- Mar 2022
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inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
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Together with the present findings, this suggests that earlycaregiving adversity changes the pacing of amygdala–hippo-campus–vmPFC circuit development and, in doing so, alters theway that aversive learning is represented in the brain.
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These resultssuggest that age-atypical hippocampal–vmPFC connectivitymay be an important source of resilience for youth with ahistory of caregiving adversity.
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The current study examined this rearing aberration in human development.Eighty-nine children and adolescents who were either previously institutionalized (PI youth; N46; 33 females and 13 males; age range,7–16 years) or were raised by their biological parents from birth (N43; 22 females and 21 males; age range, 7–16 years) completed anaversive-learning paradigm while undergoing functional neuroimaging, wherein visual cues were paired with either an aversive sound(CS) or no sound (CS).
IVs: previously institutionalized children, biologically raised children. DVs: brain activity, trait anxiety.
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Given evidence from animal models that early caregiving adver-sity accelerates amygdala, hippocampal, and medial prefrontaldevelopment (Callaghan et al., 2014), we hypothesized that aver-sive learning would be supported by a more distributed, adult-like set of brain regions in PI youth relative to comparison youth.
H1: aversive learning will be supported by a more distributed, adult-like set of brain regions in PI youth relative to comparison youth.
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Given evidence thatneural adaptations to caregiving adversity can be anxiolytic (Geeet al., 2013), it was hypothesized that altered amygdala–hip-pocampal–mPFC function during aversive learning would pre-dict reduced anxiety among PI youth.
H2: altered amygdala-hippocampal-mPFC function during aversive learning will predict reduced anxiety among PI youth.
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The second question that the current study addressed waswhether differences in aversive learning might partially explainthe association between early institutionalization and anxiety.
RQ2: do differences in aversive learning partially explain the association between early institutionalization and anxiety?
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The first question the present study addressed was whetherearly adversity, in the form of prior institutionalization, alters theneurobiology of aversive learning during human development.
RQ1: does early adversity, in the form of prior institutionalization, alter neurobiology of aversive learning during human development?
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For the PI youth, better aversive learning was associated with higher concurrent trait anxiety. Both groupsshowed robust learning and amygdala activation for CSversus CStrials. However, PI youth also exhibited broader recruitment ofseveral regions and increased hippocampal connectivity with prefrontal cortex. Stronger connectivity between the hippocampus andventromedialPFCpredictedsignificantimprovementsinfutureanxiety(measured2yearslater),andthiswasparticularlytruewithinthePI group.
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Juvenile animals rely exclu-sively on the amygdala for aversive learning (Kim et al., 2012; Li etal., 2012). During adolescence, striking changes in amygdala–hippocampal–mPFC connectivity are observed (Pattwell et al.,2011), and, by adulthood, aversive learning is supported bystrong interconnections among the amygdala, hippocampus, andmPFC in nonhuman animals (LeDoux et al., 1990; Corcoran andQuirk, 2007; Sierra-Mercado et al., 2011) and human adults (Ful-lana et al., 2016; Greco and Liberzon, 2016). Rodent models haverevealed that maternal separation leads to precocious prefrontaland hippocampal maturation (Huang et al., 2005; Muhammad etal., 2012), and adult-like aversive learning and anxiety duringdevelopment (Moriceau and Sullivan, 2006; Ono et al., 2008;Callaghan and Richardson, 2011).
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Gorka et al., 2014), little is known about how it impacts aversivelearning during human development. This limits our under-standing of how early adversity begets adult anxiety.
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Although it is known that early adversityalters the neural bases of aversive learning and predicts anxiety inadults (Bremner et al., 2005; Bagot et al., 2009; Kessler et al., 2010;
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www.cs.sfu.ca www.cs.sfu.ca
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The memory system must periodically refresh every bit of memory byreading it out and then rewriting it.
DRAM 不稳定，在计算机中如何防止其变化？
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- Feb 2022
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inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
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Previous research has found that barrel cortex NMDAR activation was required to initiate plasticity after learning a somatosensory task, but that barrel cortex mGluR activation was required to initiate plasticity after re-practicing that same task. The current study hypothesized that a similar phenomenon occurred with plasticity after learning a fear task in the hippocampus, and its results support this assertion.
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Previous research has found that piriform cortex NMDAR activation was required for initial learning of an olfactory discrimination task, but piriform cortex neuron intrinsic excitability increase and synaptic NMDAR subunit composition alteration was required for subsequent learning of the same task. The current study hypothesized that a similar phenomenon occurred in the hippocampus with spatial/contextual learning, and its results support this assertion.
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Blocking neuronal excitability or the reactivation of excitable neurons may reduce NMDAR-independent learning, and NMDAR-independent learning may persist over time before eventually disappearing. Recent study results support these assertions.
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Two conditions must be met to conclude that hippocampal NMDAR activation is not required for subsequent memory formation: animals must form a new memory during training and not simply generalize from previous experiences, and NMDAR-independent memories must depend on the hippocampus. The current study found that both of these conditions were met, suggesting that hippocampal NMDAR activation is in fact not required for subsequent memory formation.
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Hippocampal NMDAR activation is only required for initial memories to be formed, since subsequent memories can be formed in the presence of hippocampal NMDAR antagonists. Prior NMDAR-dependent learning has to be of a similar task for later NMDAR-independent learning to occur.
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Some forms of hippocampal LTP that do not require NMDAR activation require the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) instead. The current study aimed to see if that was the case through the use of bioassays of animal models.
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It is possible that initial learning increases intrinsic excitability, which allows subsequently learned information to be encoded by plasticity mechanisms that don't involve the activation of NMDARs. The current study aimed to see if this was the case using bioassays of animal models.
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We know from psychology that previous experiences impact how individuals learn, but we don't know much about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this process. This is because we've only been able to experiment in lab settings that may not accurately reflect nature.
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In various animal models, NMDA receptors have been found to activate when something is initially being learned, but not when it is subsequently being practiced or built upon.
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inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
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FBOE is a reliable correlate, but not predictor, of same sex attraction in men (more older brothers, but not more older sisters).
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Many questions remain about how sexual orientation develops, despite how much research has been done into the topic. These studies cannot infer causality between the phenomena studied and the development of sexual orientation, however, this does not erase the possibility that they may contribute to the development of sexual orientation in some way (albeit indirectly). Overall, it seems like biology and prenatal hormone exposure do play a significant role in the development of sexual orientation in both men and women.
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- Jan 2022
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inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
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A study that examined the co-occurrence of sexual orientation biomarkers in adult men found that they don't significantly co-occur, but that the FBOE is the most accurate predictor of homosexuality in men.
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The study that supports FBOE also supports that a maternal immune mechanism underlies FBOE. In addition, it provides evidence that a male specific protein may be important in the development of sexual orientation and in neurological functioning associated with forming social connections (including sexual ones).
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A study found that mothers of gay sons had higher rates of antibodies to male-specific proteins expressed in the fetal brain than mothers of heterosexual sons, suggesting that the immune response to these proteins during pregnancy was greater in mothers of gay sons than in mothers of heterosexual sons (supports FBOE).
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The study that supports FBOE had reliable methods, so the significance of its results should be trusted.
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FBOE is biological in nature (non-biological older brothers do not contribute to the effect). Basically, male fetuses have proteins on the Y chromosome called HY antigens that mothers develop more antibodies to with each subsequent pregnancy. These antibodies are theorized to alter the function of proteins in areas of the brain that are relevant to the development of sexual attraction, leading to the incidence of homosexuality. So, the more sons a mother has (and the more antibodies she has), the more likely she is to have a son who is homosexual.
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A study supported the idea that sexual orientation was a polygenic (controlled by multiple genes) characteristic in male and female homosexuals, as it was associated with the location of multiple specific SNPs. In homosexual men, one of these SNPs was located near a gene that regulates olfactory functioning (which may be tied to sexuality/sexual orientation), and one of them was located near a gene that regulates reproductive functioning and development. The study had a flawed methodology.
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A study showed that male homosexuality may be associated with the location of specific SNPs, but the study's sample size wasn't large enough to make any definitive conclusions.
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- Dec 2021
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main関数のreturnは省略しています。C++のmain関数では、returnを省略すると自動的にreturn 0;がコンパイル時に追加されます。
[[C++のmain関数のreturnを省略するとreturn 0;がコンパイル時に追加される]]
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- Nov 2021
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And racial discrimination doesn’t exist just within the military rank-and-file. Every year, civilians working in the financial, technical and support sectors of the Army, Air Force and Navy file hundreds of complaints alleging race and skin color discrimination, according to an AP analysis of U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission data.
discrimination everywhere against race and skin color
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“For Blacks and minorities, when we initially experience racism or discrimination in the military, we feel blindsided,” Davis said. “We’re taught to believe that it’s the one place where everybody has a level playing field and that we can make it to the top with work that’s based on merit.”
racism and discrimination in the military.
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runestone.academy runestone.academy
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This ability to conditionally execute our main function can be extremely useful when we are writing code that will potentially be used by others. It allows us to include functionality that the user of the code will not need, most often as part of a testing process to be sure that the functions are working correctly.
got the idea of how it can be used, but still don't understand the context of this use case, somebody can explain a bit?
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www.annualreviews.org www.annualreviews.org
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For low-carbon practices to grow and displace high-carbon ones, integrated action across disparate spaces and coordination between many different actors are necessary (161). For example, mobility scholars (166) highlight the extent of reconfiguration required to disassociate academia from high-carbon travel, including altered institutional cultures, funding practices, and student recruitment to support virtual ways of working. Although novel low-carbon practices may emerge, policy must ensure these stabilize and become prevalent, as well as impeding the circulation of high-carbon practices.
A new social imaginary of cosmolocality, where we spend most of our time locally, but use information technology as the prime method for nonlocal communication. In other words, replacing transportation with lower footprint communications.
https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Cosmo-Localism https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Cosmo-Localization https://medium.com/@joseramos_30450/the-cosmo-local-reader-invitation-to-participate-dbcb6248f54b
In the field of production and provisioning systems, cosmolocal production implies designing and sharing designs globally, and downloading the appropriate ones for local clean production, thereby minimizing global supply chains.
Graduated relocalization that begins to replace auto transportation with pedestrian and bike traffic can result in huge decarbonization impacts. This relocalization movement is also an economic reconfiguration, echoing what community economist Michael Shuman refers to as the movement from Wall Street to Main Street - decentralizing centralizing organizations when feasible, and creating more community wealth while decarbonizing unnecessarily long supply chains.
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- Oct 2021
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www.sjscience.org www.sjscience.org
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My goal is to convince computational scientists that there is a problem, and that it can be solved.
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- Sep 2021
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www.npr.org www.npr.org
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Researchers have long criticized the technology for producing inaccurate results for people with darker skin
The main idea taking about the text what say .
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drive.google.com drive.google.com
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Themainideaorthesis
In this section make sure to include a summary of what you'll be writing about. an introduction to the paper. restate your main idea in your conclusion as well.
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URL
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- Aug 2021
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fa21psy352.commons.gc.cuny.edu fa21psy352.commons.gc.cuny.edu
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The goal of this text is topresent a version of the history of psychologythat resists the traditional storylines of greatachievements by eminent people or schools ofthought that rise and fall in the wake of scientificprogress and that instead attempts to reveal thecomplex trajectory of psychology as a sociallyembedded set of theories and practices thatboth reify and reflect the contexts from whichthey arise and to which they return.
This seems to be the key idea of the authors writing. Identifying that their approach to the history of Psychology will differ from the usual "traditional storylines" and to bring in a more complex, messy(?) and overlapping narratives that reflects the contexts that these psychological knowledge emerge from.
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- Jun 2021
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www.theserverside.com www.theserverside.com
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github.com github.com
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In the context of git, the word "master" is not used in the same way as "master/slave". I've never known about branches referred to as "slaves" or anything similar.
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- May 2021
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Seagrass loss
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oceans warm
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more saline
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Local file Local file
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mangrove roots
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mangrove canopy
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mangrove roots
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acidifi-cation
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warming
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increases in temperature
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mangrove
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mangrove
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mangrove prop root
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mangrove root
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mangrove
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acidification
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ocean warming
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mangrove root
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climate change
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increaseddominance
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warming
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acidification
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mangrove root
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increase in the growth
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increasing ocean temperature
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ocean acidification
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mangrove
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mangroveroots
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mangrove
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mangroves
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mangrove
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mangroves
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mangroves
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mangroves
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mangroves
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Mangroves
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mangrove
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mangrove roots
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coastal eutrophication
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loss of temperate kelp forests
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Oceanwarming
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Mangroves
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mangrove
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acidification
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ocean warming
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mangrove
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elevated temperature
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roots
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Warming
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mangrove root
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flattening
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homogenisation
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increase in sea-water temperature
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mangrove
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mangrove
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acidification
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ocean warming
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mangrove roots
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mangrove
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erosion of structural complexity
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acidification
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ocean warming
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acidification
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warming
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man-grov
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mangrove root
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flattening
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diversity loss
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Warming
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ocean warming
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mangrove-root
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Climate change
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climate change
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Mangrove
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acidification
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ocean warming
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mangrove
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ofmangrove
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increase in ocean temperature
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www.researchgate.net www.researchgate.net
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salinity increase
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ncreasing salt levels
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low salinities
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salinity
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salinity
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The growth rate of mangroves is
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e growth of mangrove
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f global warming
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temperature
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high CO2 concen-tration
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Rhi-zophora apiculata
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Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
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Bruguiera parvifiora
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CO2 levels were increased
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Avicennia marina
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Aegiceras corniculatum
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rising atmospheric CO2.
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forest growth
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enhance growth i
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t CO2 enrichment
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changes of atmospheric CO2
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hange in the atmospheric CO2 l
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obal temperature rise
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temperature
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temperature increases
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chang-ing temperature
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increased temperature,
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vicennia mari-na
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maximal shoot growth
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temperature
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s dramatic temperatureperturbations
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induced climatechange
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level of salinit
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climatechange
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mean global temperature increases
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increase in mean global temperature
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increasesurface temperature.
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higher temperatures
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temperature
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global warming
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Global climate h
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global climate chang
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atmospheric carbon dioxide concentra-tion
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temperature
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emporal fluctuations
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climatic changes
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pdf.sciencedirectassets.com pdf.sciencedirectassets.com
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temperature
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salinity
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rough salinity climate
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oxygen
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temperature
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salinity
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fluctuating salinities
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lMytilua edulis
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higher salinities
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low salinities
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Mytilus edulis
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salinity
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salinity
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salinity conditions
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light
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oxygen
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temperature
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salinities.
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salinities
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salinity
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effects of salinity
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Theodoxm fluviatilis,
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Ephydatiafluviatilis
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Local file Local file
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S. hystrix
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S. pistillata
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bleached
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corals
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S. hystrix
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S. ~~stii~a
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corals
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S. hysttix
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S. pi&#utu
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bleaching
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