Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors aimed to explore the prognostic and therapeutic relevance of immunogenic cell death (ICD)-related genes in bladder cancer, focusing on a risk-scoring model involving CALR, IL1R1, IFNB1, and IFNG. The research indicates that higher expression of certain ICD-related genes is associated with enhanced immune infiltration, prolonged survival, and improved responsiveness to PD1-targeted therapy in bladder cancer patients.

Major strengths:

• The establishment of an ICD-related gene risk model based on publicly available datasets (TCGA and GEO) and further validated through tissue arrays and preliminary single-cell RNA sequencing data provides potential but weak clinical guidance.

• The integration of multi-dimensional data (gene expression, mutation burden, immune infiltration, and treatment responses) strengthens the clinical applicability of the model.

Key limitations and concerns:

(1) Gene Selection and Novelty:

The selection of genes predominantly reflects known regulators of immune responses, somewhat limiting the novelty. Exploring less-characterized ICD markers or extending validation beyond bladder cancer could improve the model's innovative aspect and wider clinical relevance.

(2) Reliance on RNA-Seq for Immune Infiltration:

Immune infiltration analyses based primarily on bulk RNA-Seq data have inherent methodological limitations, such as inability to distinguish cell subsets accurately. Incorporation of robust single-cell sequencing would significantly enhance the reliability of these findings. Although the authors recognize this limitation, future studies should directly address it.

(3) Drug Sensitivity and Immunotherapy Response Data:

While the authors clarify that the drug sensitivity analysis was performed using established databases (TCGA via pRRophetic), the unexpected correlations between ICD-related genes and various targeted therapies need further mechanistic validation. The observed relationships may reflect indirect associations rather than direct biological relevance, which warrants cautious interpretation.

(4) Presentation and Clarity Issues:

Initially noted formatting inconsistencies across figures compromised professional presentation; these have been corrected by the authors. Additionally, the authors have now provided essential methodological details, including clear sample sizes and database versions, enhancing reproducibility.

(5) Immunotherapy Response Evidence:

Conclusions regarding differences in immunotherapy response rates between patient subgroups, although intriguing, remain based on retrospective database analyses with relatively limited demographic and clinical detail. Future prospective studies or more detailed patient characterization would be required to robustly confirm these associations.

(6) Interpretation of ICD Gene Signatures:

The ICD-related gene set includes many genes broadly associated with immune activation rather than specifically ICD. Although this was addressed by the authors, clearly distinguishing ICD-specific versus general immune-response genes in future studies would help clarify biological implications.

Summary and Recommendations for Readers:

Overall, this study presents an interesting and clinically relevant risk-scoring approach to stratify bladder cancer patients based on ICD-related gene expression profiles. It provides useful information about prognosis, immune infiltration, and potential immunotherapy responsiveness. However, readers should interpret the results within the context of its limitations, notably the need for broader validation and careful consideration of the biological significance underlying the observed associations. This work lays a valuable foundation for further investigation into the integration of ICD and immune response signatures in personalized cancer therapy.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors investigate the role of deubiquitinases (DUBs) in modulating the efficacy of PROTAC-mediated degradation of the cell-cycle kinase AURKA. Using a focused siRNA screen of 97 human DUBs, they identify UCHL5 and OTUD6A as negative regulators of AURKA degradation by PROTACs. They further offer a mechanistic explanation of enhanced AURKA degradation in the nucleus via OTUD6A expression being restricted to the cytosol, thereby protecting the cytoplasmic pool of AURKA. These findings provide important insight into how subcellular localization and DUB activity influence the efficiency of targeted protein degradation strategies, which could have implications for therapy.

Strengths:

(1) The manuscript is well-structured, with clearly defined objectives and well-supported conclusions.

(2) The study employs a broad range of well-validated techniques - including live-cell imaging, proximity ligation assays, HiBiT reporter systems, and ubiquitin pulldowns - to dissect the regulation of PROTAC activity.

(3) The authors use informative experimental controls, including assessment of cell-cycle progression effects, rescue experiments with siRNA-resistant constructs to confirm specificity, and the application of both AURKA-targeting PROTACs with different warheads and orthogonal degrader systems (e.g., dTAG-13 and dTAGv-1) to differentiate between target- and ligase-specific effects.

(4) The identification of OTUD6A as a cytosol-restricted DUB that protects cytoplasmic but not nuclear AURKA is novel and may have therapeutic relevance for selectively targeting oncogenic nuclear AURKA pools.

Weaknesses:

(1) Although UCHL5 and OTUD6A are shown to limit AURKA degradation, direct physical interaction was not assessed.

(2) Although the authors identify a correlation between DUB knockdown-induced cell cycle progression and enhanced PROTAC activity, only one DUB (USP36) is excluded on this basis. In addition, one DUB is shown in the correlation plot (Figure 3B) whose knockdown enhances PROTAC sensitivity without significantly altering cell cycle progression, but it is not identified/discussed.

(3) While the authors suggest that combining PROTACs with DUB inhibition could enhance degradation, this was not experimentally tested.

(4) The study identifies UCHL5 as a general antagonist of CRBN-recruiting PROTACs, yet the ubiquitin pulldown experiments (Figure 5G, H) show no change in AURKA ubiquitination upon UCHL5 knockdown. This raises questions about the precise step or mechanism by which UCHL5 exerts its protective effect.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

BK channels are widely distributed and involved in many physiological functions. They have also proven a highly useful tool for studying general allosteric mechanisms for gating and modulation by auxiliary subunits. Tetrameric BK channels are assembled from four separate alpha subunits, which would be identical for homozygous alleles and potentially of five different combinations for heterozygous alleles (Geng et al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.202213302). Construction of BK channels with concatenated subunits in order to strictly control heteromeric subunit composition had not yet been used because the N-terminus in BK channels is extracellular, whereas the C-terminus is intracellular. In this new work, Chen, Li, and Yan devise clever methods to construct and assemble BK channels of known subunit composition, as well as to fix the number of γ1 axillary subunits per channel. With their novel molecular approaches, Chen, Li and Yan report that a single γ1 axillary subunit is sufficient to fully modulate a BK channel, that the deep conducting pore mutation L312A exhibited a graded effect on gating with each addition mutated subunit replacing a WT subunit in the channel adding an additional incremental left shift in activation, and that the V288A mutation at the selectivity filter must be present on all four alpha subunits in order to induce channel inactivation. Chen, Li, and Yan have been successful in introducing new molecular tools to generate BK channels of known stoichiometry and subunit composition. They validate their methods and provide three examples of their use with useful observations.

Strengths:

Powerful new molecular tools for the study of channel gating have been developed and validated in the study.

Weaknesses:

One example each of auxiliary, deep pore, and selectivity filter allosteric actions is presented, but this is sufficient for the purposes of the paper to establish their methods and present specific examples of applicability.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript presents a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of the European cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), a representative species of the cephalopod lineage. Using state-of-the-art sequencing and scaffolding technologies -including PacBio HiFi long reads and Hi-C chromatin conformation capture - the authors deliver a genome assembly with exceptional contiguity and completeness, as evidenced by high BUSCO scores. This genome resource fills a significant gap in cephalopod genomics and offers a valuable foundation for studies in neurobiology, behavior, and evolutionary biology. However, there are several major aspects that need to be strengthened.

Major Revisions Recommended:

(1) Single-individual genome limitation

The genome assembly is based on a single individual, which appears to be male. While this approach is common in genome projects, it does not capture the full genetic diversity of the species. As S. officinalis exhibits a wide geographical range and possible population structure, future efforts (or discussion in this manuscript) should consider re-sequencing multiple individuals - of both sexes and from diverse geographic origins - to characterize population-level variation, sex-linked features, and structural polymorphisms.

(2) Limited experimental validation of chromosomal inferences

The study reports chromosome-scale scaffolding using Hi-C data and proposes a revised karyotype for S. officinalis. However, these inferences would be significantly strengthened by orthogonal validation methods. In particular, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or karyotyping from cytogenetic preparations would provide direct confirmation of chromosome number and structural arrangements. The reliance solely on Hi-C contact maps for inferring chromosomal organization should be acknowledged as a limitation or supplemented with such validations.

(3) Shallow discussion of chromosomal evolution

The manuscript briefly mentions chromosomal number differences among cephalopods but does not explore their evolutionary or functional implications. A more thorough comparative analysis - linking chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., fusions, fissions) with ecological adaptation, life history, or neural complexity - would greatly enhance the impact of the findings. Referencing chromosomal dynamics in related taxa and possible links to behavioral innovations would contextualize these results more effectively.

(4) Underdeveloped gene family and pathway analysis

While the authors identify expansions in gene families such as protocadherins and C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors, the functional significance of these expansions remains speculative. The manuscript would benefit from:

a) Functional enrichment analyses (e.g., GO, KEGG) targeting these gene families.

b) Expression profiling across tissues or developmental stages to infer regulatory roles.

c) Comparison with expression or expansion patterns in other cephalopods with known behavioral complexity (e.g., Octopus bimaculoides, Euprymna scolopes).

d) Potential integration of transcriptomic or epigenomic data to support regulatory hypotheses.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This research investigates how the cellular protein quality control machinery influences the effectiveness of cystic fibrosis (CF) treatments across different genetic variants. CF is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, with over 1,700 known disease-causing variants that primarily work through protein misfolding mechanisms. While corrector drugs like those in Trikafta therapy can stabilize some misfolded CFTR proteins, the reasons why certain variants respond to treatment while others don't remain unclear. The authors hypothesized that the cellular proteostasis network-the machinery that manages protein folding and quality control-plays a crucial role in determining drug responsiveness across different CFTR variants. The researchers focused on calnexin (CANX), a key chaperone protein that recognizes misfolded glycosylated proteins. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing combined with deep mutational scanning, they systematically analyzed how CANX affects the expression and corrector drug response of 234 clinically relevant CF variants in HEK293 cells.

In terms of findings, this study revealed that CANX is generally required for robust plasma membrane expression of CFTR proteins, and CANX disproportionately affects variants with mutations in the C-terminal domains of CFTR and modulates later stages of protein assembly. Without CANX, many variants that would normally respond to corrector drugs lose their therapeutic responsiveness. Furthermore, loss of CANX caused broad changes in how CF variants interact with other cellular proteins, though these effects were largely separate from changes in CFTR channel activity.

This study has some limitations: the research was conducted in HEK293 cells rather than lung epithelial cells, which may not fully reflect the physiological context of CF. Additionally, the study only examined known disease-causing variants and used methodological approaches that could potentially introduce bias in the data analysis.

How cellular quality control mechanisms influence the therapeutic landscape of genetic diseases is an emerging field. Overall, this work provides important cellular context for understanding CF mutation severity and suggests that the proteostasis network significantly shapes how different CFTR variants respond to corrector therapies. The findings could pave the way for more personalized CF treatments tailored to patients' specific genetic variants and cellular contexts.

Strengths:

(1) This work makes an important contribution to the field of variant effect prediction by advancing our understanding of how genetic variants impact protein function.

(2) The study provides valuable cellular context for CFTR mutation severity, which may pave the way for improved CFTR therapies that are customized to patient-specific cellular contexts.

(3) The research provides further insight into the biological mechanisms underlying approved CFTR therapies, enhancing our understanding of how these treatments work.

(4) The authors conducted a comprehensive and quantitative analysis, and they made their raw and processed data as well as analysis scripts publicly available, enabling closer examination and validation by the broader scientific community.

Weaknesses:

(1) The study only considers known disease-causing variants, which limits the scope of findings and may miss important insights from variants of uncertain significance.

(2) The cellular context of HEK293 cells is quite removed from lung epithelia, the primary tissue affected in cystic fibrosis, potentially limiting the clinical relevance of the findings.

(3) Methodological choices, such as the expansion of sorted cell populations before genetic analysis, may introduce possible skew or bias in the data that could affect interpretation.

(4) While the impact on surface trafficking is convincingly demonstrated, how cellular proteostasis affects CFTR function requires further study, likely within a lung-specific cellular context to be more clinically relevant.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This was a clearly written manuscript that did an excellent job summarizing complex data. In this manuscript, Cuevas-Zuviría et al. use protein modeling to generate over 5,000 predicted structures of nitrogenase components, encompassing both extant and ancestral forms across different clades. The study highlights that key insertions define the various Nif groups. The authors also examined the structures of three ancestral nitrogenase variants that had been previously identified and experimentally tested. These ancestral forms were shown in earlier studies to exhibit reduced activity in Azotobacter vinelandii, a model diazotroph.

This work provides a useful resource for studying nitrogenase evolution. However, its impact is somewhat limited due to a lack of evidence linking the observed structural differences to functional changes. For example, in the ancestral nitrogenase structures, only a small set of residues (lines 421-431) were identified as potentially affecting interactions between nitrogenase components. Why didn't the authors test whether reverting these residues to their extant counterparts could improve nitrogenase activity of the ancestral variants?

Additionally, the paper feels somewhat disconnected. The predicted nitrogenase structures discussed in the first half of the manuscript were not well integrated with the findings from the ancestral structures. For instance, do the ancestral nitrogenase structures align with the predicted models? This comparison was never explicitly made and could have strengthened the study's conclusions.

Comments on revisions:

I appreciate the authors responding to my comments. I think Fig. S10 helps put the structural data into more context. It would be helpful to make clearer in the legend what proteins are being compared, especially in 10C.

Although I can see why the authors focus on the NifK extension and its potential connection to oxygen protection, I would point out that Vnf and Anf do not have this extension in their K subunit, and you find both Vnf and Anf in aerobic and facultative anaerobic diazotrophs. This is a minor point, but I think it is important to mention in the discussion.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors utilized in situ cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to uncover the native thylakoid architecture of spinach chloroplasts and mapped the molecular organization of these thylakoids with single-molecule resolution. The obtained images show the detailed ultrastructural features of grana membranes and highlight interactions between thylakoids and plastoglobules. Interestingly, despite the distinct three-dimensional architecture of vascular plant thylakoids, their molecular organization closely resembles that of green algae. The pronounced lateral segregation of PSII and PSI was observed at the interface between appressed and non-appressed thylakoid regions, without evidence of a specialized grana margin zone where these complexes might intermix. Furthermore, unlike isolated thylakoid membranes, photosystem II (PSII) did not form a semi-crystalline array and was distributed uniformly within the membrane plane and across stacked grana membranes in intact chloroplasts. Based on the above observations, the authors propose a simplified two-domain model for the molecular organization of thylakoid membranes, which can be applied to both green algae and vascular plants. This study suggests that the general understanding of the functional separation of thylakoid membranes in vascular plants requires reconsideration.

Strengths:

By employing and refining AI-driven computational tools for the automated segmentation of membranes and identification of membrane proteins, this study successfully quantifies the spatial organization of photosynthetic complexes both within individual thylakoid membranes and across neighboring stacked membranes.

Weaknesses:

This study's weakness is that it requires the use of chloroplasts isolated from leaves and the need to freeze them on a grid for observation. However, the authors have correctly identified the limitations of this approach and have made some innovations, such as rapid sample preparation. The reliability of the interpretation of the results in light of previous results can be evaluated as high.

Comments on revised version:

The author has responded appropriately to the peer review comments and revised the paper.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Munday, Rosello, and colleagues compared predictions from a group of experts in epidemiology with predictions from two mathematical models on the question of how many Ebola cases would be reported in different geographical zones over the next month. Their study ran from November 2019 to March 2020 during the Ebola virus outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Their key result concerned predicted numbers of cases in a defined set of zones. They found that neither the ensemble of models nor the group of experts produced consistently better predictions. Similarly, neither model performed consistently better than the other, and no expert's predictions were consistently better than the others'. Experts were also able to specify other zones in which they expected to see cases in the next month. For this part of the analysis, experts consistently outperformed the models. In March, the final month of the analysis, the models' accuracy was lower than in other months, and consistently poorer than the experts' predictions.

A strength of the analysis is use of consistent methodology to elicit predictions from experts during an outbreak that can be compared to observations, and that are comparable to predictions from the models. Results were elicited for a specified group of zones, and experts were also able to suggest other zones that were expected to have diagnosed cases. This likely replicates the type of advice being sought by policymakers during an outbreak.

A potential weakness is that the authors included only two models in their ensemble. Ensembles of greater numbers of models might tend to produce better predictions. The authors do not address whether a greater number of models could outperform the experts.

The elicitation was performed in four months near the end of the outbreak. The authors address some of the implications of this. A potential challenge for the transferability of this result is that the experts' understanding of local idiosyncrasies in transmission may have improved over the course of the outbreak. The model did not have this improvement over time. The comparison of models to experts may therefore not be applicable to early stages of an outbreak when expert opinions may be less well-tuned.

This research has important implications for both researchers and policy-makers. Mathematical models produce clearly-described predictions that will later be compared to observed outcomes. When model predictions differ greatly from observations, this harms trust in the models, but alternative forms of prediction are seldom so clearly articulated or accurately assessed. If models are discredited without proper assessment of alternatives then we risk losing a valuable source of information that can help guide public health responses. From an academic perspective, this research can help to guide methods for combining expert opinion with model outputs, such as considering how experts can inform models' prior distributions and how model outputs can inform experts' opinions.

Comments on revisions:

I am grateful to the authors for their responses to my previous comments. I think their updates have made the paper much clearer. I do not think the updates change the opinions already given in the public review so I have not modified it.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors sought to identify the relationships between gut microbiota, lipid metabolites and the host in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) by using spontaneously developed T2DM in macaques, considered among the best human models.

Strengths:

The authors compared comprehensively the gut microbiota, plasma fatty acids between spontaneous T2DM and the control macaques, verifying the results with macaques in a high-fat diet-fed mice model.

Comments on revisions:

The authors responded to the comments raised, and the manuscript has been improved.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the authors explore the role of the conserved transcription factor POU4-2 in planarian maintenance and regeneration of mechanosensory neurons. The authors explore the role of this transcription factor and identify potential targets of this transcription factor. Importantly, many genes discovered in this work are deeply conserved, with roles in mechanosensation and hearing, indicating that planarians may be a useful model with which to study the roles of these key molecules. This work is important within the field of regenerative neurobiology, but also impactful for those studying the evolution of the machinery that is important for human hearing.

Strengths:

The paper is rigorous and thorough, with convincing support for the conclusions of the work.

Weaknesses:

Weaknesses are relatively minor and could be addressed with additional experiments or changes in writing.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

While previous studies by this group and others have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties of osteoactivin, its specific role in cartilage homeostasis and disease pathogenesis remains unknown. Building on current knowledge, Asaad and colleagues investigated the functional role of this protein using both in vitro systems and an in vivo post-traumatic osteoarthritis model. In line with existing literature, the authors report that osteoactivin exerts inhibitory effects in these experimental settings. This study thus offers novel evidence supporting the cartilage-protective effects of osteoactivin in various experimental models.

Strengths:

Strengths of the study include its clinical relevance, given the lack of curative treatments for osteoarthritis, as well as the clarity of the narrative and the quality of most results.

Weaknesses:

A limitation of the study is the reliance on standard techniques; however, this is a minor concern that does not diminish the overall impact or significance of the work.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Gamen et al. analyzed the functional role of HIF signaling in the epicardium, providing evidence that stabilization of the hypoxia signaling pathway might contribute to neonatal heart regeneration. By generating different conditionally mouse mutants and performing pharmacological interventions, the authors demonstrate that stabilizing HIF signaling enhances cardiac regeneration after MI in P7 neonatal hearts.

Strengths:

The study presents convincing genetic and pharmacological approaches to the role of hypoxia signaling in enhancing the regenerative potential of the epicardium.

Weaknesses:

The major weakness is the lack of convincing evidence demonstrating the role of hypoxia signaling in EMT modulation in epicardial cells. Additionally, novel experimental approaches should be performed to allow for the translation of these findings to the clinical arena.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study presents a new Bayesian approach to estimate importation probabilities of malaria, combining epidemiological data, travel history, and genetic data through pairwise IBD estimates. Importation is an important factor challenging malaria elimination, especially in low-transmission settings. This paper focuses on Magude and Matutuine, two districts in southern Mozambique with very low malaria transmission. The results show isolation-by-distance in Mozambique, with genetic relatedness decreasing with distances larger than 100 km, and no spatial correlation for distances between 10 and 100 km. But again, strong spatial correlation in distances smaller than 10 km. They report high genetic relatedness between Matutuine and Inhambane, higher than between Matutuine and Magude. Inhambane is the main source of importation in Matutuine, accounting for 63.5% of imported cases. Magude, on the other hand, shows smaller importation and travel rates than Matutuine, as it is a rural area with less mobility. Additionally, they report higher levels of importation and travel in the dry season, when transmission is lower. Also, no association with importation was found for occupation, sex, and other factors. These data have practical implications for public health strategies aiming for malaria elimination, for example, testing and treating travelers from Matutuine in the dry season.

Strengths:

The strength of this study lies in the combination of different sources of data - epidemiological, travel, and genetic data - to estimate importation probabilities, and the statistical analyses.

Weaknesses:

The authors recognize the limitations related to sample size and the biases of travel reports.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This study investigates how ant group demographics influence nest structures and group behaviors of Camponotus fellah ants, a ground-dwelling carpenter ant species (found locally in Israel) that build subterranean nest structures. Using a quasi-2D cell filled with artificial sand, the authors perform two complementary sets of experiments to try to link group behavior and nest structure: first, the authors place a mated queen and several pupae into their cell and observe the structures that emerge both before and after the pupae eclose (i.e., "colony maturation" experiments); second, the authors create small groups (of 5,10, or 15 ants, each including a queen) within a narrow age range (i.e., "fixed demographic" experiments) to explore the dependence of age on construction. Some of the fixed demographic instantiations included a manually induced catastrophic collapse event; the authors then compared emergency repair behavior to natural nest creation. Finally, the authors introduce a modified logistic growth model to describe the time-dependent nest area. The modification introduced parameters that allow for age-dependent behavior, and the authors use their fixed demographic experiments to set these parameters, and then apply the model to interpret the behavior of the colony maturation experiments. The main results of this paper are that for natural nest construction, nest areas, and morphologies depend on the age demographics of ants in the experiments: younger ants create larger nests and angled tunnels, while older ants tend to dig less and build predominantly vertical tunnels; in contrast, emergency response seems to elicit digging in ants of all ages to repair the nest.

The experimental results are solid, providing new information and important insights into nest and colony growth in a social insect species. As presented, I still have some reservations about the model's contribution to a deeper understanding of the system. Additional context and explanation of the model, implications, and limitations would be helpful for readers.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The medicinal leech preparation is an amenable system in which to understand how the underlying cellular networks for locomotion function. A previously identified non-spiking neuron (NS) was studied and found to alter the mean firing frequency of a crawl-related motoneuron (DE-3), which fires during the contraction phase of crawling. The data are mostly solid. Identifying upstream neurons responsible for crawl motor patterning is essential for understanding how rhythmic behavior is controlled.

Review of Revision:

Reviewer: On a positive note, the rationale for the study is clearer to me now after reading the authors' responses to both reviewers, but that information, as described in the authors' responses, is minimally incorporated into the current revised paper. Incorporating a discussion of previous work on the NS cell has, indeed, improved the paper.

I suggested earlier that the paper be edited for clarity but not much text has been changed since the first draft. I will provide an example of the types of sentences that are confusing. The title of the paper is: "Phase-specific premotor inhibition modulates leech rhythmic motor output". Are the authors referring to the inhibition created by premotor neurons (e.g., on to the motoneurons) or the inhibition that the premotor neurons receive?

I also find the paper still confusing with regard to the suggested "functional homology" with the vertebrate Renshaw cells. When the authors set up this expectation of homology (should be analogy) in the introduction and other sections of the paper, one would assume that the NS cell would be directly receiving excitation from a motoneuron (like DE-3) and, in turn, the motoneuron would then receive some sort of inhibitory input to regulate its firing frequency. Essentially, I have always viewed the Renshaw cells as nature's clever way to monitor the ongoing activity of a motoneuron while also providing recurrent feedback or "recurrent inhibition" to modify that cell's excitatory state. The authors present their initial idea below on line 62. Authors write: "These neurons are present as bilateral pairs in each segmental ganglion and are functional homologs of the mammalian Renshaw cells (Szczupak, 2014). These spinal cord cells receive excitatory inputs from motoneurons and, in turn, transmit inhibitory signals to the motoneurons (Alvarez and Fyffe, 2007)."

[Reviewer (minor note): I suggest re-writing this last sentence as "these" is confusing. Change to: 'In the spinal cord, Renshaw interneurons receive excitatory inputs from motoneurons and, in turn, transmit inhibitory signals to them (Alvarez and Fyffe, 2007).']

Reviewer: Furthermore, the authors note that (line 69 on): "In the context of this circuit the activity of excitatory motoneurons evokes chemically mediated inhibitory synaptic potentials in NS. Additionally, the NS neurons are electrically coupled......In physiological conditions this coupling favors the transmission of inhibitory signals from NS to motoneurons." Based on what is being conveyed here, I see a disconnect with the "functional homology" being presented earlier. I may be missing something, but the Renshaw analogy seems to be quite different compared to what looks like reciprocal inhibition in the leech. If the authors want to make the analogy to Renshaw cells clearer, then they should make a simple ball and stick diagram of the leech system and visually compare it to the Renshaw/motoneuron circuit with regard to functionality. This simple addition would help many readers.

Reviewer: The Abstract, Authors write (line 19), "Specifically, we analyzed how electrophysiological manipulation of a premotor nonspiking (NS) neuron, that forms a recurrent inhibitory circuit (homologous to vertebrate Renshaw cells)...."<br /> First, a circuit would not be homologous to a cell, and the term homology implies a strict developmental/evolutionary commonality. At best, I would use the term functionally analogous but even then I am still not sure that they are functionally that similar (see comments above). Line 22: "The study included a quantitative analysis of motor units active throughout the fictive crawling cycle that shows that the rhythmic motor output in isolated ganglia mirrors the phase relationships observed in vivo." This sentence must be revised to indicate that not all of the extracellular units were demonstrated to be motor units. Revise to: "The study included a quantitative analysis of identified and putative motor units active throughout the fictive crawling cycle that shows.....'

Line 187 regarding identifying units as motoneurons: Authors write, "While multiple extracellular recordings have been performed previously (Eisenhart et al., 2000), these results (Figure 4) present the first quantitative analysis of motor units activated throughout the crawling cycle in this type of recordings." The authors cannot assume that the units in the recorded nerves belong only to motoneurons. Based on their first rebuttal, the authors seem to be reluctant to accept the idea that the extracellularly recorded units might represent a different class of neurons. They admit that some sensory neurons (with somata located centrally) do, indeed, travel out the same nerves recorded, but go on to explain why they would not be active.

The leech has a variety of sensory organs that are located in the periphery, and some of these sensory neurons do show rhythmic activity correlated with locomotor activity (see Blackshaw's early work). The numerous stretch receptors, in fact, have very large axons that pass through all the nerves recorded in the current paper. In Fig. 4, it is interesting that the waveforms of all the units recorded in the PP nerve exhibit a reversal in waveform as compared to those in the DP nerve, which might indicate (based on bipolar differential recording) that the units in the PP nerve are being propagated in the opposite direction (i.e., are perhaps afferent). Rhythmic presynaptic inhibition and excitation is commonly seen for stretch receptors within the CNS (see the work of Burrows) and many such cells are under modulatory control.

Most likely, the majority of the units are from motoneurons, but we do not really know at this point. The authors should reframe their statements throughout the paper as: 'While multiple extracellular recordings have been performed previously (Eisenhart et al., 2000), these results (Figure 4) present the first quantitative analysis of multiple extracellular units, using spike sorting methods, which are activated throughout the crawling cycle.' In cases where the identity of the unit is known, then it is fine to state that, but when the identity of the unit is not known, then there should be some qualification and stated as 'putative motor units'

Reviewer, the Methods section: needs to include the full parameters that were used to assess whether bursting activity was qualified in ways to be considered crawling activity or not. Typically, crawl-like burst periods of no more than 25 seconds have been the limit for their qualification as crawling activity. In Fig 2F, for example, the inter-burst period is over 35 seconds; that coupled with an average 5 second burst duration would bring the burst period to 40 seconds, which is substantially out of range for there to be bursting relevant to crawl activity. Simply put, long DE-3 burst periods are often observed but may not be indicative of a crawl state as the CV motoneurons are no longer out of phase with DE-3. A number of papers have adopted this criterion.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This work addresses an important question in the field of Drosophila aggression and mating. Prior social isolation is known to increase aggression in males, manifesting as increased lunging, which is suppressed by group housing (GH). However, it is also known that single housed (SH) males, despite their higher attempts to court females, are less successful. Here, Gao et al., develop a modified aggression assay to address this issue by recording aggression in Drosophila males for 2 hours, with a virgin female immobilized by burying its head in the food. They found that while SH males frequently lunge in this assay, GH males switch to higher intensity but very low frequency tussling. Constitutive neuronal silencing and activation experiments implicate cVA sensing Or67d neurons in promoting high frequency lunging, similar to earlier studies, whereas Or47b neurons promote low frequency but higher intensity tussling. Optogenetic activation revealed that three pairs of pC1SS2 neurons increase tussling. Cell-type-specific DsxM manipulations combined with morphological analysis of pC1SS2 neurons and side-by-side tussling quantification link the developmental role of DsxM to the functional output of these aggression-promoting cells. In contrast, although optogenetic activation of P1a neurons in the dark did not increase tussling, thermogenetic activation under visible light drove aggressive tussling. Using a further modified aggression assay, GH males exhibit increased tussling and maintain territorial control, which could contribute to a mating advantage over SH males, although direct measures of reproductive success are still needed

Strengths:

Through a series of clever neurogenetic and behavioral approaches, the authors implicate specific subsets of ORNs and pC1 neurons in promoting distinct forms of aggressive behavior, particularly tussling. They have devised a refined territorial control paradigm, which appears more robust than earlier assays using a food cup (Chen et al., 2002). This new setup is relatively clutter-free and could be amenable to future automation using computer vision approaches. The updated Figure 5, which combines cell-type-specific developmental manipulation of pC1SS2 neurons with behavioral output, provides a link between developmental mechanisms and functional aggression circuits. The manuscript is generally well written, and the claims are largely supported by the data.

Weakness:

Although most concerns have been addressed, the manuscript still lacks a rigorous, objective method for quantifying lunging and tussling. Because scoring appears to have been done manually and a single lunge in a 30 fps video spans only 2-3 frames, the 0.2 s cutoff seems arbitrary, and there are no objective criteria distinguishing reciprocal lunging from tussling. Despite this, the study offers valuable insights into the neural and behavioral mechanisms of Drosophila aggression.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The manuscript by Feng et al. reported that Endothelin B receptor (ETBR) expressed by the satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the dorsal root ganglions (DRG) acted to inhibit sensory axon regeneration in both adult and aged mice. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of ETBR with specific inhibitors resulted in enhanced sensory axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. In addition, sensory axon regeneration significantly reduces in aged mice and inhibition of ETBR could restore such defect in aged mice. Moreover, the study provided some evidence that the reduced level of gap junction protein connexin 43 might act downstream of ETBR to suppress axon regeneration in aged mice. Overall, the study revealed an interesting SGC-derived signal in the DRG microenvironment to regulate sensory axon regeneration. It provided additional evidence that non-neuronal cell types in the microenvironment function to regulate axon regeneration via cell-cell interaction.

However, the molecular mechanisms by which ETBR regulates axon regeneration are unclear, and the structure of the manuscript is relatively not well organized, especially the last section. Some discussion and explanation about the data interpretation are needed to improve the manuscript.

(1) The result showed that the level of ETBR was not changed after the peripheral nerve injury. Does it mean that its endogenous function is to limit the spontaneous sensory axon regeneration? In other words, the results suggest that SGCs expressing ETBR or vascular endothelial cells expressing its ligand ET-1 act to suppress sensory axon regeneration. Some explanation or discussion about this are necessary. Moreover, does the protein level of ETBR or its ligand change during aging?

(2) In ex vivo experiments, NGF was added in the culture medium. Previous studies have shown that adult sensory neurons could initiate fast axon growth in response to NGF within 24 hours. In addition, dissociated sensory neurons could also initiate spontaneous regenerative axon growth without NGF after 48 hours. Some discussion or rationale is needed to explain the difference between NGF-induced or spontaneous axon growth of culture adult sensory neurons and the roles of ETBR and SGCs.

(3) In cultured dissociated sensory neurons, inhibiting ETBR also enhanced axon growth, which meant the presence of SGCs surrounding the sensory neurons. Some direct evidence is needed to show the cellular relationship between them in culture.

(4) In Figure 3, the in vivo regeneration experiments first showed enhanced axon regeneration either at 1 day or 3 days after the nerve injury. The study then showed that inhibiting ETBR could enhance sensory axon growth in vitro from uninjured naïve neurons or conditioning lesioned neurons. To my knowledge, in vivo sensory axon regeneration is relatively slow during the first 2 days after the nerve injury and then enter the fast regeneration mode in the 3rd day, representing the conditioning lesion effect in vivo. Some discussion is needed to compare the in vitro and the in vivo model of axon regeneration.

(5) In Figure 5, the study showed that the level of connexin 43 increased after ETBR inhibition in either adult or aged mice, proposing an important role of connexin 43 in mediating the enhancing effect of ETBR inhibition on axon regeneration. However, in the study there was no direct evidence supporting that ETBR directly regulate connexin 43 expression in SGCs. Moreover, there was no functional evidence that connexin 43 acted downstream of ETBR to regulate axon regeneration.

In the revised manuscript, most comments have been addressed with some new experiments or text revisions in the results or discussion. For representative images showing in vitro cultured DRG neurons, it would be much more convincing if several neurons in the same imaging field are shown, rather than a single neuron (Figure 2A, 3J).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors study the steady-state solutions of ODE models for molecular signaling involving ligand binding coupled to multi-site phosphorylation at saturating ligand concentrations. Although the results are in principle general, the work highlights the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) as model systems. After presenting previous ODE model solutions, the authors present their own "kinetic sorting" model, which is distinguished by ligand-induced phosphorylation-dependent receptor degradation and the property that every phosphorylation state is signaling competent. The authors show that this model recovers the two types of non-monotonicity experimentally reported for RTKs: maximum activity for intermediate ligand affinity and maximum activity for intermediate kinase activity.

The main contribution of the work is in demonstrating that their model can capture both types of non-monotonicity, whereas previous models could at most capture non-monotonicity of ligand binding.

Strengths:

The question of how energy-dissipating, and thus non-equilibrium, molecular systems can achieve steady-state solutions not accessible to equilibrium systems is of fundamental importance in biomolecular information processing and self-organization. Although the authors do not address the energy requirements of their non-equilibrium model, their comparative analysis of different alternative non-equilibrium models provides insight into the design choices necessary to achieve non-monotonic control, a property that is inaccessible at equilibrium.

The paper is succinctly written and easy to follow, and the authors achieve their aims by providing convincing numerical solutions demonstrating non-monotonicity over the range of parameter values encompassing the biologically relevant regime.

Weaknesses:

(1) A key motivating framework for this work is the argument that the ability to tune to recognize intermediate ligand affinities provides a control knob for signal selection that is available to non-equilibrium systems. As such, this seems like a compelling type of ligand selectivity, which is a question of broad interest. However, as the authors note in the results, the previously published "limited signaling model" already achieves such non-monotonicity in ligand binding affinity. The introduction and abstract do not clearly delineate the new contributions of the model.

The novel benefit of the model introduced by the authors is that it also achieves a non-monotonic response to kinase activity. Because such non-monotonicity is observed for RTK, this would make the authors' model a better fit for capturing RTK behavior. However, the broad significance of achieving non-monotonicity to kinase activity is not motivated or supported by empirical evidence in the paper. As such, the conceptual significance of the modified model presented by the authors is not clear.

(2) Whereas previous models used in the literature are schematized in Figure 1, the model proposed by the authors is missing (see line 97 of page 3). Without the schematic, the text description of the model is incomplete.

(3) The authors use the activity of the first phosphorylation site as the default measure of activity. This choice needs to be justified. Why not use the sum of the activities at all sites?

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The study by Teplenin and coworkers assesses the combined effects of localized depolarization and excitatory electrical stimulation in myocardial monolayers. They study the electrophysiological behaviour of cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes expressing the light-gated cation channel Cheriff, allowing them to induce local depolarization of varying area and amplitude, the latter titrated by the applied light intensity. In addition, they used computational modeling to screen for critical parameters determining state transitions and to dissect the underlying mechanisms. Two stable states, thus bistability, could be induced upon local depolarization and electrical stimulation, one state characterized by a constant membrane voltage and a second, spontaneously firing, thus oscillatory state. The resulting 'state' of the monolayer was dependent on the duration and frequency of electrical stimuli, as well as the size of the illuminated area and the applied light intensity, determining the degree of depolarization as well as the steepness of the local voltage gradient. In addition to the induction of oscillatory behaviour, they also tested frequency-dependent termination of induced oscillations.

Strengths:

The data from optogenetic experiments and computational modelling provide quantitative insights into the parameter space determining the induction of spontaneous excitation in the monolayer. The most important findings can also be reproduced using a strongly reduced computational model, suggesting that the observed phenomena might be more generally applicable.

Weaknesses:

While the study is thoroughly performed and provides interesting mechanistic insights into scenarios of ventricular arrhythmogenesis in the presence of localized depolarized tissue areas, the translational perspective of the study remains relatively vague. In addition, the chosen theoretical approach and the way the data are presented might make it difficult for the wider community of cardiac researchers to understand the significance of the study.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

MPRAs are a high-throughput and powerful tool for assaying the regulatory potential of genomic sequences. However, linking MPRA-nominated regulatory sequences to their endogenous target genes and identifying the more specific functional regions within these sequences can be challenging. MPRAs that tile a genomic region, and saturation mutagenesis-based MPRAs, can help to address these challenges. In this work, Tulloch et al. describe a streamlined MPRA system for the identification and investigation of the regulatory elements surrounding a gene of interest with high resolution. The use of BACs covering a locus of interest to generate MPRA libraries allows for an unbiased and high-coverage assessment of a particular region. Follow-up degenerate MPRAs, where each nucleotide in the nominated sequences is systematically mutated, can then point to key motifs driving their regulatory activity. The authors present this MPRA platform as straightforward, easily customizable, and less time- and resource-intensive than traditional MPRA designs. They demonstrate the utility of their design in the context of the developing mouse retina, where they first use the LS-MPRA to identify active regulatory elements for select retinal genes, followed by d-MPRA, which allowed them to dissect the functional regions within those elements and nominate important regulatory motifs. These assays were able to recapitulate some previously known cis-regulatory modules (CRMs), as well as identify some new potential regulatory regions. Follow-up experiments assessing co-localization of the gene of interest with the CRM-linked GFP reporter in the target cells, and CUT&RUN assays to confirm transcription factor binding to nominated motifs, provided support linking these CRMs to the genes of interest. Overall, this method appears flexible and could be an easy-to-implement tool for other investigators aiming to study their locus of interest with high resolution.

Strengths:

(1) The method of fragmenting BACs allows for high, overlapping coverage of the region of interest.

(2) The d-MPRA method was an efficient way to identify key functional transcription factor motifs and nominate specific transcription factor-driven regulatory pathways that could be studied further.

(3) Additional assays like co-expression analyses using the endogenous gene promoter, and use of the Notch inhibitor in the case of Olig2, helped correlate the activity of the CRMs to the expression of the gene of interest, and distinguish false positives from the initial MPRA.

(4) The use of these assays across different time points, tissues, and even species demonstrated that they can be used across many contexts to identify both common and divergent regulatory mechanisms for the same gene.

Weaknesses:

The LS-MPRA assay most strongly identified promoters, which are not usually novel regulatory elements you would try to discover, and the signal-to-noise ratio for more TSS-distal, non-promoter regulatory elements was usually high, making it difficult to discriminate lower activity CRMs, like enhancers, from the background. For example, NR2 and NR3 in Figure 3 have very minimal activity peaks (NR3 seems non-existent). The ex vivo data in Figure 2 are similarly noisy. Is there a particular metric or calculation that was or could be used to quantitatively or statistically call a peak above the background? The authors mention in the discussion some adjustments that could reduce the noise, such as increased sequencing depth, which I think is needed to make these initial LS-MPRA results and the benchmarking of this assay more convincing and impactful.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

(1) Presentation of Figures in the Response Letter

I would like to note that the figures included in the response letter would benefit from improved organization. For example, Author response image 1 lacks clarity for experimental conditions. From the response letter, my understanding is that a "Labeling rate index", Rg−Rn, was calculated to represent the difference in the rate of increase in labeling between neurons and glial across two time intervals based on experiments shown in Figure 2-figure supplement 1C and G. It seems that a mean convergence index was calculated for each experimental condition at each time point for glial and neurons, and then the differences in mean convergence index increase between time intervals were calculated for glial and neurons. The legend needs more detail to enhance clarity.

Furthermore, the manuscript should clearly distinguish between figures generated from re-analysis of existing data and those based on newly conducted experiments. This distinction should be explicitly stated in the figure legends and/or main text.<br /> I recommend that all response figures containing data integral to the authors' rebuttal be properly integrated into the manuscript's existing supplementary figure set, rather than remaining isolated in the response document. This would enhance clarity and ensure that key supporting data are fully accessible to readers. For instance, Author response image 1 can be integrated with Figure 2-figure supplement.

(2) Glial Cell Labeling and Specificity of Trans-Synaptic Spread

The authors provided a comprehensive and well-reasoned response to the concern regarding the labeling of radial glial cells. The inclusion of a dedicated section in the revised Discussion and response figures (possibly to be integrated with supplementary figures), strengthens the manuscript.

The authors have made an interesting observation in Author response image 2 that glial labeling was frequently observed near the soma and dendrites of starter cells, suggesting that transneuronal labeled glial cells may be synaptically associated with the starter neurons. Also astroglia starter cells lead to infection of nearby TVA-negative astroglia, suggesting astroglia-to- astroglia transmission.

I find the response scientifically satisfactory and appreciate the authors' transparency in addressing the limitations of their approach.

(3) Temperature Effects and Larval Viability

The authors' justification for raising larvae at 36C to improve labeling efficiency is reasonable. The supporting data indicating minimal impact on larval viability within the experimental timeframe are convincing. Referencing prior behavioral studies and including survival data under controlled conditions adds credibility to their claims. I find this issue satisfactorily addressed.

(4) Viral Toxicity and Dosage Considerations, Secondary Starter Cells

The authors present a well-reasoned explanation that viral cytotoxicity is primarily driven by replication and not by viral titer or injection volume. However, the inclusion of experimental data directly testing the effects of higher titer or volume on starter cell viability would have strengthened this point, particularly since such tests are relatively straightforward to perform.

Regarding the potential contribution of secondary starter cells, the authors provide a convincing rationale for why such effects are unlikely under their sparse labeling conditions. However, in cases where TVA and G are broadly expressed-such as under the vglut2a promoter, as shown in Author response image 2-it would be valuable to directly evaluate this possibility experimentally. While the authors' interpretation is reasonable, empirical validation would further strengthen their conclusions.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors conducted a comprehensive investigation into sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice, a model for Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). They began by monitoring daily home cage behaviors to identify disruptions in sleep and circadian patterns, then assessed the mice's adaptability to altered light conditions through photic suppression and skeleton photoperiod experiments. To uncover potential mechanisms, they examined the connectivity between the retina and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The study also included an analysis of social behavior deficits in the mutant mice and tested whether scheduled feeding could alleviate these issues. Notably, scheduled feeding not only improved sleep, circadian, and social behaviors but also normalized plasma cytokine levels. The manuscript is strengthened by its focus on a significant and underexplored area-sleep deficits in an FXS model-and by its robust experimental design, which integrates a variety of methodological approaches to provide a thorough understanding of the observed phenomena and potential therapeutic avenues.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript titled "Introduction of cytosine-5 DNA methylation sensitizes cells to oxidative damage" proposes that 5mC modifications to DNA, despite being ancient and wide-spread throughout life, represent a vulnerability, making cells more susceptible to both chemical alkylation and, of more general importance, reactive oxygen species. Sarkies et al take the innovative approach of introducing enzymatic genome-wide cytosine methylation system (DNA methyltransferases, DNMTs) into E. coli, which normally lacks such a system. They provide compelling evidence that the introduction of DNMTs increases the sensitivity of E. coli to chemical alkylation damage. Surprisingly they also show DNMTs increase the sensitivity to reactive oxygen species and propose that the DNMT generated 5mC presents a target for the reactive oxygen species that is especially damaging to cells. Evidence is presented that DNMT activity directly or indirectly produces reactive oxygen species in vivo, which is an important discovery if correct, though the mechanism for this remains obscure.

I am satisfied that the points #2, #3 and #4 relating to non-addativity, transcriptional changes and ROS generation have been appropriately addressed in this revised manuscript. The most important point (previously #1) has not been addressed beyond the acknowledgement in the results section that: "Alternatively, 3mC induction by DNMT may lead to increased levels of ssDNA, particularly in alkB mutants, which could increase the risk of further DNA damage by MMS exposure and heighten sensitivity." This slightly miss-represents the original point that 5mC the main enzymatic product of DNMTs rather or in addition to 3mC is likely to lead to transient damage susceptible ssDNA, especially in an alkB deficient background. And more centrally to the main claims of this manuscript, the authors have not resolved whether methylated cytosine introduced into bacteria is deleterious in the context of genotoxic stress because of the oxidative modification to 5mC and 3mC, or because of oxidative/chemical attack to ssDNA that is transiently exposed in the repair processing of 5mC and 3mC, especially in an alkB deficient background. This is a crucial distinction because chemical vulnerability of 5mC would likely be a universal property of cytosine methylation across life, but the wide-spread exposure of ssDNA is expected to be peculiarity of introducing cytosine methylation into a system not evolved with that modification as a standard component of its genome.

These two models make different predictions about the predominant mutation types generated, in the authors system using M.SssI that targets C in a CG context - if oxidative damage to 5mC dominates then mutations are expected to be predominantly in a CG context, if ssDNA exposure effects dominate then the mutations are expected to be more widely distributed - sequencing post exposure clones could resolve this.

Strengths:

This work is based on an interesting initial premise, it is well motivated in the introduction and the manuscript is clearly written. The results themselves are compelling.

Weaknesses:

I am not currently convinced by the principal interpretations and think that other explanations based on known phenomena could account for key results. Specifically the authors have not resolved whether oxidative modification to 5mC and 3mC, or chemical attack to ssDNA that is transiently exposed in the repair processing of 5mC and 3mC is the principal source of the observed genotoxicity.

(1) Original query which still stands: As noted in the manuscript, AlkB repairs alkylation damage by direct reversal (DNA strands are not cut). In the absence of AlkB, repair of alklylation damage/modification is likely through BER or other processes involving strand excision and resulting in single stranded DNA. It has previously been shown that 3mC modification from MMS exposure is highly specific to single stranded DNA (PMID:20663718) occurring at ~20,000 times the rate as double stranded DNA. Consequently the introduction of DNMTs is expected to introduce many methylation adducts genome-wide that will generate single stranded DNA tracts when repaired in an AlkB deficient background (but not in an AlkB WT background), which are then hyper-susceptible to attack by MMS. Such ssDNA tracts are also vulnerable to generating double strand breaks, especially when they contain DNA polymerase stalling adducts such as 3mC. The generation of ssDNA during repair is similarly expected follow the H2O2 or TET based conversion of 5mC to 5hmC or 5fC neither of which can be directly repaired and depend on single strand excision for their removal. The potential importance of ssDNA generation in the experiments has not been [adequately] considered.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Wojcik et al. conducted a working memory (WM) experiment in which participants had to press the right or left button after being presented with a square (upright) or diamond stimulus. The response mapping ('context') depended on a colour cue presented at the start of each trial. This results in an XOR task, requiring participants to integrate colour and shape information. Importantly, multiple colours could map onto the same context, allowing the authors to disentangle the (neural) representations of context from those of colour.

The authors report that participants learn the appropriate context mappings quickly over the course of the experiment. Neural context representation is evident in the WM delay and emerges later in the experiment, unlike colour representation, which is present only during colour presentation and does not evolve over experimental time. There are furthermore results on neural geometry (averaged cross-generalized decoding) and neural dimensionality (averaged decoding after shattering all task dimensions), which are somewhat harder to interpret.

Overall, the findings are likely Important, as they highlight the flexible and future-oriented nature of WM. The strength of support at the moment is incomplete: there are some loose ends on the context/colour generalization, and the evidence for the XOR neural representation is not (yet) well-established.

I have one (major) concern and several suggestions for improvement.

(1a) As the authors also acknowledge in several places, the XOR dimension is strongly correlated with motor responses, in any case toward the end of the task (and by definition for all correct trials). This should be dealt with properly. Right now, e.g. Figures 2g/i, 2h/j, 3e/g, 3f/h are highly similar, respectively, because of this strong collinearity. I would remove the semi-duplicate graphs and/or deal with this explicitly through some partial regression, trial selection, or similar (and report these correlations).

(1b) Most worrisome in this respect is that one of the key results presented is that XOR decoding increases with learning. But also task accuracy increases, meaning that the proportion of correct trials increases with learning, meaning that the XOR and motor regressors become more similar over experimental time. This means that any classifier picking up on motor signals will be better able to do so later on in the task than earlier on. (In other words, the XOR regressor may be a noisy version of the motor regressor early on, and a more precise version of the motor regressor later on.) Therefore, the increase in XOR decoding over experimental time may be (entirely) due to an increase in similarity between the XOR and motor dimensions. The authors should either rule out this explanation, and/or remove/tone down the conclusions regarding the XOR coding increase. (Note that the takeaway regarding colour/context generalization does not depend on this analysis, fortunately.) The absence of a change in motor decoding with learning (as reported on page 11) does not affect this potential confound; in fact it is made more likely with it.

(2) Bayes factors would be valuable in several places, especially with null results (p. 5) or cases with borderline-significant p-values.

(3) The authors' interpretation of the key results implies that the abstract coding learned over the task should be relevant for behaviour. The current results do not show a particularly strong behavioural relevance of coding, to put it mildly. It might be worth exploring whether neural coding expresses itself in reaction times, rather than (in)correct responses, and reflecting on the (lack of) behavioural relevance in the Discussion.

(4) All data and experiment/analysis code should be made available, in public repositories (i.e., not "upon request").

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Circannual timing is a phylogenetically widespread phenomenon in long-lived organisms and is central to the seasonal regulation of reproduction, hibernation, migration, fur color changes, body weight, and fat deposition in response to photoperiodic changes. Photoperiodic control of thyroid hormone T3 levels in the hypothalamus dictates this timing. However, the mechanisms that regulate these changes are not fully understood. The study by Stewart et al. reports that hypothalamic iodothyronine deiodinase 3 (Dio3), the major inactivator of the biologically active thyroid hormone T3, plays a critical role in circannual timing in the Djungarian hamster. Overall, the study yields important results for the field and is well-conducted, with the exception of the CRISPR/Cas9 manipulation.

Figure 1 lays the foundation for examining circannual timing by establishing the timing of induction, maintenance, and recovery phases of the circannual timer upon exposure of hamsters to short photoperiod (SP) by monitoring morphological and physiological markers. Measures of pelage color, torpor, body mass, plasma glucose, etc, established that the initiation phase occurred by weeks 4-8 in SP, the maintenance by weeks 12-20, and the recovery after week 20, where all morphological and physiological changes started to reverse back to long photoperiod phenotypes. The statistical analyses look fine, and the results are unambiguous. Their representation could, however, be improved. In Figures 1d and 1e, two different measures are plotted on each graph and differentiated by dots and upward or downward arrowheads. The plots are so small, though, that distinguishing between the direction of the arrows is difficult. Some color coding would make it more reader-friendly. The same comment applies to Figure S4. The authors went on to profile the transcriptome of the mediobasal and dorsomedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and pituitary gland (all known to be involved in seasonal timing) every 4 weeks over the different phases of the circannual interval timer. A number of transcripts displaying seasonal rhythms in expression levels in each of the investigated structures were identified, including transcripts whose expression peaks during each phase. This included two genes of particular interest due to their known modulation of expression in response to photoperiod, Dio3 and Sst, found among the transcripts upregulated during the induction and maintenance phases, respectively. The experiments are technically sound and properly analyzed, revealing interesting candidates. Again, my main issues lie with the representation in the figure. In particular, the authors should clarify what the heatmaps on the right of Figures 1f and 1g represent. I suspect they are simply heatmaps of averaged expression of all genes within a defined category, but a description is missing in the legend, as well as a scale for color coding near the figure.

Figure 2 reveals that SP-programmed body mass loss is correlated to increased Dio3-dependent somatostatin (Sst) expression. First, to distinguish whether the body mass loss was controlled by rheostatic mechanisms and not just acute homeostatic changes in energy balance, experiments from hamsters fed ad lib or experiencing an acute food restriction in both LP and SP were tested. Unlike plasma insulin, food restriction had no additional effect on SP-driven epididymal fat mass loss (Figure S7). This clearly establishes a rheostatic control of body mass loss across weeks in SP conditions. Importantly, Sst expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus increased in both ad lib fed or restriction fed SP hamsters and this increase in expression could be reduced by a single subcutaneous injection of active T3, clearly suggesting that increase in Sst expression in SP is due to a decrease of active T3 likely via Dio3 increase in expression in the hypothalamus. The results are unambiguous.

Figure 3 provides a functional test of Dio3's role in the circannual timer. Mediobasal hypothalamic injections of CRISPR-Cas9 lentiviral vectors expressing two guide RNAs targeting the hamster Dio3 led to a significant reduction in the interval between induction and recovery phases seen in SP as measured by body mass, and diminished the extent of pelage color change by weeks 15-20. In addition, hamsters that failed to respond to SP exposure by decreasing their body mass also had undetectable Dio3 expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Together, these data provide strong evidence that Dio3 functions in the circannual timer. I noted, however, a few problems in the way the CRISPR modification of Dio3 in the mediobasal hypothalamus was reported in Figure S8. One is in Figure S8b, where the PAM sites are reported to be 9bp and 11bp downstream of sgRNA1 and sgRNA2, respectively. Is this really the case? If so, I would have expected the experiment to fail to show any effect as PAM sites need to immediately follow the target genomic sequence recognized by the sgRNA for Cas9 to induce a DNA double-stranded break. It seems that each guide contains a 3' NGG sequence that is currently underlined as part of sgRNAs in both Fig S8b and in the method section. If this is not a mistake in reporting the experimental design, I believe that the design is less than optimal and the efficiencies of sgRNAs are rather low, if at all functional. The authors report efficiencies around 60% (line 325), but how these were obtained is not specified. Another unclear point is the degree to which the mediobasal hypothalamus was actually mutated. Only one mutated (truncated) sequence in Figure S8c is reported, but I would have expected a range of mutations in different cells of the tissue of interest. Although the authors clearly find a phenotypic effect with their CRISPR manipulation, I suspect that they may have uncovered greater effects with better sgRNA design. These points need some clarification. I would also argue that repeating this experiment with properly designed sgRNAs would provide much stronger support for causally linking Dio3 in circannual timing.

A proposed schematic model for mechanisms of circannual interval timing is presented in Figure S9. I think this represents a nice summary of the findings put in a broader context and should be presented as a main figure in the manuscript itself rather than being relayed in supplementary materials.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper describes an interesting phenotype of C. elegans lite-1 mutants. Previous work showed that lite-1 mutants lose a violet/blue light avoidance response. The authors show here that lite-1 mutants also show a defect in negative diacetyl chemotaxis. While wild-type worms avoid diacetyl at high concentrations, lite-1 mutants are instead *attracted* to it. The authors go on to perform Ca2+ imaging in sensory neurons and find that ADL and ASK neurons show altered Ca2+ responses to diacetyl in lite-1 mutants, suggesting LITE-1 is required for these responses. As unc-13 mutants with defective synaptic transmission show similar diacetyl Ca2+ responses as wild-type, this suggests these neurons respond cell autonomously to diacetyl. However, whether lite-1 also acts cell-autonomously is not discussed. Indeed, because unc-13 and lite-1 mutants show different ADL and ASK Ca2+ responses, it seems the diacetyl response regulated by LITE-1 is likely acting outside of those cells. An interesting result that is not commented on is the switching of the valence of the ASK Ca2+ response in lite-1 mutants. ASK neurons still respond to diacetyl, but instead of a strong increase in Ca2+, diacetyl appears to drive it strongly lower. This may be consistent with the switch in valence in the diacetyl chemotaxis assay. It also argues against the idea that LITE-1 is a low-affinity diacetyl receptor that drives avoidance or the Ca2+ responses in ASK, since it is still present in lite-1 mutants. The authors then use a strain that expresses LITE-1 in the body wall muscles and show this expression is sufficient to engender them with sensitivity to diacetyl, as measured through altered swimming and hypercontractility. The authors interpret this result as LITE-1 may act as a diacetyl receptor. The authors test whether a structurally similar molecule, 2,3-pentanedione, shows similar effects, and they find it does. Alpha-fold modeling and molecular docking analysis show where diacetyl might bind to the LITE-1 protein. They then test whether lite-1 mutants show chemotaxis defects to other molecules, as seen with diacetyl. Generally, they find that the observed diacetyl responses are unique, although lite-1 mutants do lose their avoidance response to 2,3-pentanedione. However, unlike the acquisition of diacetyl attraction in lite-1 mutants, 2,3 pentanedione avoidance is *lost*; it is not switched to attraction. Overall, I felt the description of the results and their implications could have been more in-depth. Further, the evidence that LITE-1 is a chemoreceptor itself, rather than acting in some way to shape chemoreceptor responses (via light or otherwise), remains unclear, as conceded by the authors.

Strengths:

Overall, the study follows up on an interesting and useful result. The experiments as presented are generally well-conceived and performed. The authors use a variety of behavioral and imaging approaches to test how LITE-1 mediates diacetyl avoidance.

Weaknesses:

The study is missing experiments needed to resolve whether LITE-1 is doing what they propose. The evidence that LITE-1 is a diacetyl receptor is lacking support since lite-1 mutants have their avoidance and calcium responses flipped, which would not be expected if it were acting solely as an avoidance receptor. Presumably, the authors are concluding that the attractive response that is left in the lite-1 mutant is mediated by ODR-10, but that experiment is not shown. Similarly, the authors concede that "the use of lite-1 point mutants that affect specific LITE-1 function, such as light sensing, channel gating, or binding pocket, could further elucidate LITE-1 mechanisms." This reviewer agrees, and such experiments designed to localize diacetyl binding site(s) would be necessary to conclude definitively that LITE-1 is a diacetyl receptor. The body wall muscle assay used or some other heterologous experimental system could work for such a structure-function analysis. A concern is whether the extensive number of LITE-1 point mutants described in the literature affect cell surface expression vs. receptor function, which might complicate the interpretation of a result showing loss of diacetyl responses.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The axonal membrane periodic skeleton (MPS) comprises axially aligned tetramers of α and β spectrins that are attached to evenly distributed radial F-actin rings, which maintain a<br /> typical spacing of 180 - 190 nm. The exact molecular mechanisms underlying the early organization have been unclear. The focus of this study is on those mechanisms.

This is a comprehensive and professionally carried out study. It brings convincing evidence that intact actin and microtubules are required for normal development of MPS and that the actin-binding and lipid-interacting domains of βII-spectrin are critical for its subplasmalemmal confinement and, subsequently, MPS maturation. However, whilst the study does bring new insights, we are still missing the overall understanding of how everything comes together.

The study describes, using spectrin mutations, that the membrane and actin binding of spectrin are required for the proper organization of MPS. However, it is unclear how everything could come together mechanistically.

The authors follow how the MPS is organized by looking at spectrin. Latrunculin affects actin polymerization, as well as CK666 and formin inhibition, but it remains unclear which actin structures are affected. The same is true for microtubules; while they are affected, we don't know how they are affected.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study delineates a highly specific role for the pPVT in unconditioned defensive responses. The authors use a novel, combined SEFL and SEFR paradigm to test both conditioned and unconditioned responses in the same animal. Next, a c-fos mapping experiment showed enhanced PVT activity in the stress group when exposed to the novel tone. No other regions showed differences. Fiber photometry measurements in pPVT showed enhancement in response to the novel tone in the stressed but not non-stressed groups. Importantly, there were also no effects when calcium measurements were taken during conditioning. Using DREADDS to bidirectionally manipulate global pPVT activity, inhibition of the PVT reduced tone freezing in stressed mice while stimulation increased tone freezing in non-stressed mice.

Strengths:

A major strength of this research is the use of a multi-dimensional behavioral assay that delineates behavior related to both learned and non-learned defensive responses. The research also incorporates high-resolution approaches to measure neuronal activity and provide causal evidence for a role for PVT in a very narrow band of defensive behavior. The data are compelling, and the manuscript is well-written overall.

Weaknesses:

Figure 1 shows a small, but looks to be, statistically significant, increase in freezing in response to the novel tone in the no-stress group relative to baseline freezing. This observation was also noticed in Figures 2 and 7. The tone presented is relatively high frequency (9 kHz) and high dB (90), making it a high-intensity stimulus. Is it possible that this stimulus is acting as an unconditioned stimulus? In addition, in the final experiment, the tone intensity was increased to 115 dB, and the freezing % in the non-stressed group was nearly identical (~20%) to the non-stressed groups in Figures 1-2 and Figure 7. It seems this manipulation was meant as a startle assay (Pantoni et al., 2020). Because the auditory perception of mice is better at high frequencies (best at ~16 kHz), would the effect seen be evident at a lower dB (50-55) at 9 kHz? If the tone was indeed perceived as "neutral," there should be no freezing in response to the tone. This complicates the interpretation of the results somewhat because while the authors do admit the stimulus is loud, would a less loud stimulus result in the same effect? Could the interaction observed in this set of studies require not a novel tone, but rather a high-intensity tone that elicits an unconditioned response? Along these same lines, it appears there may be an elevation in c-fos in the PVT in the non-stress tone test group versus the no-stress home cage control, and overall it appears that tone increases c-fos relative to homecage. Could PVT be sensitive to the tone outside of stress? Would there be the same results with a less intense stimulus? I would also be curious to know what mice in the non-stressed group were doing upon presentation of the tone besides freezing. Were any startle or orienting responses noticed?

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study investigates how mice make defensive decisions when exposed to visual threats and how those decisions are influenced by reward value and social hierarchy. Using a naturalistic foraging setup and looming stimuli, the authors show that higher threat leads to faster escape, while lower threat allows mice to weigh reward value. Dominant mice behave more cautiously, showing higher vigilance. The behavioral findings are further supported by a computational model aimed at capturing how different factors shape decisions.

Strengths:

(1) The behavioral paradigm is well-designed and ethologically relevant, capturing instinctive responses in a controlled setting.

(2) The paper addresses an important question: how defensive behaviors are influenced by social and value-based factors.

(3) The classification of behavioral responses using machine learning is a solid methodological choice that improves reproducibility.

Weaknesses:

(1) Key parts of the methods are hard to follow, especially how trials are selected and whether learning across trials is fully controlled for. For example, it is unclear whether animals are in the nest during the looming stimulus presentations. The main text and methods should clarify whether multiple mice are in the nest simultaneously and whether only one mouse is in the arena during looming exposure. From the description, it seems that all mice may be freely exploring during some phases, but only one is allowed in the arena at a time during stimulus presentation. This point is important for understanding the social context and potential interactions, and should be clearly explained in both the main text and methods.

(2) It is often unclear whether the data shown (especially in the main summary figures) come from the first trial or are averages across several exposures. When is the cut-off for trials of each animal? How do we know how many trial presentations were considered, and how learning at different rates between individuals is taken into account when plotting all animals together? This is important because the looming stimulus is learned to be harmless very quickly, so the trial number strongly affects interpretation.

(3) The reward-related effects are difficult to interpret without a clearer separation of learning vs first responses.

(4) The model reproduces observed patterns but adds limited explanatory or predictive power. It does not integrate major findings like social hierarchy. Its impact would be greatly improved if the authors used it to predict outcomes under novel or intermediate conditions.

(5) Some conclusions (e.g., about vigilance increasing with reward) are counterintuitive and need stronger support or alternative explanations. Regarding the interpretation of social differences in area coverage, it's also possible that the observed behavioral differences reflect access to the nesting space. Dominant mice may control the nest, forcing subordinates to remain in the open arena even during or after looming stimuli. In this case, subordinates may be choosing between the threat of the dominant mouse and the external visual threat. The current data do not distinguish between these possibilities, and the authors do not provide evidence to support one interpretation over the other. Including this alternative explanation or providing data that addresses it would strengthen the conclusions.

(6) While potential neural circuits are mentioned in the discussion, an earlier introduction of candidate brain regions and their relevance to threat and value processing would help ground the study in existing systems neuroscience.

(7) Some figures are difficult to interpret without clearer trial/mouse labeling, and a few claims in the text are stronger than what the data fully support. Figure 3H is done for low contrast, but the interesting findings will be to do this experiment with high contrast. Figure 4H - I don't understand this part. If the amount of time in the center after the loom changes for subordinate mice, how does this lead to the conclusion that they spend most of their time in the reward zone?. Figure 3A - The example shown does not seem representative of the claim that high contrast stimuli are more likely to trigger escape. In particular, the 10% sucrose condition appears to show more arena visits under low contrast than high contrast, which seems to contradict that interpretation. Also, the plot currently uses trials on the Y-axis, but it would be more informative to show one line per animal, using only the first trial for each. This would help separate initial threat responses from learning effects and clarify individual variability.

(8) The analysis does not explore individual variability in behavior, which could be an important source of structure in the data. Without this, it is difficult to know whether social hierarchy alone explains behavioral differences or if other stable traits (e.g., anxiety level, prior experiences) also contribute.

(9) The study shows robust looming responses in group-housed animals, which contrasts with other studies that often require single housing to elicit reliable defensive responses. It would be valuable for the authors to discuss why their results differ in this regard and whether housing conditions might interact with social rank or habituation.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors tested two competing mechanisms of expectation: (1) a sharpening model that suppresses unexpected information via center-surround inhibition; (2) a cancelation model that predicts a monotonic gradient response profile. Using two psychophysical experiments manipulating feature space distance between expected and unexpected stimuli, the results consistently supported the sharpening model. Computational modeling further showed that expectation effects were explained by either sharpened tuning curves or tuning shifts. Finally, convolutional neural network simulations revealed that feedback connections critically mediate the observed center-surround inhibition.

Strengths:

The manuscript provides compelling and convergent evidence from both psychophysical experiments and computational modeling to robustly support the sharpening model of expectation, demonstrating clear center-surround inhibition of unexpected information.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript could directly validate the experimental manipulations and address how these results reconcile with existing literature on expectation effects.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This is a theoretical study addressing the problem of constructing integrator networks for which the activity state and integrated variables display non-trivial topologies. Historically, researchers in theoretical neuroscience have focused on models with simple underlying geometries (e.g., circle, torus), for which analytical models could be more easily constructed. How these models can be generalised to complex scenarios is, however, a non-trivial question. This is furthermore a time-sensitive issue, as population recordings from the brain in complex tasks and environments increasingly require the ability to construct such models.

I believe the authors do a good job of explaining the challenges related to this problem. They also propose a class of models that, although not fully general, overcome many of these difficulties while appearing solid and well-functioning. This requires some non-trivial mathematics, which is nevertheless conveyed in a reasonably accessible form. The manuscript is well written, and both the methodology and the code are well documented.

That said, I believe the manuscript has two major limitations, which could be addressed in a revision. First, some of the assumptions underlying this class of models are somewhat restrictive but are not sufficiently discussed. Second, although the stated goal of the manuscript is to provide practical recipes for constructing integrator networks, the methods section is not very explicit about the specific steps required for different geometries. I elaborate on these limitations below.


(1) The authors repeatedly describe MADE as a technique for constructing integrators of specified "topologies and geometries." What do they mean by "geometries"? Intuitively, I would associate geometry with properties beyond topology, such as embedding dimensionality or curvature. However, it is unclear to me to what extent these aspects are explicitly specified or controlled in MADE. It seems that geometry is only indirectly defined via the connectivity kernel, which itself obeys certain constraints (e.g., limited spatial scale; see below). I believe it is important for the authors to clarify what they mean by "geometry." They should also specify which aspects are under their control, and whether, in fact, all geometries can be realized.


(2) The authors make two key assumptions: that connectivity is purely inhibitory and that the connectivity kernel has a small spatial scale. They state that under these conditions, the homogeneous fixed point becomes unstable, leading to a non-periodic state. However, it seems to me that they do not demonstrate that this emergent state is necessarily a bump localized in all manifold dimensions -- although this is assumed throughout the manuscript. Are other solutions possible or observed? For example, might the network converge to states that are localized in one dimension but extended in another, yielding e.g., stripe-like activity in the plane rather than bumps? In other words, does the proposed recipe guarantee convergence to bumps? This is a critical point and should be clarified.


(3) Related to the question above: What are the failure modes when these two assumptions are violated? Does the network always exhibit runaway activity (as suggested in the text), or can other types of solutions emerge? It would be useful if the authors could briefly discuss this.


(4) Again, related to the question above: can this formalism be extended to activity profiles beyond bumps? For example, periodic fields as seen in grid cells, or irregular fields as observed in many biological datasets -- particularly in naturalistic environments? These activity profiles are of key importance to neuroscientists, so I believe this is an important point that should at least be addressed in the Discussion. Can MADE be naturally extended to these scenarios? What are the challenges involved?


(5) Line 119: "Since σ is the only spatial scale being introduced in the dynamics, we qualitatively expect that a localized bump state within the ball will have a spatial scale of O(σ)."
Is this statement always true? I understand that the spatial scale of the synaptic inputs exchanged via recurrent interactions (i.e., the argument of the function f in Equation 1) is characterised by the spatial scale σ. But the non-linear function f could modify that spatial scale -- for example, by "cutting" the bump close to its tip. Where am I wrong? Could the authors clarify?


(6) The authors provide beautiful intuition about the problem of constructing integrators on non-trivial topologies and propose a mathematically grounded solution using Killing vectors. Of course, solutions based on Killing vectors are more complex than those with constant offsets, which raises the question: Is the brain capable of learning and handling such complex structures? Perhaps the authors could speculate in the Discussion about the biological plausibility of these mechanisms.


(7) A great merit of this paper is that it provides mathematical tools for neuroscience researchers to build integrators on non-trivial geometries. I found that, although all the necessary information is present in the Methods, the authors could improve the presentation by schematizing the steps required to build each type of model. It would be extremely useful if, for each considered geometry, the authors provided a short list of required components: the manifold P, the choice of distance, and the connectivity offsets defined by the Killing vectors. Currently, this information is presented, but scattered (not grouped by geometry).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary of the paper:

The paper presents an elegant task designed to investigate humans' ability to generalize knowledge of learned graph structures to new experiences that share the same structure but are built from different stimuli. Using behavior and MEG recordings, the authors test evidence for neural representation and application of structural knowledge.

Review overview:

While the task design is elegant, it isn't clear to me that the data support all the claims made in the paper. I have detailed my concerns below.

Major concerns

(1) The authors claim that their findings reveal "striking learning and generalization abilities based on factorization of complex experiences into underlying structural elements, parsing these into distinct subprocesses derived from past experience, and forming a representation of the dynamical roles these features play within distinct subprocesses." And "neural dynamics that support compositional generalisation, consistent with a structural scaffolding mechanism that facilitates efficient adaption within new contexts".

a. First, terms used in these example quotes (but also throughout the paper) do not seem to be well supported by data or the task design. For example, terms such as 'compositional generalisation' and 'building blocks' have important relevance in other papers by (some of) the same authors (e.g., Schwartenbeck et al., 2023), but in the context of this experiment, what is 'composition'? Can the authors demonstrate clear behavioural or neural evidence for compositional use of multiple graph structures, or alternatively remove reference to these terms? In the current paper, it seems to me that the authors are investigating abstract knowledge for singular graph structures (together with the influence of prior learning), as opposed to knowledge for the compound, more complex graph formed from the product of two simpler graphs.

b. While I would like to be convinced that this data provides evidence for the transfer of abstract, structural knowledge, I think the authors either need to provide more convincing evidence or tone down their claims.

Specifically:

(i) Can the increase in neural similarity between stimuli mapping to the same abstract structural sub-process not be explained by temporal proximity in experiencing the transitions (e.g., Cai et al., 2016)? Indeed, behavior seems to be dominated by direct experience of the structure as opposed to applying abstract knowledge of equivalent structures (and, as a result, there is little difference in behavioural performance between experience and inference probes).

(ii) The strongest evidence for neural representation of abstract task structures seems to be the increase in similarity by transition type. But this common code for 'transition type' is only observed for 6-bridge graphs and only for experienced transitions. There was no significant effect in inference probes. Therefore, there doesn't seem to be evidence for the application of a knowledge scaffold to facilitate transfer learning. Instead, the data reflects learning from direct experience and not generalisation.

(iii) The authors frequently suggest that they are providing insight into temporal dynamics, but there is no mention of particular oscillations or particular temporal sequences of neural representation that support task performance.

(2) Regardless of point (b), can the authors provide more convincing evidence for a graph structure being represented per se (regardless of whether this representation is directly experienced or inferred)? From Figure 3C, it seems that the model RDM doesn't account for relative distance within the graph. Do they see evidence for distance coding? Can they reconstruct the graph from representational patterns using MDS?

(3) In general, the figures are not very clear, and the outcome from statistical tests is not graphically shown. The paper would be easier to digest if, for example, Figures 1-2 were made clearer and statistical significance relative to chance were indicated throughout. To give two examples: (i) Figure 1 should clearly indicate what is meant by observed and held-out transitions and whether it is just the transition or also the compound that is new to the participant. (ii) Figure 2D-E could be shown with relevant comparisons and simpler statistical comparisons. Currently, it is hard to follow without carefully reading the legend.

Joint Public Review:

Summary:

This manuscript couples a 32-parameter model with simulation-based inference (SBI) to identify parameter changes that can compensate for three canonical hyperexcitability perturbations (interneuron loss, recurrent-excitatory sprouting, and intrinsic depolarisation). The study demonstrates a careful implementation of SBI and offers a practical ranking of "compensatory levers" that could, in principle, guide therapeutic strategies for epilepsy and related network disorders.

Strengths:

(1) By analysing three mechanistically distinct hyper-excitable regimes within the same modelling and inference framework, the work reveals how different perturbations require different compensatory interventions.

(2) The authors adopt posterior estimation to systematically rank the efficiency of different mechanisms in balancing hyperexcitability.

(3) Code and data are available.

Weaknesses:

(1) A highly dense presentation of the simulated models and undefined symbols makes it hard for readers outside the modelling community to follow the biological message. An illustration of the models, accompanied by some explanations and references to the main equations and parameters discussed in this paper, would make the first section much more straightforward.

(2) This methodology appears to be a brute-force approach, requiring millions of simulations to tune 32 parameters in a network of 500-700 cells. It isn't scalable. Moreover, the authors did not use cross-validation, which, with a relatively low increase in computational cost, would provide a quantitative measure as to how well it generalizes; this combination raises doubts about both scalability and reliability.

(3) Several parameters remain so broadly distributed after fitting that the model cannot say with confidence which specific changes matter. Therefore, presenting them as "compensatory levers" is somewhat questionable.

(4) Every conclusion is drawn from simulated data; without testing the predictions on recordings, we have no evidence that the proposed interventions would work in real neural tissue. Because today we cannot diagnose which of the three modelled pathological regimes is actually present in vivo, the paper's recommendations cannot yet be used to guide therapy.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Measurement of BOLD MR imaging has regularly found regions of the brain that show reliable suppression of BOLD responses during specific experimental testing conditions. These observations are to some degree unexplained, in comparison with more usual association between activation of the BOLD response and excitatory activation of the neurons (most tightly linked to synaptic activity) in the same brain location. This paper finds two patients whose brains were tested with both non-invasive functional MRI and with invasive insertion of electrodes, which allowed the direct recording of neuronal activity. The electrode insertions were made within the fusiform gyrus, which is known to process information abouit faces, in a clinical search for the sites of intractable epilepsy in each patient. The simple observation is that the electrode location in one patient showed activation of the BOLD response and activation of neuronal firing in response to face stimuli. This is the classical association. The other patient showed an informative and different pattern of responses. In this person, the electrode location showed a suppression of the BOLD response to face stimuli and, most interestingly, an associated suppression of neuronal activity at the electrode site.

Strengths:

Whilst these results are not by themselves definitive, they add an important piece of evidence to a long-standing discussion about the origins of the BOLD response. The observation of decreased neuronal activation associated with negative BOLD is interesting because, at various times, exactly the opposite association has been predicted. It has been previously argued that if synaptic mechanisms of neuronal inhibition are responsible for the suppression of neuronal firing, then it would be reasonable

Weaknesses:

The chief weakness of the paper is that the results may be unique in a slightly awkward way. The observation of positive BOLD and neuronal activation is made at one brain site in one patient, while the complementary observation of negative BOLD and neuronal suppression actually derives from the other patient. Showing both effects in both patients would make a much stronger paper.

Comments on revisions:

The material on lines 165-175 should not be left hidden away in the Methods section. This should be highlighted in the Discussion as a limitation of the current study and an issue that could be improved upon in future studies.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, Diana et al. present a Monte Carlo-based method to perform spike inference from calcium imaging data. A particular strength of their approach is that they can estimate not only averages but also uncertainties of the modeled process. The authors focus on the quantification of spike time uncertainties in simulated data and in data recorded with high sampling rate in cebellar slices with GCaMP8f, and they demonstrate the high temporal precision that can be achieved with their method to estimate spike timing.

Strengths:

- The author provide a solid ground work for sequential Monte Carlo-based spike inference, which extends previous work of Pnevmatikakis et al., Greenberg et al. and others.

- The integration of two states (silence vs. burst firing) seems to improve the performance of the model.

- The acquisition of a GCaMP8f dataset in cerebellum is useful and helps make the point that high spike time inference precision is possible under certain conditions.

Weaknesses:

- Although the algorithm is compared (in the revised manuscript) to other models to infer individual spikes (e.g., MLSpike), these comparisons could be more comprehensive. Future work that benchmarks this and other algorithms under varying conditions (e.g., noise levels, temporal resolution, calcium indicators) would help assess and confirm robustness and useability of this algorithm.

- The mathematical complexity underlying the method may pose challenges for experimentalist who may want to use the methods for their analyses. While this is not a weakness of the approach itself, this highlights the need for further validation and benchmarking in future work, to build user confidence.

Joint Public Review:

This manuscript investigates a mechanism between the histone reader protein YEATS2 and the metabolic enzyme GCDH, particularly in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck cancer (HNC).

The authors addressed most of the concerns of the reviewers. They have:

(1) Increased the patient cohort size from 10 to 23 for evaluating the levels of YEATS2 and H3K27cr.

(2) Checked the expression of major genes involved in the YEATS2-mediated histone crotonylation axis (YEATS2, GCDH, ECHS1, Twist1, along with H3K27cr levels) in head and neck cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry.

(3) Analyzed publicly available head and neck cancer patient datasets, which revealed a significant positive correlation between YEATS2 expression and increasing tumor grade.

(4) Performed GSEA on TCGA HNC patient samples stratified by high versus low YEATS2 expression. This analysis robustly demonstrated a positive enrichment of metastasis-related gene sets in the high YEATS2 expression group, compared to the low YEATS2 group.

(5) Performed extensive experiments to look into the role of p300 in assisting YEATS2 in regulating promoter histone crotonylation. The p300 was knocked down in BICR10 cells, followed by immunoblotting to assess SPARC protein levels.

(6) Performed co-immunoprecipitation assays to check for an interaction between endogenous YEATS2 and p300. The results clearly demonstrate the presence of YEATS2 in the p300-immunoprecipitate sample, indicating that YEATS2 and p300 physically interact and likely function together as a complex to drive the expression of target genes like SPARC.

(7) Performed RNA Polymerase II ChIP-qPCR on the SPARC promoter in YEATS2 knockdown cells.

(8) To confirm p300's specific role in crotonylation at this locus, they performed H3K27cr ChIP-qPCR after p300 knockdown.

(9) Performed SP1 knockdown (which reduces YEATS2 expression) followed by ectopic YEATS2 overexpression, and then assessed p300 occupancy and H3K27cr levels on the SPARC promoter.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Mitochondrial staining difference is convincing, but the status of the mitos, fused vs fragmented, elongated vs spherical, does not seem convincing. Given the density of mito staining in CySC, it is difficult to tell what is an elongated or fused mito vs the overlap of several smaller mitos.

I'm afraid the quantification and conclusions about the gstD1 staining in CySC vs. GSCs is just not convincing-I cannot see how they were able to distinguish the relevant signals to quantify once cell type vs the other.

The overall increase in gstD1 staining with the CySC SOD KD looks nice, but again I can't distinguish different cel types. This experiment would have been more convincing if the SOD KD was mosaic, so that individual samples would show changes in only some of the cells. Still, it seems that KD of SOD in the CySC does have an effect on the germline, which is interesting.

The effect of SOD KD on the number of less differentiated somatic cells seems clear. However, the effect on the germline is less clear and is somewhat confusing. Normally, a tumor of CySC or less differentiated Cyst cells, such as with activated JAK/STAT, also leads to a large increase in undifferentiated germ cells, not a decrease in germline as they conclude they observe here. The images do not appear to show reduced number of GSCs, but if they counted GSCs at the niche, then that is the correct way to do it, but its odd that they chose images that do not show the phenotype. In addition, lower number of GSCs could also be caused by "too many CySCs" which can kick out GSCs from the niche, rather than any affect on GSC redox state. Further, their conclusion of reduced germline overall, e.g. by vasa staining, does not appear to be true in the images they present and their indication that lower vasa equals fewer GSCs is invalid since all the early germline expresses Vasa.

The effect of somatic SOD KD is perhaps most striking in the observation of Eya+ cyst cells closer to the niche. The combination of increased Zfh1+ cells with many also being Eya+ demonstrates a strong effect on cyst cell differentiation, but one that is also confusing because they observe increases in both early cyst cells (Zfh1+) as well as late cyst cells (Eya+) or perhaps just an increase in the Zfh1/Eya double-positive state that is not normally common. The effects on the RTK and Hh pathways may also reflect this disturbed state of the Cyst cells.

However, the effect on germline differentiation is less clear-the images shown do not really demonstrate any change in BAM expression that I can tell, which is even more confusing given the clear effect on cyst cell differentiation.

For the last figure, any effect of SOD OE in the germline on the germline itself is apparently very subtle and is within the range observed between different "wt" genetic backgrounds.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Liver cancer shows a high incidence in males than females with incompletely understood causes. This study utilized a mouse model that lacks the bile acid feedback mechanisms (FXR/SHP DKO mice) to study how dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis and a high circulating bile acid may underlie the gender-dependent prevalence and prognosis of HCC. By transcriptomics analysis comparing male and female mice, unique sets of gene signatures were identified and correlated with HCC outcomes in human patients. The study showed that ovariectomy procedure increased HCC incidence in female FXR/SHP DKO mice that were otherwise resistant to age-dependent HCC development, and that removing bile acids by blocking intestine bile acid absorption reduced HCC progression in FXR/SHP DKO mice. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that gender-dependent bile acid metabolism may play a role in the male-dominant HCC incidence, and that reducing bile acid level and signaling may be beneficial in HCC treatment. This study include many strengths: 1. Chronic liver diseases often proceed the development of liver and bile duct cancer. Advanced chronic liver diseases are often associated with dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis and cholestasis. This study takes advantage of a unique FXR/SHP DKO model that develop high organ bile acid exposure and spontaneous age-dependent HCC development in males but not females to identify unique HCC-associated gene signatures. The study showed that the unique gene signature in female DKO mice that had lower HCC incidence also correlated with lower grade HCC and better survival in human HCC patients. 2. The study also suggests that differentially regulated bile acid signaling or gender-dependent response to altered bile acids may contribute to gender-dependent susceptibility to HCC development and/or progression. 3. The sex-dependent differences in bile acid-mediated pathology clearly exist but are still not fully understood at the mechanistic level. Female mice have been shown to be more sensitive to bile acid toxicity in a few cholestasis models, while this study showed a male dominance of bile acid promotion of HCC. This study used ovariectomy to demonstrate that female hormones are possible underlying factors. Future studies are needed to understand the interaction of sex hormones, bile acids, and chronic liver diseases and cancer.

Reviewer #4 (Public review):

The paper by Xie et al. investigates the micro-evolutionary dynamics of sex-biased gene expression across somatic and gonadal tissues in four mouse taxa, with comparative analyses in humans. The study introduces a new metric, the Sex-Bias Index (SBI), to quantify individual-level variation in sex-biased gene expression, and explores the evolutionary turnover, variance, and adaptive evolution of these genes.

These strengths of the paper are not in dispute:

Novelty: The study is among the first to systematically analyze sex-biased gene expression at a micro-evolutionary scale in outbred animals, using closely related mouse taxa. This contrasts with most previous work, which focused on macro-evolutionary comparisons between distant species.

Controlled Sampling: The use of age-matched, outbred individuals raised under standardized conditions minimizes environmental confounders, allowing for robust within- and between-taxon comparisons.

Somatic vs. Gonadal Focus: Unlike many earlier studies that emphasized gonadal tissues, this work provides a detailed analysis of somatic organs, revealing rapid evolutionary turnover and mosaicism in sex-biased gene expression.

Sex-Bias Index (SBI): The SBI offers a cumulative, individual-level measure of sex-biased gene expression, facilitating visualization of variance and overlap between sexes within tissues. While one can argue about whether a new metric is necessary (as the authors argue), the combination of fold-change cutoffs, non-parametric Wilcoxon tests, and FDR correction reduces false positives, addressing concerns raised in the field about inflated detection of sex-biased genes.

Evolutionary implications: The study demonstrates that sex-biased gene expression in somatic tissues evolves more rapidly than in gonads, and that this turnover is often accompanied by signatures of adaptive protein evolution. The lack of correlation in SBI across tissues within individuals supports a mosaic model of sex-biased gene expression, challenging binary models of sexual differentiation.

The weaknesses are already listed by previous rounds of review but I will add one more: in an attempt to be comprehensive, the writing is quite dry and the main conclusions sort of get hidden within the less important observations.

Since the debate is mostly about what words to use to describe the importance and the strength of evidence, I thought it would be useful to directly compare this study to other studies that address the same topic:

Naqvi et al. Science 2019 (David Page lab): Conservation, acquisition, and functional impact of sex-biased gene expression in mammals

Oliva et al. Science 2020 (Stranger lab): The impact of sex on gene expression across human tissues

Rodríguez-Montes et al. Science 2023 (Kaessman, Cardoso-Moreira labs)

Let's start with the fact that all three peer studies have had a major impact. Second, although Naqvi et al. (2019) and Oliva et al. (2020) provided foundational cross-species and cross-tissue analyses of sex-biased gene expression, but did not address micro-evolutionary turnover or individual-level variance. Third, Rodríguez-Montes et al. (2023) focused on developmental and evolutionary patterns of sex-biased expression, but at a broader phylogenetic scale and without the individual-level or module-based analyses presented here. None of the peer studies addressed the possibility of mosaicism within individuals, none of them addressed the relations between expression bias and adaptive evolution. So the comparison is really a bit of an apples to oranges comparison: the peer studies are about patterns in deep phylogeny, whereas the present study is an amazing (to me) analysis of inter-individual mosaicism, which is at the heart of this kind of variation, which would totally be missed or worse misinterpreted in deep phylogenetic analyses. Having said that, in my subjective opinion, all three related papers are better written than the present one, but to me there is no question this belongs in the same pedestal as all of them.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the roles of the insulin receptor and the insulin growth factor receptor were investigated in podocytes. Mice in which both receptors were deleted developed glomerular dysfunction and developed proteinuria and glomerulrosclerosis over several months. Because of concerns about incomplete KO, the authors generated podocyte cell lines where both receptors were deleted. Loss of both receptors was highly deleterious with greater than 50% cell death. To elucidate the mechanism, the authors performed global proteomics and find that spliceosome proteins are down-regulated. They confirm this by using long-range sequencing. These results suggest a novel role for these pathways in podocytes.

This is primarily a descriptive study. The mechanism of how insulin and IGF1 signaling are linked to the spliceosome is not addressed and the phenotype of the mice is only superficially explored. The main issues are that the completeness of the mouse KO is never assessed nor is the completeness of the KO in cell lines. The absence of this data is a significant weakness. The mouse experiments would be improved if the serum creatinines were measured to provide some idea about the severity of the kidney injury. An attempt to rescue the phenotype by overexpression of SF3B4 would also be useful. If this didn't rescue the phenotype, an explanation in the text would suffice. As insulin and IGF are regulators of metabolism, some assessment of metabolic parameters would be an optional add-on. Lastly, in the cell line experiments, the authors should discuss the caveats associated with studying the 50% of the cells that survive vs the ones that died.

Significance:

With the GLP1 agonists providing renal protection, there is great interest in understanding the role of insulin and other incretins in kidney cell biology. It is already known that Insulin and IGFR signaling play important roles in other cells of the kidney, therefore, there is great interest in understanding these pathways in podocytes. The major advance is that these two pathways appear to have a role in RNA metabolism, the major limitations are the lack of information regarding the completeness of the KO's. If, for example, they can determine that in the mice, the KO is complete, that the GFR is relatively normal, then the phenotype they describe is relatively mild.

Comments on revision plan:

I agree with the suggested experiments especially, the experiments to examine whether insulin/IGF1 signaling have effects on splicing proteins. An alternative experiment would be to ask whether rescue of IR or IGF1R would ameliorate the splicing effects.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This study by Gangadharan and colleagues provides significant progress towards a quantitative biochemical mechanism for Stu2 polymerase activity. A key conceptual advance is the novel application of an enzyme-like model, initially developed for the actin polymerase Ena/VASP, to Stu2.

New refined affinity measurements for a Stu2 TOG domain using Bio-layer interferometry show more than an order of magnitude higher affinity of TOG domains to tubulin compared to previously published reports.

The findings reinforce the "concentrating reactants" or, more specifically, for TOG-domain proteins, the "tubulin-shuttling antenna" model, compared to the "polarized unfurling" model, a more speculative structural hypothesis.

The manuscript builds upon a series of previous manuscripts that showcase the profound intellectual engagement with microtubule polymerization mechanisms by TOG-domain proteins from the Rice lab, a thought leader in microtubule polymerization for over a decade.

Minor remarks:

(1) A major new experimental finding of this paper is the affinity of TOG domains, which is more than an order of magnitude lower (10 nM) than previous measurements from the same lab (~200 nM). The authors attribute this change to ionic strength differences between buffer conditions, citing the lab's previous work (Ayaz et al., 2014). This argument left me contemplating what the buffer conditions are in both experiments, and I wonder if other readers would feel the same. After going down the rabbit hole, I believe the difference in ionic strength is ~2.3 fold, and at least on the back of my envelope, this works out beautifully with the measured differences in affinities. A short version of this argument may strengthen the manuscript.

(2) I am wondering if there may be an alternative explanation to tubulin binding by TOG being the kinetically rate-limiting step for polymerase function:

TOG + Tubulin ⇌ TOG:Tubulin (fast binding rate, high-affinity binding)<br /> TOG:Tubulin + MT_end → TOG:MT (tubulin is incorporated into MT, fast transfer rate)<br /> The binding rate is 3/s, and the transfer rate is 5/s.

I was wondering if the following step should be considered, which involves a conformational change of tubulin (e.g., straightening) TOG:MT → TOG + MT (rate-limiting straightening and unbinding of TOG from the lattice).

Presumably, the affinity of TOGs for straight tubulin is practically zero for the purpose of this discussion, as there is no lattice binding, which means unbinding is likely very rapid; however, straightening may be the rate-limiting factor here.

In theory, straightening should also be rapid; however, we lack measurements of how fast or slow this step occurs within the context of a TOG domain, which presumably skews the process towards curved tubulin.

A hypothetical Stu2, when bound to the microtubule end and with the TOG domain not disengaged from tubulin, would not permit the processivity of that molecule or the binding of a new molecule.<br /> To emphasize the importance of unbinding, when it is not efficient, as reported for the T238 mutant that results in Stu2 lattice binding (Geyer et al., 2018), the polymerase becomes inefficient.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study on potassium ion transport by the protein complex KdpFABC from E. coli reveals a 2.1 Å cryo-EM structure of the nanodisc-embedded transporter under turnover conditions. The results confirm that K+ ions pass through a previously identified tunnel that connects the channel-like subunit with the P-type ATPase-type subunit.

Strengths:

The excellent resolution of the structure and the thorough analysis of mutants using ATPase and ion transport measurements help to strengthen new and previous interpretations. The evidence supporting the conclusions is solid, including biochemical assays and analysis of mutants. The work will be of interest to the membrane transporter and channel communities and to microbiologists interested in osmoregulation and potassium homeostasis.

Weaknesses:

There is insufficient credit and citation of previous work.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

In this study, Ma et al. aimed to determine previously uncharacterized contributions of tissue autofluorescence, detector afterpulse, and background noise on fluorescence lifetime measurement interpretations. They introduce a computational framework they named "Fluorescence Lifetime Simulation for Biological Applications (FLiSimBA)" to model experimental limitations in Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) and determine parameters for achieving multiplexed imaging of dynamic biosensors using lifetime and intensity. By quantitatively defining sensor photon effects on signal to noise in either fitting or averaging methods of determining lifetime, the authors contradict any claims of FLIM sensor expression insensitivity to fluorescence lifetime and highlight how these artifacts occur differently depending on analysis method. Finally, the authors quantify how statistically meaningful experiments using multiplexed imaging could be achieved.

A major strength of the study is the effort to present results in a clear and understandable way given that most researcher do not think about these factors on a day-to-day basis. Additionally, the model code is readily available in Matlab and Python, which should allow for open access to a larger community.

Overall, the authors' achieved their aims of demonstrating how common factors (autofluorescence, background, and sensor expression) will affect lifetime measurements and they present a clear strategy for understanding how sensor expression may confound results if not properly considered. This work should bring to awareness an issue that new users of lifetime biosensors may not be aware of and that experts, while aware, have not quantitatively determine the conditions where these issues arise. This work will also point to future directions for improving experiments using fluorescence lifetime biosensors and the development of new sensors with more favorable properties.

Joint Public Review:

Summary:

In this paper the authors examined the effects of strip cropping, a relatively new agricultural technique of alternating crops in small strips of several meters wide, on ground beetle diversity. The results show an increase in species diversity (i.e. abundance and species richness) of the ground beetle communities compared to monocultures.

Strengths:

The article is well written; it has an easily readable tone of voice without too much jargon or overly complicated sentence structure. Moreover, as far as reviewing the models in depth without raw data and R scripts allows, the statistical work done by the authors looks good. They have well thought out how to handle heterogenous, unbalanced and taxonomically unspecific yet spatially and temporarily correlated field data. The models applied and the model checks performed are appropriate for the data at hand. Combining RDA and PCA axes together is a nice touch. Moreover, after the first round of reviews, the authors have done a great job at rewriting the paper to make it less overstated, more relevant to the data at hand and more solid in the findings. Many of the weaknesses noted in the first review have been dealt with. The overall structure of the paper is good, with a clear introduction, hypotheses, results section and discussion.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors report four cryoEM structures (2.99 to 3.65 Å resolution) of the 180 kDa, full-length, glycosylated, soluble Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (sACE) dimer, with two homologous catalytic domains at the N- and C-terminal ends (ACE-N and ACE-C). ACE is a protease capable of effectively degrading Aβ. The four structures are C2 pseudo-symmetric homodimers and provide insight into sACE dimerization. These structures were obtained using discrete classification in cryoSPARC and show different combinations of open, intermediate, and closed states of the catalytic domains, resulting in varying degrees of solvent accessibility to the active sites.

To deepen the understanding of the gradient of heterogeneity (from closed to open states) observed with discrete classification, the authors performed all-atom MD simulations and continuous conformational analysis of cryo-EM data using cryoSPARC 3DVA, cryoDRGN, and RECOVAR. cryoDRGN and cryoSPARC 3DVA revealed coordinated open-closed transitions across four catalytic domains, whereas RECOVAR revealed independent motion of two ACE-N domains, also observed with cryoSPARC focused classification. The authors suggest that the discrepancy in the results of the different methods for continuous conformational analysis in cryo-EM could results from different approaches used for dimensionality reduction and trajectory generation in these methods.

Strengths:

This is an important study that shows, for the first time, the structure and the snapshots of the dynamics of the full-length sACE dimer. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of combining insights from different cryo-EM methods that address questions difficult or impossible to tackle experimentally, while lacking ground truth for validation.

Weaknesses (from the last round of review):

The open, closed, and intermediate states of ACE-N and ACE-C in the four cryo-EM structures from discrete classification were designated quantitatively (based on measured atomic distances on the models fitted into cryo-EM maps). Unfortunately, atomic models were not fitted into cryo-EM maps obtained with cryoSPARC 3DVA, cryoDRGN, and RECOVAR, and the open/closed states in these cases were designated based on a qualitative analysis.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In their study, the authors investigated the F. graminearum homologue of the Drosophila Misato-Like Protein DML1 for a function in secondary metabolism and sensitivity to fungicides.

Strengths:

Generally, the topic of the study is interesting and timely, and the manuscript is well written, albeit in some cases, details on methods or controls are missing.

Weaknesses:

However, a major problem I see is with the core result of the study, the decrease in the DON content associated with the deletion of FgDML1. Although some growth data are shown in Figure 6, indicating a severe growth defect, the DON production presented in Figure 3 is not related to biomass. Also, the method and conditions for measuring DON are not described. Consequently, it could well be concluded that the decreased amount of DON detected is simply due to decreased growth, and the specific DON production of the mutant remains more or less the same.

To alleviate this concern, it is crucial to show the details on the DON measurement and growth conditions and to relate the biomass formation under the same conditions to the DON amount detected. Only then can a conclusion as to an altered production in the mutant strains be drawn.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors make a bold claim that a combination of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (intermittent theta burst-iTBS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (gamma tACS) causes slight improvements in memory in a face/name/profession task.

Strengths:

The idea of stimulating the human brain non-invasively is very attractive because, if it worked, it could lead to a host of interesting applications. The current study aims to evaluate one such exciting application.

Weaknesses:

(1) The title refers to the "precuneus-hippocampus" network. A clear definition of what is meant by this terminology is lacking. More importantly, mechanistic evidence that the precuneus and the hippocampus are involved in the potential effects of stimulation remains unconvincing.

(2) The question of the extent to which the stimulation approach and the stimulation parameters used in these experiments causes specific and functionally relevant neural effects remains open. Invasive recordings that could address this question remain out of the scope of this non-invasive study. The authors conducted scalp EEG experiments in an attempt to address this question using non-invasive methods. However, the results shown in Fig. 3 are unclear. The results are inconsistently reported in units of microvolts squared in some panels (3A, 3B) and in units of microvolts in other panels (3C). Also, there is insufficient consideration of potential contamination by signal components reflecting eye movements, other muscle artifacts, or another volume-conducted signal reflecting aggregate activity inside the brain.

(3) Figure 3 indicates "Precuneus oscillatory activity ...", but evidence that the activity presented reflects precuneus activity is lacking. The maps shown at the bottom of Figure 3C suggest that the EEG signals recorded with scalp EEG reflect activity generated across a wide spatial range, with a peak encompassing at least tens of centimeters. Thus, evidence that effects specifically reflect precuneus activity, as the paper's title and text throughout the manuscript suggest, is lacking.

(4) The paper as currently presented (e.g., Figure 3) also lacks rigorous evidence of relevant oscillatory activity. Prior to filtering EEG signals in a particular frequency band, clear evidence of oscillations in the frequency band of interest should be shown (e.g., demonstration of a clear peak that emerges naturally in the frequency range of interest when spectral analysis is applied to "raw" signals). The authors claim that gamma oscillations change because of the stimulation, but a clear peak in the gamma range prior to stimulation is not apparent in the data as currently presented. Thus, the extent to which spectral measurements during stimulation reflect physiological gamma oscillations remains unclear.

(5) Concerns remain regarding the rigor of statistical analyses in the revised manuscript (see also point 8 below). Figure 3B shows an undefined statistical test with p<0.05. The statistical test that was used is not explained. Also, a description of how corrections for multiple comparisons were made is missing. Figures 3A and 3C are not accompanied by statistics, making the results difficult to interpret. For Figure 4C, a claim was made based on a significant p-value for one statistical test and a non-significant p-value in another test. This is a common statistical mistake (see Figure 1 and accompanying discussion in Makin and Orban de Xivry (2019) Science Forum: Ten common statistical mistakes to watch out for when writing or reviewing a manuscript. eLife 8:e48175).

(6) In the second question posed in the original review, I highlighted that it was unclear how such stimulation would produce memory enhancement. The authors replied that, in the absence of mechanisms, there are many other studies that suffer from the same problem. This raises the question of placebo effects. The paper does not sufficiently address or discuss the possibility that any potential stimulation effects may reflect placebo effects.

(7) The third major concern in the original review was the lack of evidence for a mechanism that is specific to the precuneus. Evidence for specific involvement of the precuneus remains lacking in the revised manuscript. The authors state: "the non-invasive stimulation protocol was applied to an individually identified precuneus for each participant". However, the meaning of this statement is unclear. Specifically, it is unclear how the authors know that they are specifically targeting the precuneus. Without directly recording from the precuneus and directly demonstrating effects, which is outside of the scope of the study, specific involvement of the precuneus seems speculative. Also, it does not seem as though a figure was included in the paper to show how the stimulation protocol specifically targets the precuneus. In their response to the original reviews, the authors state that posterior medial parietal areas are the only regions that show significant differences following the stimulation, but they did not cite a specific figure, or statistics reported in the text, that show this. In any event, posterior medial parietal areas encompass a wide area of the brain, so this would still not provide evidence for an effect specifically involving the precuneus.

(8) Regarding chance levels, it is unfortunate that the authors cannot quantify what chance levels are in the immediate and delayed recall conditions. This makes interpretation of the results challenging. In the immediate and delayed conditions, the authors state that the chance level is 33%. It would be useful to mark this in the figures. If I understand correctly, chance is 33% in Fig. 2A. If this is the case and if I am interpreting the figure correctly:<br /> Gray bars for the sham condition appear to be below chance (~20-25%). Why is this condition associated with an accuracy level that is lower than chance?<br /> Cyan bars and red bars do not appear to be significantly different from chance (i.e., 33%), with red slightly higher than cyan. What statistic was performed to obtain the level of significance indicated in the figure? The highest average value for the red condition appears to be around 35%. More details are needed to fully explain this figure and to support the claims associated with this figure.

(9) In the revised version of the paper, the authors did not address concerns associated with the block design (please see question 4d in the original review).

In sum, this study presents an admirable aspirational goal, the notion that a non-invasive stimulation protocol could modulate activity in specific brain regions to enhance memory. However, the evidence presented at the behavioral level and at the mechanistic level (e.g. the putative involvement of specific brain regions) remains unconvincing.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors use longitudinal in vivo 1-photon calcium recordings in mouse prefrontal cortex throughout the learning of an odor-guided spatial memory task, with the goal of examining the development of task-related prefrontal representations over the course of learning in different task stages and during sleep sessions. They report replication of their previous results, Muysers et al. 2025, that task and representations in prefrontal cortex arise de novo after learning, comprising of goal selective cells that fire selectively for left or right goals during the spatial working memory component of the task, and generalized task phase selective cells that fire equivalently in the same place irrespective of goal, together comprising task-informative cells. The number of task-informative cells increases over learning, and covariance structure changes resulting in increased sequential activation in the learned condition, but with limited functional relevance to task representation. Finally, the authors report that similar to hippocampal trajectory replay, prefrontal sequences are replayed at reward locations.

Strengths:

The major strength of the study is the use of longitudinal recordings, allowing identification of task-related activity in the prefrontal cortex that emerges de novo after learning, and identification of sub-second sequences at reward wells.

Weaknesses:

(1) The study mainly replicates the authors' previously reported results about generalized and trajectory-specific coding of task structure by prefrontal neurons, and stable and changing representations over learning (Muysers et al., 2024, PMID: 38459033; Muysers et al., 2025, PMID: 40057953), although there are useful results about changes in goal-selective and task-phase selective cells over learning. There are basic shortcomings in the scientific premise of two new points in this manuscript, that of the contribution of pre-existing spatial representations, and the role of replay sequences in the prefrontal cortex, both of which cannot be adequately tested in this experimental design.

(2) The study denotes neurons that show precise spatial firing equivalently irrespective of goal, as generalized task representations, and uses this as a means to testing whether pre-existing spatial representations can contribute to task coding and learning. A previous study using this data has already shown that these neurons preferentially emerge during task learning (Muysers et al., 2025, PMID: 40057953). Furthermore, in order to establish generalization for abstract task rules or cognitively flexibility, as motivated in the manuscript, there is a need to show that these neurons "generalize" not just to firing in the same position during learning of a given task, but that they can generalize across similar tasks, e.g., different mazes with similar rules, different rules with similar mazes, new odor-space associations, etc. For an adequate test of pre-existing spatial structure, either a comparison task, as in the examples above, is needed, or at least a control task in which animals can run similar trajectories without the task contingencies. An unambiguous conclusion about pre-existing spatial structure is not possible without these controls.

(3) The scientific premise for the test of replay sequences is motivated using hippocampal activity in internally guided spatial working memory rule tasks (Fernandez-Ruiz et al., 2019, PMID: 31197012; Kay et al., PMID: 32004462; Tang et al., 2021, PMID: 33683201), and applied here to prefrontal activity in a sensory-cue guided spatial memory task (Muysers et al., 2024, PMID: 38459033; Symanski et al., PMID: 36480255; Taxidis et al, 2020, PMID: 32949502). There are several issues with the conclusion in the manuscript that prefrontal replay sequences are involved in evaluating behavioral outcomes rather than planning future outcomes.

(4) First, odor sampling in odor-guided memory tasks is an active sensory processing state that leads to beta and other oscillations in olfactory regions, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and many other downstream networks, as documented in a vast literature of studies (Martin et al., 2007, PMID: 17699692; Kay, 2014, PMID: 24767485; Martin et al., 2014; Ramirez-Gordillo, 2022, PMID: 36127136; Symanski et al., 2022, PMID: 36480255). This is an active sensory state, not conducive to internal replay sequences, unlike references used in this manuscript to motivate this analysis, which are hippocampal spatial memory studies with internally guided rather than sensory-cue guided decisions, where internal replay is seen during immobility at reward wells. These two states cannot be compared with the expectation of finding similar replay sequences, so it is trivially expected that internal replay sequences will not be seen during odor sampling.

(5) Second, sequence replay is not the only signature of reactivation. Many studies have quantified prefrontal replay using template matching and reactivation strength metrics that do not involve sequences (Peyrache et al., 2009, PMID: 19483687; Sun et al., 2024, PMID: 38872470). Third, previous studies have explicitly shown that prefrontal activity can be decoded during odor sampling to predict future spatial choices - this uses sensory-driven ensemble activity in prefrontal cortex and not replay, as odor sampling leads to sensory driven processing and recall rather than a reactivation state (Symanski et al., 2022, PMID: 36480255). It is possible that 1-photon recordings do not have the temporal resolution and information about oscillatory activity to enable these kinds of analyses. Therefore, an unambiguous conclusion about the existence and role of prefrontal reactivation is not possible in this experimental and analytical design.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript provides an open-source tool including hardware and software, and a dataset to facilitate and standardize behavioral classification in laboratory mice. The hardware for behavioral phenotyping was extensively tested for safety. The software is GUI-based, facilitating the usage of this tool across the community of investigators who do not have a programming background. The behavioral classification tool is highly accurate, and the authors deposited a large dataset of annotations and pose tracking for many strains of mice. This tool has great potential for behavioral scientists who use mice across many fields; however, there are many missing details that currently limit the impact of this tool and publication.

Strengths:

(1) There is software-hardware integration for facilitating cross-lab adaptation of the tool and minimizing the need to annotate new data for behavioral classification.

(2) Data from many strains of mice were included in the classification and genetic analyses in this manuscript.

(3) A large dataset was annotated and deposited for the use of the community.

(4) The GUI-based software tool decreases barriers to usage across users with limited coding experience.

Weaknesses:

(1) The authors only report the quality of the classification considering the number of videos used for training, but not considering the number of mice represented or the mouse strain. Therefore, it is unclear if the classification model works equally well in data from all the mouse strains tested, and how many mice are represented in the classifier dataset and validation.

(2) The GUI requires pose tracking for classification, but the software provided in JABS does not do pose tracking, so users must do pose tracking using a separate tool. Currently, there is no guidance on the pose tracking recommendations and requirements for usage in JABS. The pose tracking quality directly impacts the classification quality, given that it is used for the feature calculation; therefore, this aspect of the data processing should be more carefully considered and described.

(3) Many statistical and methodological details are not described in the manuscript, limiting the interpretability of the data presented in Figures 4,7-8. There is no clear methods section describing many of the methods used and equations for the metrics used. As an example, there are no details of the CNN used to benchmark the JABS classifier in Figure 4, and no details of the methods used for the metrics reported in Figure 8.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors note that very premature infants experience the visual world early and, as a consequence, sustain lasting deficits including compromised motion processing. Here they investigate the effects of early eye opening in ferret, choosing a time point after birth when both retinal waves and light traveling through closed lids drive sensory responses. The laboratory has long experience in quantitative studies of visual response properties across development and this study reflects their expertise.

The investigators find little or no difference in mean orientation and direction selectivity, or in spatial frequency tuning, as a result of early eye opening but marked differences in temporal frequency tuning. These changes are especially interesting as they relate to deficits seen in prematurely delivered children. Temporal frequency bandwidth for responses evoked from early-opened contralateral eyes were broader than for controls; this is the case for animals in which either one or both eyes were opened prematurely. Further, when only one eye was opened early, responses to low temporal frequencies were relatively stronger.

The investigators also found changes in firing rate and sign of response to visual stimuli. Premature eye-opening increased spontaneous rates in all test configurations. When only one eye was opened early, firing rates recorded from the ipsilateral cortex were strongly suppressed, with more modest effects in other test cases.

As the authors' discussion notes, these observations are just a starting point for studies underlying mechanism. The experiments are so difficult to perform and so carefully described that the results will be foundational for future studies of how premature birth influences cortical development.

Joint Public Review:

Summary:

This work aims to improve our understanding of the factors that influence female-on-female aggressive interactions in gorilla social hierarchies, using 25 years of behavioural data from five wild groups of two gorilla species. Researchers analysed aggressive interactions between 31 adult females, using behavioural observations and dominance hierarchies inferred through Elo-rating methods. Aggression intensity (mild, moderate, severe) and direction (measured as the rank difference between aggressor and recipient) were used as key variables. A linear mixed-effects model was applied to evaluate how aggression direction varied with reproductive state (cycling, trimester-specific pregnancy, or lactation) and sex composition of the group. This study highlights the direction of aggressive interactions between females, with most interactions being directed from higher- to lower-ranking adult females close in social rank. However, the results show that 42% of these interactions are directed from lower- to higher-ranking females. Particularly, lactating and pregnant females targeted higher-ranking individuals, which the authors suggest might be due to higher energetic needs, which increase risk-taking in lactating and pregnant females. Sex composition within the group also influenced which individuals were targeted. The authors suggest that male presence buffers female-on-female aggression, allowing females to target higher-ranking females than themselves. In contrast, females targeted lower-ranking females than themselves in groups with a larger ratio of females, which supposes a lower risk for the females since the pool of competitors is larger. The findings provide an important insight into aggression heuristics in primate social systems and the social and individual factors that influence these interactions, providing a deeper understanding of the evolutionary pressures that shape risk-taking, dominance maintenance, and the flexibility of social strategies in group-living species.

The authors achieved their aim by demonstrating that aggression direction in female gorillas is influenced by factors such as reproductive condition and social context, and their results support the broader claim that aggression heuristics are flexible. However, some specific interpretations require further support. Despite this, the study makes a valuable contribution to the field of behavioural ecology by reframing how we think about intra-sexual competition and social rank maintenance in primates.

Strengths:

One of the study's major strengths is the use of an extensive dataset that compiles 25 years of behavioural data and 6871 aggressive interactions between 31 adult females in five social groups, which allows for a robust statistical analysis. This study uses a novel approach to the study of aggression in social groups by including factors such as the direction and intensity of aggressive interactions, which offers a comprehensive understanding of these complex social dynamics. In addition, this study incorporates ecological and physiological factors such as the reproductive state of the females and the sex composition of the group, which allows an integrative perspective on aggression within the broader context of body condition and social environment. The authors successfully integrate their results into broader evolutionary and ecological frameworks, enriching discussions around social hierarchies and risk sensitivity in primates and other animals.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Can a plastic RNN serve as a basis function for learning to estimate value. In previous work this was shown to be the case, with a similar architecture to that proposed here. The learning rule in previous work was back-prop with an objective function that was the TD error function (delta) squared. Such a learning rule is non-local as the changes in weights within the RNN, and from inputs to the RNN depends on the weights from the RNN to the output, which estimates value. This is non-local, and in addition, these weights themselves change over learning. The main idea in this paper is to examine if replacing the values of these non-local changing weights, used for credit assignment, with random fixed weights can still produce similar results to those obtained with complete bp. This random feedback approach is motivated by a similar approach used for deep feed-forward neural networks.

This work shows that this random feedback in credit assignment performs well but is not as well as the precise gradient-based approach. When more constraints due to biological plausibility are imposed performance degrades. These results are consistent with previous results on random feedback.

Strengths:

The authors show that random feedback can approximate well a model trained with detailed credit assignment.

The authors simulate several experiments including some with probabilistic reward schedules and show results similar to those obtained with detailed credit assignments as well as in experiments.

The paper examines the impact of more biologically realistic learning rules and the results are still quite similar to the detailed back-prop model.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors reported that mutations were identified in the ZC3H11A gene in four adolescents from 1015 high myopia subjects in their myopia cohort. They further generated Zc3h11a knockout mice utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.

The main claims are only partially supported. The reviewers still have the concerns of 1) the modes of inheritance for the families need to be shown; 2) the phenotype of heterozygous mutant mice is too weak; 3) the authors still have not addressed the biological question of whether there are fewer bipolar cells or decreased expression of the marker protein. This would involve counting cells, which they have not done. The blots they show do not appear to support their quantifications. Considering the sensitivity of quantifying nearly saturated blots, the authors should show blots that are not exposed to that level of saturation.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This is an interesting follow-up to a paper published in Human Molecular Genetics reporting novel roles in corticogenesis of the Kif7 motor protein that can regulate the activator as well as the repressor functions of the Gli transcription factors in Shh signalling. This new work investigates how a null mutation in the Kif7 gene affects the formation of corticofugal and thalamocortical axon tracts and the migration of cortical interneurons. It demonstrates that Kif7 null mutant embryos present with ventriculomegaly and heterotopias as observed in patients carrying KIF7 mutations. The Kif7 mutation also disrupts the connectivity between cortex and thalamus and leads to an abnormal projection of thalamocortical axons. Moreover, cortical interneurons show migratory defects that are mirrored in cortical slices treated with the Shh inhibitor cyclopamine suggesting that the Kif7 mutation results in a down-regulation of Shh signalling. Interestingly, these defects are much less severe at later stages of corticogenesis.

Strengths/weaknesses:

The findings of this manuscript are clearly presented and are based on detailed analyses. Using a compelling set of experiments, especially the live imaging to monitor interneuron migration, the authors convincingly investigate Kif7's roles and their results support their major claims. The migratory defects in interneurons and the potential role of Shh signalling present novel findings and provide some mechanistic insights but rescue experiments would further support Kif7's role in interneuron migration. Similarly, the mechanism underlying the misprojection which has previously been reported in other cilia mutants remains unexplored. Taken together, this manuscript makes novel contributions to our understanding of the role of primary cilia in forebrain development and to the aetiology of the neural symptons in ciliopathy patients.

Comments on revisions:

The authors addressed most of the points I raised in my original review.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The study by Zhuomin Yin and colleagues focuses on the relationship between cell-free HPV (cfHPV) DNA and metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer patients. It expands the application of cfHPV DNA in tracking disease progression and evaluating treatment response in cervical cancer patients. The study is overall well-designed, including appropriate analyses.

Strengths:

The findings provide valuable reference points for monitoring drug efficacy and guiding treatment strategies in patients with recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer. The concordance between HPV cfDNA fluctuations and changes in disease status suggests that cfDNA could play a crucial role in precision oncology, allowing for more timely interventions. As with similar studies, the authors used Droplet Digital PCR to measure cfDNA copy numbers, a technique that offers ultrasensitive nucleic acid detection and absolute quantification, lending credibility to the conclusions.

Weaknesses:

Despite including 28 clinical cases, only 7 involved recurrent cervical cancer, which may not be sufficient to support some of the authors' conclusions fully. Future studies on larger cohorts could solidify HPV cfDNA's role as a standard in the personalized treatment of recurrent cervical cancer patients.

Comments on revisions:

Thanks for your additional efforts and for addressing my concerns.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Chao et al. produced an updated version of the SpliceAI package using modern deep learning frameworks. This includes data preprocessing, model training, direct prediction, and variant effect prediction scripts. They also added functionality for model fine-tuning and model calibration. They convincingly evaluate their newly trained models against those from the original SpliceAI package and investigate how to extend SpliceAI to make predictions in new species. While their comparisons to the original SpliceAI models are convincing on the grounds of model performance, their evaluation of how well the new models match the original's understanding of non-local mutation effects is incomplete. Further, their evaluation of the new calibration functionality would benefit from a more nuanced discussion of what set of splice sites their calibration is expected to hold for, and tests in a context for which calibration is needed.

Strengths:

(1) They provide convincing evidence that their new implementation of SpliceAI matches the performance of the original model on a similar dataset while benefiting from improved computational efficiencies. This will enable faster prediction and retraining of splicing models for new species as well as easier integration with other modern deep learning tools.

(2) They produce models with strong performance on non-human model species and a simple, well-documented pipeline for producing models tuned for any species of interest. This will be a boon for researchers working on splicing in these species and make it easy for researchers working on new species to generate their own models.

(3) Their documentation is clear and abundant. This will greatly aid the ability of others to work with their code base.

Weaknesses:

(1) The authors' assessment of how much their model retains SpliceAI's understanding of "non-local effects of genomic mutations on splice site location and strength" (Figure 6) is not sufficiently supported. Demonstrating this would require showing that for a large number of (non-local) mutations, their model shows the same change in predictions as SpliceAI or that attribution maps for their model and SpliceAI are concordant even at distances from the splice site. Figure 6A comes close to demonstrating this, but only provides anecdotal evidence as it is limited to 2 loci. This could be overcome by summarizing the concordance between ISM maps for the two models and then comparing across many loci. Figure 6B also comes close, but falls short because instead of comparing splicing prediction differences between the models as a function of variants, it compares the average prediction difference as a function of the distance from the splice site. This limits it to only detecting differences in the model's understanding of the local splice site motif sequences. This could be overcome by looking at comparisons between differences in predictions with mutants directly and considering non-local mutants that cause differences in splicing predictions.

(2) The utility of the calibration method described is unclear. When thinking about a calibrated model for splicing, the expectation would be that the models' predicted splicing probabilities would match the true probabilities that positions with that level of prediction confidence are splice sites. However, the actual calibration that they perform only considers positions as splice sites if they are splice sites in the longest isoform of the gene included in the MANE annotation. In other words, they calibrate the model such that the model's predicted splicing probabilities match the probability that a position with that level of confidence is a splice site in one particular isoform for each gene, not the probability that it is a splice site more broadly. Their level of calibration on this set of splice sites may very well not hold to broader sets of splice sites, such as sites from all annotated isoforms, sites that are commonly used in cryptic splicing, or poised sites that can be activated by a variant. This is a particularly important point as much of the utility of SpliceAI comes from its ability to issue variant effect predictions, and they have not demonstrated that this calibration holds in the context of variants. This section could be improved by expanding and clarifying the discussion of what set of splice sites they have demonstrated calibration on, what it means to calibrate against this set of splice sites, and how this calibration is expected to hold or not for other interesting sets of splice sites. Alternatively, or in addition, they could demonstrate how well their calibration holds on different sets of splice sites or show the effect of calibrating their models against different potentially interesting sets of splice sites and discuss how the results do or do not differ.

(3) It is difficult to assess how well their calibration method works in general because their original models are already well calibrated, so their calibration method finds temperatures very close to 1 and only produces very small and hard to assess changes in calibration metrics. This makes it very hard to distinguish if the calibration method works, as it doesn't really produce any changes. It would be helpful to demonstrate the calibration method on a model that requires calibration or on a dataset for which the current model is not well calibrated, so that the impact of the calibration method could be observed.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This fundamental work employed multidisciplinary approaches and conducted rigorous experiments to study how a specific subset of neurons in the dorsal striatum (i.e., "patchy" striatal neurons) modulates locomotion speed depending on the valence of naturalistic contexts.

Strengths:

The scientific findings are novel and original and significantly advance our understanding of how the striatal circuit regulates spontaneous movement in various contexts.

Weaknesses:

This is extensive research involving various circuit manipulation approaches. Some of these circuit manipulations are not physiological. A balanced discussion of the technical strengths and limitations of the present work would be helpful and beneficial to the field.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The paper describes the initial characterization of Eml3 knockout mice. Eml3 global inactivation leads to delayed embryonic development, perinatal lethality apparently due to failure to inflate lungs, and a cobblestone brain-like phenotype represented by focal neuronal ectopias in the marginal zone or subarachnoid space of dorsal telencephalon. The neural ectopias are associated with interruptions in the pial basal membrane (PBM), which appear around E11.5. The authors also confirmed previously described protein interactions, using coIP-MS experiments of placenta and embryonic tissues (TUBB3, several 14-3-3 proteins, and DYNLL). The authors generated mice carrying a TQT86AAA homozygous mutation in EML3 (a motif required for EML3-DYNLL interactions) that were normal and showed no focal neuronal ectopias, indicating that this particular protein interaction is dispensable. The authors propose Eml3 knockout mice as a model of cobblestone brain malformation.

Strengths:

The brain phenotype described in this work is relevant for the neural development field and with potential clinical relevance. The initial phenotyping is appropriate but will require additional experiments to establish the cause of the failure to inflate the lungs. The study shows convincing data regarding the main characteristics of the brain phenotype and data supporting the timing when these abnormalities arise during development.

Weaknesses:

The study would benefit from clearer evidence and additional experiments that would help to establish the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the brain phenotype, the central topic of the work.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

During early Drosophila pupal development, a subset of larval abdominal muscles (DIOMs) is remodelled using an autophagy dependent mechanism.

To better understand this not very well studied process, the authors have generated a systematic transcriptomics time course using dissected larval abdominal muscles of various stages from wild type and autophagy deficient mutants. The authors have further identified a function for BNIP3 for executing mitophagy during DIOM remodelling.

Strengths:

The paper does provide a detailed mRNA time course resource for the DIOM remodelling.

The paper does find an interesting BNIP3 loss of function phenotype, a block of mitophagy during muscle remodelling and hence identifies a specific linker between mitochondria and the core autophagy

machinery. This adds to the mechanism how mitochondria are degraded.

Sophisticated fly genetics demonstrates that the larval muscle mitochondria are, to a large extend, degraded by autophagy during DIOM remodelling.

Quantitative electron microscopy data show that BNIP3 is required for initiating mito-phagosomes. It needs either its LIR and MER domain for function.

Weakness:

Mitophagy during DIOM remodelling is not novel (earlier papers from Fujita et al.).

Other weaknesses have been eliminated during the revision.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This work uses a novel, ethologically relevant behavioral task to explore decision-making paradigms in C. elegans foraging behavior. By rigorously quantifying multiple features of animal behavior as they navigate in a patch food environment, the authors provide strong evidence that worms exhibit one of three qualitatively distinct behavioral responses upon encountering a patch: (1) "search", in which the encountered patch is below the detection threshold; (2) "sample", in which animals detect a patch encounter and reduce their motor speed, but do not stay to exploit the resource and are therefore considered to have "rejected" it; and (3) "exploit", in which animals "accept" the patch and exploit the resource for tens of minutes. Interestingly, the probability of these outcomes varies with the density of the patch as well as the prior experience of the animal. Together, these experiments provide an interesting new framework for understanding the ability of the C. elegans nervous system to use sensory information and internal state to implement behavioral state decisions.

Strengths:

The work uses a novel, neuroethologically-inspired approach to studying foraging behavior

The studies are carried out with an exceptional level of quantitative rigor and attention to detail

Powerful quantitative modeling approaches including GLMs are used to study the behavioral states that worms enter upon encountering food, and the parameters that govern the decision about which state to enter

The work provides strong evidence that C. elegans can make 'accept-reject' decisions upon encountering a food resource

Accept-reject decisions depend on the quality of the food resource encountered as well as on internally represented features that provide measurements of multiple dimensions of internal state, including feeding status and time.

Joint Public Review:

In this manuscript, Wafer and Tandon et al. present a thoughtful and well-designed genetic screen for regulators of adipose remodeling using zebrafish as a model system. The authors cross-referenced several human adipocyte-related transcriptomic and genetic association datasets to identify candidate genes, which they then tested in zebrafish. Importantly, the authors devised an unbiased microscopy-based screening platform to document quantitative adipose phenotypes with whole animal imaging, while also employing rigorous statistical methods. From their screen, the authors identified 6 genes that resulted in robust adipose phenotypes out of a total of 25 that were tested. Overall, this work will be a useful resource for the field because of both the genes identified and the quantitative, rigorous screening pipeline. However, there are limitations that preclude a definitive distinction between developmental and remodeling effects that should be acknowledged and discussed, or addressed with new experiments.

Strengths:

(1) This work combines multiple omic datasets to identify candidate genes that informed a CRISPR-based screen to identify genes underlying adipose tissue development and adaptation. This approach offers a new avenue to improve our understanding and testing of new genetic mechanisms underlying the development of obesity.

(2) Using a clever screening approach, this study identifies new genes that are associated with adipose tissue lipid droplet size change. Importantly, the study provides further validation using a stable CRISPR line to show the phenotype in basal and high-fat diet conditions.

(3) The experiments are well-designed and rigorous. Sample sizes are large. Statistical analyses are highly rigorous, contributing to a high-quality study.

Weaknesses:

(1) The image quantification established in Figures 3 and 4 and used in CRISPR screening showed the relationship among zebrafish development, adipose tissue size, and lipid droplet size. Although adipose tissue development patterning is linked with adipose tissue adaptation, as shown by the evidence provided in this paper, it will be more powerful if the imaging method and pipeline were established to directly access the adipose tissue plasticity rather than just the developmental patterning. Furthermore, the authors should perform additional analysis of their existing data to more accurately determine lipid droplet size along the AP axis in response to HFD.

(2) In the absence of tissue-specific manipulations, definitively establishing the mechanisms underlying the genetic regulation of adipose tissue physiology presents limitations.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Two important factors in visual performance are the resolving power of the lens and the signal-to-noise ratio of the photoreceptors. These both compete for space: a larger lens has improved resolving power over a smaller one, and longer photoreceptors capture more photons and hence generate responses with lower noise. The current paper explores the tradeoff of these two factors, asking how space should be allocated to maximize eye performance (measured as encoded information).

The revisions, to my read, have greatly improved the paper. Most of this was due to setting clear expectations from the start of the paper. Nice work!

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The objectives of this research are to understand how key selector transcription factors, Tal1, Gata2, Gata3, determine GABAergic vs glutamatergic neuron fate from the rhombencephalic V2 precursor domain and how their spatiotemporal expression is controlled by upstream regulators. Toward these goals, the authors have generated an impressive array of scRNA, scATAC-seq, and CUT&Tag datasets obtained from dissociated E12.5 ventral R1 dissections. The rV2 was subsetted with well-known markers. The authors use an extensive set of computational approaches to identify temporal patterns of chromatin accessibility, TF motif binding activities (footprints), gene expression and regulatory motifs at the different selector gene loci. These analyses are used to predict upstream regulators, candidate accessible CREs, and DNA binding motifs through which the selectors may be controlled in rV2 by upstream regulators. Further analyses predict auto- and cross-regulatory interactions for maintenance of selector expression and the downstream effectors of alternative transmitter identities controlled by the selectors. The authors have achieved their aim of making predictions about upstream and downstream selector TF regulatory networks; their conclusions and predictions are largely well supported. The work clearly illustrates the daunting gene regulatory complexity likely at play in controlling rV2 transmitter fate.

This is data-rich study and a valuable resource for future hypothesis testing, through perturbation approaches, of the many putative regulators and motifs identified in the study. The strengths of this work are the overall high quality of the datasets and in depth analyses. Through its comprehensive data and predictions, it is likely to have impact in advancing the understanding of GABAergic vs glutamatergic neuron fate decisions. The authors present a "simplified" gene regulatory model. However, the model does not illustrate the complexity of potential stage-specific upstream TF interactions with Tal1 and Vsx2 selector genes uncovered in TF footprinting analyses. While this seems nearly impossible to achieve given the plethora of potential functional TF inputs, the authors should consider assembling a focussed model by selectively illustrating the most robust, evidence-backed upstream TF input predictions, which are considered the strongest candidates for future hypothesis-driven perturbation experiments. It seems Insm1, Sox4, E2f1, Ebf1 and Tead2 TFs might be the strongest upstream candidates for future testing of Tal1 activation given the extensive analyses of their spatiotemporal expression patterns relative to Tal1, presented in Fig 4.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In the present manuscript, Mashiko and colleagues describe a novel phenotype associated with deficient SLC35G3, a testis-specific sugar transporter that is important in glycosylation of key proteins in sperm function. The study characterizes a knockout mouse for this gene and the multifaceted male infertility that ensues. The manuscript is well-written and describes novel physiology through a broad set of appropriate assays.

Strengths:

Robust analysis with detailed functional and molecular assays

Weaknesses:

(1) The abstract references reported mutations in human SLC35G3, but this is not discussed or correlated to the murine findings to a sufficient degree in the manuscript. The HEK293T experiments are reasonable and add value, but a more detailed discussion of the clinical phenotype of the known mutations in this gene and whether they are recapitulated in this study (or not) would be beneficial.

(2) Can the authors expand on how this mutation causes such a wide array of phenotypic defects? I am surprised there is a morphological defect, a fertilization defect, and a transit defect. Do the authors believe all of these are present in humans as well?

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

GPR3 is an orphan receptor that plays a crucial role in central nervous system development and cold-induced thermogenesis, with potential implications for treating neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Although previous structural studies of GPR3 have been reported, Qiu et al. presented both active and inactive structures of GPR3 in its dimeric form. Notably, they identified AF64394 as a negative allosteric modulator that binds at the dimerization interface. This interface, primarily formed by transmembrane helices TM5 and TM6, is significantly larger than the dimerization interfaces previously reported for class A GPCRs. The authors further elucidate GPR3's activation mechanism and propose that dimerization may serve as a regulatory feature of GPR3 function. Overall, the study is well-executed, and the conclusions are sound.

Strengths:

Reported a unique dimerization interface of GPR3 and identified AF64394 as a negative allosteric modulator that binds at the dimerization interface.

Weaknesses:

There are some minor issues in the figure presentation.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

D. Fuller et al. set out to study the molecular partners that cooperate with ATG2A, a lipid transfer protein essential for phagophore elongation, during the process of autophagy. Through a series of experiments combining microscopy and biochemistry, the authors identify ARFGAP1 and Rab1A as components of early autophagic membranes, which accumulate at the periphery of aberrant pre-autophagosomal structures induced by loss of ATG2. While ARFGAP1 has no apparent function in autophagy, the authors show that RAB1A is implicated in autophagy, although the mechanisms are not explored in the manuscript.

Strengths:

The work presented by Fuller et al. provides new insights into the composition of early autophagic membranes. The authors provide a series of MS experiments identifying proteins in close proximity to ATG2A, which is a valuable dataset for the field. Furthermore, they show for the first time the interaction between ATG2A and RAB1A, both in fed and starved conditions, which extends the characterisation of the pre-autophagosomal structures observed in ATG2 DKO cells.

Weaknesses:

The authors claim that this study elucidates the role of early secretory membranes in phagophore formation. However, this work is largely observational, which presents compelling evidence on the association between RAB1A GTPase and ATG2A without providing mechanistic insights into the functional relevance of this interaction. It remains unclear whether Rab1A depletion phenocopies ATG2A depletion in terms of autophagy progression or accumulation of pre-autophagosomal structures.

Furthermore, this research is conducted exclusively in HEK293 cells. Including at least one additional cell line would significantly strengthen the main findings (i.e., effects on LC3-II accumulation observed for RAB1A/B knockdown, given the previously published data on this topic).

A notable weakness of this manuscript, in this reviewer's opinion, lies in the discussion of the data in the context of existing literature. The discussion is rather short, mostly focused on the phenotype observed in ATG2 DKO cells. While this phenotype is certainly intriguing, it feels the discussion overlooks some important aspects, as outlined in the comments to the authors.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this lovely paper, McDermott and colleagues tackle an enduring puzzle in the cognitive neuroscience of perceptual prediction. Though many scientists agree that top-down predictions shape perception, previous studies have yielded incompatible results - with studies showing 'sharpened' representations of expected signals, and others showing a 'dampening' of predictable signals to relatively enhance surprising prediction errors. To deepen the paradox further, it seems like there are good reasons that we would want to see both influences on perception in different contexts.

Here, the authors aim to test one possible resolution to this 'paradox' - the opposing process theory (OPT). This theory makes distinct predictions about how the timecourse of 'sharpening' and 'dampening' effects should unfold. The researchers present a clever twist on a leading-trailing perceptual prediction paradigm, using AI to generate a large dataset of test and training stimuli, so that it is possible to form expectations about certain categories without repeating any particular stimuli. This provides a powerful way of distinguishing expectation effects from repetition effects - a perennial problem in this line of work.

Using EEG decoding, the researchers find evidence to support the OPT. Namely, they find that neural encoding of expected events is superior in earlier time ranges (sharpening-like) followed by a relative advantage for unexpected events in later time ranges (dampening-like). On top of this, the authors also show that these two separate influences may emerge differently in different phases of learning - with superior decoding of surprising prediction errors being found more in early phases of the task, and enhanced decoding of predicted events being found in the later phases of the experiment.

Strengths:

As noted above, a major strength of this work lies in important experimental design choices. Alongside removing any possible influence of repetition suppression mechanisms in this task, the experiment also allows us to see how effects emerge in 'real time' as agents learn to make predictions. This contrasts with many other studies in this area - where researchers 'over-train' expectations into observers to create the strongest possible effects, or rely on prior knowledge that was likely to be crystallised outside the lab.

Weaknesses:

This study reveals a great deal about how certain neural representations are altered by expectation and learning on shorter and longer timescales, so I am loath to describe certain limitations as 'weaknesses'. But one limitation inherent in this experimental design is that, by focusing on implicit, task-irrelevant predictions, there is not much opportunity to connect the predictive influences seen at the neural level to perceptual performance itself (e.g., how participants make perceptual decisions about expected or unexpected events, or how these events are detected or appear).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The issue of how the brain can maintain the serial order of presented items in working memory is a major unsolved question in cognitive neuroscience. It has been proposed that this serial order maintenance could be achieved thanks to periodic reactivations of different presented items at different phases of an oscillation, but the mechanisms by which this could be achieved by brain networks, as well as the mechanisms of read-out, are still unclear. In an influential 2008 paper, the authors have proposed a mechanism by which a recurrent network of neurons could maintain multiple items in working memory, thanks to `population spikes' of populations of neurons encoding for the different items, occurring at alternating times. These population spikes occur in a specific regime of the network and are a result of synaptic facilitation, an experimentally observed type of synaptic short-term dynamics with time scales of order hundreds of ms.

In the present manuscript, the authors extend their model to include another type of experimentally observed short-term synaptic plasticity termed synaptic augmentation, which operates on longer time scales on the order of 10s. They show that while a network without augmentation loses information about serial order, augmentation provides a mechanism by which this order can be maintained in memory thanks to a temporal gradient of synaptic efficacies. The order can then be read out using a read-out network whose synapses are also endowed with synaptic augmentation. Interestingly, the read-out speed can be regulated using background inputs.

Strengths:

This is an elegant solution to the problem of serial order maintenance that only relies on experimentally observed features of synapses. The model is consistent with a number of experimental observations in humans and monkeys. The paper will be of interest to a broad readership, and I believe it will have a strong impact on the field.

Weaknesses:

(1) The network they propose is extremely simple. This simplicity has pros and cons: on the one hand, it is nice to see the basic phenomenon exposed in the simplest possible setting. On the other hand, it would also be reassuring to check that the mechanism is robust when implemented in a more realistic setting, using, for instance, a network of spiking neurons similar to the one they used in the 2008 paper. The more noisy and heterogeneous the setting, the better.

(2) One major issue with the population spike scenario is that (to my knowledge) there is no evidence that these highly synchronized events occur in delay periods of working memory experiments. It seems that highly synchronized population spikes would imply (a) a strong regularity of spike trains of neurons, at odds with what is typically observed in vivo (b) high synchronization of neurons encoding for the same item (and also of different items in situations where multiple items have to be held in working memory), also at odds with in vivo recordings that typically indicate weak synchronization at best. It would be nice if the authors at least mention this issue, and speculate on what could possibly bridge the gap between their highly regular and synchronized network, and brain networks that seem to lie at the opposite extreme (highly irregular and weakly synchronized). Of course, if they can demonstrate using a spiking network simulation that they can bridge the gap, even better.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors introduce a novel algorithm for the automatic identification of long-range axonal projections. This is an important problem as modern high-throughput imaging techniques can produce large amounts of raw data, but identifying neuronal morphologies and connectivities requires large amounts of manual work. The algorithm works by first identifying points in three-dimensional space corresponding to parts of labelled neural projections, these are then used to identify short sections of axon using an optimisation algorithm and the prior knowledge that axonal diameters are relatively constant. Finally, a statistical model that assumes axons tend to be smooth is used to connect the sections together into complete and distinct neural trees. The authors demonstrate that their algorithm is far superior to existing techniques, especially when a dense labelling of the tissue means that neighbouring neurites interfere with the reconstruction. Despite this improvement, however, the accuracy of reconstruction remains below 90%, so manual proof-reading is still necessary to produce accurate reconstructions of axons.

Strengths:

The new algorithm combines local and global information to make a significant improvement on the state-of -the-art for automatic axonal reconstruction. The method could be applied more broadly and might have applications to reconstructions of electron microscopy data, where similar issues of high-throughput imaging and relatively slow or inaccurate reconstruction remain.

Weaknesses:

There are three weaknesses with the algorithm and manuscript.

(1) The best reconstruction accuracy is below 90%, which does not fully solve the problem of needing manual proof-reading.

(2) The 'minimum information flow tree' model the authors use to construct connected axonal trees has the potential to bias data collection. In particular, the assumption that axons should always be as smooth as possible is not always correct. This is a good rule-of-thumb for reconstructions, but real axons in many systems can take quite sharp turns and this is also seen in the data presented in the paper (Fig 1C). I would like to see explicit acknowledgement of this bias in the current manuscript and ideally a relaxation of this rule in any later versions of the algorithm.

(3) The writing of the manuscript is not always as clear as it could be. The manuscript would benefit from careful copy editing for language, and the Methods section in particular should be expanded to more clearly explain what each algorithm is doing. The pseudo code of the Supplemental Information could be brought into the Methods if possible as these algorithms are so fundamental to the manuscript.

Comments on revisions: I have no further comments or recommendations.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors tried to identify the relationships between gut microbiota, lipid metabolites and the host in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) by using spontaneously developed T2DM in macaques, considered among the best human models.

Strengths:

The authors compared comprehensively the gut microbiota, plasma fatty acids between spontaneous T2DM and the control macaques, and tried verified the results with macaques in high-fat diet-fed mice model.

Weaknesses:

The observed multi-omics on macaques can be done on humans, which weakens the conclusion of the manuscript, unless the observation/data on macaques could cover during the onset of T2DM that would be difficult to obtain from humans.<br /> Regarding the metabolomic analysis on fatty acids, the authors did not include the results obtained form the macaque fecal samples which should be important considering the authors claimed the importance of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Instead, the authors measured palmitic acid in the mouse model and tried to validate their conclusions with that.

In murine experiments, palmitic acid-containing diet were fed to mice to induce diabetic condition, but this does not mimic spontaneous T2DM in macaques, since the authors did not measure in macaque feces (or at least did not show the data from macaque feces of) palmitic acid or other fatty acids; instead, they assumed from blood metabolome data that palmitic acid would be absorbed from the intestine to affect the host metabolism, and added palmitic acid in the diet in mouse experiments. Here involves the probable leap of logic to support their conclusions and title of the study.

In addition, the authors measured omics data after, but not before, the onset of spontaneous T2DM of macaques. This can reveal microbiota dysbiosis driven purely by disease progression, but does not support the causative effect of gut microbiota on T2DM development that the authors claims.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Cheong et al. use a synapse-resolution wiring map of the fruit fly nerve cord to comprehensively investigate circuitry between descending neurons (DNs) from the brain and motor neurons (MNs) that enact different behaviours. These neurons were painstakingly identified, categorised, and linked to existing genetic driver lines; this allows the investigation of circuitry to be informed by the extensive literature on how flights walk, fly, and escape from looming stimuli. New motifs and hypotheses of circuit function were presented. This work will be a lasting resource for those studying nerve cord function.

Strengths:

The authors present an impressive amount of work in reconstructing and categorising the neurons in the DN to MN pathways. There is always a strong link between the circuitry identified and what is known in the literature, making this an excellent resource for those interested in connectomics analysis or experimental circuits neuroscience. Because of this, there are many testable hypotheses presented with clear predictions, which I expect will result in many follow-up publications. Most MNs were mapped to the individual muscles that they innervate by linking this connectome to pre-existing light microscopy datasets. When combined with past fly brain connectome datasets (Hemibrain, FAFB) or future ones, there is now a tantalising possibility of following neural pathways from sensory inputs to motor neurons and muscle.

Weaknesses:

As with all connectome datasets, the sample size is low, limiting statistical analyses. Readers should keep this in mind, but note that this is the current state-of-the-art. Some figures are weakened by relying too much on depictions of wiring diagrams without additional quantification of connectivity. Readers may find the length of this work challenging, particularly the initial anatomical descriptions of the dataset, which span many figures and may not be of interest to those outside of the subfield.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Advances in machine vision and computer learning have meant that there are now state-of-the-art and open-source toolboxes that allow for animal pose estimation and action recognition. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize behavioral observations of wild primates but are often held back by labor intensive model training and the need for some programming knowledge to effectively leverage such tools. The study presented here by Fuchs et al unveils a new framework (ASBAR) that aims to automate behavioral recognition in wild apes from video data. This framework combines robustly trained and well tested pose estimate and behavioral action recognition models. The framework performs admirably at the task of automatically identifying simple behaviors of wild apes from camera trap videos of variable quality and contexts. These results indicate that skeletal-based action recognition offers a reliable and lightweight methodology for studying ape behavior in the wild and the presented framework and GUI offer an accessible route for other researchers to utilize such tools.

Given that automated behavior recognition in wild primates will likely be a major future direction within many subfields of primatology, open-source frameworks, like the one presented here, will present a significant impact on the field and will provide a strong foundation for others to build future research upon.

Strengths:

Clearly articulated the argument as to why the framework was needed and what advantages it could convey to the wider field.

For a very technical paper it was very well written. Every aspect of the framework the authors clearly explained why it was chosen and how it was trained and tested. This information was broken down in a clear and easily digestible way that will be appreciated by technical and non-technical audiences alike.

The study demonstrates which pose estimation architectures produce the most robust models for both within context and out of context pose estimates. This is invaluable knowledge for those wanting to produce their own robust models.

The comparison of skeletal-based action recognition with other methodologies for action recognition are helpful in contextualizing the results.

Weaknesses:

While I note that this is a paper most likely aimed at the more technical reader, it will also be of interest to a wider primatological readership, including those who work extensively in the field. When outlining the need for future work I felt the paper offered almost exclusively very technical directions. This may have been a missed opportunity to engage the wider readership and suggest some practical ways those in the field could collect more ASBAR friendly video data to further improve accuracy.

Comments on latest version:

I think the new version is an improvement and applaud the authors on a well-written article that conveys some very technical details excellently. The authors have addressed my initial comments about reaching out to a wider, sometimes less technical, primatological audience by encouraging researchers to create large annotated datasets and make these publicly accessible. I also agree that fostering interdisciplinary collaboration is the best way to progress this field of research. These additions have certainly strengthened the paper but I still think some more practical advice for the actual collection of high-quality training data used to improve the pose estimates and behavioral classification in tough out-of-context environments could have been added. This doesn't detract from the quality of the paper though.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This work by Ding et al uses agent-based simulations to explore the role of the structure of molecular motor myosin filaments in force generation in cytoskeletal structures. The focus of the study is on disordered actin bundles which can occur in the cell cytoskeleton and can be investigated with in vitro purified protein experiments. A key finding is that the force generation depends on the number of myosin motor heads and the spatial distribution of the myosin thick filaments in relation to passive crosslinkers.

Strengths:

The work develops a model where the detailed structure of the myosin motor filaments with multiple heads is represented. This allows the authors to test the dependence of myosin-generated forces on the number of myosin heads and their spatial distribution.

The work highlights that forces from multiple myosin motors within a disordered actin bundle may not simply add up, but depend on their spatial distribution in relation to passive crosslinkers.

This may explain prior experimental observations in in vitro reconstituted actomyosin bundles that the tension developed in the bundle was proportional to the number of myosin motor heads per filament rather than the number of myosin filaments. More generally, this type of modeling can guide fundamental understanding of the relationship between structure and mechanical force production.

Weaknesses:

The work focuses on the structure of myosin filaments but ignores other processes that may determine contractility of actomyosin structures such as the dynamics of crosslinker binding/unbinding and actin polymerization/depolymerization.

The authors did not vary the relative concentration of myosin motors and passive crosslinkers. This would have revealed interesting competing effects between motor and crosslink density and distribution, that their model and other studies suggest are important.

Given the above factors and the lack of direct quantitative comparisons with the experiment, the physiological significance of the work remains hard to ascertain.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study uses optogenetics to activate CA3, while recording from CA1 neurons and characterizing the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance. They observe use-dependent alterations in the E/I balance as a result of STP, and they develop a model to describe these observations. This is a very ambitious paper that deals with many issues using both experimental and modeling approaches.

Strengths:

This paper examines important principles regarding the manner in which synaptic circuitry and use-dependent synaptic plasticity can transform inputs and perform computations.

Weaknesses:

The use of selective ChR2 expression in CA3 cells is a good approach, but there are numerous issues that cause concern regarding the applicability of their slice recordings to physiological conditions and that make some aspects of their results difficult to interpret. Experiments are not performed under physiological conditions (high external calcium and low temperature), which makes the interpretation of their findings difficult. In addition, the reliability of stimulating action potentials in CA3 pyramidal cells needs to be determined, particularly during high-frequency trains. If it is unreliable, there are alternative approaches that might prove to be superior, such as the use of somatically targeted ChR2. In addition, a clearer, more detailed discussion of their model that distinguishes it from previous modeling studies would be helpful (and would make it seem less incremental).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Zare‑Eelanjegh et al. investigate how the endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleus, and the cell periphery are mechanically linked by indenting intact cells with specially shaped atomic‑force probes that double as drug injection devices. Fluorescence‑lifetime imaging of the membrane tension reporter Flipper‑TR reveals that these three compartments are mechanically linked and that the actin cytoskeleton, microtubules, and lamins modulate this coupling in complex ways.

Strengths:

(1) The study makes an important advance by applying FluidFM to probe organelle mechanics in living cells, a technically demanding but powerful approach.

(2) Experimental design is quantitative, the data are clearly presented, and the conclusions are broadly consistent with the measurements.

Weaknesses:

(1) Calcium‑dependent effects: Indentation can evoke cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ elevations that drive myosin contraction and reshape the internal membrane network (e.g., vesiculation: PMID : 9200614, 32179693) possibly confounding the Flipper-TR responses; without simultaneous/matching Ca²⁺ imaging, cell viability assays (e.g., Sytox), and intracellular Ca²⁺ sequestration or myosin inhibition experiments, a more complex mechanochemical coupling cannot be excluded, weakening conclusions.

(2) Baseline measurements: Flipper‑TR lifetime images acquired without indentation do not exclude potential light‑induced or time‑dependent changes, which weaken the conclusions.

(3) Indentation depth versus nuclear stiffness/tension: Because lamin‑A/C depletion softens nuclei, a given force may produce a deeper pit and thus greater membrane stretch. It is unclear how the cytoskeletal perturbations affect indentation depth, which weakens the conclusions.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

In this meta-analysis, Ng and colleagues review the association between slow-oscillation spindle coupling during sleep and overnight memory consolidation. The coupling of these oscillations (and also hippocampal sharp-wave ripples) have been central to theories and mechanistic models of active systems consolidation, that posit that the coupling between ripples, spindles, and slow oscillations (SOs) coordinate and drive the coordinated reactivation of memories in hippocampus and cortex, facilitating cross-regional information and ultimately memory strengthening and stabilisation.

Given the importance that these coupling mechanisms have been given in theory, this is a timely and important contribution to the literature in terms of determining whether these theoretical assumptions hold true in human data. The results show that the timing of sleep spindles relative to the SO phase, and the consistency of that timing, predicted overnight memory consolidation in meta-analytic models. The overall amount of coupling events did not show as strong a relationship. Coupling phase in particular was moderated by a number of variables including spindle type (fast, slow), channel location (frontal, central, posterior), age, and memory type. The main takeaway is that fast spindles that consistently couple close to the peak of the SO in frontal channel locations are optimal for memory consolidation, in line with theoretical predictions. These findings will be very useful for future researchers in terms of determining necessary sample sizes to observe coupling - memory relationships, and in the selection and reporting of relevant coupling metrics.

Although the meta-analysis covers the three main coupling metrics that are typically assessed (occurrence, timing, and consistency), the meta-analysis also includes spindle amplitude. This may be confusing to readers, as this is not a measurement of SO-spindle coupling but instead a measurement of spindles in general (which may or may not be coupled).

Review #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors employ a combination of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (intermittent theta burst-iTBS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (gamma tACS) as an approach aimed to improve memory in a face/name/profession task.

Strengths:

The paper has many strengths. The approach of stimulating the human brain non-invasively is potentially impactful because it could lead to a host of interesting applications. The current study aims to evaluate one such exciting application. The paper contains an unusual combination of noninvasive stimulation and brain imaging data, and includes independent replication samples.

Weaknesses:

(1) It remains unclear how this stimulation protocol is proposed to enhance memory. Memories are believed to be stored by precise inputs to specific neurons and highly tuned changes in synaptic strengths. It remains unclear whether proposed neural activity generated by the stimulation reflects the activation of specific memories or generally increased activity across all classes of neurons.

(2) The claim that effects directly involve the precuneus lacks strong support. The measurements shown in Figure 3 appear to be weak (i.e., Figure 3A top and bottom look similar, and Figure 3C left and right look similar). The figure appears to show a more global brain pattern rather than effects that are limited to the precuneus. Related to this, it would perhaps be useful to show the different positions of the stimulation apparatus. This could perhaps show that the position of the stimulation matters and could perhaps illustrate a range of distances over which position of the stimulation matters.

(3) Behavioral results showing an effect on memory would substantiate claims that the stimulation approach produces significant changes in brain activity. However, placebo effects can be extremely powerful and useful, and this should probably be mentioned. Also, in the behavioral results that are currently presented, there are several concerns:

a) There does not appear to be a significant effect on the STMB task.

b) The FNAT task is minimally described in the supplementary material. Experimental details that would help the reader understand what was done are not described. Experimental details are missing for: the size of the images, the duration of the image presentation, the degree of image repetition, how long the participants studied the images, whether the names and occupations were different, genders of the faces, and whether the same participant saw different faces across the different stimulation conditions. Regarding the latter point, if the same participant saw the same faces across the different stimulation conditions, then there could be memory effects across different conditions that would need to be included in the statistical analyses. If participants saw different faces across the different stimulus conditions, then it would be useful to show that the difficulty was the same across the different stimuli.

c) Also, if I understand FNAT correctly, the task is based on just 12 presentations, and each point in Figure 2A represents a different participant. How the performance of individual participants changed across the conditions is unclear with the information provided. Lines joining performance measurements across conditions for each participant would be useful in this regard. Because there are only 12 faces, the results are quantized in multiples of 100/12 % in Figure 3A. While I do not doubt that the authors did their homework in terms of the statistical analyses, it seems as though these 12 measurements do not correspond to a large effect size. For example, in Figure 3A for the immediate condition (total), it seems that, on average, the participants may remember one more face/name/occupation.

d) Block effects. If I understand correctly, the experiments were conducted in blocks. This is potentially problematic. An example study that articulates potential problems associated with block designs is described in Li et al (TPAMI 2021, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9264220). It is unclear if potential problems associated with block designs were taken into consideration.

e) In the FNAT portion of the paper, some results are statistically significant, while others are not. The interpretation of this is unclear. In Figure 3A, it seems as though the authors claim that iTBS+gtACS > iTBS+sham-tACS, but iTBS+gtACS ~ sham+sham. The interpretation of such a result is unclear. Results are also unclear when separated by name and occupation. There is only one condition that is statistically significant in Figure 3A in the name condition, and no significant results in the occupation condition. In short, the statistical analyses, and accompanying results that support the authors’ claims, should be explained more clearly.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, Liu et al use optogenetics and genetically encoded neuromodulator sensors to test the extent to which dopamine neuron stimulation produces striatal serotonin release, and vice versa. The study is timely given growing interest in dopamine/serotonin interactions and in the context of recent work showing bidirectional and dynamic regulation of striatal dopamine by another neuromodulator, acetylcholine. The authors find that striatal dopamine and serotonin afferents function largely independently, with dopamine neuron stimulation producing no striatal serotonin release and serotonin neuron stimulation producing minimal striatal dopamine release. This work will inform future work seeking to dissect the contributions of striatal dopamine, serotonin, and their interactions to various motivated behaviors. While the paper's main conclusions are adequately supported (see Strengths), additional controls and experiments would significantly broaden the paper's impact (see Weaknesses). Finally, this draft of the work is poorly presented with numerous errors, omissions, and inconsistencies evident throughout the text and the figures that should be addressed.

Strengths:

The study employs optogenetic stimulation simultaneously with fiber photometry recording of dopamine or serotonin release measured with genetically encoded sensors. These methods are state-of-the-art, offering tighter temporal control compared to pharmacological methods for manipulating dopamine and serotonin and improved selectivity over techniques like electrochemistry and microdialysis used to record neuromodulator release in previous studies on the subject. As a result, the paper's main conclusions are well supported.

Weaknesses:

(1) The electrophysiology experiments in Figure 3 are only tangentially related to the focus of the study, and their findings are almost entirely irrelevant to the paper's main conclusions. The results of these experiments are also not novel. Glutamate corelease from 5HT neurons has been previously shown, including in the OFC and VTA (Ren et al, 2018, Cell, McDevitt et al, 2014, Cell Rep, Liu et al 2014, Neuron; and others). The authors should explain more clearly what they think these data add to the manuscript and/or consider removing them altogether.

(2) Related to the point above, as far as I can tell, the only value the electrophysiology data add is to suggest that perhaps activation of serotonin neurons may drive minimal striatal dopamine release via glutamate corelease in the VTA. The evidence provided in this version of the manuscript is insufficient to support that claim, but the manuscript would be significantly strengthened if the authors tested this hypothesis more directly. One way to do that could be to stimulate serotonin axons in the striatum (as opposed to the serotonin cell bodies) and record striatal dopamine release. A complementary anatomical approach would be to use retrograde tracing to test whether the DR 5HT neurons projecting to the striatum are the same or different from the VTA projecting population.

(3) The findings would be strengthened by the addition of a fluorophore-only control group lacking opsin expression in all experiments in Figures 1 and 2.

(4) The experiment of stimulating serotonin neurons and recording serotonin release in the NAc was not performed. It would be useful to be able to compare the magnitudes of evoked serotonin release in these two striatal regions, though it is not central to the main claims of the paper.

(5) The interpretation of the results from Figure 2 is described inconsistently throughout the manuscript. The title implies there is significant crosstalk between the dopamine and serotonin systems. The abstract calls the crosstalk "transient", which is a description of its temporal dynamics, not its magnitude. Then the introduction figures and discussion all suggest the crosstalk is minimal. I suggest the authors describe the main findings - minimal crosstalk between the dopamine and serotonin systems - clearly and consistently in the title, abstract, and main text.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the authors aim to address significant limitations of existing experimental paradigms used to study dyadic social interactions by introducing a novel experimental setup - the Dyadic Interaction Platform (DIP). The DIP uniquely allows participants to interact dynamically, face-to-face, with simultaneous access to both social cues and task-related stimuli. The authors demonstrate the versatility and utility of this platform across several exemplary scenarios, notably highlighting cases of significant behavioral differences in conditions involving direct visibility of a partner.

Major strengths include comprehensive descriptions of previous paradigms, detailed explanations of the DIP's technical features, and clear illustrations of multimodal data integration. These elements greatly enhance the reproducibility of the methods and clarify the potential applications across various research domains and species. Particularly compelling is the authors' demonstration of behavioral impacts related to transparency in interactions, as evidenced by the macaque-human experiments using the Bach-or-Stravinsky game scenario.

Strengths:

The DIP represents a methodological advance in the study of social cognition. Its transparent, touch-sensitive display elegantly solves the problem of enabling participants to attend to both their social partner and task stimuli simultaneously without requiring attention switching. This paper marks a notable step forward toward more options for naturalistic yet still lab-based studies of social decision-making, an area where the field is actively moving, especially given recent research highlighting significant differences in neural activity depending upon the context in which an action is performed. The DIP offers researchers a valuable tool to bridge the gap between tightly controlled laboratory paradigms and the dynamic, bidirectional nature of real-world social interactions.

The authors do well to provide comprehensive documentation of the technical specifications for the four different implementations of the platform, allowing other researchers to adapt and build upon their work. The detailed information about hardware configurations demonstrates careful attention to practical implementation details. They also highlight numerous options for integration with other tools and software, further demonstrating the versatility of this apparatus and the variety of research questions to which it could be applied.

The historical review of dyadic experimental paradigms is thorough and effectively positions the DIP as addressing a critical gap in existing methodologies. The authors convincingly argue that studying continuous, dynamic social interactions is essential for understanding real-world social cognition, and that existing paradigms often force unnatural attention-splitting or turn-taking behaviors that don't reflect naturalistic interaction patterns.

The four example applications showcase the DIP's versatility across diverse research questions. The Bach-or-Stravinsky economic game example is particularly compelling, demonstrating how continuous access to partners' actions substantially changes coordination strategies in non-human primates. This highlights a key strength of the DIP, which is that it removes a level of abstraction that can make tasks more difficult for non-human primates to learn. By being able to see their partner and actions directly, rather than having to understand that a cursor on a screen represents a partner, the platform makes the task more accessible to non-human primates and possibly children as well. This opens up important avenues for enhanced cross-species investigations of cognition, allowing researchers to study social dynamics in a setting that remains naturalistic yet controlled across different populations.

Weaknesses:

Some of the experimental applications would benefit from stronger evidence demonstrating the unique advantages of the transparent setup. For instance, in the dyadic foraging example, it's not entirely clear how participants' behavior differs from what might be observed when simply tracking each other's cursor movements in a non-transparent setup. More evidence showing how direct visibility of the partner, beyond simply being able to track the position of the partner's cursor, influences behavior would strengthen this example. Similarly, in the continuous perceptual report (CPR) task, the subjects could perform this task and see feedback from their partners' actions without having to see their partner through the transparent screen. Evidence showing that 1) subjects do indeed look at their partner during the task and 2) viewing their partner influences their performance on the task would significantly strengthen the claim that the ability to view the partner brings in a new dimension to this task. These additions would better demonstrate the specific value added by the transparent nature of the DIP beyond what could be achieved with standard cursor-tracking paradigms.

A significant limitation that is inadequately addressed relates to neural investigations. While the authors position the platform's ability to merge attention to social stimuli and task stimuli as a key advantage, they don't sufficiently acknowledge the challenges this creates for dissociating neural signals attributed to social cues versus task-based stimuli. More traditional lab-based experiments intentionally separate components like task-stimulus perception, social perception, and decision-making periods so that researchers can isolate the neural signals associated with each process. This deliberate separation, which the authors frame as a weakness, actually serves an important functional purpose in neural investigations. The paper would be strengthened by explicitly discussing this limitation and offering potential approaches to address it in experimental design or data analysis. For instance, the authors could suggest methodological innovations or analytical techniques that might help disentangle the overlapping neural signals that would inevitably arise from the integrated presentation of social and task stimuli in the DIP setup.

Furthermore, the authors' suggestion to arrange task stimuli around the periphery of the screen to maintain a clear middle area for viewing the partner appears to contradict their own critique of traditional paradigms. This recommended arrangement would seemingly reintroduce the very problem of attentional switching between task stimuli and social partners that the authors identified as a limitation of previous approaches. The paper would be strengthened by discussing the potential trade-offs associated with their suggested stimulus arrangement. Additionally, offering potential approaches to address these limitations in experimental design or data analysis would enhance the paper's contribution to the field.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study titled 'The Lipocone Superfamily: A Unifying Theme In Metabolism Of Lipids, Peptidoglycan, And Exopolysaccharides, Inter-Organismal Conflicts And Immunity' from L. Aravind's group, the authors report the identification of a novel domain superfamily termed "Lipocone" superfamily. This superfamily unifies Wnt protein with a spectrum of domains from about 30 families, including those from phosphatidylserine synthases (PTDSS1/2), TelC toxin, VanZ proteins, and the animal Serum Amyloid A (SAA). The authors provide evidence that this superfamily originated as membrane proteins, with few (including Wnt and SAA) evolving into soluble domains. The authors also provide contextual evidence for the Lipocone members recruited as effectors in biological conflicts in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Importantly, to my knowledge, this study is the first to decipher the origins of Wnt signaling (emerging from a membrane protein context) and provide novel insights into immunity.

- The study is well-executed and provides many interesting leads for further experimental studies, which makes it very important. One of the significant hypotheses in this context is metazoan Wnt Lipocone domain interactions with lipids, which remain to be explored.

- The manuscript is generally navigable for interesting reading despite being content-rich.

- Overall, the figures are easy to follow.

Significance:

This study not only provides a plausible solution to the origins of metazoan Wnt signaling but also hypothesizes, based on retained ancestral substrate binding pocket, potential lipid interactions for lipocone wnt domains. The study also predicts novel enzymatic roles for many poorly characterized proteins that are involved in immunity across lineages/superkingdoms. This work is likely to inspire numerous experimental studies attempting to verify the hypotheses described in the study.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This paper concerns mechanisms of foraging behavior in C. elegans. Upon removal from food, C. elegans first executes a stereotypical local search behavior in which it explores a small area by executing many random, undirected reversals and turns called "reorientations." If the worm fails to find food, it transitions to a global search in which it explores larger areas by suppressing reorientations and executing long forward runs (Hills et al., 2004). At the population level, reorientation rate declines gradually. Nevertheless, about 50% of individual worms appear to exhibit an abrupt transition between local and global search, which is evident as a discrete transition from high to low reorientation rate (Lopez-Cruz et al., 2019). This observation has given rise to the hypothesis that local and global search correspond to separate internal states with the possibility of sudden transitions between them (Calhoun et al., 2014). The objective of the paper is to demonstrate that is not necessary to posit distinct internal states to account for discrete transitions from high to low reorientation rate. On the contrary, discrete transitions can occur simply because of the stochastic nature of the reorientation behavior itself.

Major strengths and weaknesses of the methods and results

The model was not explicitly designed to match the sudden, stable changes in reorientation rates observed in the experimental data from individual worms. Kinetic parameters were simply chosen to match the average population behavior. Nevertheless, many sudden stable changes in reorientation rates occurred. This is a strong argument that apparent state changes can arise as an epiphenomenon of stochastic processes.

The new stochastic model is more parsimonious than reorientation-state change model because it posits one state rather than two.

A prominent feature of the empirical data is that 50% of the worms exhibit a single (apparent) state change and the rest show either no state changes or multiple state changes. Does the model reproduce these proportions? This obvious question was not addressed.

There is no obvious candidate for the neuronal basis of the decaying factor M. The authors speculate that decreasing sensory neuron activity might be the correlate of M but then provide contradictory evidence that seems to undermine that hypothesis. The absence of a plausible neuronal correlate of M weakens the case for the model.

Appraisal of whether the authors achieved their aims, and whether the results support their conclusions

The authors have made a convincing case that is not necessary to posit distinct internal states to account for discrete transitions from high to low reorientation rate. On the contrary, discrete transitions can occur simply because of the stochastic nature of the reorientation behavior itself.

Impact of the work on the field, and the utility of the methods and data to the community

Posting hidden internal states to explain behavioral sequences is gaining acceptance in behavioral neuroscience. The likely impact of the paper is to establish a compelling example of how statistical reasoning can reduce the number of hidden states to achieve models that are more parsimonious.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Dovek and colleagues aimed at investigating the cellular and circuitry mechanisms underlying the recruitment of dentate gyrus neurons (including two morpho-physiologically-distinct subpopulations of excitatory cells called granular cells or GCs, and semilunar cells or SGCs) into memory representations, also known as engrams. To this end, the authors used TRAP2 mice to investigate the dentate gyrus "engram" neurons that were activated or not (i.e., labeled or not) in a non-fear-based context (mostly enriched environment or EE, but also Barnes Maze or BM).

A significant proportion of dentate gyrus neurons are labeled after EE exposure (35%) or after BM acquisition (15%). SGCs, distinguished from GCs using morphology-based classification, showed disproportionately context-dependent recruitment. Consistent with previous observations (Erwin et al., 2022), SGCs account for a third of behaviorally recruited "engram" neurons, although they represent less than 5% of excitatory neurons in the dentate gyrus.

Then, the authors compared the intrinsic physiological properties of GCs and SGCs that are recruited or not during EE. Consistent with previous observations (Williams et al., 2007, Afrasiabi et al., 2022), SGCs and GCs exhibited numerous differences (e.g., Rin, firing frequency) regardless of whether they were behaviorally activated or not. Differences in physiology between excitatory neuron subtypes might explain the preferential recruitment of SGCs. Interestingly, "engram" SGCs displayed lower values of adaptation in firing rate than non-recruited SGCs.

To examine how GCs and SGCs activated during EE are integrated into the local dentate gyrus microcircuits, the authors next performed a dual patch-clamp recording combined with wide-field optogenetics. Despite the presence of spontaneous EPSCs, no direct functional glutamatergic interconnection was observed between pairs of "engram" GCs and SGCs. In addition, although optogenetic stimulation of a large, random, population of neurons evokes IPSCs (indicating efficient lateral inhibition as in Stefanelli et al., 2016), the specific stimulation of behaviorally recruited GCs or SGCs rarely elicits IPSCs onto surrounding non-engram excitatory neurons.

To assess whether neurons recruited or not during EE receive differential glutamatergic drive, the authors recorded spontaneous excitatory inputs received by labeled and unlabeled GCs and SGCs. They observed that sEPSCs in labeled GCs and SGCs are more frequent and larger than in unlabeled GCs and SGCs, respectively.

Last, the authors investigated whether neurons (without discriminating GCs and SGCs) recruited in the same context were characterized by a higher propensity to receive temporally correlated inputs. To this end, they performed dual patch-clamp and analyzed the temporal correlation of spontaneous EPSCs received by pairs of neurons (either two dentate gyrus "engram" neurons, or one "engram" neuron and one "non-engram" neuron in an EE context). They observed that the temporal correlation of excitatory events received by pairs of engram neurons was greater than that of pairs of neurons that do not belong to the same ensemble, and that expected by chance.

Altogether, the data suggest that the context-dependent recruitment of dentate gyrus excitatory neurons, particularly SGCs is correlated to distinctive intrinsic properties and (correlated) excitatory afferent. Contrary to a leading hypothesis, the authors found no evidence that recruited neurons drive robust feedforward excitation of other engram neurons or feedback inhibition of non-engram neurons.

Strengths:

This article provides some information about the mechanisms that may be involved in the recruitment of neural ensembles that form non-fear-based memory engrams in the dentate gyrus. I find it interesting that the authors considered not only granular cells, the main population of excitatory neurons in the dentate gyrus, but also a sparse subpopulation of semilunar cells, a relatively understudied type of dentate excitatory neuron.

Weakness:

Most of the data presented are descriptive and based on correlation rather than causation.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Frelih et al. investigated both periodic and aperiodic activity in EEG during working memory tasks. In terms of periodic activity, they found post-stimulus decreases in alpha and beta activity, while in terms of aperiodic activity, they found a bi-phasic post-stimulus steepening of the power spectrum, which was weakly predictive of performance. They conclude that it is crucial to properly distinguish between aperiodic and periodic activity in event-related designs as the former could confound the latter. They also add to the growing body of research highlighting the functional relevance of aperiodic activity in the brain.

Strengths:

This is a well-written, timely paper that could be of interest to the field of cognitive neuroscience, especially to researchers investigating the functional role of aperiodic activity. The authors describe a well-designed study that looked at both the oscillatory and non-oscillatory aspects of brain activity during a working memory task. The analytic approach is appropriate, as a state-of-the-art toolbox is used to separate these two types of activity. The results support the basic claim of the paper that it is crucial to properly distinguish between aperiodic and periodic activity in event-related designs as the former could confound the latter. They also add to the growing body of research highlighting the functional relevance of aperiodic activity in the brain. Commendably, the authors include replications of their key findings on multiple independent data sets.

Weaknesses:

The authors also claim that their results speak to the interplay between oscillatory and non-oscillatory activity, and crucially, that task-related changes in the theta frequency band - often attributed to neural oscillations in the field - are in fact only a by-product of non-oscillatory changes. I believe these claims are too bold and are not supported by compelling evidence in the paper. Some control analyses - e.g., contrasting the scalp topographies of purportedly theta and non-oscillatory effects - could help strengthen the latter argument, but it may be safest to simply soften these two claims.

In terms of the methodology used, I suggest the authors make it clearer to readers that the primary results were obtained on a sample of middle-aged-to-older-adults, some with subjective cognitive complaints, and note that while stimulus-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) were removed from the data prior to analyses, response-locked ERPs were not. This could potentially confound aperiodic findings. Contrasting the scalp topographies of response-related ERPs and the identified aperiodic components, especially the later one, could bring some clarity here too.

I have also found certain parts of the introduction to be somewhat confusing.

Comments on the latest version:

The authors have addressed several of the weaknesses I noted in my original review, specifically, they softened their claims regarding the theta findings, while simultaneously strengthening these findings with additional analyses (using simulations as well as a new measure of rhythmicity, the phase autocorrelation function, pACF). Most of the other suggested control analyses were also implemented. While I believe the fact that the participants in the main sample were not young adults could be made even more explicit, and the potential interaction between age and aperiodic changes could be unpacked a little in the discussion, the age of the sample is definitely addressed upfront.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Most studies in sensory neuroscience investigate how individual sensory stimuli are represented in the brain (e.g., the motion or color of a single object). This study starts tackling the more difficult question of how the brain represents multiple stimuli simultaneously and how these representations help to segregate objects from cluttered scenes with overlapping objects.

Strengths

The authors first document the ability of humans to segregate two motion patterns based on differences in speed. Then they show that a monkey's performance is largely similar; thus establishing the monkey as a good model to study the underlying neural representations.

Careful quantification of the neural responses in the middle temporal area during the simultaneous presentation of fast and slow speeds leads to the surprising finding that, at low average speeds, many neurons respond as if the slowest speed is not present, while they show averaged responses at high speeds. This unexpected complexity of the integration of multiple stimuli is key to the model developed in this paper.

One experiment in which attention is drawn away from the receptive field supports the claim that this is not due to the involuntary capture of attention by fast speeds.

A classifier using the neuronal response and trained to distinguish single speed from bi-speed stimuli shows a similar overall performance and dependence on the mean speed as the monkey. This supports the claim that these neurons may indeed underlie the animal's decision process.

The authors expand the well-established divisive normalization model to capture the responses to bi-speed stimuli. The incremental modeling (eq 9 and 10) clarifies which aspects of the tuning curves are captured by the parameters.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study used explicit-solvent simulations and coarse-grained models to identify the mechanistic features that allow for the unidirectional motion of SMC on DNA. Shorter explicit-solvent models describe relevant hydrogen bond energetics, which were then encoded in a coarse-grained structure-based model. In the structure-based model, the authors mimic chemical reactions as signaling changes in the energy landscape of the assembly. By cycling through the chemical cycle repeatedly, the authors show how these time-dependent energetic shifts naturally lead SMC to undergo translocation steps along DNA that are on a length scale that has been identified.

Strengths:

Simulating large-scale conformational changes in complex assemblies is extremely challenging. This study utilizes highly-detailed models to parameterize a coarse-grained model, thereby allowing the simulations to connect the dynamics of precise atomistic-level interactions with a large-scale conformational rearrangement. This study serves as an excellent example for this overall methodology, where future studies may further extend this approach to investigated any number of complex molecular assemblies.

Weaknesses:

The only relative weakness is that the text does not always clearly communicate which aspects of the dynamics are expected to be robust. That is, which aspects of the dynamics/energetics are less precisely described by this model? Where are the limits of the models, and why should the results be considered within the range of applicability of the models?

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper addresses an important and topical issue: how temporal context, at various time scales, affects various psychophysical measures, including reaction times, accuracy, and localization. It offers interesting insights, with separate mechanisms for different phenomena, which are well discussed.

Strengths:

The paradigm used is original and effective. The analyses are rigorous.

Weaknesses:

Here I make some suggestions for the authors to consider. Most are stylistic, but the issue of precision may be important.

(1) The manuscript is quite dense, with some concepts that may prove difficult for the non-specialist. I recommend spending a few more words (and maybe some pictures) describing the difference between task-relevant and task-irrelevant planes. Nice technique, but not instantly obvious. Then we are hit with "stimulus-related", which definitely needs some words (also because it is orthogonal to neither of the above).

(2) While I understand that the authors want the three classical separations, I actually found it misleading. Firstly, for a perceptual scientist to call intervals in the order of seconds (rather than milliseconds), "micro" is technically coming from the raw prawn. Secondly, the divisions are not actually time, but events: micro means one-back paradigm, one event previously, rather than defined by duration. Thirdly, meso isn't really a category, just a few micros stacked up (and there's not much data on this). And macro is basically patterns, or statistical regularities, rather than being a fixed time. I think it would be better either to talk about short-term and long-term, which do not have the connotations I mentioned. Or simply talk about "serial dependence" and "statistical regularities". Or both.

(3) More serious is the issue of precision. Again, this is partially a language problem. When people use the engineering terms "precision" and "accuracy" together, they usually use the same units, such as degrees. Accuracy refers to the distance from the real position (so average accuracy gives bias), and precision is the clustering around the average bias, usually measured as standard deviation. Yet here accuracy is percent correct: also a convention in psychology, but not when contrasting accuracy with precision, in the engineering sense. I suggest you change "accuracy" to "percent correct". On the other hand, I have no idea how precision was defined. All I could find was: "mixture modelling was used to estimate the precision and guess rate of reproduction responses, based on the concentration (k) and height of von Mises and uniform distributions, respectively". I do not know what that means.

(4) Previous studies show serial dependence can increase bias but decrease scatter (inverse precision) around the biased estimate. The current study claims to be at odds with that. But are the two measures of precision relatable? Was the real (random) position of the target subtracted from each response, leaving residuals from which the inverse precision was calculated? (If so, the authors should say so..) But if serial dependence biases responses in essentially random directions (depending on the previous position), it will increase the average scatter, decreasing the apparent precision.

(5) I suspect they are not actually measuring precision, but location accuracy. So the authors could use "percent correct" and "localization accuracy". Or be very clear what they are actually doing.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Liu et al. investigated the mechanisms by which apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) G1 and G2 variants cause inflammation and lipid accumulation in macrophages by bone-marrow-derived macrophages from transgenic mice and human iPS cells. Although these findings are not novel, this work provides solid evidence to prove enhanced inflammation and lipid accumulation in macrophages by APOL1 G1 and G2 variants by a variety of in vitro assays and metabolomics measurements. Further, metabolomics measurements identified that the spermidine synthesis pathway was altered by APOL1 G1 and G2 variants, and the polyamine inhibitor reversed the variants-induced phenotypes.

Strengths:

Their hypothesis and choice of experiments in each section were clear and mostly solid. Mitochondrial morphological quantification by transmission electron microscopy images was convincing. The authors confirmed APOL1 localization inside macrophages and built stories based on their findings. Showing relevant positive and negative findings in line with current knowledge of APOL1-variants-driven pathologies, such as cation flux, cGAS-STING pathways, indicates a good rigor.

Weaknesses:

Although most methods in this work were solid, the choice of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) as an inhibitor of spermidine synthesis was not direct. It was still unclear if DFMO was reversing the phenotypes by lowering spermidine levels. Seahorse assay results would have avoided potential variabilities in cell densities by normalization. Heatmaps showing RNA-seq results would be appreciated better with a clear description of how the color is defined and calculated.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This study is focused on identifying unique, innovative surface markers for mature Achilles tendons by combining the latest multi-omics approaches and in vitro evaluation, which would address the knowledge gap of controversial identity of TPSCs with unspecific surface markers. The use of multi-omics technologies, in vivo characterization, in vitro standard assays of stem cells, and in vitro tissue formation is a strength of this work and could be applied for other stem cell quantification in the musculoskeletal research. The evaluation and identification of Cd55 and Cd248 in TPSCs have not been conducted in tendon, which is considered as innovative. Additionally, the study provided solid sequencing data to confirm co-expressions of Cd55 and Cd248 with other well-described surface markers such as Ly6a, Tpp3, Pdgfra, and Cd34. Generally, the data shown in the manuscript support the claims that the identified surface antigens mark TPSCs in juvenile tendons.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript describes a series of lab and field experiments to understand the role of tadpole transport in shaping the microbiome of poison frogs in early life. The authors conducted a cross-foster experiment in which R. variabilis tadpoles were carried by adults of their own species, carried by adults of another frog species, or not carried at all. After being carried for 6 hours, tadpole microbiomes resembled those of their caregiving species. Next, the authors reported higher microbiome diversity in tadpoles of two species that engage in transport-based parental care compared to one species that does not. Finally, they collected tadpoles either from the backs of an adult (i.e., they had recently been transported) or from eggs (i.e., not transported) but did not find significant overlap in microbiome composition between transported tadpoles and their parents.

Strengths:

The cross-foster experiment and the field experiment that reared transported and non-transported tadpoles are creative ways to address an important question in animal microbiome research. Together, they imply a small role for parental care in the development of the tadpole microbiome. The manuscript is generally well-written and easy to understand. The authors make an effort (improved since the first version of the manuscript) to acknowledge the limitations of their experimental design.

Weaknesses:

This manuscript has improved since the initial version and now more clearly discusses the limitations of its experimental design. I have no further revisions to request.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary

This manuscript from Azeroglu et al. presents the application of END-Seq to examine the sequence composition of chromosome termini, i.e., telomeres. END-seq is a powerful genome sequencing strategy developed in Andre Nussesweig's lab to examine the sequences at DNA break sites. Here, END-Seq is applied to explore the nucleotide sequences at telomeres and to ascertain (i) whether the terminal end sequence is conserved in cells that activate ALT telomere elongation mechanism and (ii) whether the processes responsible for telomere end sequence regulation are conserved. With these aims clearly articulated, the authors convincingly show the power of this technique to examine telomere end-processing.

Strengths

(1) The authors effectively demonstrate the application of END-seq for these purposes. They verify prior data that 5'terminal sequences of telomeres in Hela and RPE cells end in a canonical ATC sequence motif. They verify that the same sequence is present at the 5' ends of telomeres by performing END-seq across a panel of ALT cancer cells. As in non-ALT cells, the established role of POT1, a ssDNA telomere binding protein, in coordinating the mechanism that maintains the canonical ATC motif is likewise verified. However, by performing END-Seq in mouse cells lacking POT1 isoforms, POT1a and POT1b, the authors uncover that POT1b is dispensable for this process. This reveals a novel, important insight relating to the evolution of POT1 as a telomere regulatory factor.

(2) The authors then demonstrate the utility of S1-END-seq, a variation of END-Seq, to explore the purported abundance of single-stranded DNA at telomeres within telomeres of ALT cancer cells. Here, they demonstrate that ssDNA abundance is an intrinsic aspect of ALT telomeres and is dependent on the activity of BLM, a crucial mediator of ALT.

Overall, the authors have effectively shown that END-seq can be applied to examine processes maintaining telomeres in normal and cancerous cells across multiple species. Using END-Seq, the authors confirm prior cell biological and sequencing data and the role of POT1 and BLM in regulating telomere termini sequences and ssDNA abundance. The study is nice and well-written, with the experimental rationale and outcomes clearly explained.

Weaknesses

This reviewer finds little to argue with in this study. It is timely and highly valuable for the telomere field. One minor question would be whether the authors could expand more on the application of END-Seq to examine the processive steps of the ALT mechanism? Can they speculate if the ssDNA detected in ALT cells might be an intermediate generated during BIR (i.e., is the ssDNA displaced strand during BIR) or a lesion? Furthermore, have the authors assessed whether ssDNA lesions are due to the loss of ATRX or DAXX, either of which can be mutated in the ALT setting?

Comments on revisions:

The authors addressed the comments. Thank you.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Genome-wide association studies have been an important approach to identifying the genetic basis of human traits and diseases. Despite their successes, for many traits, a substantial amount of variation cannot be explained by genetic factors, indicating that environmental variation and individual 'noise' (stochastic differences as well as unaccounted for environmental variation) also play important roles. The authors' goal was to address how gene expression variation in genetically identical individuals, driven by historical environmental differences and 'noise', could be used to predict reproductive trait differences.

Strengths:

To address this question, the authors took advantage of genetically identical C. elegans individuals to transcriptionally profile 180 adult hermaphrodite individuals that were also measured for two reproductive traits. A major strength of the paper is in its experimental design. While experimenters aim to control the environment that each worm experiences, it is known that there are small differences even when worms are grown together on the same agar plate - e.g., the age of their mother, their temperature, the amount of food they eat, and the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels depending on where they roam on the plate. Instead of neglecting this unknown variation, the authors design the experiment up front to create two differences in the historical environment experienced by each worm: 1) the age of its mother and 2) 8 8-hour temperature difference, either 20 or 25 C. This helped the authors interpret the gene expression differences and trait expression differences that they observed.

Using two statistical models, the authors measured the association of gene expression for 8824 genes with the two reproductive traits, considering both the level of expression and the historical environment experienced by each worm. Their data supports several conclusions. They convincingly show that gene expression differences are useful for predicting reproductive trait differences, predicting ~25-50% of the trait differences depending on the trait. Using RNAi, they also show that the genes they identify play a causal role in trait differences. Finally, they demonstrate an association with trait variation and the H3K27 trimethylation mark, suggesting that chromatin structure can be an important causal determinant of gene expression and trait variation.

Overall, this work supports the use of gene expression data as an important intermediate for understanding complex traits. This approach is also useful as a starting point for other labs in studying their trait of interest.

Weaknesses:

There are no major weaknesses that I have noted. Some important limitations of their work are worth highlighting, though (and I believe the authors would agree with these points):

(1) A large remaining question in the field of complex traits remains in splitting the role of non-genetic factors between environmental variation and stochastic noise. It is still an open question which role each of these factors plays in controlling the gene expression differences they measured between the individual worms.

(2) The ability of the authors to use gene expression to predict trait variation was strikingly different between the two traits they measured. For the early brood trait, 448 genes were statistically linked to the trait difference, while for egg-laying onset, only 11 genes were found. Similarly, the total R2 in the test set was ~50% vs. 25%. It is unclear why the differences occur, but this somewhat limits the generalizability of this approach to other traits.

(3) For technical reasons, this approach was limited to whole worm transcription. The role of tissue and cell-type expression differences is important to the field, so this limitation is relevant.

Comments on revisions: The authors have addressed my previous comments to my satisfaction.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors address a fundamental question for cell and tissue biology using the skin epidermis as a paradigm and ask how stratifying self-renewing epithelia induce differentiation and upwards migration in basal dividing progenitor cells to generate suprabasal barrier-forming cells that are essential for a functional barrier formed by such an epithelium. The authors show for the first time that an increase in intracellular actomyosin contractility, a hallmark of barrier-forming keratinocytes, is sufficient to trigger terminal differentiation. Hence the data provide in vivo evidence of the more general interdependency of cell mechanics and differentiation. The data appear to be of high quality and the evidences are strengthened through a combination of different genetic mouse models, RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence analysis.

To generate and maintain the multilayered, barrier-forming epidermis, keratinocytes of the basal stem cell layer differentiate and move suprabasally accompanied by stepwise changes not only in gene expression but also in cell morphology, mechanics and cell position. If any of these changes are instructive for differentiation itself, and whether consecutive changes in differentiation are required, remains unclear. Also, there are few comprehensive data sets on the exact changes in gene expression between different states of keratinocyte differentiation. In this study, through genetic fluorescence labeling of cell states at different developmental timepoints the authors were able to analyze gene expression of basal stem cells and suprabasal differentiated cells at two different stages of maturation: E14 (embryonic day 14) when the epidermis comprises mostly two functional compartments (basal stem cells and suprabasal so called intermediate cells) and E16 when the epidermis comprise three (living) compartments where the spinous layer separates basal stem cells from the barrier forming granular layer, as is the case in adult epidermis. Using RNA bulk sequencing, the authors developed useful new markers for suprabasal stages of differentiation like MafB and Cox1. The transcription factor MafB was then shown to inhibit suprabasal proliferation in a MafB transgenic model.

The data indicate that early in development at E14 the suprabasal intermediate cells resemble in terms of RNA expression, the barrier-forming granular layer at E16, suggesting that keratinocyte can undergo either stepwise (E16) or more direct (E14) terminal differentiation.

Previous studies by several groups found an increased actomyosin contractility in the barrier forming granular layer and showed that this increase in tension is important for epidermal barrier formation and function. However, it was not clear whether contractility itself serves as an instructive signal for differentiation. To address this question, the authors use a previously published model to induce premature hypercontractility in the spinous layer by using spastin overexpression (K10-Spastin) to disrupt microtubules (MT) thereby indirectly inducing actomyosin contractility. A second model activates myosin contractility more directly through overexpression of a constitutively active RhoA GEF (K10-Arhgef11CA). Both models induce late differentiation of suprabasal keratinocytes regardless of the suprabasal position in either spinous or granular layer indicating that increased contractility is key to induce late differentiation of granular cells. A potential weakness is the use of the K10-spastin model that disrupts MT and likely has additional roles in altering differentiation next to the induction of hypercontractility. Their previous publications provided some evidence that the effect on differentiation is driven by the increase in contractility (Ning et al. cell stem cell 2021). Moreover, their data are now further supported by a second model activating myosin through RhoA. This manuscript extends their previous findings that indicated a role for contractility in early differentiation, now focussing on the regulation of late differentiation in barrier forming cells. This data set thus help to unravel the interdependencies of cell position, mechanical state and differentiation in the epidermis, and suggest that an increase in cellular contractility within the epidermis can induce terminal differentiation. Importantly the authors show that despite contractility induced nuclear localization of the mechanoresponsive transcription factor YAP in the barrier forming granular layer, YAP nuclear localization is not sufficient to drive premature differentiation when forced to the nucleus in the spinous layer.

Overall, this is a well written manuscript and comprehensive dataset.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

The study "Impact of Maximal Overexpression of a Non-toxic Protein on Yeast Cell Physiology" by Fujita et al. aims to elucidate the physiological impacts of overexpressing non-toxic proteins in yeast cells. By identifying model proteins with minimal cytotoxicity, the authors claim to provide insights into cellular stress responses and metabolic shifts induced by protein overexpression.

Strengths:

The study introduces a neutrality index to quantify cytotoxicity and investigates the effects of protein burden on yeast cell physiology. The study identifies mox-YG (a non-fluorescent fluorescent protein) and Gpm1-CCmut (an inactive glycolytic enzyme) as proteins with the lowest cytotoxicity, capable of being overexpressed to more than 40% of total cellular protein while maintaining yeast growth. Overexpression of mox-YG leads to a state resembling nitrogen starvation probably due to TORC1 inactivation, increased mitochondrial function, and decreased ribosomal abundance, indicating a metabolic shift towards more energy-efficient respiration and defects in nucleolar formation.

Weaknesses:

While the introduction of the neutrality index seems useful to differentiate between cytotoxicity and protein burden, the biological relevance of the effects of overexpression of the model proteins is unclear.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The study aimed to develop a liquid biopsy EV miRNA signature associated with radiomics features for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Flawed study design and inadequate description of clinical characteristics of the enrolled samples makes the findings unconvincing.

Strengths:

The concept of developing EV miRNA signature associated with disease relevant radiomics features is a strength.

Weaknesses:

There are many weaknesses in this manuscript, which include drawing association of data derived from unmatched sample sets, selection of low abundance miRNAs for developing the signature with inadequate rationale, incomplete description of experimental methods and confusing statements in the text.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Zhu et al., investigate the cellular defects in glia as a result of loss in DEGS1/ifc encoding the dihydroceramide desaturase. Using the strength of Drosophila and its vast genetic toolkit, they find that DEGS1/ifc is mainly expressed in glia and it's loss leads to profound neurodegeneration. This supports a role for DEGS1 in the developing larval brain as it safeguards proper CNS development. Loss of DEGS1/ifc leads to dihydroceramide accumulation in the CNS and induces alteration in the morphology of glial subtypes and a reduction in glial number. Cortex and ensheathing glia appeared swollen and accumulated internal membranes. Astrocyte-glia on the other hand displayed small cell bodies, reduced membrane extension and disrupted organization in the dorsal ventral nerve cord. They also found that DEGS1/ifc localizes primarily to the ER. Interestingly, the authors observed that loss of DEGS1/ifc drives ER expansion and reduced TGs and lipid droplet numbers. No effect on PC and PE and a slight increase in PS.

The conclusions of this paper are well supported by the data.

Strengths:

This is an interesting study that provides new insight into the role of ceramide metabolism in neurodegeneration.

The strength of the paper is the generation of LOF lines, the insertion of transgenes and the use of the UAS-GAL4/GAL80 system to assess the cell-autonomous effect of DEGS1/ifc loss in neurons and different glial subtypes during CNS development.

The imaging, immunofluorescence staining and EM of the larval brain and the use of the optical lobe and the nerve cord as a readout are very robust and nicely done.

Drosophila is a difficult model to perform core biochemistry and lipidomics, but the authors used the whole larvae and CNS to uncover global changes in mRNA levels related to lipogenesis and the unfolded protein responses, as well as specific lipid alterations upon DEGS1/ifc loss.

Weaknesses:

No major weaknesses identified.

Minor point: The authors performed lipidomics and RTqPCR on whole larvae and larval CNS which does not inform of any cell type-specific effects. Performing single-cell RNAseq on larval brains to tease apart the cell-type specific effect of DEGS1/ifc loss would be interesting to explore the future, but beyond the scope of the current study.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The study by Lotonin et al. investigates correlates of protection against African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection. The study is based on a comprehensive work, including the measurement of immune parameters using complementary methodologies. An important aspect of the work is the temporal analysis of the immune events, allowing for the capture of the dynamics of the immune responses induced after infection. Also, the work compares responses induced in farm and SPF pigs, showing the latter an enhanced capacity to induce a protective immunity. Overall, the results obtained are interesting and relevant for the field. The findings described in the study further validate work from previous studies (critical role of virus-specific T cell responses) and provide new evidence on the importance of a balanced innate immune response during the immunization process. This information increases our knowledge on basic ASF immunology, one of the important gaps in ASF research that needs to be addressed for a more rational design of effective vaccines. Further studies will be required to corroborate that the results obtained based on the immunization of pigs by a not completely attenuated virus strain are also valid in other models, such as immunization using live attenuated vaccines.

While overall the conclusions of the work are well supported by the results, I consider that the following issues should be addressed to improve the interpretation of the results:

(1) An important issue in the study is the characterization of the infection outcome observed upon Estonia 2014 inoculation. Infected pigs show a long period of viremia, which is not linked to clinical signs. Indeed, animals are recovered by 20 days post-infection (dpi), but virus levels in blood remain high until 141 dpi. This is uncommon for ASF acute infections and rather indicates a potential induction of a chronic infection. Have the authors analysed this possibility deeply? Are there lesions indicative of chronic ASF in infected pigs at 17 dpi (when they have sacrificed some animals) or, more importantly, at later time points? Does the virus persist in some tissues at late time points, once clinical signs are not observed? Has all this been tested in previous studies?

(2) Virus loads post-Estonia infection significantly differ from whole blood and serum (Figure 1C), while they are very similar in the same samples post-challenge. Have the authors validated these results using methods to quantify infectious particles, such as Hemadsorption or Immunoperoxidase assays? This is important, since it would determine the duration of virus replication post-Estonia inoculation, which is a very relevant parameter of the model.

(3) Related to the previous points, do the authors consider it expected that the induction of immunosuppressive mechanisms during such a prolonged virus persistence, as described in humans and mouse models? Have the authors analysed the presence of immunosuppressive mechanisms during the virus persistence phase (IL10, myeloid-derived suppressor cells)? Have the authors used T cell exhausting markers to immunophenotype ASFV Estonia-induced T cells?

(4) A broader analysis of inflammatory mediators during the persistence phase would also be very informative. Is the presence of high VLs at late time points linked to a systemic inflammatory response? For instance, levels of IFN are still higher at 11 dpi than at baseline, but they are not analysed at later time points.

(5) The authors observed a correlation between IL1b in serum before challenge and protection. The authors also nicely discuss the potential role of this cytokine in promoting memory CD4 T cell functionality, as demonstrated in mice previously. However, the cells producing IL1b before ASFV challenge are not identified. Might it be linked to virus persistence in some organs? This important issue should be discussed in the manuscript.

(6) The lack of non-immunized controls during the challenge makes the interpretation of the results difficult. Has this challenge dose been previously tested in pigs of the age to demonstrate its 100% lethality? Can the low percentage of protected farm pigs be due to a modulation of memory T and B cell development by the persistence of the virus, or might it be related to the duration of the immunity, which in this model is tested at a very late time point? Related to this, how has the challenge day been selected? Have the authors analysed ASFV Estonia-induced immune responses over time to select it?

(7) Also, non-immunized controls at 0 dpc would help in the interpretation of the results from Figure 2C. Do the authors consider that the pig's age might influence the immune status (cytokine levels) at the time of challenge and thus the infection outcome?

(8) Besides anti-CD2v antibodies, anti-C-type lectin antibodies can also inhibit hemadsorption (DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000024). Please correct the corresponding text in the results and discussion sections related to humoral responses as correlates of protection. Also, a more extended discussion on the controversial role of neutralizing antibodies (which have not been analysed in this study), or other functional mechanisms such as ADCC against ASFV would improve the discussion.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Li et al describe a novel form of melanosome based iridescence in the crest of an Early Cretaceous enantiornithine avialan bird from the Jehol Group.

This is an interesting manuscript that describes never before seen melanosome structures and explores fossilised feathers through new methods. This paper creates an opening for new work to explore coloration in extinct birds.

Strengths:

A novel set of methods applied to the study of fossil melanosomes.

Comments on revised version:

The authors provided a response to the previous 9 issues, for which additional response is provided here:

(1) I respectfully disagree with the authors justification regarding the crest. They show one specimen of Confuciusornis with short feathers (which appears to be a unique feature of this species, possibly related to the fact it is beaked) but what about the more primitive Eoconfuciusornis, a referred specimen of which superficially has an enormous "crest" (Zheng et al 2017), as does Changchengornis (Ji et al 1999). Regardless, it would make more sense compare this new specimen to other enantiornithines. Although limited by the preservation of body feathers, which is not all that common, the following published enantiornithines also exhibit a "crest": bohaiornithid indet. (Peteya et al 2017); Brevirostruavis (Li et al 2021); Dapingfangornis (Li et al 2006); Eoenantiornis (Zhou et al 2005); Grabauornis (Dalsatt etal 2014); Junornis (Liu et al 2017); Longirostravis (Hou etal 2004); Monoenantiornis (Hu & O'Connor 2016); Neobohaiornis (Shen etal 2024); Orienantiornis (Liu etal 2019); Parabohaironis (Wang 2023); Parapengornis (Hu etal 2015); Paraprotopteryx (Zheng et al 2007); and every specimen of Protopteryx. In fact, every single published enantiornithine that preserves any feathering on the head has the feathers preserved perpendicular to the bone (in fact, the body feathers on all parts of the bed are splayed at a right angle to the bone due to compression), as shown in the confuciuornis specimen image provided by the authors. Since it is highly improbable they all had crests, the authors have no justification for the interpretation that this new specimen was crested. This does not mean that the feathers were not iridescent or take away from the novel methods these authors have used to explore preserved feathers.

(2) Yes, this is possible, but see above for the very strong argument against interpretation of these feathers as forming a crest.

(3) This just further makes the point that the isolated feather is not likely from the head. Since the neck feathers are missing, it is more likely that it is these feathers that have been disarticulated (and sampled) from the neck region rather than from the very complete looking head feathers; this has significant implications with regards to the birds colour pattern.

(4) Thank you for acknowledging taphonomy.

(5) An interesting hypothesis and one I look forward to seeing explored in the future.

(6) Since the compression is in a single direction, in fact it is not reasonable to assume that distortion would be random. One might predict similar distortion, as with the feathers (spread out from the bone at a 90˚ angle) and bone (crushed), which are all compressed in a single direction. However, I agree that such a consistent discovery suggests it is not an artifact of preservation, and only further studies will elucidate this

(7) I still fail to detect this hexagonal pattern - could machine learning be used to quantify this pattern? The random arrangement of white arrows does little to clarify the authors interpretations.

(8) Great to see additional sampling

(9) Thank you for the explanation.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Palardy and colleagues examine how transcription factors of the SoxB1 family alter patterning within the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium and subsequent formation of neuromast organs along the body of the developing fish. They describe how expression of soxb genes changes when Wnt and Fgf signaling pathways are altered, and in addition, how outputs of these signalling pathways change when soxb gene expression is disrupted. Together, experiments suggest a model where the expression of SoxB genes counteracts Wnt signaling. Support comes from the combined inhibition of both pathways, partially restoring the pattern of neuromast deposition. Together, the work reveals an additional layer of control over Wnt and Fgf signals that together ensure proper posterior lateral line development.

Strengths:

The authors provide a clear analysis of changes in RNA expression after systematic manipulation of gene expression and signaling pathways to construct a plausible model of how Sox factors regulate primordium patterning.

Weaknesses:

There is little attempt to capture the variation of expression patterns with each manipulation. Photomicrographs are examples, with little quantification.

While the combined loss of soxb functions shows more severe phenotypes, it is not exactly clear what underlies the apparent redundancy. It would be helpful if the soxb gene family member expression was reported after loss of each. Expression of sox1a is shown in sox2 mutants in Figure 4, but other combinations are not reported. This additional analysis would clarify whether there are alterations in expression that influence apparent redundancy.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper introduces a new class of machine learning models for capturing how likely a specific nucleotide in a rearranged IG gene is to undergo somatic hypermutation. These models modestly outperform existing state-of-the-art efforts, despite having fewer free parameters. A surprising finding is that models trained on all mutations from non-functional rearrangements give divergent results from those trained on only silent mutations from functional rearrangements.

Strengths:

* The new model structure is quite clever and will provide a powerful way to explore larger models.<br /> * Careful attention is paid to curating and processing large existing data sets.<br /> * The authors are to be commended for their efforts to communicate with the developers of previous models and use the strongest possible versions of those in their current evaluation.

Weaknesses:

* No significant weaknesses noted

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors revisit the specific domains/signals required for redirection of an inner nuclear membrane protein, emerin, to the secretory pathway. They find that epitope tagging influences protein fate, serving as a cautionary tale for how different visualisation methods are used. Multiple tags and lines of evidence are used, providing solid evidence for the altered fate of different constructs.

Strengths:

This is a thorough dissection of domains and properties that confer INM retention vs secretion to the PM/lysosome, and will serve the community well as a caution regarding placement of tags and how this influences protein fate.

Weaknesses:

The specific biogenesis pathway for C-terminally tagged emerin might confound some interpretations. Appending the large GFP to the C-terminus may direct the fusion protein to a different ER insertion pathway than that used by the endogenous protein. How this might influence the fate of the tagged protein remains to be determined. In some ways this is beyond the scope of the current study, but should serve as a warning to epitope-tagging approaches.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors report four cryoEM structures (2.99 to 3.65 Å resolution) of the 180 kDa, full-length, glycosylated, soluble Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (sACE) dimer, with two homologous catalytic domains at the N- and C-terminal ends (ACE-N and ACE-C). ACE is a protease capable of effectively degrading Aβ. The four structures are C2 pseudo-symmetric homodimers and provide insight into sACE dimerization. These structures were obtained using discrete classification in cryoSPARC and show different combinations of open, intermediate, and closed states of the catalytic domains, resulting in varying degrees of solvent accessibility to the active sites.

To deepen the understanding of the gradient of heterogeneity (from closed to open states) observed with discrete classification, the authors performed all-atom MD simulations and continuous conformational analysis of cryo-EM data using cryoSPARC 3DVA, cryoDRGN, and RECOVAR. cryoDRGN and cryoSPARC 3DVA revealed coordinated open-closed transitions across four catalytic domains, whereas RECOVAR revealed independent motion of two ACE-N domains, also observed with cryoSPARC focused classification. The authors suggest that the discrepancy in the results of the different methods for continuous conformational analysis in cryo-EM could results from different approaches used for dimensionality reduction and trajectory generation in these methods.

Strengths:

This is an important study that shows, for the first time, the structure and the snapshots of the dynamics of the full-length sACE dimer. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of combining insights from different cryo-EM methods that address questions difficult or impossible to tackle experimentally, while lacking ground truth for validation.

Weaknesses:

The open, closed, and intermediate states of ACE-N and ACE-C in the four cryo-EM structures from discrete classification were designated quantitatively (based on measured atomic distances on the models fitted into cryo-EM maps). Unfortunately, atomic models were not fitted into cryo-EM maps obtained with cryoSPARC 3DVA, cryoDRGN, and RECOVAR, and the open/closed states in these cases were designated based on a qualitative analysis.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study utilizes polarized second-harmonic generation (pSHG) microscopy to investigate myosin conformation in the relaxed state, distinguishing between the disordered, actin-accessible ON state and the ordered, energy-conserving OFF state. By pharmacologically modulating the ON/OFF equilibrium with a myosin activator (2-deoxyATP) and inhibitor (Mavacamten), the authors demonstrate that pSHG can sensitively quantify the ON/OFF ratio in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Validation with X-ray diffraction supports the accuracy of the method. Applying this approach to a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy model, the study shows that R403Q/MYH7-mutated minipigs exhibit an increased ON state fraction relative to controls. This difference is eliminated under saturating concentrations of myosin modulators, indicating that the ON/OFF balance can be pharmacologically shifted to its extremes. Additionally, ATPase assays reveal elevated resting ATPase activity in R403Q samples, which persists even when the ON state is saturated, suggesting that increased energy consumption in this mutation is driven by both a shift toward the ON state and inherently higher myosin ATPase activity.

Strengths:

This is a well-written and well-conducted study that clearly reveals the power of SHG microscopy. The study clearly establishes the great utility of SHG to study thick filament regulation.

Weaknesses:

(1) Several studies have shown that the ON state of the thick filament is sensitive to both temperature and filament lattice spacing, with a common recommendation to conduct skinned fiber experiments at temperatures above 27{degree sign}C and in the presence of dextran to better preserve physiological conditions. The authors should clarify the experimental temperature used in their skinned fiber studies, indicate whether dextran was included, and discuss whether adherence to these recommended conditions would have impacted their results.

(2) On page 13, the authors report the proportion of disordered heads as approximately 30% in wild-type and 65% in R403Q fibers. They should clarify whether these values represent the percentage of total myosin heads, or rather the percentage of heads that are responsive to Mavacamten and dATP.

(3) In Figure 5, regarding ATPase measurements, the content of contractile material per unit volume of muscle preparation will influence the results. Did the authors account for this variable, and if not, how might it have affected the conclusions?

(4) For readers primarily interested in assessing the ON/OFF state of thick filaments, could the authors list the specific advantages of polarized second harmonic generation (pSHG) microscopy compared to X-ray diffraction?

(5) Given that many data points were derived from the same fiber or myocyte, how did the authors address the risk of type I errors due to non-independence of measurements? Was a nested or hierarchical statistical approach used?

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript presents findings on the adaptation mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under extreme stress conditions. The authors try to generalize this to adaptation to stress tolerance. A major finding is that S. cerevisiae evolves a quiescence-like state with high trehalose to adapt to freeze-thaw tolerance independent of their genetic background. The manuscript is comprehensive, and each of the conclusions is well supported by careful experiments.

Strengths:

This is excellent interdisciplinary work.

Weaknesses: .

I have questions regarding the overall novelty of the proposal, which I would like the authors to explain.

(1) Earlier papers have shown that loss of ribosomal proteins, that slow growth, leads to better stress tolerance in S. cerevisiae. Given this, isn't it expected that any adaptation that slows down growth would, overall, increase stress tolerance? Even for other systems, it has been shown that slowing down growth (by spore formation in yeast or bacteria/or dauer formation in C. elegans) is an effective strategy to combat stress and hence is a likely route to adaptation. The authors stress this as one of the primary findings. I would like the authors to explain their position, detailing how their findings are unexpected in the context of the literature.

(2) Convergent evolution of traits: I find the results unsurprising. When selecting for a trait, if there is a major mode to adapt to that stress, most of the strains would adapt to that mode, independent of the route. According to me, finding out this major route was the objective of many of the previous reports on adaptive evolution. The surprising part in the previous papers (on adaptive evolution of bacteria or yeast) was the resampling of genes that acquired mutations in multiple replicates of an evolution experiments, providing a handle to understand the major genetic route or the molecular mechanism that guides the adaptation (for example in this case it would be - what guides the over-accumulation of trehalose). I fail to understand why the authors find the results surprising, and I would be happy to understand that from the authors. I may have missed something important.

(3) Adaptive evolution would work on phenotype, as all of selective evolution is supposed to. So, given that one of the phenotypes well-known in literature to allow free-tolerance is trehalose accumulation, I think it is not surprising that this trait is selected. For me, this is not a case of "non-genetic" adaptation as the authors point out: it is likely because perturbation of many genes can individually result in the same outcome - upregulation of trehalose accumulation. Thereby, although the adaptation is genetic, it is not homogeneous across the evolving lines - the end result is. Do the authors check that the trait is actually a non-genetic adaptation, i.e., if they regrow the cells for a few generations without the stress, the cells fall back to being similarly only partially fit to freeze-thaw cycles? Additionally, the inability to identify a network that is conserved in the sequencing does not mean that there is no regulatory pathway. A large number of cryptic pathways may exist to alter cellular metabolic states.<br /> This is a point in continuation of point #2, and I would like to understand what I have missed.

(4) To propose the convergent nature, it would be important to check for independently evolved lines and most probably more than 2 lines. It is not clear from their results section if they have multiple lines that have evolved independently.

(5) For the genomic studies, it is not clear if the authors sequenced a pool or a single colony from the evolved strains. This is an important point, since an average sequence will miss out on many mutations and only focus on the mutations inherited from a common ancestral cell. It is also not clear from the section.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study builds off prior work that focused on the molecule AA147 and its role as an activator of the ATF6 arm of the unfolded protein response. In prior manuscripts, AA147 was shown to enter the ER, covalently modify a subset of protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), and improve ER quality control for the disease-associated mutants of AAT and GABAA. Unsuccessful attempts to improve the potency of AA147 have led the authors to characterize a second hit from the screen in this study: the phenylhydrazone compound AA263. The focus of this study on enhancing the biological activity of the AA147 molecule is compelling, and overcomes a hurdle of the prior AA147 drug that proved difficult to modify. The study successfully identifies PDIs as a shared cellular target of AA263 and its analogs. The authors infer, based on the similar target hits previously characterized for AA147, that PDI modification accounts for a mechanism of action for AA263.

Strengths:

The authors are able to establish that, like AA147, AA263 covalently targets ER PDIs. The work establishes the ability to modify the AA263 molecule to create analogs with more potency and efficacy for ATF6 activation. The "next generation" analogs are able to enhance the levels of functional AAT and GABAA receptors in cellular models expressing the Z-variant of AAT or an epilepsy-associated variant of the GABAA receptor, outlining the therapeutic potential for this molecule and laying the foundation for future organism-based studies.

Weaknesses:

Arguably, the work does not fully support the statement provided in the abstract that the study "reveals a molecular mechanism for the activation of ATF6". The identification of targets of AA263 and its analogs is clear. However, it is a presumption that the overlap in PDIs as targets of both AA263 and AA147 means that AA263 works through the PDIs. While a likely mechanism, this conclusion would be bolstered by establishing that knockdown of the PDIs lessens drug impact with respect to ATF6 activation. Alternatively, it has previously been suggested that the cell-type dependent activity of AA263 may be traced to the presence of cell-type specific P450s that allow for the metabolic activation of AA263 or cell-type specific PDIs (Plate et al 2016; Paxman et al 2018). If the PDI target profile is distinct in different cell types, and these target difference correlates with ATF6-induced activity by AA263, that would also bolster the authors' conclusion.

DOI: 10.1038/s44319-025-00511-8

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-151022-1

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