannot be conclusively stated as a complete representation of euchromatin genes, nor can LAT be definitively linked to heterochromatin". What percentage of LAT can be linked to heterochromatin? What is the distribution of LAT and HAT in the euchromatin?

(2) In Figure 2, the authors observe "that the signal from the HAT class is the stronger between two and the signal from the LAT class, being mostly uniform, can be constituted as background noise." Is this biologically relevant? Are low-abundance transcripts constitutively expressed? The authors should discuss this in the Results section.

(3) The authors make a very interesting observation from Figure 3: that ASO-treated LINE-1 appears to be more effective in restoring HGPS cell lines closer to wild-type compared to WRN.. This can be explained by the difference in the basal activity of L1 elements in the HGPS vs WRN cell types. The authors should comment on this.

(4) The authors report that "from the results on Fleicher dataset is the magnitude of the difference in similarity distance is more pronounced in 𝓁∗ than in gene expression." Does this mean that the alterations in gene distance and chromatin organization do not result in gene expression change during aging?

(5) "In Fleischer dataset, as evident in Figure 4a, although changes in the heterochromatin are not identical for all chromosomes shown by the different degrees of variation of 𝓁∗ in each age group." The authors should present a comprehensive map of each chromosome change in gene distance to better explain the above statement.

(6) While trends in 𝓁∗ are discussed at both global and chromosome-specific levels, stronger statistical testing (e.g., permutation tests, bootstrapping) would lend greater confidence, especially when differences between age groups or treatment states are modest.

(7) While the transition energy barrier is an insightful conceptual addition, further clarification on the mathematical formulation and its physical assumptions (e.g., energy normalization, symmetry conditions) would improve interpretability. Also, in between Figures 7 and 8, the authors first compare the energy barrier of Chromosome 1 and then for all other chromosomes. What is the rationale for only analyzing chromosome 1? How many HAT or LAT are present there?

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

The authors report that intra-chromosomal gene correlation length (spatial correlations in gene expressions along the chromosome) serves as a proxy of chromatin structure and hence gene expression. They further explore changes in these metrics with aging. These are interesting and important findings. However, there are fundamental problems at this time.

(1) The basic method lacks validation. There is no validation of the method by approaches that directly measure chromatin structure, for example ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq, or CUT n RUN.

(2) There is no validation by interventions that directly probe chromatin structure, such as HDAC inhibitors. The authors employ datasets with knockdown of LINE-1 for validation. However, this is not a specific chromatin intervention.

(3) There is no statistical analysis, e.g., in Figures 4 and 5.

(4) The authors state, "in Figure 4a changes in the heterochromatin are not identical for all chromosomes shown...." I do not see the data for individual chromosomes.

(5) In comparisons of WT vs HGPS NT or HGPS SCR (Figure S6), is this a fair comparison? The WT and HGPS are presumably from different human donors, so they have genetic and epigenetic differences unrelated to HGPS.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary

This manuscript presents an updated version of rsatoolbox, a Python package for performing Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) on neural data. The authors provide a comprehensive and well-integrated framework that incorporates a range of state-of-the-art methodological advances. The updated version extends the toolbox's capabilities.

The paper outlines a typical RSA workflow in five steps:

(1) Importing data and estimating activity patterns.

(2) Estimating representational geometries (computing RDMs).

(3) Comparing RDMs.

(4) Performing inferential model comparisons.

(5) Handling multiple testing across space and time.

For each step, the authors describe methodological advances and best practices implemented in the toolbox, including improved measures of representational distances, evaluators for representational models, and statistical inference methods.

While the relative impact of the manuscript is somewhat limited to the new contributions in this update (which are nonetheless very useful), the general toolbox - here thoroughly described and discussed - remains an invaluable contribution to the field and is well-received by the cognitive and computational neuroscience communities.

Strengths:

A key strength of the work is the breadth and integration of the implemented methods. The updated version introduces several new features, such as additional comparators and dissimilarity estimators, that closely follow recent methodological developments in the field. These enhancements build on an already extensive set of functionalities, offering seamless support for RSA analyses across a wide variety of data sources, including deep neural networks, fMRI, EEG, and electrophysiological recordings.

The toolbox also integrates effectively with the broader open-source ecosystem, providing compatibility with BIDS formats and outputs from widely used neuroscience software. This integration will make it easier for researchers to incorporate rsatoolbox into existing workflows. The documentation is extensive, and the scope of functionality - from dissimilarity estimation to statistical inference - is impressive.

For researchers already familiar with RSA, rsatoolbox offers a coherent environment that can streamline analyses, promote methodological consistency, and encourage best practices.

Weaknesses:

While I enjoyed reading the manuscript - and even more so exploring the toolbox - I have some comments for the authors. None of these points is strictly major, and I leave it to the authors' discretion whether to act on them, but addressing them could make the manuscript an even more valuable resource for those approaching RSA.

(1) While several estimators and comparators are implemented, Figure 4 appears to suggest that only a subset should be used in practice. This raises the question of whether the remaining options are necessary, and under what circumstances they might be preferable. Although it is likely that different measures are suited to different scenarios, this is not clearly explained in the manuscript. As presented, a reader following the manuscript's guidance might rely on only a few of the available comparators and estimators without understanding the rationale. It would be helpful if the authors could provide practical examples illustrating when one measure might be preferred over another, and how different measures behave under varying conditions-for instance, in what situations the user should choose manifold similarity versus Bures similarity?

(2) The comparison to other RSA tools is minimal, making it challenging to place rsatoolbox in the broader landscape of available resources. Although the authors mention some existing RSA implementations, they do not provide a detailed comparison of features or performance between their toolbox and alternatives.

(3) Finally, given the growing interest in comparing neural network models with brain data, a more detailed discussion of how the toolbox can be applied to common questions in this area would be a valuable addition.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript, "A Python Toolbox for Representational Similarity Analysis", presents an overview of the RSAToolbox, including a review of the methods it implements (some of which are more recently developed) and recommendations for constructing RSA analysis pipelines. It is encouraging to see that this toolbox, which has existed in both Python and other forms, continues to be actively developed and maintained.

Strengths:

The authors do a nice job reviewing the history of RSA analysis while introducing the methods within the toolbox. It is helpful that the authors discuss when and how to apply specific measures to different data types (e.g., why Euclidean or Mahalanobis distances are suboptimal for spike data). The manuscript strikes a valuable balance between theoretical background and hands-on instruction. The inclusion of decision-making aids, such as the Euler diagram for selecting similarity measures, and well-maintained demo scripts (available on GitHub), enhance the manuscript's utility as a practical guide.

Overall, this paper will be particularly useful to researchers new to RSA and those interested in performing a rigorous analysis using this framework. The manuscript and accompanying toolbox provide everything a researcher needs to get started, provided they take the time to engage with the methodological details and references offered

Weaknesses:

While the links to the demos in the figure legend did not work for me, it was easy to locate the current demos online, and it's encouraging to see that they are actively maintained. One small issue is that a placeholder ("XXX") remains in the description of Figure 3b and should be corrected.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This is an interesting and timely computational study using molecular dynamics simulation as well as quantum mechanical calculation to address why tyrosine (Y), as part of an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) sequence, has been observed experimentally to be stronger than phenylalanine (F) as a promoter for biomolecular phase separation. Notably, the authors identified the aqueous nature of the condensate environment and the corresponding dielectric and hydrogen bonding effects as a key to understand the experimentally observed difference. This principle is illustrated by the difference in computed transfer free energy of Y- and F-containing pentapeptides into solvent with various degrees of polarity. The elucidation offered by this work is important. The computation appears to be carefully executed, the results are valuable, and the discussion is generally insightful. However, there is room for improvement in some parts of the presentation in terms of accuracy and clarity, including, e.g., the logic of the narrative should be clarified with additional information (and possibly additional computation), and the current effort should be better placed in the context of prior relevant theoretical and experimental works on cation-π interactions in biomolecules and dielectric properties of biomolecular condensates. Accordingly, this manuscript should be revised to address the following, with added discussion as well as inclusion of references mentioned below.

(1) Page 2, line 61: "Coarse-grained simulation models have failed to account for the greater propensity of arginine to promote phase separation in Ddx4 variants with Arg to Lys mutations (Das et al., 2020)". As it stands, this statement is not accurate, because the cited reference to Das et al. showed that although some coarse-grained model, namely the HPS model of Dignon et al., 2018 PLoS Comput did not capture the Arg to Lys trend, the KH model described in the same Dignon et al. paper was demonstrated by Das et al. (2020) to be capable of mimicking the greater propensity of Arg to promote phase separation than Lys. Accordingly, a possible minimal change that would correct the inaccuracy of this statement in the manuscript would be to add the word "Some" in front of "coarse-grained simulation models ...", i.e., it should read "Some coarse-grained simulation models have failed ...". In fact, a subsequent work [Wessén et al., J Phys Chem B 126: 9222-9245 (2022)] that applied the Mpipi interaction parameters (Joseph et al., 2021, already cited in the manuscript) showed that Mpipi is capable of capturing the rank ordering of phase separation propensity of Ddx4 variants, including a charge scrambled variant as well as both the Arg to Lys and the Phe to Ala variants (see Fig.11a of the above-cited Wessén et al. 2022 reference). The authors may wish to qualify their statements in the introduction to take note of these prior results. For example, they may consider adding a note immediately after the next sentence in the manuscript "However, by replacing the hydrophobicity scales ... (Das et al., 2020)" to refer to these subsequent findings in 2021-2022.

(2) Page 8, lines 285-290 (as well as the preceding discussion under the same subheading & Fig.4): "These findings suggest that ... is not primarily driven by differences in protein-protein interaction patterns ..." The authors' logic in terms of physical explanation is somewhat problematic here. In this regard, "Protein-protein interaction patterns" appears to be a straw man, so to speak. Indeed, who (reference?) has argued that the difference in the capability of Y and F in promoting phase separation should be reflected in the pairwise amino acid interaction pattern in a condensate that contains either only Y (and G, S) and only F (and G, S) but not both Y and F? Also, this paragraph in the manuscript seems to suggest that the authors' observation of similar contact patterns in the GSY and GSF condensates is "counterintuitive" given the difference in Y-Y and F-F potentials of mean force (Joseph et al., 2021); but there is nothing particularly counterintuitive about that. The two sets of observations are not mutually exclusive. For instance, consider two different homopolymers, one with a significantly stronger monomer-monomer attraction than the other. The condensates for the two different homopolymers will have essentially the same contact pattern but very different stabilities (different critical temperatures), and there is nothing surprising about it. In other words, phase separation propensity is not "driven" by contact pattern in general, it's driven by interaction (free) energy. The relevant issue here is total interaction energy or critical point of the phase separation. If it is computationally feasible, the authors should attempt to determine the critical temperatures for the GSY condensate versus the GSF condensate to verify that the GSY condensate has a higher critical temperature than the GSF condensate. That would be the most relevant piece of information for the question at hand.

(3) Page 9, lines 315-316: "...Our ε [relative permittivity] values ... are surprisingly close to that derived from experiment on Ddx4 condensates (45{plus minus}13) (Nott et al., 2015)". For accuracy, it should be noted here that the relative permittivity provided in the supplementary information of Nott et al. was not a direct experimental measurement but based on a fit using Flory-Huggins (FH), but FH is not the most appropriate theory for polymer with long-spatial-range Coulomb interactions. To this reviewer's knowledge, no direct measurement of relative permittivity in biomolecular condensates has been made to date. Explicit-water simulation suggests that relative permittivity of Ddx4 condensate with protein volume fraction ≈ 0.4 can have relative permittivity ≈ 35-50 (Das et al., PNAS 2020, Fig.7A), which happens to agree with the ε = 45{plus minus}13 estimate. This information should be useful to include in the authors' manuscript.

(4) As for the dielectric environment within biomolecular condensates, coarse-grained simulation has suggested that whereas condensates formed by essentially electric neutral polymers (as in the authors' model systems) have relative permittivities intermediate between that of bulk water and that of pure protein (ε = 2-4, or at most 15), condensates formed by highly charge polymers can have relative permittivity higher than that of bulk water [Wessén et al., J Phys Chem B 125:4337-4358 (2021), Fig.14 of this reference]. In view of the role of aromatic residues (mainly Y and F) in the phase separation of IDPs such as A1-LCD and LAF-1 that contain positively and negatively charged residues (Martin et al., 2020; Schuster et al., 2020, already cited in the manuscript), it should be useful to address briefly how the relationship between the relative phase-separation promotion strength of Y vs F and dielectric environment of the condensate may or may not be change with higher relative permittivities.

(5) The authors applied the dipole moment fluctuation formula (Eq.2 in the manuscript) to calculate relative permittivity in their model condensates. Does this formula apply only to an isotropic environment? The authors' model condensates were obtained from a "slab" approach (p.4) and thus the simulation box has a rectangular geometry. Did the authors apply their Eq.2 to the entire simulation box or only to the central part of the box with the condensate (see, e.g., Fig.3C in the manuscript). If the latter is the case, is it necessary to use a different dipole moment formula that distinguishes between the "parallel" and "perpendicular" components of the dipole moment (see, e.g., Eq.16 in the above-cited Wessén et al. 2021 paper). A brief added comments will be useful.

(6) With regard to the general role of Y and F in the phase separation of biomolecules containing positively charged Arg and Lys residues, the relative strength of cation-π interactions (cation-Y vs cation-F) should be addressed (in view of the generality implied by the title of the manuscript), or at least discussed briefly in the authors' manuscript if a detailed study is beyond the scope of their current effort. It has long been known that in the biomolecular context, cation-Y is slightly stronger than cation-F, whereas cation-tryptophan (W) is significantly stronger than either cation-Y and cation-F [Wu & McMahon, JACS 130:12554-12555 (2008)]. Experimental data from a study of EWS (Ewing sarcoma) transactivation domains indicated that Y is a slightly stronger promoter than F for transcription, whereas W is significantly stronger than either Y or F [Song et al., PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003239 (2013)]. In view of the subsequent general recognition that "transcription factors activate genes through the phase-separation capacity of their activation domain" [Boija et al., Cell 175:1842-1855.e16 (2018)] which is applicable to EWS in particular [Johnson et al., JACS 146:8071-8085 (2024)], the experimental data in Song et al. 2013 (see Fig.3A of this reference) suggests that cation-Y interactions are stronger than cation-F interactions in promoting phase separation, thus generalizing the authors' observations (which focus primarily on Y-Y, Y-F and F-F interactions) to most situations in which cation-Y and cation-F interactions are relevant to biomolecular condensation.

(7) Page 9: The observation of a weaker effective F-F (and a few other nonpolar-nonpolar) interaction in a largely aqueous environment (as in an IDP condensate) than in a nonpolar environment (as in the core of a folded protein) is intimately related to (and expected from) the long-recognized distinction between "bulk" and "pair" as well as size dependence of hydrophobic effects that have been addressed in the context of protein folding [Wood & Thompson, PNAS 87:8921-8927 (1990); Shimizu & Chan, JACS 123:2083-2084 (2001); Proteins 49:560-566 (2002)]. It will be useful to add a brief pointer in the current manuscript to this body of relevant resource in protein science.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have largely addressed my previous concerns and the manuscript has been substantially improved. Nonetheless, it will benefit the readers more if the authors had included more of the relevant references provided in my previous review so as to afford a broader and more accurate context to the authors' effort. This deficiency is particularly pertinent for point number 6 in my previous report about cation-pi interactions. The authors have now added a brief discussion but with no references on the rank ordering of Y, F, and W interactions. I cannot see how providing additional information about a few related works could hurt. Quite the contrary, having the references will help readers establish scientific connections and contribute to conceptual advance.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this preprint, De Sancho and López use alchemical molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical calculations to elucidate the origin of the observed preference of Tyr over Phe in phase separation. The paper is well written, and the simulations conducted are rigorous and provide good insight into the origin of the differences between the two aromatic amino acids considered.

Strengths:

The study addresses a fundamental discrepancy in the field of phase separation where the predicted ranking of aromatic amino acids observed experimentally is different from their anticipated rankings when considering contact statistics of folded proteins. While the hypothesis that the difference in the microenvironment of the condensed phase and hydrophobic core of folded proteins underlies the different observations, this study provides a quantification of this effect. Further, the demonstration of the crossover between Phe and Tyr as a function of the dielectric is interesting and provides further support for the hypothesis that the differing microenvironments within the condensed phase and the core of folded proteins is the origin of the difference between contact statistics and experimental observations in phase separation literature. The simulations performed in this work systematically investigate several possible explanations and therefore provide depth to the paper.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary

In the presented paper, Lu and colleagues focus on how items held in working memory bias someone's attention. In a series of three experiments, they utilized a similar paradigm in which subjects were asked to maintain two colored squares in memory for a short and variable time. After this delay, they either tested one of the memory items or asked subjects to perform a search task.

In the search task, items could share colors with the memory items, and the authors were interested in how these would capture attention, using reaction time as a proxy. The behavioral data suggest that attention oscillates between the two items. At different maintenance intervals, the authors observed that items in memory captured different amounts of attention (attentional capture effect).

This attentional bias fluctuates over time at approximately the theta frequency range of the EEG spectrum. This part of the study is a replication of Peters and colleagues (2020).

Next, the authors used EEG recordings to better understand the neural mechanisms underlying this process. They present results suggesting that this attentional capture effect is positively correlated with the mean amplitude of alpha power. Furthermore, they show that the weighted phase lag index (wPLI) between the alpha and theta bands across different electrodes also fluctuates at the theta frequency.

Strengths

The authors focus on an interesting and timely topic: how items in working memory can bias our attention. This line of research could improve our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying working memory, specifically how we maintain multiple items and how these interact with attentional processes. This approach is intriguing because it can shed light on neuronal mechanisms not only through behavioral measures but also by incorporating brain recordings, which is definitely a strength.<br /> Subjects performed several blocks of experiments, ranging from 4 to 30, over a few days depending on the experiment. This makes the results - especially those from behavioral experiments 2 and 3, which included the most repetitions - particularly robust.

Weaknesses

One of the main EEG results is based on the weighted phase lag index (wPLI) between oscillations in the alpha and theta bands. In my opinion, this is problematic, as wPLI measures the locking of oscillations at the same frequency. It quantifies how reliably the phase difference stays the same over time. If these oscillations have different frequencies, the phase difference cannot remain consistent. Even worse, modeling data show that even very small fluctuations in frequency between signals make wPLI artificially small (Cohen, 2015).

In response authors stated : "Additionally, the present study referenced previous research by using the wPLI index as a measure of cross-frequency coupling strength31,64-66"<br /> Unfortunately, after checking those publications, we can see that in paper 31 there is no mention of "wPLI" or "PLV." In 64 and 65, the authors use wPLI, but only to measure same-frequency coherence, whereas cross-frequency coupling is computed by phase-amplitude coupling or cross-frequency coupling also known as n:m-PS. In 66, I cannot find any cross-frequency results, only cross-species analysis. This is very problematic, as it indicates that the authors included references in their rebuttal without verifying their relevance.<br /> 31 de Vries, I. E. J., van Driel, J., Karacaoglu, M. & Olivers, C. N. L. Priority Switches in Visual Working Memory are Supported by Frontal Delta and Posterior Alpha Interactions. Cereb Cortex 28, 4090-4104, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy223 (2018).64 Delgado-Sallent, C. et al. Atypical, but not typical, antipsychotic drugs reduce hypersynchronized prefrontal-hippocampal circuits during psychosis-like states in mice: Contribution of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors. Cerebral Cortex 32, 870 3472-3487 (2022). 65 Siebenhühner, F. et al. Genuine cross-frequency coupling networks in human resting-state electrophysiological recordings. PLoS Biology 18, e3000685 (2020). 66 Zhang, F. et al. Cross-Species Investigation on Resting State Electroencephalogram. Brain Topogr 32, 808-824, doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00723-x (2019).

Another result from the electrophysiology data shows that the attentional capture effect is positively correlated with the mean amplitude of alpha power. In the presented scatter plot, it seems that this result is driven by one outlier. Unfortunately, Pearson correlation is very sensitive to outliers, and the entire analysis can be driven by an extreme case. I extracted data from the plot and obtained a Pearson correlation of 0.4, similar to what the authors report. However, the Spearman correlation, which is robust against outliers, was only 0.13 (p = 0.57) indicating a non-significant relationship.

Cohen, M. X. (2015). Effects of time lag and frequency matching on phase based connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 250, 137-146

Joint Public Review:

Marshall et al describe the effects of altering metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activity on activity of D1 receptor expressing spiny projection neurons in dorsolateral striatum focusing on two states - locomotion and rest. The authors examine effects of dSPN-specific constitutive mGlu5 deletion in several motor tests to arrive at this finding. Effects of inhibiting the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol are also examined. Overall, this is a valuable study that provides solid new information of relevance to movement disorders and possibly psychosis.

The combination of in vivo cellular calcium imaging, pharmacology, receptor knockout and movement analysis is effectively used. The main findings do not involve gross firing rates or numbers of active neurons, but rather are revealed by specialized measures involving Jaccard coefficient and an assessment of coactivity. The authors conclude that mGlu5 expressed in dSPNs contributes to movement through effects on clustered spatial coactivity of dSPNs. More specifically, reduced mGluR5 increases coactivity during rest (defined as low velocity periods) but not during locomotion periods. The authors observe a role for mGlu5 expression in dSPNs in modulating the frequency of mEPSCs, suggesting a role in presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Some data suggesting the story may be different in the other major SPN subpopulation (iSPNs) are also presented but these studies are relatively underdeveloped leaving some ambiguity as to how cell-selective the findings are. In addition, an occlusion experiment in which the pharmacological mGluR5 agents are delivered to the dSPN mGluR5 KO to clarify if other sites of action are involved beyond the proposed D1-expressing neurons is missing. Finally, the authors present a working model that sets the stage for future experimentation. Overall, this study provides an important and detailed assessment of mGluR5 contributions to striatal circuit function and behavior.

Remaining concerns include:

(1) To clarify that dSPNs are sole site of action, it is necessary to examine effects of the mGlu5 NAM in the dSPN mGlu5 cKO mice. If the effects of the two manipulations occluded one another this would certainly support the hypothesis that the drug effects are mediated by receptors expressed in dSPNs. A similar argument can be made for examining effects of the JNJ PAM in the cKO mice.

(2) There is a concern that the D1 Cre line used (Ey262), which may also target cortical neurons expands the interpretation of the study beyond the striatal populations. Further discussion of this point, particularly in the interpretation of the mGluR5 cKO experiments, would provide a better understanding of the contribution of the paper.

(3) The use of CsF-based whole-cell internal solutions has caused concern in some past studies due to possible interference with G-protein, phosphatase and channel function (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1044743104000296, https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/6/10/2915.full.pdf). It is reassuring the DHPG-induced LTD was still observable with this solution. However, it might be worth examining this plasticity with a different internal to ensure that the magnitude of the agonist effect is not altered by this manipulation.

(4) Behavioral resolution of actions at low velocity that are termed "rest" are not explored in this study. Thus, a remaining ambiguity is whether the activities in rest include only periods of immobility or other low-velocity activities such as grooming or rearing.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This work addresses an important question in the field of Drosophila aggression and mating. Prior social isolation is known to increase aggression in males, manifesting as increased lunging, which is suppressed by group housing (GH). However, it is also known that single housed (SH) males, despite their higher attempts to court females, are less successful. Here, Gao et al., develop a modified aggression assay to address this issue by recording aggression in Drosophila males for 2 hours, with a virgin female immobilized by burying its head in the food. They found that while SH males frequently lunge in this assay, GH males switch to higher intensity but very low frequency tussling. Constitutive neuronal silencing and activation experiments implicate cVA sensing Or67d neurons in promoting high frequency lunging, similar to earlier studies, whereas Or47b neurons promote low frequency but higher intensity tussling. Optogenetic activation revealed that three pairs of pC1SS2 neurons increase tussling. Cell-type-specific DsxM manipulations combined with morphological analysis of pC1SS2 neurons and side-by-side tussling quantification link the developmental role of DsxM to the functional output of these aggression-promoting cells. In contrast, although optogenetic activation of P1a neurons in the dark did not increase tussling, thermogenetic activation under visible light drove aggressive tussling. Using a further modified aggression assay, GH males exhibit increased tussling and maintain territorial control, which could contribute to a mating advantage over SH males, although direct measures of reproductive success are still needed

Strengths:

Through a series of clever neurogenetic and behavioral approaches, the authors implicate specific subsets of ORNs and pC1 neurons in promoting distinct forms of aggressive behavior, particularly tussling. They have devised a refined territorial control paradigm, which appears more robust than earlier assays. This new setup is relatively clutter-free and could be amenable to future automation using computer vision approaches. The updated Figure 5, which combines cell-type-specific developmental manipulation of pC1SS2 neurons with behavioral output, provides a link between developmental mechanisms and functional aggression circuits. The manuscript is generally well written, and the claims are largely supported by the data.

Weakness:

All prior concerns have been addressed in the revised manuscript. The added 'Limitations of the study' section is a welcome and important clarification. Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable insights into the neural and behavioral mechanisms of Drosophila aggression.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Gao et al. investigated the change of aggression strategies by the social experience and its possible biological significance by using Drosophila. Two modes of inter-male aggression in Drosophila are known: lunging, high-frequency but weak mode, and tussling, low-frequency but more vigorous mode. Previous studies have mainly focused on the lunging. In this paper, the authors developed a new behavioral experiment system for observing tussling behavior and found that tussling is enhanced by group rearing, while lunging is suppressed. They then searched for neurons involved in the generation of tussling. Although olfactory receptors named Or67d and Or65a have previously been reported to function in the control of lunging, the authors found that these neurons do not function in the execution of tussling and another olfactory receptor, Or47b, is required for tussling, as shown by the inhibition of neuronal activity and the gene knockdown experiments. Further optogenetic experiments identified a small number of central neurons pC1[SS2] that induce the tussling specifically. These neurons express doublesex (dsx), a sex-determination factor, and knockdown of dsx strongly suppresses the induction of tussling. In order to further explore the ecological significance of the aggression mode change in group-rearing, a new behavioral experiment was performed to examine the territorial control and the mating competition. And finally, the authors found that differences in the social experience (group vs. solitary rearing) are important in these biologically significant competitions. These results add a new perspective to the study of aggression behavior in Drosophila. Furthermore, this study discusses an interesting general model in which the social experience modified behavioral changes play a role in reproductive success.

Strengths:

A behavioral experiment system that allows stable observation of tussling, which could not be easily analyzed due to its low-frequency, would be very useful. The experimental setup itself is relatively simple, just addition of a female to the platform, so it should be applicable to future research. The finding about the relationship between the social experience and the aggression mode change is quite novel. Although the intensity of aggression changes with the social experience was already reported in several papers (Liu et al., 2011 etc), the fact that the behavioral mode itself changes significantly has rarely been addressed, and is extremely interesting. The identification of sensory and central neurons required for the tussling makes appropriate use of the genetic tools and the results are clear. A major strength of this study in the neurobiology is the finding that another group of neurons (Or47b-expressing olfactory neurons and pC1[SS2] neurons), distinct from the group of neurons previously thought to be involved in low-intensity aggression (i.e. lunging), function in the tussling behavior. Furthermore, the results showing that the regulation of aggression by pC1[SS2] neurons is based the function of the dsx gene will bring a new perspective to the field. Further investigation of the detailed circuit analysis is expected to elucidate the neural substrate of the conflicting between the two aggression modes. The experimental systems examining the territory control and the reproductive competition in Fig. 6 are novel and have advantages in exploring their biological significance. It is important to note that, in addition to showing the effects of age and social experience on territorial and mating behaviors, the authors suggested that an altered fighting strategy has effects with respect to these behaviors.

Weaknesses:

New experimental paradigm in Fig. 6 is quite useful, but as the authors mentioned, still the future investigations are needed to reveal a direct relationship between aggression strategies and reproductive success.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study provides compelling evidence suggesting that ghrelin, a molecule released in the surrounding of the major adult brain neurogenic niche (V-SVZ) by blood vessels with high blood flow controls the migration of newborn interneurons towards the olfactory bulbs.

Strengths:

This study is a tour de force as it provides a solid set of data obtained by time lapse recordings in vivo. The data demonstrate that the migration and guidance of newborn neurons relies on factors released by selective type of blood vessels.

Weaknesses:

Some intermediate conclusions are weak and may be reinforced by additional experiments.

Comments on revisions: The manuscript has improved.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

LRRK2 protein is familially linked to Parkinson's disease by the presence of several gene variants that all confer a gain-of-function effect on LRRK2 kinase activity.

The authors examine the effects of BDNF stimulation in immortalized neuron-like cells, cultured mouse primary neurons, hIPSC-derived neurons, and brain tissue from genetically modified mice. They examine a LRRK2 regulatory phosphorylation residue, LRRK2 binding relationships, and measures of synaptic structure and function.

Strengths:

The study addresses an important research question: how does a PD-linked protein interact with other proteins, and contribute to responses to a well-characterized neuronal signalling pathway involved in the regulation of synaptic function and cell health.

They employ a range of good models and techniques to fairly convincingly demonstrate that BDNF stimulation alters LRRK2 phosphorylation and binding to many proteins. IN this revised manuscript, aspects are well validated e.g., drebrin binding, but there is a disconnect between these findings and alterations to LRRK2 substrates. A convincing phosphoproteomic analysis of PD mutant Knock-in mouse brain is included. Overall the links between LRRK2, LRRK2 activity, and the changes to synaptic molecules, structures, and activity are intriguing.

Weaknesses:

The data sets remain disjointed, conclusions are sweeping, and not always in line with what the data is showing. Validation of 'omics' data is light. Some inconsistencies with the major conclusions are ignored. Several of the assays employed (western blotting especially) are underpowered, findings key to their interpretation are addressed in only one or other of the several models employed, and supporting observations are lacking.

Main Conclusions of Abstract:

(1) Increase in pLRRK2 Ser935 and pRAB after BDNF in SH-SY5Y & mouse neurons

Well supported, but only for pLRRK2 in neurons, why not pERK pAkt & pRab?

(2) Omics Proteome remodelling of LRRK2 interactome with BDNF & different in G2019S mouse neurons.

Supports that the phosphoproteome of G2019S is different. Drebrin interaction with LRRK2 very well supported. Link between drebrin and LRRK2 activity somewhat supported (pS935 site), but the consequence (non-specific pRab8) not supported, as there is no evidence of a change in LRRK2 substrate(s).

(3) Golgi 1 month LKO mouse altered dendritic spines, transient at 1m not older.

Supported but very small transient change in spines, disconnected to other results (e.g., drebrin).

(4) iPSC-derived neurons BDNF increases mEPSC frequency (transient at 70 not 50 or 90 days) in WT not KO "which appear to bypass this regulation through developmental compensation"

Weak, not clear what is being bypassed.

Main Conclusions Based on Old and New Figure / Data:

(1) Increase in pLRRK2 Ser935 and pRAB after BDNF in SH-SY5Y & mouse neurons

Well supported, but only for pLRRK2 in neurons, why not ERK Akt & Rab?

(2) BDNF promotes LRRK2 interaction with "post-synaptic actin cytoskeleton components"

Tone down, only one postsynaptic validated - drebrin strong BUT CONTRADICTORY; link between drebrin and LRRK2 activity (pS935 site) supported, consequence (non-specific pRab8) broken, no evidence of change in LRRK2 substrate.

(3) LRRK2 G2019S striatal phosphoproteome is different from WT.

It is different. Where is link to BDNF or Drebrin?

(4) BDNF signaling is impaired in Lrrk2 knockout neurons

TrkB changes seem higher in SHSY5Y. pAKT impaired, pERK not convincing. Primary neurons Akt slower but it and Erk mostly intact. MLi-2 did not block pAkt or pErk in WT or KO (higher in latter). Whatever is happening in KO, Mli-2 not really blocking effect in WT. If we are to assume that studying the KO was a means to understand LRRK2 function, the authors data should explain why we care if an effect is absent in LKO, if LRRK2 isn't doing the same job in WT?

BDNF increases synaptic puncta in WT not LKO (which start higher?). Is this BDNF increase blocked by LRRK2 inhibition?

(5) Postsynaptic structural changes in Lrrk2 knockout neurons

Golgi impregnation shows some very small spine changes at 1m. Not sustained over age. mRNA changes are very small (10% not even a fold... very weak and should be written as so). Derbrin levels reduced clearly at 1m, but probably also at 4 & 18. Underpowered, disconnected time course from the spine changes.

(6) An effect on "spontaneous electrical activity" at Div70

Weak. What is so special at 70 days that means we should be confident in the differences, or be satisfied that the other time points are legitimately ignored? These are 10-11 cells from 3 cultures assayed at 3 time points but only one is presented (rest in supplement). This should be a 2 (time) or 3 way (+culture RM) ANOVA. As it stands, in WT there is a little - no activity at 50 days, little to no at 70 days, and variable to lots or none at 90. BDNF did nothing at 50 or 90 but may have at 70. In KO low activity stable at 50 & 70, tanks at 90. BDNF would seem to have a similar effect on KO at 90 as WT at 70, but as there are only 7 cells it remains inconclusive. Thus the conclusion that BDNF signalling is broken in LKO is not well supported by the ephys data, nor is the BDNF effect in WT cells (even at the 70 day time point) shown to be susceptible to LRRK2 inhibition.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

The data show that BDNF regulates the PD-associated kinase LRRK2, they place LRRK2 within well-described BDNF pathways biochemically, and they show that LRRK2 can play a role mediating BDNF-driven synaptic outcomes at excitatory synapses. The chief strength is that the data provide a potential focal point for multiple observations that have been made across many labs. The findings will be of broad interest because LRRK2 has emerged as a protein that is likely to be part of Parkinson's pathology and its normal and pathological actions remain poorly understood.

A major strength of the study is the multiple approaches that were used (biochemistry, bioinformatics, light and electron microscopy and electrophysiology) across different experimental models (cells, primary neurons, human neurons, mice) to identify and examine the impact of BDNF on LRRK2 signaling and functions. Noteworthy is also the employment of LRRK2KO preparations to validate outcomes and to place LRRK2 actions up or downstream.

The demonstration that LRRK2 and drebrin interact directly is important and suggests that other interacting proteins identified biochemically and bioinformatically in the paper will be important to pursue.

Some data from different models do not fit well with one another (like mouse and human neurons). This is likely due to inherent differences in the preparations. Since different experiments were carried out on the different preps, however, it is not possible to cross compare. The lack of this information is viewed more as an open question than a cause for concern.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In the submitted manuscript, Steinbach et al describe the formation of a detergent-resistant "cloud" around the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) that functions as a protective barrier. The authors show that formation of the "cloud" barrier is contingent upon the phosphoribosyl-ubiquitination activity of the SidE/SdeABC effector family, and is temporally regulated, with the assembly and subsequent disassembly of the "cloud" coinciding with replication and vacuolar expansion. The authors postulate a model of "cloud" barrier formation that relies upon a wave of initial ubiquitination by the SidC effector family, after which the SidE/SdeABC family expands the ubiquitination and forms cross-links that render the ubiquitin cloud resistant to harsh detergents. Additionally, Steinbach et al. also demonstrate that Rab5 is recruited to the LCV and remains associated for a considerable period.

Strengths:

This manuscript is very well written, with clear justification provided for experiments that make it very easy to follow along with the experimental logic. The figures have clearly been designed with much thought and are easy to interpret. Steinbach et al have also done a commendable job of addressing the previous reviewers' comments, even though some may suggest that some of these comments could be viewed as slightly unreasonable. This work would be of interest to both the Legionella and ubiquitin fields. Legionella researchers would potentially be interested to explore the proposed barrier model as the function for the ubiquitin "cloud," whereas ubiquitin researchers may be interested in exploring the mechanisms underlying SidE's crosslinking ability.

Weaknesses:

While the work is important and describes the physical nature of the ubiquitin cloud on the Legionella vacuole, it is somewhat descriptive in nature and does not dig deeply into what purpose this cloud serves. This is a complicated topic that will certainly stimulate additional research in this area.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript "Canonical and phosphoribosyl ubiquitination coordinate to stabilize a proteinaceous structure surrounding the Legionella-containing vacuole" by Steinbach et al. is well written and presents strong evidence that satisfactorily supports the main hypothesis and research objectives. The authors have clearly demonstrated the presence of cloud-like, detergent-resistant GTPase Rab5 surrounding the LCV, and formation of the structure is dependent on the SidE family of effectors. The study provides insights into the relevant (associated with described phenotype) ubiquitination pathways. The findings advance our understanding of Legionella pneumophila vacuole remodeling during intracellular infection and open directions for future research to establish broader implications of this structure on Legionella pathogenesis.

Strengths:

The manuscript convincingly demonstrates the presence of a cloud-like, detergent-resistant GTPase Rab5 surrounding the LCV through elegant microscopy. The experimental evidence about the dependence of the observed phenotype on the SidE family of effectors is compelling and presented with strong scientific rigor. The introduction is well-written, and the discussion is thorough and satisfactory. The article is thought-provoking and shows preliminary evidence for ubiquitin-mediated protection and spatial organization of the LCV.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript is well-organized and detailed, and it is hard to find weaknesses under the set goals of the research. A few weaknesses are that the molecular determinants or the regulatory mechanisms that drive selective versus non-selective incorporation of host proteins into this structure are unclear, and, as the authors mentioned, further work is required to establish the precise biophysical basis of the detergent resistance and expansive morphology of the ubiquitinated GTPase "cloud". Currently, the function or purpose of the structure is completely speculative. The effects or importance of the structure on bacterial replication is also not established in the current study. Figure 2D, right panel, Western blot results, the authors suggested the signal present in all four lanes between 37 and 25 kDa is 'nonspecific', which is probably a 'too intense' signal to be called so. Mass spec analysis would be interesting in order to identify sources of such intense signals. With these few limitations, the research presented in this manuscript is experimentally rigorous and opens avenues for future research.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Mukherjee and colleagues extended earlier studies on the coordination of the SidC and SidE effector families on the generation of a unique ubiquitin layer on the surface of the vacuoles containing the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila (LCV).

Strengths:

The main strength of the manuscript is the identification of the small GTPase Rab5 as a major "carrier" of these differently modified ubiquitin and ubiquitin chains, which was nicely quantified.

Weaknesses:

(1) The results are mostly descriptive, based on mechanistic studies from earlier works.

(2) The majority of the work was dedicated to the characterization of the unique ubiquitin layer on the LCV. One important question was ignored: what is the role of Rab5 in this process? Is the GTPase activity of Rab5 required for its ubiquitination by SidC and SidE? The authors should create a Rab5 KO cell line, complement the line with different mutants of Rab5, and examine their ubiquitination and association with the LCV.

(3) The finding that Rab5 is associated with the LCV supports the notion that the LCV has characteristics of endo- or/late endosomes. The positioning of the LCV in the endocytic pathway should be discussed in the context of earlier studies (e.g.,PMID: 38739652; PMID: 11067875; PMID: 11067875).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper developed a model of chromosome mosaicism by using a new aneuploidy-inducing drug (AZ3146), and compared this to their previous work where they used reversine, to demonstrate the fate of aneuploid cells during murine preimplantation embryo development. They found that AZ3146 acts similarly to reversine in inducing aneuploidy in embryos, but interestingly showed that the developmental potential of embryos is higher in AZ3146-treated vs. reversine-treated embryos. This difference was associated with changes in HIF1A, p53 gene regulation, DNA damage, and fate of euploid and aneuploid cells when embryos were cultured in a hypoxic environment.

Strengths:

In the current study, the authors investigate the fate of aneuploid cells in the preimplantation murine embryo using a specific aneuploidy-inducing compound to generate embryos that were chimeras of euploid and aneuploid cells. The strength of the work is that they investigate the developmental potential and changes in gene expression profiles under normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions. Further, they also assessed how levels of DNA damage and DNA repair are altered in these culture conditions. They also assessed the allocation of aneuploid cells to the divergent cell lineages of the blastocyst stage embryo.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors note that it is challenging to perform diffusion MRI tractography consistently in both humans and macaques, particularly when deep subcortical structures are involved. The scientific advance described in this paper is effectively an update to the tracts that the XTRACT software supports. The changes to XTRACT are soundly motivated in theory (based on anatomical tracer studies) and practice (changes in seeding/masking for tractography).

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this article, Assimopoulos et al. expand the FSL-XTRACT software to include new protocols for identifying cortical-subcortical tracts with diffusion MRI, with a focus on tracts connecting to the amygdala and striatum. They show that the amygdalofugal pathway and divisions of the striatal bundle/external capsule can be successfully reconstructed in both macaques and humans while preserving large-scale topographic features previously defined in tract tracing studies. The authors set out to create an automated subcortical tractography protocol, and they accomplish this for a subset of specific subcortical connections.

Strengths:

The main strength of the current study is the translation of established anatomical knowledge to a tractography protocol for delineating cortical-subcortical tracts that are difficult to reconstruct. Diffusion MRI-based tractography is highly prone to false positives; thus, constraining tractography outputs by known anatomical priors is important. The authors used existing tracing literature to create anatomical constraints for tracking specific cortical-subcortical connections and refined their protocol through an iterative process and in collaboration with multiple neuroanatomists. Key additional strengths include 1) the creation of a protocol that can be applied to both macaque and human data; 2) demonstration that the protocol can be applied to be high quality data (3 shells, > 250 directions, 1.25 mm isotropic, 55 minutes) and lower quality data (2 shells, 100 directions, 2 mm isotropic, 6.5 minutes); and 3) validation that the anatomy of cortical-subcortical tracts derived from the new method are more similar in monozygotic twins than in siblings and unrelated individuals.

Overall Appraisal:

This new method will accelerate research on anatomically validated cortical-subcortical white matter pathways. The work has utility for diffusion MRI researchers across fields.

Editors' note:

Both reviewers were satisfied with the responses to their feedback.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The manuscript by Zhang et al describes the use of a protein language model (pLM) to analyse disordered regions in proteins, with a focus on those that may be important in biological phase separation. While the paper is relatively easy to read overall, my main comment is that the authors could perhaps make it clearer which observations are new, and which support previous work using related approaches. Further, while the link to phase separation is interesting, it is not completely clear which data supports the statements made, and this could also be made clearer.

Major comments:

(1) With respect to putting the work in a better context of what has previously been done before, this is not to say that there is not new information in it, but what the authors do is somewhat closely related to work by others. I think it would be useful to make those links more directly. Some examples:

(1a) Alderson et al (reference 71) analysed in detail the conservation of IDRs (via pLDDT, which is itself related to conservation) to show, for example, that conserved residues fold upon binding. This analysis is very similar to the analysis used in the current study (using ESM2 as a different measure of conservation). Thus, the approach (pages 7-8) described as "This distinction allows us to classify disordered regions into two types: "flexible disordered" regions, which show high ESM2 scores and greater mutational tolerance, and "conserved disordered" regions, which display low ESM2 scores, indicating varying levels of mutational constraint despite a lack of stable folding." is fundamentally very similar to that used by Alderson et al. Thus, the result that "Given that low ESM2 scores generally reflect mutational constraint in folded proteins, the presence of region a among disordered residues suggests that certain disordered amino acids are evolutionarily conserved and likely functionally significant" is in some ways very similar to the results of that paper.

(1b) Dasmeh et al (https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyab184), Lu et al (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010238) and Ho & Huang (https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.4317) analysed conservation in IDRs, including aromatic residues and their role in phase separation

(1c) A number of groups have performed proteomewide saturation scans using pLMs, including variants of the ESM family, including Meier (reference 89, but cited about something else) and Cagiada et al (https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.21.595203) that analysed variant effects in IDRs using a pLM. Thus, I think statements such as "their applicability to studying the fitness and evolutionary pressures on IDRs has yet to be established" should possibly be qualified.

(2) On page 4, the authors write, "The conserved residues are primarily located in regions associated with phase separation." These results are presented as a central part of the work, but it is not completely clear what the evidence is.

(3) It would be useful with an assessment of what controls the authors used to assess whether there are folded domains within their set of IDRs.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This manuscript uses the ESM2 language model to map the evolutionary fitness landscape of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). The central idea is that mutational preferences predicted by these models could be useful in understanding eventual IDR-related behavior, such as disruption of otherwise stable phases. While ESM2-type models have been applied to analyze such mutational effects in folded proteins, they have not been used or verified for studying IDRs. Here, the authors use ESM2 to study membraneless organelle formation and the related fitness landscape of IDRs.

Through this, their key finding in this work is the identification of a subset of amino acids that exhibit mutation resistance. Their findings reveal a strong correlation between ESM2 scores and conservation scores, which if true, could be useful for understanding IDRs in general. Through their ESM2-based calculations, the authors conclude that IDRs crucial for phase separation frequently contain conserved sequence motifs composed of both so-called sticker and spacer residues. The authors note that many such motifs have been experimentally validated as essential for phase separation.

Unfortunately, I do not believe that the results can be trusted. ESM2 has not been validated for IDRs through experiments. The authors themselves point out its little use in that context. In this study, they do not provide any further rationale for why this situation might have changed. Furthermore, they mention that experimental perturbations of the predicted motifs in in vivo studies may further elucidate their functional importance, but none of that is done here. That some of the motifs have been previously validated does not give any credibility to the use of ESM2 here, given that such systems were probably seen during the training of the model.

I believe that the authors should revamp their whole study and come up with a rigorous, scientific protocol where they make predictions and test them using ESM2 (or any other scientific framework).

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This is a very nice and interesting paper to read about motif conservation in protein sequences and mainly in IDRs regions using the ESM2 language model. The topic of the paper is timely, with strong biological significance. The paper can be of great interest to the scientific community in the field of protein phase transitions and future applications using the ESM models. The ability of ESM2 to identify conserved motifs is crucial for disease prediction, as these regions may serve as potential drug targets. Therefore, I find these findings highly significant, and the authors strongly support them throughout the paper. The work motivates the scientific community towards further motif exploration related to diseases.

Strengths:

(1) Revealing conserved regions in IDRs by the ESM-2 language model.

(2) Identification of functionally significant residues within protein sequences, especially in IDRs.

(3) Findings supported by useful analyses.

Weaknesses:

(1) Lack of examples demonstrating the potential biological functions of these conserved regions

(2) Very limited discussion of potential future work and of limitations.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this review, the author covered several aspects of the inflammation response, mainly focusing on the mechanisms controlling leukocyte extravasation and inflammation resolution.

Strengths:

This review is based on an impressive number of sources, trying to comprehensively present a very broad and complex topic.

Weaknesses:

(1) This reviewer feels that, despite the title, this review is quite broad and not centred on the role of the extracellular matrix.

(2) The review will benefit from a stronger focus on the specific roles of matrix components and dynamics, with more informative subheadings.

(3) The macrophage phenotype section doesn't seem well integrated with the rest of the review (and is not linked to the ECM).

(4) Table 1 is difficult to follow. It could be reformatted to facilitate reading and understanding

(5) Figure 2 appears very complex and broad.

(6) Spelling and grammar should be thoroughly checked to improve the readability.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript is a timely and comprehensive review of how the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly the vascular basement membrane, regulates leukocyte extravasation, migration, and downstream immune function. It integrates molecular, mechanical, and spatial aspects of ECM biology in the context of inflammation, drawing from recent advances. The framing of ECM as an active instructor of immune cell fate is a conceptual strength.

Strengths:

(1) Comprehensive synthesis of ECM functions across leukocyte extravasation and post-transmigration activity.

(2) Incorporation of recent high-impact findings alongside classical literature.

(3) Conceptually novel framing of ECM as an active regulator of immune function.

(4) Effective integration of molecular, mechanical, and spatial perspectives.

Weaknesses:

(1) Insufficient narrative linkage between the vascular phase (Sections 2-6) and the in-tissue phase (Sections 7-10).

(2) Underrepresentation of lymphocyte biology despite mention in early sections.

(3) The MIKA macrophage identity framework is only loosely tied to ECM mechanisms.

(4) Limited discussion of translational implications and therapeutic strategies.

(5) Overly dense figure insets and underdeveloped links between ECM carryover and downstream immune phenotypes.

(6) Acronyms and some mechanistic details may limit accessibility for a broader readership.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary & Strengths:

This review by Yu-Tung Li sheds new light on the processes involved in leukocyte extravasation, with a focus on the interaction between leukocytes and the extracellular matrix. In doing so, it presents a fresh perspective on the topic of leukocyte extravasation, which has been extensively covered in numerous excellent reviews. Notably, the role of the extracellular matrix in leukocyte extravasation has received relatively little attention until recently, with a few exceptions, such as a study focusing on the central nervous system (J Inflamm 21, 53 (2024) doi.org/10.1186/s12950-024-00426-6) and another on transmigration hotspots (J Cell Sci (2025) 138 (11): jcs263862 doi.org/10.1242/jcs.263862). This review synthesizes the substantial knowledge accumulated over the past two decades in a novel and compelling manner.

The author dedicates two sections to discussing the relevant barriers, namely, endothelial cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane. The following three paragraphs address how leukocytes interact with and transmigrate through endothelial junctions, the mechanisms supporting extravasation, and how minimal plasma leakage is achieved during this process. The subsequent question of whether the extravasation process affects leukocyte differentiation and properties is original and thought-provoking, having received limited consideration thus far. The consequences of the interaction between leukocytes and the extracellular matrix, particularly regarding efferocytosis, macrophage polarization, and the outcome of inflammation, are explored in the subsequent three chapters. The review concludes by examining tissue-specific states of macrophage identity.

Weaknesses:

Firstly, the first ten sections provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, presenting logical and well-formulated arguments that are easily accessible to a general audience. In stark contrast, the final section (Chapter 11) fails to connect coherently with the preceding review and is nearly incomprehensible without prior knowledge of the author's recent publication in Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS 772 82, 14 (2024). This chapter requires significantly more background information for the general reader, including an introduction to the Macrophage Identity Kinetics Archive (MIKA), which is not even introduced in this review, its basis (meta-analysis of published scRNA-seq data), its significance (identification of major populations), and the reasons behind the revision of the proposed macrophage states and their further development. Secondly, while the attempt to integrate a vast amount of information into fewer figures is commendable, it results in figures that resemble a complex puzzle. The author may consider increasing the number of figures and providing additional, larger "zoom-in" panels, particularly for the topics of clot formation at transmigration hotspots and the interaction between ECM/ECM fragments and integrins. Specifically, the color coding (purple for leukocyte α6-integrins, blue for interacting laminins, also blue for EC α6 integrins, and red for interacting 5-1-1 laminins) is confusing, and the structures are small and difficult to recognize.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

The work used open peer reviews and followed them through a succession of reviews and author revisions. It assessed whether a reviewer had requested the author include additional citations and references to the reviewers' work. It then assessed whether the author had followed these suggestions and what the probability of acceptance was based on the authors decision.

Strengths and weaknesses:

The work's strengths are the in-depth and thorough statistical analysis it contains and the very large dataset it uses. The methods are robust and reported in detail. However, this is also a weakness of the work. Such thorough analysis makes it very hard to read! It's a very interesting paper with some excellent and thought provoking references but it needs to be careful not to overstate the results and improve the readability so it can be disseminated widely. It should also discuss more alternative explanations for the findings and, where possible, dismiss them.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Summary:

This article examines reviewer coercion in the form of requesting citations to the reviewer's own work as a possible trade for acceptance and shows that, under certain conditions, this happens.

Strengths:

The methods are well done and the results support the conclusions that some reviewers "request" self-citations and may be making acceptance decisions based on whether an author fulfills that request.

Weaknesses:

The author needs to be more clear on the fact that, in some instances, requests for self-citations by reviewers is important and valuable.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this article, Barnett examines a pressing question regarding citing behavior of authors during the peer review process. In particular, the author studies the interaction between reviewers and authors, focusing on the odds of acceptance, and how this may be affected by whether or not the authors cited the reviewers' prior work, whether the reviewer requested such citations be added, and whether the authors complied/how that affected the reviewer decision-making.

Strengths:

The author uses a clever analytical design, examining four journals that use the same open peer review system, in which the identities of the authors and reviewers are both available and linkable to structured data. Categorical information about the approval is also available as structured data. This design allows a large scale investigation of this question.

Weaknesses:

My concerns pertain to the interpretability of the data as presented and the overly terse writing style.

Regarding interpretability, it is often unclear what subset of the data are being used both in the prose and figures. For example, the descriptive statistics show many more Version 1 articles than Version 2+. How are the data subset among the different possible methods?

Likewise, the methods indicate that a matching procedure was used comparing two reviewers for the same manuscript in order to control for potential confounds. However, the number of reviews is less than double the number of Version 1 articles, making it unclear which data were used in the final analysis. The methods also state that data were stratified by version. This raises a question about which articles/reviews were included in each of the analyses. I suggest spending more space describing how the data are subset and stratified. This should include any conditional subsetting as in the analysis on the 441 reviews where the reviewer was not cited in Version 1 but requested a citation for Version 2. Each of the figures and tables, as well as statistics provided in the text should provide this information, which would make this paper much more accessible to the reader. [Note from editor: Please see "Editorial feedback" for more on this]

Finally, I would caution against imputing motivations to the reviewers, despite the important findings provided here. This is because the data as presented suggest a more nuanced interpretation is warranted. First, the author observes similar patterns of accept/reject decisions whether the suggested citation is a citation to the reviewer or not (Figs 3 and 4). Second, much of the observed reviewer behavior disappears or has much lower effect sizes depending on whether "Accept with Reservations" is considered an Accept or a Reject. This is acknowledged in the results text, but largely left out of the discussion. The conditional analysis on the 441 reviews mentioned above does support a more cautious version of the conclusion drawn here, especially when considered alongside the specific comments left by reviewers that were mentioned in the results and information in Table S.3. However, I recommend toning the language down to match the strength of the data.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

Summary:

This work investigates whether a citation to a referee made by a paper is associated with a more positive evaluation by that referee for that paper. It provides evidence supporting this hypothesis. The work also investigates the role of self citations by referees where the referee would ask authors to cite the referee's paper.

Strengths:

This is an important problem: referees for scientific papers must provide their impartial opinions rooted in core scientific principles. Any undue influence due to the role of citations breaks this requirement. This work studies the possible presence and extent of this.

Barring a few issues discussed below, the methods are solid and well done. The work uses a matched pair design which controls for article-level confounding and further investigates robustness to other potential confounds.

It is surprising that even in these investigated journals where referee names are public, there is prevalence of such citation-related behaviors.

Weaknesses:

Some overall claims are questionable:

"Reviewers who were cited were more likely to approve the article, but only after version 1" It also appears that referees who were cited were less likely to approve the article in version 1. This null or slightly negative effect undermines the broad claim of citations swaying referees. The paper highlights only the positive results while not including the absence (and even reversal) of the effect in version 1 in its narrative.

"To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analysis to use a matched design when examining reviewer citations" Does not appear to be a valid claim based on the literature reference [18]

It will be useful to have a control group in the analysis associated to Figure 5 where the control group comprises matched reviews that did not ask for a self citation. This will help demarcate words associated with approval under self citation (as compared to when there is no self citation). The current narrative appears to suggest an association of the use of these words with self citations but without any control.

More discussion on the recommendations will help: For the suggestion that "the reviewers initially see a version of the article with all references blinded and no reference list" the paper says "this involves more administrative work and demands more from peer reviewers". I am afraid this can also degrade the quality of peer review, given that the research cannot be contextualized properly by referees. Referees may not revert back to all their thoughts and evaluations when references are released afterwards.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This study presents an exploration of PPGL tumour bulk transcriptomics and identifies three clusters of samples (labeled as subtypes C1-C3). Each subtype is then investigated for the presence of somatic mutations, metabolism-associated pathways and inflammation correlates, and disease progression.

The proposed subtype descriptions are presented as an exploratory study. The proposed potential biomarkers from this subtype are suitably caveated, and will require further validation in PPGL cohorts together with a mechanistic study.

The first section uses WGCNA (a method to identify clusters of samples based on gene expression correlations) to discover three transcriptome-based clusters of PPGL tumours.

The second section inspects a previously published snRNAseq dataset, and labels some of the published cells as subtypes C1, C2, C3 (Methods could be clarified here), among other cells labelled as immune cell types. Further details about how the previously reported single-nuclei were assigned to the newly described subtypes C1-C3 require clarification.

The tumour samples are obtained from multiple locations in the body (Figure 1A). It will be important to see further investigation of how the sample origin is distributed among the C1-C3 clusters, and whether there is a sample-origin association with mutational drivers and disease progression.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

A study that furthers the molecular definition of PPGL (where prognosis is variable) and provides a wide range of sub-experiments to back up the findings. One of the key premises of the study is that identification of driver mutations in PPGL is incomplete and that compromises characterisation for prognostic purposes. This is a reasonable starting point on which to base some characterisation based on different methods.

Strengths:

The cohort is a reasonable size, and a useful validation cohort in the form of TCGA is used. Whilst it would be resource-intensive (though plausible given the rarity of the tumour type) to perform RNAseq on all PPGL samples in clinical practice, some potential proxies are proposed.

Weaknesses:

The performance of some of the proxy markers for transcriptional subtype is not presented.

There is limited prognostic information available.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The manuscript by Zhang et al describes the use of a protein language model (pLM) to analyse disordered regions in proteins, with a focus on those that may be important in biological phase separation. This is an interesting study that supports, complements and extends previous related analyses on the conservation and mutational tolerance of disordered regions, with a particular focus on disordered regions in proteins that are found in condensates.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This manuscript uses the ESM2 language model to map the evolutionary fitness landscape of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). The central idea is that mutational preferences predicted by these models could be useful in understanding eventual IDR-related behavior, such as disruption of otherwise stable phases. While ESM2-type models have been applied to analyze such mutational effects in folded proteins, they have not been used or verified for studying IDRs. Here, the authors use ESM2 to study membraneless organelle formation and the related fitness landscape of IDRs.

Through this, their key finding in this work is the identification of a subset of amino acids that exhibit mutation resistance. Their findings reveal a strong correlation between ESM2 scores and conservation scores, which if true, could be useful for understanding IDRs in general. Through their ESM2-based calculations, the authors conclude that IDRs crucial for phase separation frequently contain conserved sequence motifs composed of both so-called sticker and spacer residues. The authors note that many such motifs have been experimentally validated as essential for phase separation.

Comments on revisions:

Unfortunately my concerns about lack of theoretical grounding and validation (especially critical in lack of theoretical grounding) persist. The argument about correlation between ESM2 scores and MSA conservation is circular. Protein language models already encode residue‑level conservation, so agreement with conservation does not establish new predictive power. For IDRs, conservation is a poor surrogate for function because many functions are mediated by short, degenerate SLiMs that are frequently gained and lost. Sequence‑only predictions therefore need orthogonal (preferably experimental or at the least in silico) tests. Finally, without a family‑level holdout (e.g., cluster de‑duplication at low identity) and prospective tests, overlap with known motifs cannot rule out training‑data memorization/near‑duplicates.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this descriptive study, Tateishi et al. report a Tn-seq based analysis of genetic requirements for growth and fitness in 8 clinical strains of Mycobacterium intracellulare Mi), and compare the findings with a type strain ATCC13950. The study finds a core set of 131 genes that are essential in all nine strains, and therefore are reasonably argued as potential drug targets. Multiple other genes required for fitness in clinical isolates have been found to be important for hypoxic growth in the type strain.

Strengths:

The study has generated a large volume of Tn-seq datasets of multiple clinical strains of Mi from multiple growth conditions, including from mouse lungs. The dataset can serve as an important resource for future studies on Mi, which despite being clinically significant remains a relatively understudied species of mycobacteria.

Weaknesses:

The primary claim of the study that the clinical strains are better adapted for hypoxic growth is yet to be comprehensively investigated. However, this reviewer thinks such an investigation would require a complex experimental design and perhaps forms an independent study.

Reviewer #4 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study Tateishi et al. used TnSeq to identify 131 shared essential or growth defect-associated genes in eight clinical MAC-PD isolates and the type strain ATCC13950 of Mycobacterium intracellulare which are proposed as potential drug targets. Genes involved in gluconeogenesis and the type VII secretion system which are required for hypoxic pellicle-type biofilm formation in ATCC13950 also showed increased requirement in clinical strains under standard growth conditions. These findings were further confirmed in a mouse lung infection model.

Strengths:

This study has conducted TnSeq experiments in reference and 8 different clinical isolates of M. intracellulare thus producing large number of datasets which itself is a rare accomplishment and will greatly benefit the research community.

Weaknesses:

(1) A comparative growth study of pure and mixed cultures of clinical and reference strains under hypoxia will be helpful in supporting the claim that clinical strains adapt better to such conditions. This should be mentioned as future directions in the discussion section along with testing the phenotype of individual knockout strains.<br /> (2) Authors should provide the quantitative value of read counts for classifying a gene as "essential" or "non-essential" or "growth-defect" or "growth-advantage". Merely mentioning "no insertions in all or most of their TA sites" or "unusually low read counts" or "unusually high low read counts" is not clear.<br /> (3) One of the major limitations of this study is the lack of validation of TnSeq results with individual gene knockouts. Authors should mention this in the discussion section.

Reviewer #5 (Public review):

Summary:

In the research article, "Functional genomics reveals strain-specific genetic requirements conferring hypoxic growth in Mycobacterium intracellulare" Tateshi et al focussed their research on pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex which has recently become a major health concern. The authors were interested in identifying the genetic requirements necessary for growth/survival within host and used hypoxia and biofilm conditions that partly replicate some of the stress conditions experienced by bacteria in vivo. An important finding of this analysis was the observation that genes involved in gluconeogenesis, type VII secretion system and cysteine desulphurase were crucial for the clinical isolates during standard culture while the same were necessary during hypoxia in the ATCC type strain.

Strength of the study:

Transposon mutagenesis has been a powerful genetic tool to identify essential genes/pathways necessary for bacteria under various in vitro stress conditions and for in vivo survival. The authors extended the TnSeq methodology not only to the ATCC strain but also to the recently clinical isolates to identify the differences between the two categories of bacterial strains. Using this approach they dissected the similarities and differences in the genetic requirement for bacterial survival between ATCC type strains and clinical isolates. They observed that the clinical strains performed much better in terms of growth during hypoxia than the type strain. These in vitro findings were further extended to mouse infection models and similar outcomes were observed in vivo further emphasising the relevance of hypoxic adaptation crucial for the clinical strains which could be explored as potential drug targets.

Weakness:

The authors have performed extensive TnSeq analysis but fail to present the data coherently. The data could have been well presented both in Figures and text. In my view this is one of the major weakness of the study.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The present study evaluates the role of visual experience in shaping functional correlations between human extrastriate visual cortex and frontal regions. The authors used fMRI to assess "resting-state" temporal correlations in three groups: sighted adults, congenitally blind adults, and neonates. Previous research has already demonstrated differences in functional correlations between visual and frontal regions in sighted compared to early blind individuals. The novel contribution of the current study lies in the inclusion of an infant dataset, which allows for an assessment of the developmental origins of these differences.

The main results of the study reveal that correlations between prefrontal and visual regions are more prominent in the blind and infant groups, with the blind group exhibiting greater lateralization. Conversely, correlations between visual and somato-motor cortices are more prominent in sighted adults. Based on these data, the authors conclude that visual experience plays an instructive role in shaping these cortical networks. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of visual experience on the development of functional connectivity in the brain.

Strengths:

The dissociations in functional correlations observed among the sighted adult, congenitally blind, and neonate groups provide strong support for the main conclusion regarding postnatal experience-driven shaping of visual-frontal connectivity.

The inclusion of neonates offers a unique and valuable developmental anchor for interpreting divergence between blind and sighted adults. This is a major advance over prior studies limited to adult comparisons.

Convergence with prior findings in the blind and sighted adult groups reinforces the reliability and external validity of the present results.

The split-half reliability analysis in the infant data increases confidence in the robustness of the reported group differences.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript risks overstating a mechanistic distinction between sighted and blind development by framing visual experience as "instructive" and blindness as "reorganizing." Similarly, the binary framing of visual experience and blindness as independent may oversimplify shared plasticity mechanisms.

The interpretation of changes in temporal correlations as altered neural communication does not adequately consider how shifts in shared variance across networks may influence these measures without reflecting true biological reorganization.

The discussion does not substantively engage with the longstanding debate over whether sensory experience plays an instructive or permissive role in cortical development.

The relationship between resting-state and task-based findings in blindness remains unclear.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Tian et al. explore the developmental origins of cortical reorganization in blindness. Previous work has found that a set of regions in the occipital cortex show different functional responses and patterns of functional correlations in blind vs. sighted adults. Here, Tian et al. explore how this organization arises over development. Is the "starting state" more like the blind pattern, or more like the adult pattern? Their analyses reveal that the answer depends on the particular networks investigated. Some functional connections in infants look more like blind than sighted adults; other functional connections look more like sighted than blind adults; and others fall somewhere in the middle, or show an altogether different pattern in infants compared with both sighted and blind adults.

Strengths:

The paper addresses very important questions about the starting state in the developing visual cortex, and how cortical networks are shaped by experience. Another clear strength lies in the unequivocal nature of many results. Many results have very large effect sizes, critical interactions between regions and groups are tested and found, and infant analyses are replicated in split halves of the data.

Weaknesses:

While potential roles of experience (e.g., visual, cross-modal) are discussed in detail, little consideration is given to the role of experience-independent maturation. The infants scanned are extremely young, only 2 weeks old. It is possible then that the sighted adult pattern may still emerge later in infancy or childhood, regardless of infant visual experience. If so, the blind adult pattern may depend on blindness-related experience only (which may or may not reflect "visual" experience per se). In short, it is not clear that birth, or the first couple weeks of life, are a clear cut "starting point" for development, after which all change can be attributed to experience.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary

This study aimed to investigate whether the differences observed in the organization of visual brain networks between blind and sighted adults result from a reorganization of an early functional architecture due to blindness, or whether the early architecture is immature at birth and requires visual experience to develop functional connections. This question was investigated through the comparison of 3 groups of subjects with resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). Based on convincing analyses, the study suggests that: 1) secondary visual cortices showed higher connectivity to prefrontal cortical regions (PFC) than to non-visual sensory areas (S1/M1 and A1) in infants like in blind adults, in contrast to sighted adults; 2) the V1 connectivity pattern of infants lies between that of sighted adults (showing stronger functional connectivity with non-visual sensory areas than with PFC) and that of blind adults (showing stronger functional connectivity with PFC than with non-visual sensory areas); 3) the laterality of the connectivity patterns of infants resembled those of sighted adults more than those of blind adults, but infants showed a less differentiated fronto-occipital connectivity pattern than adults.

Strengths

The question investigated in this article is important for understanding the mechanisms of plasticity during typical and impaired development, and the approach considered, which compares different groups of subjects including, neonates/infants and blind adults, is highly original.

Overall, the presented analyses are solid and well detailed, and the results and discussion are convincing.

Weaknesses

While it is informative to compare the "initial" state (close to birth) and the "final" states in blind and sighted adults to study the impact of post-natal and visual experience, this study does not analyze the chronology of this development and when the specialization of functional connections is completed. This would require investigating the evolution of functional connectivity of the visual system as a function of visual experience and thus as a function of age, at least during toddlerhood given the early and intense maturation of the visual system after birth. This could be achieved by analyzing different developmental periods using open databases such as the Baby Connectome Project.

The rationale for grouping full-term neonates and preterm infants (scanned at term-equivalent age) is not understandable when seeking to perform comparisons with adults. Even if the study results do not show differences between full-terms and preterms in terms of functional connectivity differences between regions and of connectivity patterns, preterms group had different neurodevelopment and post-natal (including visual) experiences (even a few weeks might have an impact). And actually they show reduced connectivity strength systematically for all regions compared with full-terms (Sup Fig 7). Considering a more homogeneous group of neonates would have strengthen the study design.

The rationale for presenting results on the connectivity of secondary visual cortices before the one of primary cortices (V1) could be clarified.

The authors acknowledge the methodological difficulties for defining regions of interest (ROIs) in infants in a similar way as adults. Since the brain development is not homogeneous and synchronous across brain regions (in particular with the frontal and parietal lobes showing a delayed growth), this poses major problems for registration. This raises the question of whether the study findings could be biased by differences in ROI positioning across groups.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The work by Fisher et al describes the role of novel RSPO mimetics in the activation of WNT signaling and hepatocyte regeneration. However, the results of the experiments and weaknesses of the methods used do not support the conclusions of the authors that the new therapy can promote liver regeneration in alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis.

Strengths:

Similarly to its precursor, aASGR1-RSPO2-RA-IgG, SZN-043 can upregulate Wnt target genes and promote hepatocyte proliferation in the liver.

Comments on revisions:

The authors responded to all my comments and concerns.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The study by Fisher et al investigates therpauetic role for SZN-043, a hepatocyte-targeted R-spondin mimetic, for its potential role in restoring Wnt signaling and promoting liver-regeneration in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Using multiple preclinical models, the compound was shown to promote hepatocyte proliferation and reduce fibrosis. This study highlights the efficacy in promoting liver regeneration while maintaining controlled signaling. Limitations include a need for further exploration of off-target effects and fibrosis mechanisms. The findings support SZN-043 as a promising candidate for ALD therapy, warranting further clinical evaluation. This is a well deigned study with thorough investigation using multiple disease models.

Strengths:

(1) Well-written manuscript with clear design, robust methods, and discussion.

(2) Using multiple models strengthens the findings and expands beyond ALD.

(3) Identification of SZN-043 as a novel potent drug for liver regeneration.

Joint Public Review:

This study employs single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate how electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation alters the transcriptional profiles of central nervous system cell types following blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening. The authors seek to characterize changes in gene expression and pathway activities across diverse neural cells in response to electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation using high-resolution transcriptomics. This approach has the potential to elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying EA stimulation and their implications for therapeutic intervention. The work engages with a timely and biologically significant question regarding noninvasive stimulation methods to manipulate BBB permeability. However, no in vivo/in vitro functional assays are provided to validate the changes in BBB permeability or cytokine release in the tested models. The experimental rationale remains inadequately explained, and key details regarding the magnitude, duration, and spatial distribution of BBB opening in this system are still lacking.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors analyzed the expression of ATAD2 protein in post-meiotic stages and characterized the localization of various testis-specific proteins in the testis of the Atad2 knockout (KO). By cytological analysis as well as the ATAC sequencing, the study showed that increased levels of HIRA histone chaperone, accumulation of histone H3.3 on post-meiotic nuclei, defective chromatin accessibility and also delayed deposition of protamines. Sperm from the Atad2 KO mice reduces the success of in vitro fertilization. The work was performed well, and most of the results are convincing. However, this manuscript does not suggest a molecular mechanism for how ATAD2 promotes the formation of testis-specific chromatin.

Strengths:

The paper describes the role of ATAD2 AAA+ ATPase in the proper localization of sperm-specific chromatin proteins such as protamine, suggesting the importance of the DNA replication-independent histone exchanges with the HIRA-histone H3.3 axis.

Weaknesses:

(1) Some results lack quantification.

(2) The work was performed well, and most of the results are convincing. However, this manuscript does not suggest a molecular mechanism for how ATAD2 promotes the formation of testis-specific chromatin.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Liakopoulou et al. presents a comprehensive investigation into the role of ATAD2 in regulating chromatin dynamics during spermatogenesis. The authors elegantly demonstrate that ATAD2, via its control of histone chaperone HIRA turnover, ensures proper H3.3 localization, chromatin accessibility, and histone-to-protamine transition in post-meiotic male germ cells. Using a new well-characterized Atad2 KO mouse model, they show that ATAD2 deficiency disrupts HIRA dynamics, leading to aberrant H3.3 deposition, impaired transcriptional regulation, delayed protamine assembly, and defective sperm genome compaction. The study bridges ATAD2's conserved functions in embryonic stem cells and cancer to spermatogenesis, revealing a novel layer of epigenetic regulation critical for male fertility.

Strengths:

The MS first demonstration of ATAD2's essential role in spermatogenesis, linking its expression in haploid spermatids to histone chaperone regulation by connecting ATAD2-dependent chromatin dynamics to gene accessibility (ATAC-seq), H3.3-mediated transcription, and histone eviction. Interestingly and surprisingly, sperm chromatin defects in Atad2 KO mice impair only in vitro fertilization but not natural fertility, suggesting unknown compensatory mechanisms in vivo.

Weaknesses: The MS is robust and there are not big weaknesses

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors generated knockout mice for Atad2, a conserved bromodomain-containing factor expressed during spermatogenesis. In Atad2 KO mice, HIRA, a chaperone for histone variant H3.3, was upregulated in round spermatids, accompanied by an apparent increase in H3.3 levels. Furthermore, the sequential incorporation and removal of TH2B and PRM1 during spermiogenesis were partially disrupted in the absence of ATAD2, possibly due to delayed histone removal. Despite these abnormalities, Atad2 KO male mice were able to produce offspring normally.

Strengths:

The manuscript addresses the biological role of ATAD2 in spermatogenesis using a knockout mouse model, providing a valuable in vivo framework to study chromatin regulation during male germ cell development. The observed redistribution of H3.3 in round spermatids is clearly presented and suggests a previously unappreciated role of ATAD2 in histone variant dynamics. The authors also document defects in the sequential incorporation and removal of TH2B and PRM1 during spermiogenesis, providing phenotypic insight into chromatin transitions in late spermatogenic stages. Overall, the study presents a solid foundation for further mechanistic investigation into ATAD2 function.

Weaknesses:

While the manuscript reports the gross phenotype of Atad2 KO mice, the findings remain largely superficial and do not convincingly demonstrate how ATAD2 deficiency affects chromatin dynamics. Moreover, the phenotype appears too mild to elucidate the functional significance of ATAD2 during spermatogenesis.

(1) Figures 4-5: The analyses of differential gene expression and chromatin organization should be more comprehensive. First, Venn diagrams comparing the sets of significantly differentially expressed genes between this study and previous work should be shown for each developmental stage. Second, given the established role of H3.3 in MSCI, the effect of Atad2 knockout on sex chromosome gene expression should be analyzed. Third, integrated analysis of RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data is needed to evaluate how ATAD2 loss affects gene expression. Finally, H3.3 ChIP-seq should be performed to directly assess changes in H3.3 distribution following Atad2 knockout.

(2) Figure 3: The altered distribution of H3.3 is compelling. This raises the possibility that histone marks associated with H3.3 may also be affected, although this has not been investigated. It would therefore be important to examine the distribution of histone modifications typically associated with H3.3. If any alterations are observed, ChIP-seq analyses should be performed to explore them further.

(3) Figure 7: While the authors suggest that pre-PRM2 processing is impaired in Atad2 KO, no direct evidence is provided. It is essential to conduct acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (AU-PAGE) followed by western blotting, or a comparable experiment, to substantiate this claim.

(4) HIRA and ATAD2: Does the upregulation of HIRA fully account for the phenotypes observed in Atad2 KO? If so, would overexpression of HIRA alone be sufficient to phenocopy the Atad2 KO phenotype? Alternatively, would partial reduction of HIRA (e.g., through heterozygous deletion) in the Atad2 KO background be sufficient to rescue the phenotype?

(5) The mechanism by which ATAD2 regulates HIRA turnover on chromatin and the deposition of H3.3 remains unclear from the manuscript and warrants further investigation.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Desveaux et al. describe human mAbs targeting protein from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa T3SS, discovered by employing single cell B cell sorting from cystic fibrosis patients. The mAbs were directed at the proteins PscF and PcrV. They particularly focused on two mAbs binding the T3SS with the potential of blocking activity. The supplemented biochemical analysis was crystal structures of P3D6 Fab complex. They also compared the blocking activity with mAbs that were described in previous studies, using an assay that evaluated the toxin injection. They conducted mechanistic structure analysis and found that these mAbs might act through different mechanisms by preventing PcrV oligomerization and disrupting PcrVs scaffolding function.

The antibiotic resistance crisis requires the development of new solutions to treat infections cause by MDR bacteria. The development of antibacterial mAbs holds great potential. In that context, this report is important as it paves the way for the development of additional mAbs targeting various pathogens that harbor the T3SS. In this report the authors present a comparative study of their discovered mAbs vs. a commercial mAb currently in clinical testing resulting in valuate data with applicative implications. The authors investigated the mechanism of action of the mAbs using advanced methods and assays for characterization of antibody and antigen interaction, underlining the effort to determine the discovered mAbs suitability for downstream application.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Desveaux et al. performed Elisa and translocation assays to identify among 34 cystic fibrosis patients which ones produced antibodies against P. aeruginosa type three secretion system (T3SS). Authors were especially interested in antibodies against PcrV and PcsF, two key components of the T3SS. The authors leveraged their binding assays and flow cytometry to isolate individual B cells from the two most promising sera, and then obtained monoclonal antibodies for the proteins of interest. Among the tested monoclonal antibodies, P3D6 and P5B3 emerged as the best candidates due to their inhibitory effect on the ExoS-Bla translocation marker (with 24% and 94% inhibition, respectively). The authors then showed that P5B3 binds to the five most common variants of PcrV, while P3D6 seems to recognize only one variant. Furthermore, the authors showed that P3D6 inhibits translocon formation, measured as cell death of J774 macrophages. To get insights into the P3D6-PcrV interaction, the authors defined the crystal structure of the P3D6-PcrV complex. Finally, the authors compared their new antibodies with two previous ones (i.e., MEDI3902 and 30-B8).

Strengths:

• Article is well written.

• Authors used complementary assays to evaluate protective effect of candidate monoclonal antibodies.

• Authors offered crystal structure with insights into the P3D6 antibody-T3SS interaction (e.g., interactions with monomer vs pentamers).

• Authors put their results in context by comparing their antibodies with respect to previous ones.

Weaknesses:

• Results shown in Fig. 6 should be initially described in the Results section and not in the Discussion section.

• The authors should describe, in the Discussion (and also in L146-147), in more detail the gained insights into how anti-PcrV antibodies work. This is especially important given previous reports of more potent antibodies (e.g., Simonis et al.) that significantly reduces the novelty of their work. Hence, authors could explicitly highlight how their study differentiate from previous work, and what unique insights were gained (in the current version is not completely obvious).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors investigated the elasticity of controllability by developing a task that manipulates the probability of achieving a goal with a baseline investment (which they refer to as inelastic controllability) and the probability that additional investment would increase the probability of achieving a goal (which they refer to as elastic controllability). They found that a computational model representing the controllability and elasticity of the environment accounted better for the data than a model representing only the controllability. They also found that prior biases about the controllability and elasticity of the environment was associated with a composite psychopathology score. The authors conclude that elasticity inference and bias guide resource allocation.

Strengths:

This research takes a novel theoretical and methodological approach to understanding how people estimate the level of control they have over their environment, and how they adjust their actions accordingly. The task is innovative and both it and the findings are well-described (with excellent visuals). They also offer thorough validation for the particular model they develop. The research has the potential to theoretically inform understanding of control across domains, which is a topic of great importance.

Weaknesses:

In its revised form, the manuscript addresses most of my previous concerns. The main remaining weakness pertains to the analyses aimed at addressing my suggesting of Bayesian updating as an alternative to the model proposed by the authors. My suggestion was to assume that people perform a form of function approximation to relate resource expenditure to success probability. The authors performed a version of this where people were weighing evidence for a few canonical functions (flat, step, linear), and found that this model underperforms theirs. However, this Bayesian model is quite constrained in its ability to estimate the function relating resources. A more robust test would be to assume a more flexible form of updating that is able to capture a wide range of distributions (e.g., using basis functions, gaussian processes, or nonparametric estimators); see, e.g., work by Griffiths on human function learning). The benefit of testing this type of model is that it would make contact with a known form of inference that individuals engage in across various settings, and therefore could offer a more parsimonious and generalizable account of function learning, whereby learning of resource elasticity is a special case. I defer to the authors as to whether they'd like to pursue this direction, but if not I think it's still important that they acknowledge that they are unable to rule out a more general process like this as an alternative to their model. This also pertains to inferences about individual differences, which currently hinge on their preferred model being the most parsimonious.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this paper, the authors test whether controllability beliefs and associated actions/resource allocation are modulated by things like time, effort, and monetary costs (what they call "elastic" as opposed to "inelastic" controllability). Using a novel behavioral task and computational modeling, they find that participants do indeed modulate their resources depending on whether they are in an "elastic," "inelastic," or "low controllability" environment. The authors also find evidence that psychopathology is related to specific biases in controllability.

Strengths:

This research investigates how people might value different factors that contribute to controllability in a creative and thorough way. The authors use computational modeling to try to dissociate "elasticity" from "overall controllability," and find some differential associations with psychopathology. This was a convincing justification for using modeling above and beyond behavioral output, and yielded interesting results. Notably, the authors conclude that these findings suggest that biased elasticity could distort agency beliefs via maladaptive resource allocation. Overall, this paper reveals important findings about how people consider components of controllability.

Weaknesses:

The authors have gone to great lengths to revise the manuscript to clarify their definitions of "elastic" and "inelastic" and bolster evidence for their computational model, resulting in an overall strong manuscript that is valuable for elucidating controllability dynamics and preferences. One minor weakness is that the justification for the analysis technique for the relationships between the model parameters and the psychopathology measures remains lacking given the fact that simple correlational analyses did not reveal any significant associations nor were there results of any regression analyses. That said, the authors did preregister the CCA analysis, so while perhaps not the best method, it was justified to complete it. Regardless of method, the psychopathology results are not particularly convincing, but provide an interesting jumping-off point for further exploration in future work.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

A bias in how people infer the amount of control they have over their environment is widely believed to be a key component of several mental illnesses including depression, anxiety, and addiction. Accordingly, this bias has been a major focus in computational models of those disorders. However, all of these models treat control as a unidimensional property, roughly, how strongly outcomes depend on action. This paper proposes---correctly, I think---that the intuitive notion of "control" captures multiple dimensions in the relationship between action and outcome. In particular, the authors identify one key dimension: the degree to which outcome depends on how much *effort* we exert, calling this dimension the "elasticity of control". They additionally argue that this dimension (rather than the more holistic notion of controllability) may be specifically impaired in certain types of psychopathology. This idea has the potential to change how we think about several major mental disorders in a substantial way, and can additionally help us better understand how healthy people navigate challenging decision-making problems. More concisely, it is a *very good idea*.

The more concrete contributions, however, are not as strong. In particular, evidence for the paper's most striking claims is weak. Quoting the abstract, these claims are (1) "the elasticity of control [is] a distinct cognitive construct guiding adaptive behavior" and (2) "overestimation of elasticity is associated with elevated psychopathology involving an impaired sense of control."

Main issues

I'll highlight the key points.

- The task cannot distinguish elasticity inference from general learning processes

- Participants were explicitly instructed about elasticity, with labeled examples

- The psychopathology claims rely on an invalid interpretation of CCA, and are contradicted by simple correlations (elasticity bias and the sense of agency scale is r=0.03)

Distinct construct

Starting with claim 1, there are three subclaims here. (1A) People's behavior is sensitive to differences in elasticity; (1B) there are mental processes specific to elasticity inference, i.e., not falling out of general learning mechanisms; and, implicitly, (1C) people infer elasticity naturally as they go about their daily lives. The results clearly support 1A. However, 1B and 1C are not well supported.

(1B) The data cannot support the "distinct cognitive construct" claim because the task is too simple to dissociate elasticity inference from more general learning processes (also raised by Reviewer 1). The key behavioral signature for elasticity inference (vs. generic controllability inference) is the transfer across ticket numbers, illustrated in Fig 4. However, this pattern is also predicted by a standard Bayesian learner equipped with an intuitive causal model of the task. Each ticket gives you another chance to board and the agent infers the probability that each attempt succeeds. Crucially, this logic is not at all specific to elasticity or even control. An identical model could be applied to inferring the bias of a coin from observations of whether any of N tosses were heads-a task that is formally identical to this one (at least, the intuitive model of the task; see first minor comment).

Importantly, this point cannot be addressed by showing that the author's model fits data better than this or any other specific Bayesian model. It is not a question of whether one particular updating rule explains data better than another. Rather, it is a question of whether the task can distinguish between biases in *elasticity* inference versus biases in probabilistic inference more generally. The present task cannot make this distinction because it does not make separate measurements of the two types of inference. To provide compelling evidence that elasticity inference is a "distinct cognitive construct", one would need to show that there are reliable individual differences in elasticity inference that generalize across contexts but do not generalize to computationally similar types of probabilistic inference (e.g. the coin flipping example).

(1C) The implicit claim that people infer elasticity outside of the experimental task is undermined by the experimental design. The authors explicitly tell people about the two notions of control as part of the training phase: "To reinforce participants' understanding of how elasticity and controllability were manifested in each planet, [participants] were informed of the planet type they had visited after every 15 trips."

In the revisions, the authors seem to go back and forth on whether they are claiming that people infer elasticity without instruction (I won't quote it here). I'll just note that the examples they provide in the most recent rebuttal are all cases in which one never receives explicit labels about elasticity. If people only infer elasticity when it is explicitly labeled, I struggle to see its relevance for understanding human cognition and behavior.

Psychopathology

Finally, I turn to claim 2, that "overestimation of elasticity is associated with elevated psychopathology involving an impaired sense of control." The CCA analysis is in principle unable to support this claim. As the authors correctly note in their latest rebuttal, the CCA does show that "there is a relationship between psychopathology traits and task parameters". The lesion analysis further shows that "elasticity bias specifically contributes to this relationship" (and similarly for the Sense of Agency scale). Crucially, however, this does *not* imply that there is a relationship between those two variables. The most direct test of that relationship is the simple correlation, which the authors report only in a supplemental figure: there is no relationship (r=0.03). Although it is of course possible that there is a relationship that is obscured by confounding variables, the paper provides no evidence-statistical or otherwise-that such a relationship exists.

Minor comments

The statistical structure of the task is inconsistent with the framing. In the framing, participants can make either one or two second boarding attempts (jumps) by purchasing extra tickets. The additional attempt(s) will thus succeed with probability p for one ticket and 2p - p^2 for two tickets; the p^2 captures the fact that you only take the second attempt if you fail on the first. A consequence of this is buying more tickets has diminishing returns. In contrast, in the task, participants always jumped twice after purchasing two tickets, and the probability of success with two tickets was exactly double that with one ticket. Thus, if participants are applying an intuitive causal model to the task, the researcher could infer "biases" in elasticity inference that are probably better characterized as effective use of prior information (encoded in the causal model).

The model is heuristically defined and does not reflect Bayesian updating. For example, it over-estimates maximum control by not using losses with less than 3 tickets (intuitively, the inference here depends on what your beliefs about elasticity). Including forced three-ticket trials at the beginning of each round makes this less of an issue; but if you want to remove those trials, you might need to adjust the model. The need to introduce the modified model with kappa is likely another symptom of the heuristic nature of the model updating equations.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study addresses the important question of how top-down cognitive processes affect tactile perception in autism - specifically, in the Fmr1-/y genetic mouse model of autism. Using a 2AFC tactile task in behaving mice, the study investigated multiple aspects of perceptual processing, including perceptual learning, stimulus categorization and discrimination, as well as the influence of prior experience and attention.

Strengths:

The experiments seem well performed, with interesting results. Thus, this study can/will advance our understanding of atypical tactile perception and its relation to cognitive factors in autism.

Weaknesses:

Certain aspects of the analyses (and therefore the results) are unclear, which makes the manuscript difficult to understand. Clearer presentation, with the addition of more standard psychometric analyses, and/or other useful models (like logistic regression) would improve this aspect. The use of d' needs better explanation, both in terms of how and why these analyses are appropriate (and perhaps it should be applied for more specific needs rather than as a ubiquitous measure).

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript presents a tactile categorization task in head-fixed mice to test whether Fmr1 knockout mice display differences in vibrotactile discrimination using the forepaw. Tactile discrimination differences have been previously observed in humans with Fragile X Syndrome, autistic individuals, as well as mice with loss of Fmr1 across multiple studies. The authors show that during training, Fmr1 mutant mice display subtle deficits in perceptual learning of "low salience" stimuli, but not "high salience" stimuli, during the task. Following training, Fmr1 mutant mice displayed an enhanced tactile sensitivity under low-salience conditions but not high-salience stimulus conditions. The authors suggest that, under 'high cognitive load' conditions, Fmr1 mutant mouse performance during the lowest indentation stimuli presentations was affected, proposing an interplay of sensory and cognitive system disruptions that dynamically affect behavioral performance during the task.

Strengths:

The study employs a well-controlled vibrotactile discrimination task for head-fixed mice, which could serve as a platform for future mechanistic investigations. By examining performance across both training stages and stimulus "salience/difficulty" levels, the study provides a more nuanced view of how tactile processing deficits may emerge under different cognitive and sensory demands.

Weaknesses:

The study is primarily descriptive. The authors collect behavioral data and fit simple psychometric functions, but provide no neural recordings, causal manipulations, or computational modeling. Without mechanistic evidence, the conclusions remain speculative. Second, the authors repeatedly make strong claims about "categorical priors," "attention deficits," and "choice biases," but these constructs are inferred indirectly from secondary behavioral measures. Many of the effects are based on non-significant trends, and alternative explanations (such as differences in motivation, fatigue, satiety, stereotyped licking, and/or reward valuation) are not considered. Third, the mapping of the behavioral results onto high-level cognitive constructs is tenuous and overstated. The authors' interpretations suggest that they directly tested cognitive theories such as Load Theory, Adaptive Resonance Theory, or Weak Central Coherence. However, the experiments do not manipulate or measure variables that would allow such theories to be tested. More specific comments are included below.

(1) The authors employ a two-choice behavioral task to assess forepaw tactile sensitivity in Fmr1 knockout mice. The data provide an interesting behavioral observation, but it is a descriptive study. Without mechanistic experiments, it is difficult to draw any conclusions, especially regarding top-down or bottom-up pathway dysfunctions. While the task design is elegant, the data remain correlational and do not advance our mechanistic understanding of Fmr1-related sensory and/or cognitive alterations.

(2) The conclusions hinge on speculative inferences about "reduced top-down categorization influence" or "choice consistency bias," but no neural, circuit-level, or causal manipulations (e.g., optogenetics, pharmacology, targeted lesions, modeling) are used to support these claims. Without mechanistic data, the translational impact is limited.

(3) Statistical analysis:

(a) Several central claims are based on "trends" rather than statistically significant effects (e.g., reduced task sensitivity, reduced across-category facilitation). Building major interpretive arguments on non-significant findings undermines confidence in the conclusions.

(b) The n number for both genotypes should be increased. In several experiments (e.g., Figure 1D, 2E), one animal appears to be an outlier. Considering the subtle differences between genotypes, such an outlier could affect the statistical results and subsequent interpretations.

(c) The large number of comparisons across salience levels, categories, and trial histories raises concern for false positives. The manuscript does not clearly state how multiple comparisons were controlled.

(d) The data in Figure 5, shown as separate panels per indentation value, are analyzed separately as t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests. However, individual comparisons are inappropriate for this type of data, as these are repeated stimulus applications across a given session. The data should be analyzed together and post-hoc comparisons reported. Given the very subtle difference in miss rates across control and mutant mice for 'low-salience' stimulus trials, this is unlikely to be a statistically meaningful difference when analyzed using a more appropriate test.

(4) Emphasis on theoretical models:

The paper leans heavily on theories such as Adaptive Resonance Theory, Load Theory of Attention, and Weak Central Coherence, but the data do not actually test these frameworks in a rigorous way. The discussion should be reframed to highlight the potential relevance of these frameworks while acknowledging that the current data do not allow them to be assessed.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Developing consistent and reliable biomarkers is critically important for developing new pharmacological therapies in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Altered sensory perception is one of the hallmarks of autism and has been recently added to DSM-5 as one of the core symptoms of autism. Touch is one of the fundamental sensory modalities, yet it is currently understudied. Furthermore, there seems to be a discrepancy between different studies from different groups focusing on tactile discrimination. It is not clear if this discrepancy can be explained by different experimental setups, inconsistent terminology, or the heterogeneity of sensory processing alterations in ASDs. The authors aim to investigate the interplay between tactile discrimination and cognitive processes during perceptual decisions. They have developed a forepaw-based 2-alternative choice task for mice and investigated tactile perception and learning in Fmr1-/y mice

Strengths:

There are several strengths of this task: translational relevance to human psychophysical protocols, including controlled vibrotactile stimulation. In addition to the experimental setup, there are also several interesting findings: Fmr1-/y mice demonstrated choice consistency bias, which may result in impaired perceptual learning, and enhanced tactile discrimination in low-salience conditions, as well as attentional deficits with increased cognitive load. The increase in the error rates for low salience stimuli is interesting. These observations, together with the behavioral design, may have a promising translational potential and, if confirmed in humans, may be potentially used as biomarkers in ASD.

Weaknesses:

Some weaknesses are related to the lack of the original raster plots and density plots of licks under different conditions, learning rate vs time, and evaluation of the learning rate at different stages of learning. Overall, these data would help to answer the question of whether there are differences in learning strategies or neural circuit compensation in Fmr1-/y mice. It is also not clear if reversal learning is impaired in Fmr1-/y mice.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study generated 3D cell constructs from endometrial cell mixtures that were seeded in the Matrigel scaffold. The cell assemblies were treated with hormones to induce a "window of implantation" (WOI) state. Although many bioinformatic analyses point in this direction, there are major concerns that must be addressed.

Strengths:

The addition of 3 hormones to enhance the WOI state (although not clearly supported in comparison to the secretory state).

Comments on revisions:

The authors did their best to revise their study according to the Reviewers' comments. However, the study remains unconvincing, incomplete and at the same time still too dense and not focused enough.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Zhang et al. have developed an advanced three-dimensional culture system of human endometrial cells, termed a receptive endometrial assembloid, that models the uterine lining during the crucial window of implantation (WOI). During this mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium becomes receptive to an embryo, undergoing distinctive changes. In this work, endometrial cells (epithelial glands, stromal cells, and immune cells from patient samples) were grown into spheroid assembloids and treated with a sequence of hormones to mimic the natural cycle. Notably, the authors added pregnancy-related factors (such as hCG and placental lactogen) on top of estrogen and progesterone, pushing the tissue construct into a highly differentiated, receptive state. The resulting WOI assembloid closely resembles a natural receptive endometrium in both structure and function. The cultures form characteristic surface structures like pinopodes and exhibit abundant motile cilia on the epithelial cells, both known hallmarks of the mid-secretory phase. The assembloids also show signs of stromal cell decidualization and an epithelial mesenchymal transition, like process at the implantation interface, reflecting how real endometrial cells prepare for possible embryo invasion.

Although the WOI assembloid represents an important step forward, it still has limitations: the supportive stromal and immune cell populations decrease over time in culture, so only early-passage assembloids retain full complexity. Additionally, the differences between the WOI assembloid and a conventional secretory-phase organoid are more quantitative than absolute; both respond to hormones and develop secretory features, but the WOI assembloid achieves a higher degree of differentiation due to the addition of "pregnancy" signals. Overall, while it's a reinforced model (not an exact replica of the natural endometrium), it provides a valuable in vitro system for implantation studies and testing potential interventions, with opportunities to improve its long-term stability and biological fidelity in the future.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This manuscript reports a dual-task experiment intended to test whether language prediction relies on executive resources, using surprisal-based measures of predictability and an n-back task to manipulate cognitive load. While the study addresses a question under debate, the current design and modeling framework fall short of supporting the central claims. Key components of cognitive load, such as task switching, word prediction vs integration, are not adequately modeled. Moreover, the weak consistency in replication undermines the robustness of the reported findings. Below unpacks each point.

Cognitive load is a broad term. In the present study, it can be at least decomposed into the following components:

(1) Working memory (WM) load: news, color, and rank.

(2) Task switching load: domain of attention (color vs semantics), sensorimotor rules (c/m vs space).

(3) Word comprehension load (hypothesized against): prediction, integration.

The components of task switching load should be directly included in the statistical models. Switching of sensorimotor rules may be captured by the "n-back reaction" (binary) predictor. However, the switching of attended domains and the interaction between domain switching and rule complexity (1-back or 2-back) were not included. The attention control experiment (1) avoided useful statistical variation from the Read Only task, and (2) did not address interactions. More fundamentally, task-switching components should be directly modeled in both performance and full RT models to minimize selection bias. This principle also applies to other confounding factors, such as education level. While missing these important predictors, the current models have an abundance of predictors that are not so well motivated (see later comments). In sum, with the current models, one cannot determine whether the reduced performance or prolonged RT was due to affecting word prediction load (if it exists) or merely affecting the task switching load.

The entropy and surprisal need to be more clearly interpreted and modeled in the context of the word comprehension process. The entropy concerns the "prediction" part of the word comprehension (before seeing the next word), whereas surprisal concerns the "integration" part as a posterior. This interpretation is similar to the authors writing in the Introduction that "Graded language predictions necessitate the active generation of hypotheses on upcoming words as well as the integration of prediction errors to inform future predictions [1,5]." However, the Results of this study largely ignored entropy (treating it as a fixed effect) and only focus on surprisal without clear justification.

In Table S3, with original and replicated model fitting results, the only consistent interaction is surprisal x age x cognitive load [2-back vs. Reading Only]. None of the two-way interactions can be replicated. This is puzzling and undermines the robustness of the main claims of this paper.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper considers the effects of cognitive load (using an n-back task related to font color), predictability, and age on reading times in two experiments. There were main effects of all predictors, but more interesting effects of load and age on predictability. The effect of load is very interesting, but the manipulation of age is problematic, because we don't know what is predictable for different participants (in relation to their age). There are some theoretical concerns about prediction and predictability, and a need to address literature (reading time, visual world, ERP studies).

Strengths/weaknesses

It is important to be clear that predictability is not the same as prediction. A predictable word is processed faster than an unpredictable word (something that has been known since the 1970/80s), e.g., Rayner, Schwanenfluegel, etc. But this could be due to ease of integration. I think this issue can probably be dealt with by careful writing (see point on line 18 below). To be clear, I do not believe that the effects reported here are due to integration alone (i.e., that nothing happens before the target word), but the evidence for this claim must come from actual demonstrations of prediction.

The effect of load on the effects of predictability is very interesting (and also, I note that the fairly novel way of assessing load is itself valuable). Assuming that the experiments do measure prediction, it suggests that they are not cost-free, as is sometimes assumed. I think the researchers need to look closely at the visual world literature, most particularly the work of Huettig. (There is an isolated reference to Ito et al., but this is one of a large and highly relevant set of papers.)

There is a major concern about the effects of age. See the Results (161-5): this depends on what is meant by word predictability. It's correct if it means the predictability in the corpus. But it may or may not be correct if it refers to how predictable a word is to an individual participant. The texts are unlikely to be equally predictable to different participants, and in particular to younger vs. older participants, because of their different experiences. To put it informally, the newspaper articles may be more geared to the expectations of younger people. But there is also another problem: the LLM may have learned on the basis of language that has largely been produced by young people, and so its predictions are based on what young people are likely to say. Both of these possibilities strike me as extremely likely. So it may be that older adults are affected more by words that they find surprising, but it is also possible that the texts are not what they expect, or the LLM predictions from the text are not the ones that they would make. In sum, I am not convinced that the authors can say anything about the effects of age unless they can determine what is predictable for different ages of participants. I suspect that this failure to control is an endemic problem in the literature on aging and language processing and needs to be systematically addressed.

Overall, I think the paper makes enough of a contribution with respect to load to be useful to the literature. But for discussion of age, we would need something like evidence of how younger and older adults would complete these texts (on a word-by-word basis) and that they were equally predictable for different ages. I assume there are ways to get LLMs to emulate different participant groups, but I doubt that we could be confident about their accuracy without a lot of testing. But without something like this, I think making claims about age would be quite misleading.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The researchers sought to determine whether Ptbp1, an RNA-binding protein formerly thought to be a master regulator of neuronal differentiation, is required for retinal neurogenesis and cell fate specification. They used a conditional knockout mouse line to remove Ptbp1 in retinal progenitors and analyzed the results using bulk RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq, immunohistochemistry, and EdU labeling. Their findings show that Ptbp1 deletion has no effect on retinal development, since no defects were found in retinal lamination, progenitor proliferation, or cell type composition. Although bulk RNA-seq indicated changes in RNA splicing and increased expression of late-stage progenitor and photoreceptor genes in the mutants, and single-cell RNA-seq detected relatively minor transcriptional shifts in Müller glia, the overall phenotypic impact was low. As a result, the authors conclude that Ptbp1 is not required for retinal neurogenesis and development, thus contradicting prior statements about its important role as a master regulator of neurogenesis. They argue for a reassessment of this stated role. While the findings are strong in the setting of the retina, the larger implications for other areas of the CNS require more investigation. Furthermore, questions about potential reimbursement from Ptbp2 warrant further research.

Strengths:

This study calls into doubt the commonly held belief that Ptbp1 is a critical regulator of neurogenesis in the CNS, particularly in retinal development. The adoption of a conditional knockout mouse model provides a reliable way for eliminating Ptbp1 in retinal progenitors while avoiding the off-target effects often reported in RNAi experiments. The combination of bulk RNA-seq, scRNA-seq, and immunohistochemistry enables a thorough examination of molecular and cellular alterations at both embryonic and postnatal stages, which strengthens the study's findings. Furthermore, using publicly available RNA-Seq datasets for comparison improves the investigation of splicing and expression across tissues and cell types. The work is well-organized, with informative figure legends and supplemental data that clearly show no substantial phenotypic changes in retinal lamination, proliferation, or cell destiny, despite identified transcriptional and splicing modifications.

Weaknesses:

The retina-specific method raises questions regarding whether Ptbp1 is required in other CNS locations where its neurogenic roles were first proposed. The claim that Ptbp1 is "fully dispensable" for retinal development may be toned down, given the transcriptional and splicing modifications identified. The possibility of subtle or transitory impacts, such as ectopic neuron development followed by cell death, is postulated, but not completely investigated. Furthermore, as the authors point out, the compensating potential of increased Ptbp2 warrants additional exploration. Although the study performs well in transcriptome and histological analyses, it lacks functional assessments (such as electrophysiological or behavioral testing) to determine if small changes in splicing or gene expression affect retinal function. While 864 splicing events have been found, the functional significance of these alterations, notably the 7% that are neuronal-enriched and the 35% that are rod-specific, has not been thoroughly investigated. The manuscript might be improved by describing how these splicing changes affect retinal development or function.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Ptbp1 has been proposed as a key regulator of neuronal fate through its role in repressing neurogenesis. In this study, the authors conditionally inactivated Ptbp1 in mouse retinal progenitor cells using the Chx10-Cre line. While RNA-seq analysis at E16 revealed some changes in gene expression, there were no significant alterations in retinal cell type composition, and only modest transcriptional changes in the mature retina, as assessed by immunofluorescence and scRNAseq. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that Ptbp1 is not essential for cell fate determination during retinal development.

Strengths:

Despite some effects of Ptbp1 inactivation (initiated around E11.5 with the onset of Chx10-Cre activity) on gene expression and splicing, the data convincingly demonstrate that retinal cell type composition remains largely unaffected. This study is highly significant since it challenges the prevailing view of Ptbp1 as a central repressor of neurogenesis and highlights the need to further investigate, or re-evaluate, its role in other model systems and regions of the CNS.

Weaknesses:

A limitation of the study is the use of the Chx10-Cre driver, which initiates recombination around E11. This timing does not permit assessment of Ptbp1 function during the earliest phases of retinal development, if expressed at that time.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the authors aim to elucidate the mechanisms by which grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex generate predictive representations of spatial location. To address this, they built a computational model integrating intrinsic neuronal dynamics with structured network connectivity. Specifically, they combine a conductance-based single-cell model incorporating biologically realistic HCN channels with a continuous attractor network that reflects known properties of grid cell circuitry. Their simulations show that HCN conductance can shift grid fields forward by approximately 5% of their diameter, consistent with experimental observations in layer II grid cells. Additionally, by introducing asymmetry in the connectivity of interneurons, the model produces larger forward shifts, which parallel properties observed in layer III grid cells. Together, these two mechanisms provide a unified framework for explaining layer-specific predictive coding in the entorhinal cortex.

Strengths:

A major strength of the study lies in its conceptual contribution. The authors propose two distinct mechanisms to generate forward-shifted grid fields for predictive coding. One mechanism is intrinsic and depends on the time constants associated with HCN channels. The other is network-based and results from asymmetries in interneuron connectivity. These two mechanisms correspond to different observed properties of grid cells in layer II and layer III, respectively. The modeling is based on previously validated frameworks of continuous attractor network models (e.g., Burak & Fiete; Kang & DeWeese), but it incorporates several novel features, including the incorporation of biophysically realistic HCN channels, a network architecture that excludes stellate-stellate connections and relies on interneurons, and asymmetric interneuron connectivity.

Weaknesses:

One of the proposed mechanisms for predictive coding, namely asymmetric interneuron connectivity, is a novel idea. However, this type of connectivity has not yet been demonstrated experimentally in the medial entorhinal cortex. Therefore, the biological plausibility of this mechanism remains uncertain and will need to be evaluated in future empirical studies.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This study proposes that predictive spatial representations in medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) grid cells arise through two distinct biophysical mechanisms: (1) HCN conductance-dependent temporal dynamics, which generate modest forward shifts (~5% of grid field diameter) in Layer II cells, and (2) network asymmetry, enabling larger predictive shifts (~25% of grid field diameter) in Layer III cells. The model further predicts a dorsoventral gradient in predictive coding magnitude, correlating with observed HCN conductance variations. These results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding how intrinsic cellular properties and circuit architecture collectively enable prospective spatial coding in the MEC. This is an important study.

Strengths:

These findings reveal how cellular properties and circuit design enable prospective spatial coding. This novel, impactful study will be of interest to the field.

Weaknesses:

Some of the models are too mathematical and do not fit with the biological observation.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Shaikh and Assisi addresses a timely and important question related to the neural circuit mechanisms underlying spatial representations during navigation. Concretely, they present a model of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) with biophysically detailed conductance-based stellate cells that can perform path integration and reveal two potential mechanisms underlying two forms of predictive coding by grid cells in the MEC. One mechanism uses HCN channels to explain predictive coding in MEC layer II grid cells equivalent to ~5% of the diameter of a grid field, and the other uses asymmetric connections between interneurons and stellate cells, resulting in a ~25% predictive bias of layer III grid cells. The methods and model are technically sound, and the model is expected to be useful for computational neuroscientists studying the neural mechanisms of spatial navigation.

Strengths:

One strength of the model is its use of conductance-based neuron models of stellate cells and interneurons, adding important biophysical constraints and details to existing continuous attractor network models of grid cells. The model fills a gap in the literature by providing mechanisms for predictive coding constrained by biophysical properties of stellate cells and simplified network topology.

Weaknesses:

A weakness of the model is that the neural network is relatively small (five sheets with 71 × 71 neurons each), and the 2-D toroidal topology is further simplified to a 1-D ring attractor consisting of three rings with 192 neurons each. The model incorporates biophysical detail at the single-neuron level, but not at the network level. For example, it includes only stellate cells and a generic interneuron type, and does not implement data-driven connectivity patterns.

The restricted network size and the limited experimental knowledge about connectivity among stellate cells, principal cells, and different interneuron types in the MEC could be addressed in more detail. Moreover, the manuscript lacks a thorough discussion of assumptions common to most continuous attractor network (CAN) models of grid cells, such as the use of "hand-crafted" connections between direction-sensitive conjunctive grid cells and network cells to drive attractor shifts. Including such a discussion would strengthen the manuscript. This is especially relevant given the authors' explicit claim that they have revealed two mechanisms underlying the emergence of a predictive code in the MEC. In this reviewer's view, the work demonstrates a potential mechanism, but one that requires experimental verification. The significance of the model would thus be increased by providing more experimentally testable predictions of the model.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper addresses an important and topical issue: how temporal context - at various time scales - affects various psychophysical measures, including reaction times, accuracy and localization. It offers interesting insights, with separate mechanisms for different phenomena, which are well discussed.

Strengths:

The paradigm used is original and effective. The analyses are rigorous.

Comments on revised version:

I think the authors have dealt adequately with my issues, none of which were fundamental.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This study investigates the influence of prior stimuli over multiple time scales in a position discrimination task, using pupillometry data and a reanalysis of EEG data from an existing dataset. The authors report consistent history-dependent effects across task-related, task-unrelated, and stimulus-related dimensions, observed across different time scales. These effects are interpreted as reflecting a unified mechanism operating at multiple temporal levels, framed within predictive coding theory.

Strengths:

The authors have done a good job in their revision, clarifying important points and stating the limitations of the study clearly.

I also think they made a valid effort to address and correct issues arising from the temporal dependency confound, although I still wonder whether the best approach would have been to design an experiment in a way that avoided this confound in the first place.<br /> Overall, this is a substantially improved version, and I particularly appreciate the clarification and correction regarding the direction of the bias in the EEG data (repulsive rather than attractive).

Weaknesses:

These are now relatively minor points.

I believe this latter aspect, the repulsive bias, may deserve further discussion, especially in relation to their behavioral findings and, in particular, to earlier work proposing multi-stage frameworks of serial dependence, where low-level repulsion interacts with attractive biases at higher-level stages (Fritsche et al., 2020; Pascucci et al., 2019; Sheehan & Serences, 2022). The authors may also consider to cite some key reviews on serial dependence that discuss both repulsion and attraction in forced-choice and reproduction tasks (Manassi et al., 2023; Pascucci et al., 2023).

Related to this, after finding the opposite pattern, is the sentence in line 472-473 ("Further, we found an attractive...") and the related argument still valid?

Regarding my earlier point about former line 197 and Figure 3b,c: what I noticed-similar to the patterns reported in the studies I referenced-is that the data cannot be simply described as showing faster and more accurate responses for small deltas. Responses also appear faster and more accurate for very large deltas, with performance being worse in between. Indeed, as the authors state: "The peak in precision for large Deltas locations is consistent with alternate events being encoded more precisely, while the peak for small offsets may be explained by the attractive bias towards the previous target." I wonder whether it is necessary, or unequivocally supported by the data, to hypothesize two separate mechanisms here. An alternative could be interference effects between consecutive stimuli that are neither identical nor completely different-making the previous one more likely to interfere with the current stimulus representation.

Finally, this is definitely a minor point, but I still find the reply to my comment about the prediction of stable retinal input rather speculative. Such a prediction would seem more plausible in world-centered coordinates.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Zung et al. describes a curated library of genetic lines labeling a class of important neurons called Descending Neurons in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. These neurons are especially important in their critical role in relaying information from the brain to motor circuits within the ventral nerve cord - the insect analogy of the vertebrate spinal cord. The authors screened through a vast resource of Gal4 lines to generate 500 new genetic lines that allow for the precise labeling of 190 (40%) of all Descending Neurons. The tools introduced here will allow researchers to perform precise circuit dissection of the exact roles these neurons play in linking the brain to the ventral nerve cord.

Strengths:

This manuscript represents an important follow-up to the author's 2018 paper in the extension of the genetic toolkit from 178 genetic lines that target 65 Descending Neuron (DN) classes to 806 lines that target 190 DN classes. The presentation of this toolkit is comprehensive with confocal images, informative classifications of lines based on specificity/consistency, and identification of the neuron types - when possible - in the EM dataset.

Weaknesses:

No weaknesses were identified by this reviewer.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Descending neurons (DNs) are critical nodes in the neural computation underlying sensorimotor transformation. Building on their earlier work, the authors have substantially expanded the genetic resources for labeling these cell types in D. melanogaster, offering a valuable public resource.

Strengths:

The authors identified 146 additional DN types and generated 500 new DN driver lines, expanding the genetic reagents from labeling 98 cell types to 244, representing approximately 50% of all DN types estimated by EM connectomes. While the EM connectomes offer unprecedented resolution of neuronal cell types and their connectivity, genetic access to these cell types remains essential for studying their functions and testing hypotheses. Given the broad interest in DNs, the reagents generated in this study will be of important value for addressing a wide range of questions in sensorimotor transformation.

The organization of the dataset is overall intuitive and comprehensive. The authors also provided clear information and guidance on accessing the relevant resources, such as stack images and fly lines. In addition, the authors have thoughtfully handled the information updated from the earlier collection they generated (Namiki et al. 2018) and incorporated previously published DN lines, providing a consolidated and up-to-date resource for the DN community.

Weaknesses:

No weaknesses were identified by this reviewer.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This study provides the Drosophila community with a large collection of new split-Gal4 descending neuron genetic lines. They extend previous efforts to characterize and identify genetic lines for this important class of neurons by providing images of descending neurons and a metric for genetic lines based on specificity and consistency. Their discussion highlights several applications of this collection, for example, to understand the function of new descending neurons through optogenetic and/or physiological characterization. They also helpfully discuss caveats, encouraging users of this collection to validate expression patterns and to be careful when interpreting optogenetic experimental results, considering potential off-target labeling in the lines. Overall, members of the Drosophila community interested in understanding the function of descending neurons and their role in behavior will find this a helpful resource.

Strengths:

(1) The authors extend the previous genetic access of descending neurons in Drosophila to over 800 split-Gal4 lines and 190 cell types (nearly half of the known population of descending neurons). The authors update and at times correct the previous identification of descending neurons from a previous, large-scale analysis. The authors extend and, at times, correct previous efforts at characterizing these neurons.

(2) Clear images of descending neurons labeled by new genetic lines are presented in the main figure papers for reference.

(3) This study classifies lines labeling descending neurons using a quality score to indicate specificity and consistency. They provide this for the entire set of genetic lines, a valuable assessment for researchers interested in targeting these neurons for optogenetic or physiological characterization.

Weaknesses:

Although this paper represents a substantial effort and useful contribution to the Drosophila community, a few weaknesses, primarily regarding the specificity and reliability of genetic lines, remain:

(1) The authors state that optogenetic activation of DN types using the new split-GAL4 lines is expected to reliably activate the target neurons with virtually no off-target effects in the rest of the central nervous system. More data supporting this conclusion, including both qualitative and quantitative anatomical evidence, would strengthen this claim.

(2) The authors do recommend that researchers using these lines examine expression patterns themselves to evaluate line cleanliness and consistency, but some analysis by the authors would be useful, for example, providing guidelines for best practices to perform this evaluation.

(3) Changes in expression patterns after several generations are noted by the authors, weakening confidence somewhat in the long-term usefulness of this collection of genetic lines.

Include user metrics or feedback that demonstrate the app's effectiveness or popularity.

Add details on user adoption rates or how this improved user experience or efficiency.

Explain the significance of 87% accuracy in practical terms, such as its effect on performance analysis.

Clarify how much faster the review process became due to this implementation.

Quantify the reduction in time spent on reviews or improvement in review quality.

Include metrics on user engagement or satisfaction post-redesign to highlight impact.

Add a statement on how this improved decision-making or efficiency for the executives.

Explain how the increased test coverage improved system reliability or reduced bugs.

Quantify 'hours saved' to provide a clearer impact of your automation efforts.

Specify the percentage improvement in scheduling efficiency or time saved due to automation.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

SARS-CoV-2 encodes a macrodomain (Mac1) within the nsp3 protein that removes ADP-ribose groups from proteins. However, its role during infection is not well understood. Evidence suggests that Mac1 antagonizes the host interferon response by counteracting the wave of ADP ribosylation that occurs during infection. Indeed, several PARPs are interferon-stimulated genes. While multiple targets have been proposed, the mechanistic links between ADP ribosylation and a robust antiviral response remain unclear.

Genetic inactivation of Mac1 abrogates viral replication in vivo, suggesting that small-molecule inhibitors of Mac1 could be developed into antivirals to treat COVID-19 and other emerging coronaviruses. The authors report a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor targeting Mac1 (AVI-4206) that demonstrates efficacy in human airway organoids and animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While these results are compelling and provide proof of concept for the therapeutic targeting of Mac1, I am particularly intrigued by the potential of this compound as a probe to elucidate the mechanistic connections between infection-induced ADP ribosylation and the host antiviral response.

The precise function of Mac1 remains unclear. Given its presence in multiple viruses, it likely acts on a fundamental host immune pathway(s). AVI-4206, while promising as a lead compound for the development of antivirals targeting coronaviruses, could also be a valuable tool for uncovering the function of the Mac1 domain. This may lead to fundamental insights into the host immune response to viral infection.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors describe the development of a novel inhibitor (AVI-4206) for the first macrodomains of the nsp3 protein of SARS-CoV-2 (Mac1). This involves both medical chemical synthesis, structural work as well as biochemical characterisation. Subsequently the authors present their finding of the efficacy of the inhibitor both on cell culture as well as animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. They find that despite high affinity for Mac1 and the known replicatory defects of catalytically inactive Mac1 only moderate beneficial effects can be observed in their chosen models.

Strengths:

The authors employ a variety of different assay to study the affinity, selectivity and potency of the novel inhibitor and thus the in vitro data are very compelling.<br /> Similarly, the authors use several cell culture and in vivo models to strengthen their findings. In addition, the authors address several aspects of the health impact of coronaviral infections from animal survival, over viral load to histological assessment of lung damage.

Weaknesses:

The selection of Targ1 and MacroD2 as off-target human macrodomains is sub-optimal as several studies have shown that the first macrodomains of PARP9 and PARP14 are much closer related to coronaviral macrodomains and both macrodomains are implicated in antiviral defence and immunity. However, the authors address this issue by providing modeling data that show clashes with AVI-4206 similarly to their models with MacroD2 and TARG1.

Comments on revisions:

While the authors have not addressed all my suggestions experimentally, I would like to nevertheless congratulate them on a significantly strengthened manuscript that will provide a valuable contribution to the field.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors were trying to validate SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 as a drug discovery target and by extension other viral macrodomains.

Strengths:

The medicinal chemistry and structure based optimization is exemplary. Macrodomains and ADPribosyl hydrolases have the reputation for being undruggable, yet the authors managed to optimize hits from a fragment screen using structure based approaches and fragment linking to make a 20nM inhibitor as a tool compound to validate the target.<br /> In addition, the in vivo work is also a strength. The ability to reduce the viral count at a rate comparable to nirmatrelvir is impressive. Tracking the cytokine expression levels also supports much of the genetic data and mechanism of action for macrodomains.

Weaknesses:

The main compound AVI-4206, while being very potent and selective is not appreciably orally bioavailable. The fact that they have to use high doses of the compound IP to see in vivo effects may lead to questions regarding off target effects. The authors acknowledge this and point it out as a potential avenue for further optimization.

The cellular models are not as predictive of antiviral activity as one would expect. However, the authors had enough chutzpah to test the compound in vivo knowing that cellular models might not be an accurate representation of a living system with a fully functional immune system all of which is most likely needed in an antiviral response to test the importance of Mac1 as a target.

Comments on revisions:

All previous suggestions were addressed. I am satisfied with the author's modifications.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript, by Xu and Peng, et al. investigates whether co-expression of 2 T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes can be detected in FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) and if it is associated with identifiable phenotypic effects. This paper presents data reanalyzing publicly available single-cell TCR sequencing and transcriptional analysis, convincingly demonstrating that dual TCR co-expression can be detected in Tregs, both in peripheral circulation as well as among Tregs in tissues. They then compare metrics of TCR diversity between single-TCR and dual TCR Tregs, as well as between Tregs in different anatomic compartments, finding the TCR repertoires to be generally similar though with dual TCR Tregs exhibiting a less diverse repertoire and some moderate differences in clonal expansion in different anatomic compartments. Finally, they examine the transcriptional profile of dual TCR Tregs in these datasets, finding some potential differences in expression of key Treg genes such as Foxp3, CTLA4, Foxo3, Foxo1, CD27, IL2RA, and Ikzf2 associated with dual TCR-expressing Tregs, which the authors postulate implies a potential functional benefit for dual TCR expression in Tregs.

Strengths:

This report examines an interesting and potentially biologically significant question, given recent demonstrations that dual TCR co-expression is a much more common phenomenon than previously appreciated (approximately 15-20% of T cells) and that dual TCR co-expression has been associated with significant effects on the thymic development and antigenic reactivity of T cells. This investigation leverages large existing datasets of single-cell TCRseq/RNAseq to address dual TCR expression in Tregs. The identification and characterization of dual TCR Tregs is rigorously demonstrated and presented, providing convincing new evidence of their existence.

Weaknesses:

The existence of dual TCR expression by Tregs has previously been demonstrated in mice and humans, limiting the novelty of the reported findings. The presented results should be considered in the context of these prior important findings. The focus on self-citation of their previous work, using the same approach to measure dual TCR expression in other datasets. limits the discussion of other more relevant and impactful published research in this area. Also, Reference #7 continues to list incorrect authors. The authors do not present a balanced or representative description of the available knowledge about either dual TCR expression by T cells or TCR repertoires of Tregs.

The approach used follows a template used previously by this group for re-analysis of existing datasets generated by other research groups. The descriptions and interpretations of the data as presented are still shallow, lacking innovative or thoughtful approaches that would potentially be innovation or provide new insight.

This demonstration of dual TCR Tregs is notable, though the authors do not compare the frequency of dual TCR co-expression by Tregs with non-Tregs. This limits interpreting the findings in the context of what is known about dual TCR co-expression in T cells. The response to this criticism in a previous review is considered non-responsive and does not improve the data or findings.

Comparison of gene expression by single- and dual TCR Tregs is of interest, but as presented is difficult to interpret. The interpretations of the gene expression analyses are somewhat simplistic, focusing on single-gene expression of some genes known to have function in Tregs. However, the investigators continue to miss an opportunity to examine larger patterns of coordinated gene expression associated with developmental pathways and differential function in Tregs (Yang. 2015. Science. 348:589; Li. 2016. Nat Rev Immunol. Wyss. 2016. 16:220; Nat Immunol. 17:1093; Zenmour. 2018. Nat Immunol. 19:291). No attempt to define clusters is made. No comparison is made of the proportions of dual TCR cells in transcriptionally-defined clusters. The broad assessment of key genes by single- and dual TCR cells is conceptually interesting, but likely to be confounded by the heterogeneity of the Treg populations. This would need to be addressed and considered to make any analyses meaningful.

The study design, re-analysis of existing datasets generated by other scientific groups, precludes confirmation of any findings by orthogonal analyses.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This study addressed the TCR pairing types and CDR3 characteristics of Treg cells. By analyzing scRNA and TCR-seq data, it claims that 10-20% of dual TCR Treg cells exist in mouse lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues and suggests that dual TCR Treg cells in different tissues may play complex biological functions.

Strengths:

The study addresses an interesting question of how dual-TCR-expressing Treg cells play roles in tissues.

Weaknesses:

This study is inadequate, particularly regarding data interpretation, statistical rigor, and the discussion of the functional significance of Dual TCR Tregs.

Comments on revisions:

Although the authors have provided brief explanations in response to the reviewers' comments, they do not present any additional analyses that would address the fundamental concerns in a convincing manner.

Moreover, the in silico analyses presented in the manuscript alone are insufficient to support the conclusions, and the functional experiments requested by the reviewers have not been conducted.

In the current rebuttal, while some textual additions have been made to the manuscript, the only substantial revision to the figures appears to be the inclusion of statistical significance annotations (e.g., Fig. 1G, Fig. 3G). These changes do not adequately strengthen the overall data or address the core issues raised.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This work proposes a new approach to analyse cell-count data from multiple brain regions. Collecting such data can be expensive and time-intensive, so, more often than not, the dimensionality of the data is larger than the number of samples. The authors argue that Bayesian methods are much better suited to correctly analyse such data compared to classical (frequentist) statistical methods. They define a hierarchical structure, partial pooling, in which each observation contributes to the population estimate to more accurately explain the variance in the data. They present two case studies in which their method proves more sensitive in identifying regions where there are significant differences between conditions, which otherwise would be hidden.

Strengths:

The model is presented clearly, and the advantages of the hierarchical structure are strongly justified. Two alternative ways are presented to account for the presence of zero counts. The first involves the use of a horseshoe prior, which is the more flexible option, while the second involves a modified Poisson likelihood, which is better suited to datasets with a large number of zero counts, perhaps due to experimental artifacts. The results show a clear advantage of the Bayesian method for both case studies.<br /> The code is freely available, and it does not require a high-performance cluster to execute for smaller datasets. As Bayesian statistical methods become more accessible in various scientific fields, the whole scientific community will benefit from the transition away from p-values. Hierarchical Bayesian models are an especially useful tool that can be applied to many different experimental designs. However, while conceptually intuitive, their implementation can be difficult. The authors provide a good framework with room for improvement.

Weaknesses:

As with any Bayesian model, the choice of prior can significantly influence the results. The authors explain how the methodology can be adapted to different data properties, though selecting an appropriate prior or likelihood may not always be straightforward. They propose a 'standard workflow' as an alternative to traditional approaches, which could and should be used alongside established methods while Bayesian techniques continue to evolve and improve.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary

Xu et al. use transcriptomic comparisons of mouse cochlear and vestibular hair to show that the vestibular hair cells alone are enriched in gene expression for proteins necessary for cilia motility and to further argue that such motility is a normal function of the kinocilia.

Background:

Cilia are prominent in sensory receptors, including vertebrate photoreceptors, olfactory neurons, and mechanosensitive hair cells of the inner ear and lateral line. Cilia can be motile or nonmotile depending on their axonemal structure: motile cilia require dynein and the inner 2 singlet microtubules of the 9+2 array. Primary cilia, present early in development, are considered to have sensory functions and to be nonmotile (Mill et al., Nature Rev Gen 2023).

In hair cells, the kinocilium anchors and polarizes the mechanosensitive hair bundle of specialized microvilli. The kinocilium matures from the primary cilium of a newborn hair cell; behind it, the bundle of mechanosensory microvilli rises in a descending staircase of rows. During maturation of the mammalian cochlea, all hair cells lose the kinocilium, though not the associated basal body. The consensus for many years has been that most vertebrate kinocilia, and especially mammalian kinocilia, are nonmotile, based largely on the lack of spontaneous motility in excised mammalian vestibular organs, but also on the impression that the rare examples of spontaneous beating motility even in non-mammalian hair cells are associated with deterioration of the preparation (Rüsch & Thurm 1990).

Strengths

In comparing RNA expression across the 4 major types of mouse hair cells - 2 cochlear and 2 vestibular - Xu et al. noted that some ciliary genes related to motility are expressed by vestibular but not cochlear hair cells. They curated the ciliary genes into types known to be associated with different aspects of beating motility, and also investigated the expression of genes typical of primary cilia, which are considered to have sensory and cell signaling functions and to be nonmotile. They add immunostaining to back up some of the RNA data, and also evaluate relative expression by neonatal mouse cochlear and vestibular hair cells from a published dataset. The focus on kinociliary genes is an appropriate use of the comparative expression data for cochlear and vestibular hair cells, and the paper overall is readable and interesting. The transcriptome data are rounded off by comparing the authors' results in adult hair cells with published neonatal mouse cochlear and vestibular transcriptomes.

Weaknesses:

(1) Data:

a) The main weakness in the data is the lack of functional and anatomical data from mouse hair bundles. While the authors compensate in part for this difficulty with bullfrog crista bundles, those data are also fragmentary - one TEM and 2 exemplar videos. Much of the novelty of the EM depends on the different appearance of stretches of a single kinocilium - can we be sure of the absence of the central microtubule singlets at the ends?

b) While it was a good idea to compare ciliary motility expression in published P2 datasets for mouse cochlear and vestibular hair cells for comparison with the authors' adult hair cell data, the presentation is too superficial to assess (Figure 6C-E; text from line 336) - it is hard to see the basis for concluding that motility genes are specifically lower in P2 cochlear hair cells than vestibular hair cells. Visually, it is striking that CHCs have much darker bands for about 10 motility-related genes.

(2) Interpretation:

The authors take the view that kinociliary motility is likely to be normally present but is rare in their observations because the conditions are not right. But while others have described some (rare) kinociliary motility in fish organs (Rusch & Thurm 1990), they interpreted its occurrence as a sign of pathology. Indeed, in this paper, it is not clear, or even discussed, how kinociliary motility would help with mechanosensitivity in mature hair bundles. Rather, the presence of an autonomous rhythm would actively interfere with generating temporally faithful representations of the head motions that drive vestibular hair cells.

Could kinociliary beating play other roles, possibly during development - for example, by interacting with forming accessory structures (but see Whitfield 2020) or by activating mechanosensitivity cell-autonomously, before mature stimulation mechanisms are in place? Then a latent capacity to beat in mature vestibular hair cells might be activated by stressful conditions, as speculated regarding persistent Piezo channels that are normally silent in mature cochlear hair cells but may reappear when TMC channel gating is broken (Beurg and Fettiplace 2017). While these are highly speculative thoughts, there is a need in the paper for more nuanced consideration of whether the observed motility is normal and what good it would do.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors compared the transcriptomes of the various types of hair cells contained in the sensory epithelia of the cochlea and vestibular organs of the mouse inner ear. The analysis of their transcriptomic data led to novel insights into the potential function of the kinocilium.

Strengths:

The novel findings for the kinocilium gene expression, along with the demonstration that some kinocilia demonstrate rhythmic beating as would be seen for known motile cilia, are fascinating. It is possible that perhaps the kinocilium, known to play a very important role in the orientation of the stereocilia, may have a gene expression pattern that is more like a primary cilium early in development and later in mature hair cells, more like a motile cilium. Since the kinocilium is retained in vestibular hair cells, it makes sense that it is playing a different role in these mature cells than its role in the cochlea.

Another major strength of this study, which cannot be overstated, is that for the transcriptome analysis, they are using mature mice. To date, there is a lot of data from many labs for embryonic and neonatal hair cells, but very little transcriptomic data on the mature hair cells. They do a nice job in presenting the differences in marker gene expression between the 4 hair cell types. This information is very useful to those labs studying regeneration or generation of hair cells from ES cell cultures. One of the biggest questions these labs confront is what type of hair cells develop in these systems. The more markers available, the better. These data will also allow researchers in the field to compare developing hair cells with mature hair cells to see what genes are only required during development and not in later functioning hair cells.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this article, Mirza et al developed a continuum active gel model of actomyosin cytoskeleton that account for nematic order and density variations in actomyosin. Using this model, they identify the requirements for the formation of dense nematic structures. In particular, they show that self-organization into nematic bundles requires both flow-induced alignment and active tension anisotropy in the system. By varying model parameters that control active tension and nematic alignment, the authors show that their model reproduces a rich variety of actomyosin structures, including tactoids, fibres, asters as well as crystalline networks. Additionally, discrete simulations are employed to calculate the activity parameters in the continuum model, providing a microscopic perspective on the conditions driving the formation of fibrillar patterns.

Strengths:

The strength of the work lies in its delineation of the parameter ranges that generate distinct types of nematic organization within actomyosin networks. The authors pinpoint the physical mechanisms behind the formation of fibrillar patterns, which may offer valuable insights into stress fiber assembly. Another strength of the work is connecting activity parameters in the continuum theory with microscopic simulations.

Weaknesses:

This paper is a very difficult read for nonspecialists, especially if you are not well-versed in continuum hydrodynamic theories. Efforts should be made to connect various elements of theory with biological mechanisms, which is mostly lacking in this paper. The comparison with experiments is predominantly qualitative. It is unclear if the theory is suited for in vitro or in vivo actomyosin systems. The justification for various model assumptions, especially concerning their applicability to actomyosin networks, requires a more thorough examination. The classification of different structures demands further justification. For example, the rationale behind categorizing structures as sarcomeric remains unclear when nematic order is perpendicular to the axis of the bands. Sarcomeres traditionally exhibit a specific ordering of actin filaments with alternating polarity patterns. Similarly, the criteria for distinguishing between contractile and extensile structures need clarification, as one would expect extensile structures to be under tension contrary to the authors' claim. Additionally, it's unclear if the model's predictions for fiber dynamics align with observations in cells, as stress fibers exhibit a high degree of dynamism and tend to coalesce with neighboring fibers during their assembly phase. Finally, it seems that the microscopic model is unable to recapitulate the density patterns predicted by the continuum theory, raising questions about the suitability of the simulation model.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The article by Waleed et al discusses the self-organization of actin cytoskeleton using the theory of active nematics. Linear stability analysis of the governing equations and computer simulations show that the system is unstable to density fluctuations and self-organized structures can emerge.

Strengths:

(i) Analytical calculations complemented with simulations (ii) Theory for cytoskeletal network

Weaknesses:

Not placed in the context or literature on active nematics.

Comments on revised version:

The authors have satisfactorily responded to the comments

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

The manuscript "Theory of active self-organization of dense nematic structures in the actin cytoskeleton" analysis self-organized pattern formation within a two-dimensional nematic liquid crystal theory and uses microscopic simulations to test the plausibility of some of the conclusions drawn from that analysis. After performing an analytic linear stability analysis that indicates the possibility of patterning instabilities, the authors perform fully non-linear numerical simulations and identify the emergence of stripe-like patterning when anisotropic active stresses are present. Following a range of qualitative numerical observations on how parameter changes affect these patterns, the authors identify, besides isotropic and nematic stress, also active self-alignment as an important ingredient to form the observed patterns. Finally, microscopic simulations are used to test the plausibility of some of the most crucial assumptions underlying continuum simulations.

The paper is well written, figures are mostly clear, and the theoretical analysis presented in both, main text and supplement, is rigorous. Mechano-chemical coupling has emerged in recent years as a crucial element of cell cortex and tissue organization and it is plausible to think that both, isotropic and anisotropic active stresses, are present within such effectively compressible structures. Even though not explicitly stated this way by the authors, I would argue that combining these two is one of the key ingredients that distinguishes this theoretical paper from similar ones.

The diversity of patterning processes experimentally observed and theoretically described is nicely elaborated on in the introduction of the paper. The theory development and discussion of the continuum model itself is also well-embedded in a review of the relevant broad literature on active liquid crystals and active nematics, which includes plenty of previous results by the authors themselves. Interestingly, several of the patterns identified in the present work, such as 2D hexagonal and pulsatory patterns (Kumar et al, PRL, 2014), as well as contractile patches (Mietke et al, PRL 2019) have been observed previously in different, but related, active isotropic fluid models. In light of this crowded literature, the authors do good job in delineating key results obtained in the present manuscript from existing work.

The results of numerical simulations are well-presented. The discussion of numerical observations is comprehensive, but also at many times qualitative. Some of the observations resonate with recent discussions in the field, for example the observation of effectively extensile dynamics in a contractile system, which is interesting and reminiscent of ambiguities about extensile/contractile properties discussed in recent preprints (Nejad et al, Nat Comm 2024). It is convincingly concluded that, besides nematic stress on top of isotropic one, active self-alignment is a key ingredient to produce the observed patterns.

The authors must be complimented for trying to gain further mechanistic insights into their conclusions using microscopic filament simulations that were diligently performed. It is rightfully stated that these simulations only provide plausibility tests about key assumptions underlying the hydrodynamic theory. Within this scope, I would say the authors are successful. At the same time, it leaves open questions that could have been discussed more carefully. For example, I wonder what can be said about the regime \kappa>0 microscopically, in which the continuum theory does also predict the formation of stripe patterns? How does the spatial inhomogeneous organization the continuum theory predicts fit in the presented, microscopic picture and vice versa? The authors clearly explain the scope and limitations of the microscopic model, which suggests that questions like these will be interesting directions of future investigations.

Overall, the paper represents a valuable contribution to the field of active matter that should provide a fruitful basis to develop new hypothesis about the dynamic self-organisation and mechanics of dense filamentous bundles in biological systems.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The paper by Weerdmeester, Schleimer, and Schreiber uses computational models to present the biological constraints under which electrocytes - specialized, highly active cells that facilitate electro-sensing in weakly electric fish-may operate. The authors suggest potential solutions that these cells could employ to circumvent these constraints.

Electrocytes are highly active or spiking (greater than 300Hz) for sustained periods (for minutes to hours), and such activity is possible due to an influx of sodium and efflux of potassium ions into these cells after each spike. The resulting ion imbalance must be restored, which in electrocytes, as with many other biological cells, is facilitated by the Na-K pumps at the expense of biological energy, i.e., ATP molecules. For each ATP molecule the pump uses, three positively charged sodium ions from the intracellular space are exchanged for two positively charged potassium ions from the extracellular space. This creates a net efflux of positive ions into the extracellular space, resulting in hyperpolarized potentials for the cell over time. For most cells, this does not pose an issue, as their firing rate is much slower, and other compensatory mechanisms and pumps can effectively restore the ion imbalances. However, in the electrocytes of weakly electric fish, which spike at exceptionally high rates, the net efflux of positive ions presents a challenge. Additionally, these cells are involved in critical communication and survival behaviors, underscoring their essential role in reliable functioning.

In a computational model, the authors test four increasingly complex solutions to the problem of counteracting the hyperpolarized states that occur due to continuous NaK pump action to sustain baseline activity. First, they propose a solution for a well-matched Na leak channel that operates in conjunction with the NaK pump, counteracting the hyperpolarizing states naturally. Their model shows that when such an orchestrated Na leak current is not included, quick changes in the firing rates could have unexpected side effects. Secondly, they study the implications of this cell in the context of chirps-a means of communication between individual fish. Here, an upstream pacemaking neuron entrains the electrocyte to spike, which ceases to produce a so-called chirp - a brief pause in the sustained activity of the electrocytes. In their model, the authors demonstrate that including the extracellular potassium buffer is necessary to obtain a reliable chirp signal. Thirdly, they tested another means of communication in which there was a sudden increase in the firing rate of the electrocyte, followed by a decay to the baseline. For this to occur reliably, the authors emphasize that a strong synaptic connection between the pacemaker neuron and the electrocyte is necessary. Finally, since these cells are energy-intensive, they hypothesize that electrocytes may have energy-efficient action potentials, for which their NaK pumps may be sensitive to the membrane voltages and perform course correction rapidly.

Strengths:

The authors extend an existing electrocyte model (Joos et al., 2018) based on the classical Hodgkin and Huxley conductance-based models of sodium and potassium currents to include the dynamics of the sodium-potassium (NaK) pump. The authors estimate the pump's properties based on reasonable assumptions related to the leak potential. Their proposed solutions are valid and may be employed by weakly electric fish. The authors explore theoretical solutions to electrosensing behavior that compound and suggest that all these solutions must be simultaneously active for the survival and behavior of the fish. This work provides a good starting point for conducting in vivo experiments to determine which of these proposed solutions the fish employ and their relative importance. The authors include testable hypotheses for their computational models.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors aim to explore the effects of the electrogenic sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) on the computational properties of highly active spiking neurons, using the weakly-electric fish electrocyte as a model system. Their work highlights how the pump's electrogenicity, while essential for maintaining ionic gradients, introduces challenges in neuronal firing stability and signal processing, especially in cells that fire at high rates. The study identifies compensatory mechanisms that cells might use to counteract these effects, and speculates on the role of voltage dependence in the pump's behavior, suggesting that Na+/K+-ATPase could be a factor in neuronal dysfunctions and diseases

Strengths:

(1) The study explores a less-examined aspect of neural dynamics-the effects of Na+/K+-ATPase electrogenicity. It offers a new perspective by highlighting the pump's role not only in ion homeostasis but also in its potential influence on neural computation.

(2) The mathematical modeling used is a significant strength, providing a clear and controlled framework to explore the effects of the Na+/K+-ATPase on spiking cells. This approach allows for the systematic testing of different conditions and behaviors that might be difficult to observe directly in biological experiments.

(3) The study several interesting compensatory mechanisms, such as sodium leak channels and extracellular potassium buffering, which provide useful theoretical frameworks for understanding how neurons maintain firing rate control despite the pump's effects.

Comments on revisions:proposes

The revised manuscript is notably improved.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work, the authors introduce DIRseq, a fast, sequence-based method that predicts drug-interacting residues (DIRs) in IDPs without requiring structural or drug information. DIRseq builds on the authors' prior work looking at NMR relaxation rates, and presumes that those residues that show enhanced R2 values are the residues that will interact with drugs, allowing these residues to be nominated from the sequence directly. By making small modifications to their prior tool, DIRseq enables the prediction of residues seen to interact with small molecules in vivo.

Strengths:

The preprint is well written and easy to follow.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors developed a sequence-based method to predict drug-interacting residues in IDP, based on their recent work, to predict the transverse relaxation rates (R2) of IDP trained on 45 IDP sequences and their corresponding R2 values. The discovery is that the IDPs interact with drugs mostly using aromatic residues that are easy to understand, as most drugs contain aromatic rings. They validated the method using several case studies, and the predictions are in accordance with chemical shift perturbations and MD simulations. The location of the predicted residues serves as a starting point for ligand optimization.

Strengths:

This work provides the first sequence-based prediction method to identify potential drug-interacting residues in IDP. The validity of the method is supported by case studies. It is easy to use, and no time-consuming MD simulations and NMR studies are needed.

Weaknesses:

The method does not depend on the information of binding compounds, which may give general features of IDP-drug binding. However, due to the size and chemical structures of the compounds (for example, how many aromatic rings), the number of interacting residues varies, which is not considered in this work. Lacking specific information may restrict its application in compound optimization, aiming to derive specific and potent binding compounds.

Comments on revised version:

I'm satisfied with the authors' response and the public review does not need further changes.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors explore a novel mechanism linking aging to chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy in yeast cells. They reveal that, in old yeast mother cells, chromosome loss occurs through asymmetric partitioning of chromosomes to daughter cells, a process coupled with the inheritance of an old Spindle Pole Body. Remarkably, the authors identify that remodeling of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), specifically the displacement of its nuclear basket, triggers these asymmetric segregation events. This disruption also leads to the leakage of unspliced pre-mRNAs into the cytoplasm, highlighting a breakdown in RNA quality control. Through genetic manipulation, the study demonstrates that removing introns from key chromosome segregation genes is sufficient to prevent chromosome loss in aged cells. Moreover, promoting pre-mRNA leakage in young cells mimics the chromosome mis-segregation observed in old cells, providing further evidence for the critical role of nuclear envelope integrity and RNA processing in aging-related genome instability.

Strengths:

The findings presented are not only intriguing but also well-supported by robust experimental data, highlighting a previously unrecognized connection between nuclear envelope integrity, RNA processing, and genome stability in aging cells, deepening our understanding of the molecular basis of chromosome loss in aging.

Weaknesses:

The authors have satisfactorily addressed my concerns.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors make the interesting discovery of increased chromosome non-dysjunction in aging yeast mother cells. The phenotype is quite striking and well supported with solid experimental evidence. This is quite significant to a haploid cell (as used here) - loss of an essential chromosome leads to death soon thereafter. The authors then work to tie this phenotype to other age-associated phenotypes that have been previously characterized: accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles that then correlate with compromised nuclear pore export functions, which correlates with "leaky" pores that permit unspliced mRNA messages to be inappropriately exported to the cytoplasm. They then infer that three intron containing mRNAs that encode portions in resolving sister chromatid separation during mitosis, are unspliced in this age-associated defect and thus lead to the non-dysjunction problem.

Strengths:

The discovery of age-associated chromosome non-dysjunction is an interesting discovery, and it is demonstrated in a convincing fashion with "classic" microscopy-based single cell fluorescent chromosome assays that are appropriate and seem robust. The correlation of this phenotype with other age-associated phenotypes - specifically extrachromosomal rDNA circles and nuclear pore dysfunction - is supported by in vivo genetic manipulations that have been well-characterized in the past.

In addition, the application of the single cell mRNA splicing defect reporter showed very convincingly that general mRNA splicing is compromised in aged cells. Such a pleiotropic event certainly has big implications.

Weaknesses:

The authors have addressed my major concerns with experimentation or clarification.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Mirkovic et al explore the cause underlying development of aneuploidy during aging. This paper provides a compelling insight into the basis of chromosome missegregation in aged cells, tying this phenomenon to the established Nuclear Pore Complex architecture remodeling that occurs with aging across a large span of diverse organisms. The authors first establish that aged mother cells exhibit aberrant error correction during mitosis. As extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) are known to increase with age and lead to NPC dysfunction that can result in leakage of unspliced pre-mRNAs, Mirkovic et al search for intron-containing genes in yeast that may be underlying chromosome missegregation, identifying three genes in the aurora B-dependent error correction pathway: MCM21, NBL1, and GLC7. Interestingly, intron-less mutants in these genes suppress chromosome loss in aged cells, with a significant impact observed when all three introns were deleted (3x∆i). The 3x∆i mutant also suppresses the increased chromosome loss resulting from nuclear basket destabilization in a mlp1∆ mutant. The authors then directly test if aged cells do exhibit aberrant mRNA export, using RNA FISH to identify that old cells indeed leak intron-containing pre-mRNA into the cytoplasm, as well as a reporter assay to demonstrate translation of leaked pre-mRNA, and that this is suppressed in cells producing less ERCs. Mutants causing increased pre-mRNA leakage are sufficient to induce chromosome missegregation, which is suppressed by the 3x∆i.

Strengths:

The finding that deleting the introns of 3 genes in the Aurora B pathway can suppress age-related chromosome missegregation is highly compelling. Additionally, the rationale behind the various experiments in this paper is well-reasoned and clearly explained.

Weaknesses:

My main concerns have been thoroughly addressed by the authors.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors demonstrate with a simple stochastic model that the initial composition of the community is important in achieving a target frequency during the artificial selection of a community.

Strengths:

To my knowledge, the intra-collective selection during artificial selection has not been seriously theoretically considered. However, in many cases, the species dynamics during the incubation of each selection cycle is important and relevant to the outcome of the artificial selection experiment. Stochasticity from birth and death (demographic stochasticity) plays a big role in these species' abundance dynamics. This work uses a simple framework to tackle this idea meticulously.

This work may or may not be related to hysteresis (path dependency). If this is true, maybe it would be nice to have a discussion paragraph talking about how this may be the case. Then, this work would even attract the interest of people studying dynamical systems.

Weaknesses:

(1) Connecting structure and function.<br /> In typical artificial selection literature, most of them select the community based on collective function. Here in this paper, the authors are selecting a target composition. Although there is a schematic cartoon illustrating the relationship between collective function (y-axis) and the community composition in the main figure 1, there is no explicit explanation or justification of what may be the origin of this relationship. I think giving the readers a naïve idea about how this structure-function relationship arises in the introduction section would help. This is because the conclusion of this paper is that the intra-collective selection makes it hard to artificially select for a community that has an intermediate frequency of f (or s). If there is really evidence or theoretical derivation from this framework that indeed the highest function comes from the intermediate frequency of f, then the impact of this paper would increase because the conclusions of this stochastic model could allude to the reasons for the prevalent failures of artificial selection in literature.

(2) Explain intra-collective and inter-collective selection better for readers.<br /> The abstract, the introduction, and the result section use these terms or intra-collective and inter-collective selection without much explanation. For the wide readership of eLife, a clear definition in the beginning would help the audience grasp the importance of this paper, because these concepts are at the core of this work.

(3) Achievable target frequency strongly depending on the degree of demographic stochasticity.<br /> I would expect that the experimentalists would find these results interesting and would want to consider these results during their artificial selection experiments. The main figure 4 indicates that the Newborn size N0 is a very important factor to consider during the artificial selection experiment. This would be equivalent to how much bottleneck you impose on the artificial selection process in every iteration step (i.e., the ratio of serial dilution experiment). However, with a low population size, all target frequencies can be achieved, and therefore in these regimes, the initial frequency now does not matter much. It would be great for the authors to provide what the N0 parameter actually means during the artificial selection experiments. Maybe relative to some other parameter in the model. I know this could be very hard. But without this, the main result of this paper (initial frequency matters) cannot be taken advantage of by the experimentalists.

(4) Consideration of environmental stochasticity.<br /> The success (gold area of Figure 2d) in this framework mainly depends on the size of the demographic stochasticity (birth-only model) during the intra-collective selection. However, during experiments, a lot of environmental stochasticity appears to be occurring during artificial selection. This may be out of the scope of this study. But it would definitely be exciting to see how much environmental stochasticity relative to the demographic stochasticity (variation in the Gaussian distribution of F and S) matters in succeeding in achieving the target composition from artificial selection.

(5) Assumption about mutation rates<br /> If setting the mutation rates to zero does not change the result of the simulations and the conclusion, what is the purpose of having the mutation rates \mu? Also, is the unidirectional (S -> F -> FF) mutation realistic? I didn't quite understand how the mutations could fit into the story of this paper.

(6) Minor points<br /> In Figure 3b, it is not clear to me how the frequency difference for the Intra-collective and the Inter-collective selection is computed.<br /> In Figure 5b, the gold region (success) near the FF is not visible. Maybe increase the size of the figure or have an inset for zoom-in. Why is the region not as big as the bottom gold region?

Comments on revisions:

I thank the authors for addressing many points raised by the reviewers. Overall, the readability of the manuscript has improved with more context provided around why they were solving this specific problem. However, I've found many of the responses to be too terse. It would have been nicer if there had been more discussion and description of the thought process that led up to the conclusions they made for each comment or question. Instead, many of the responses only showed the screenshot of the text they added.

Most of my comments or questions were answered. Below are my comments on some of the authors' responses.

(2) Explain intra-collective and inter-collective selection better for readers.<br /> In the Abstract and Introduction, you've added more sentences about the intra-collective or inter-collective selection. However, these are either making analogies to the waterfall or just describing the result of the intra/inter-collective selection. I would still appreciate a proper definition of those terms, which is paramount for readers to understand the entire paper.

(4) Consideration of environmental stochasticity.<br /> I think providing the reason 'why' the paper focuses on demographic stochasticity and not environmental stochasticity will greatly justify the paper's work. For example, citing papers that actually performed artificial selection and pointing out that your model captures the stochasticity from those kinds of experiments would be great.

(5) Assumption about mutation rates.<br /> It would be great if you could add a citation in the added sentence to support your claim: "This scenario is encountered in biotechnology: .....".

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

The authors address the process of community evolution under collective-level selection for a prescribed community composition. They mostly consider communities composed of two types that reproduce at different rates, and that can mutate one into the other. Due to such difference in 'fitness' and to the absence of density dependence, within-collective selection is expected to always favour the fastest grower, but collective-level selection can oppose this tendency, to a certain extent at least. By approximating the stochastic within-generation dynamics and solving it analytically, the authors show that not only high frequencies of fast growers can be reproducibly achieved, aligned with their fitness advantage. Small target frequencies can also be maintained, provided that the initial proportion of fast growers is sufficiently small. In this regime, similar to the 'stochastic corrector' model, variation upon which selection acts is maintained by a combination of demographic stochasticity and of sampling at reproduction. These two regions of achievable target compositions are separated by a gap, encompassing intermediate frequencies that are only achievable when the bottleneck size is small enough or the number of communities is (disproportionately) large.

A similar conclusion, that stochastic fluctuations can maintain the system over evolutionary time far from the prevalence of the faster-growing type, is then confirmed by analyzing a three-species community, suggesting that the qualitative conclusions of this study are generalizable to more complex communities.

I expect that these results will be of broad interest to the community of researchers who strive to improve community-level selection but are often limited to numerical explorations, with prohibitive costs for a full characterization of the parameter space of such embedded populations. The realization that not all target collective functions can be as easily achieved and that they should be adapted to the initial conditions and the selection protocol is also a sobering message for designing concrete applications.

A major strength of this work is that the qualitative behaviour of the system is captured by an analytically solvable approximation so that the extent of the 'forbidden region' can be directly and generically related to the parameters of the selection protocol.

The phenomenon the authors characterize is ecological in nature, though it is maintained even when switching between types is possible. Calling this dynamics community evolution reflects a widespread ambiguity in the field, not ascribable just to this work.

Although different types compete for being represented in the next generation's propagules, within-generation ecology is here representative of exponential growth. As species interactions are commonly manifest in lab serial dilution experiments, it would be interesting if future work explores the extent of the robustness of these results to density-dependent demography.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The present work studies the coevolution of HIV-1 and the immune response in clinical patient data. Using the Marginal Path Likelihood (MPL) framework, they infer selection coefficients for HIV mutations from time-series data of virus sequences as they evolve in a given patient.

Strengths:

The authors analyze data from two human patients, consisting of HIV population sequence samples at various points in time during the infection. They inferred selection coefficients from the observed changes in sequence abundance using MPL. Most beneficial mutations appear in viral envelop proteins. The authors also analyze SHIV samples in rhesus macaques, and find selection coefficients that are compatible with those found in the corresponding human samples.

The manuscript is well written and organized.

Comments on revisions:

In their revised version the authors have addressed most of these points satisfactorily.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This paper combines a biological topic of interest with the demonstration of important theoretical/methodological advances. Fitness inference is the foundation of the quantitative analysis of adapting systems. It is a hard and important problem and this paper highlights a compelling approach (MPL) first presented in (1) and refined in (2), roughly summarized in equation 3.

The authors find that positive selection shapes the variable regions of env in shared patterns across two patient donors. The patterns of positive selection are interesting in and of themselves, they confirm the intuition that hyper-variation in env is the result of immune evasion rather than a broadly neutral landscape (flatness). They show that the immune evasion patterns due to CD8 T and naive B-cell selection are shared across patients. Furthermore, they suggest that a particular evolutionary history (larger flux to high fitness states) is associated with bNAb emergence. Mimicking this evolutionary pattern in vaccine design may help us elicit bNAbs in patients in the future.

The fitness landscape of env in multiple hosts is immensely valuable especially because of how often SHIV has used as proxy for HIV. The strength of reversion-to-consensus selection is a known pattern of HIV post-infection populations but they are nicely quantified here. Agreement between SHIV and HIV evolution is shown. They find selection is larger for autologous antibodies than the bNAbs themselves (perhaps bNAbs are just too small a component of the host response to drive the bulk of selection?), and that big fitness increases precede antibody breadth in rhesus-macaques, suggesting that this fitness increase is the immune challenge required to draw forth a bNAb. All of high interest to HIV researchers.

(1) Sohail, M. S., Louie, R. H., McKay, M. R. & Barton, J. P. Mpl resolves genetic linkage in fitness inference from complex evolutionary histories. Nature biotechnology 39, 472-479 (2021).

(2) Shimagaki, K. & Barton, J. P. Bézier interpolation improves the inference of dynamical models from data. Physical Review E 107, 024116 (2023).

Strength of evidence:

Equation 3 is a beautiful and intuitive tool that accounts for linkage and can be solved precisely even in the presence of detailed mutational and selection models. They have addressed my earlier concerns the effects of incomplete observations of the frequency bias fitness inference on rare sites.

Whether the fact that fitness increases occured before or after the presence of the bnab remains incompletely known. bNAb detection is different from bNAb presence and the possibility that fitness increases occurred after the bNAbs appeared remains. Still, their conclusion is plausible and fits in with the other observations which form a coherent and compelling picture.

Overall this is a convincing paper. It is a valuable introduction to a practical method of fitness inference at the scale of the entire env gene and how this information can be leveraged to learn some interesting biology.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Shimagaki et al. investigate the virus-antibody coevolutionary processes that drive the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). The study's primary goal is to characterize the evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 within hosts that accompany the emergence of bnAbs, with a particular focus on inferring the landscape of selective pressures shaping viral evolution. To assess the generality of these evolutionary patterns, the study extends its analysis to rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) incorporating HIV-1 Env proteins derived from two human individuals.

Strengths:

A key strength of the study is its rigorous assessment of the similarity in evolutionary trajectories between humans and macaques. This cross-species comparison is particularly compelling, as it quantitatively establishes a shared pattern of viral evolution using a sophisticated inference method. The finding that similar selective pressures operate in both species adds robustness to the study's conclusions and suggests broader biological relevance. In the revised version, the Authors included a simple but clear explanation of the statistical method for inferring the model's parameters in the main text. Moreover, I find the potential implications of the methodology absent in the original submission very interesting.

Conclusions:

Overall, the study presents a compelling analysis of HIV-1 evolution and its parallels in SHIV-infected macaques.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Ever since the surprising discovery of the membrane-associated Periodic Skeleton (MPS) in axons, a significant body of published work has been aimed at trying to understand its assembly mechanism and function. Despite this, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of how this amazing structure is assembled in neuronal cells. In this article, the authors report a "gap-and-patch" pattern of labelled spectrin in iPSC-derived human motor neurons grown in culture. The mid-sections of these axons exhibit patches with reasonably well-organized MPS that are separated by gaps lacking any detectable MPS and having low spectrin content. Further, they report that the intensity modulation of spectrin is correlated with intensity modulations of tubulin as well. However, neurofilament fluorescence does not show any correlation. Using DIC imaging, the authors show that often the axonal diameter remains uniform across segments, showing a patch-gap pattern. Gaps are seen more abundantly in the midsection of the axon, with the proximal section showing continuous MPS and the distal segment showing continuous spectrin fluorescence but no organized MPS. The authors show that spectrin degradation by caspase/calpain is not responsible for gap formation, and the patches are nascent MPS domains. The gap and patch pattern increases with days in culture and can be enhanced by treating the cells using the general kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Treatment with the actin depolymerizing agent Latrunculin A reduces gap formation. The reasons for the last two observations are not well understood/explained.

Strengths:

The claims made in the paper are supported by extensive imaging work and quantification of MPS. Overall, the paper is well written and the findings are interesting. Although much of the reported data are from axons treated with staurosporine, this may be a convenient system to investigate the dynamics of MPS assembly, which is still an open question.

Weaknesses:

Much of the analysis is on staurosporine-treated cells, and the effects of this treatment can be broad. The increase in patch-gap pattern with days in culture is intriguing, and the reason for this needs to be checked carefully. It would have been nice to have live cell data on the evolution of the patch and gap pattern using a GFP tag on spectrin. The evolution of individual patches and possible coalescence of patches can be observed even with confocal microscopy if live cell super-resolution observation is difficult.

Some more comments:

(1) Axons can undergo transient beading or regularly spaced varicosity formation during media change if changes in osmolarity or chemical composition occur. Such shape modulations can induce cytoskeletal modulations as well (the authors report modulations in microtubule fluorescence). The authors mention axonal enlargements in some instances. Although they present DIC images to argue that the axons showing gaps are often tubular, possible beading artefacts need to be checked. Beading can be transient and can be checked by doing media changes while observing the axons on a microscope.

(2) Why do microtubules appear patchy? One would imagine the microtubule lengths to be greater than the patch size and hence to be more uniform.

(3) Why do axons with gaps increase with days in culture? If patches are nascent MPS that progressively grow, one would have expected fewer gaps with increasing days in culture. Is this indicative of some sort of degeneration of axons?

(4) It is surprising that Latrunculin A reduces gap formation induced by staurosporine (also seems to increase MPS correlation) while it decreases actin filament content. How can this be understood? If the idea is to block actin dynamics, have the authors tried using Jasplakinolide to stabilize the filaments?

(5) The authors speculate that the patches are formed by the condensation of free spectrins, which then leaves the immediate neighborhood depleted of these proteins. This is an interesting hypothesis, and exploring this in live cells using spectrin-GFP constructs will greatly strengthen the article. Will the patch-gap regions evolve into continuous MPS? If so, do these patches expand with time as new spectrin and actin are recruited and merge with neighboring patches, or can the entire patch "diffuse" and coalesce with neighboring patches, thus expanding the MPS region?

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, Gazal et al. describe the presence of unique gaps and patches of BetaII-spectrin in medial sections of long human motor neuron axons. BII-spectrin, along with Alpha-spectrin, forms horizontal linkers between 180nm spaced F-actin rings in axons. These F-actin rings, along with the spectrin linkers, form membrane periodic structures (MPS) which are critical for the maintenance of the integrity, size, and function of axons. The primary goal of the authors was to address whether long motor axons, particularly those carrying familial mutations associated with the neurodegenerative disorder ALS, show defects in gaps and patches of BetaII-spectrin, ultimately leading to degradation of these neurons.

Strengths:

The experiments are well-designed, and the authors have used the right methods and cutting-edge techniques to address the questions in this manuscript. The use of human motor neurons and the use of motor neurons with different familial ALS mutations is a strength. The use of isogenic controls is a positive. The induction of gaps and patches by the kinase inhibitor staurosporine and their rescue by Latrunculin A is novel and well-executed. The use of biochemical assays to explore the role of calpains is appropriate and well-designed. The use of STED imaging to define the periodicity of MPS in the gaps and patches of spectrin is a strength.

Weaknesses:

The primary weakness is the lack of rigorous evaluation to validate the proposed model of spectrin capture from the gaps into adjacent patches by the use of photobleaching and live imaging. Another point is the lack of investigation into how gaps and patches change in axons carrying the familial ALS mutations as they age, since 2 weeks is not a time point when neurodegeneration is expected to start.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Gazal et al present convincing evidence supporting a new model of MPS formation where a gap-and-patch MPS pattern coalesces laterally to give rise to a lattice covering the entire axon shaft.

Strengths:

(1) This is a very interesting study that supports a change in paradigm in the model of MPS lattice formation.

(2) Knowledge on MPS organization is mainly derived from studies using rat hippocampal neurons. In the current manuscript, Gazal et al use human IPS-derived motor neurons, a highly relevant neuron type, to further the current knowledge on MPS biology.

(3) The quality of the images provided, specifically of those involving super-resolution, is of a high standard. This adequately supports the conclusions of the authors.

Weaknesses:

(1) The main concern raised by the manuscript is the assumption that staudosporine-induced gap and patch formation recapitulates the physiological assembly of gaps and patches of betaII-spectrin.

(2) One technical challenge that limits a more compelling support of the new model of MPS formation is that fixed neurons are imaged, which precludes the observation of patch coalescence.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors describe a massively parallel reporter assays (MPRA) screen focused at identifying polymorphisms in 5' and 3' UTRs that affect translation efficiency and thus might have a functional impact on cells. The topic is of timely interest, and indeed, several related efforts have recently been published and preprinted (e.g., https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37516102/ and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10635273/). This study has several major issues with the results and their presentation.

Major comments:

• The main issue remains that it appears that the screen has largely failed, and the reasons for that remain unclear, which make it difficult to interpret how useful is the resulting data. The authors mention batch effects as a potential contributor. The authors start with a library that includes ~6,000 variants, which makes it a medium-size MPRA. But then, only 483 pairs of WT/mutated UTRs yield high confidence information, which is already a small number for any downstream statistical analysis, particularly since most don't actually affect translation in the reporter screen setting (which is not unexpected). It is unclear why >90% of the library did not give high-confidence information. The profiles presented as base-case examples in Fig. 2B don't look very informative or convincing. All the subsequent analysis is done on a very small set of UTRs that have an effect, and it is unclear to this reviewer how these can yield statistically significant and/or biologically-relevant associations.

• From the variants that had an effect, the authors go on to carry out some protein-level validations, and see some changes, but it is not clear if those changes are in the same direction was observed in the screen. In their rebuttal the authors explain that they largely can not infer directionality of changes form the screen, which further limits its utility.

• It is particularly puzzling how the authors can build a machine learning predictor with >3,000 features when the dataset they use for training the model has just a few dozens of translation-shifting variants.

Comments on revisions:

It appears that the authors have extracted the information they could from the problematic dataset they obtained. Repeating the experiments in a cleaner setting, obtaining data for the >6000 UTRs they intended will allow the authors to achieve the goals they set out to achieve in establishing the screen.