transformation
EN - Meaning: A process where a cell (often bacteria) takes up foreign DNA. - Key idea: Transformation allows bacteria to receive recombinant DNA plasmids and copy the inserted gene.
中文 - 含义：转化：细胞（常指细菌）摄取外源 DNA 的过程。 - 关键点：细菌摄取重组质粒后，可复制插入的基因。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=bacterial%20transformation - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=bacterial%20transformation
plasmid
EN - Meaning: A small circular DNA molecule in bacteria, separate from the main chromosome. - Key idea: Plasmids are commonly used as vectors for gene cloning.
中文 - 含义：质粒：细菌中独立于染色体的小型环状 DNA。 - 关键点：常被用作基因克隆的载体。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=plasmid - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=plasmid
vector
EN - Meaning: A carrier DNA molecule used to transfer a gene into a host cell. - Key idea: Plasmids and viruses can act as vectors depending on the application.
中文 - 含义：载体：用于把目标基因带入宿主细胞的 DNA 载体分子。 - 关键点：质粒与病毒都可作为载体（取决于用途）。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetic%20vector - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetic%20vector
recombinant DNA
EN - Meaning: DNA formed by joining genetic material from different sources. - Key idea: Recombinant DNA is central to gene cloning and many GM techniques.
中文 - 含义：重组 DNA：把来自不同来源的遗传物质连接在一起形成的 DNA。 - 关键点：是基因克隆与许多转基因技术的核心概念。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=recombinant%20DNA - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=recombinant%20DNA
cloning
EN - Meaning: Producing genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms. - Key idea: Cloning can refer to copying a gene (gene cloning) or making a whole organism copy.
中文 - 含义：克隆：复制出遗传信息相同的 DNA、细胞或个体。 - 关键点：既可以指基因的复制，也可以指细胞/个体层面的复制。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=cloning - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=cloning
gene cloning
EN - Meaning: Making many copies of a specific gene or DNA fragment. - Key idea: A gene is inserted into a vector (often a plasmid) and copied inside a host cell such as bacteria.
中文 - 含义：基因克隆：把某个特定基因/ DNA 片段复制出许多拷贝。 - 关键点：常将基因插入载体（如质粒），再进入宿主细胞（如细菌）中复制。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=gene%20cloning - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=gene%20cloning