use of the strong UAAU signal in highly expressed genes and for the occurrence of the weaker UGAC signal at several recording sites.

suggestive of protein extension, especially at UGA codons, which rely exclusively on the reduced function RF2 variant of the K-12 strain for termination

a threshold-linear response with a tunable threshold, a robust noise resistance characteristic, and a built-in capability for hierarchical cross-talk.

In particular, small RNAs are shown to establish a threshold for the expression of their target, providing safety mechanism against random fluctuations and transient signals. The threshold level is set by the transcription rate of the small RNA and can thus be modulated dynamically to reflect changing environmental conditions.

bacteria generally express genes only when and where needed, and thus do not readily reveal their pathogenic armament outside of infected tissues

regulate gene expression, typically by occluding or exposing regulatory features, such as ribosome binding sites (RBSs) in the case of translation or intrinsic terminator hairpins in the case of transcription