biobanks
EN - Meaning: Collections that store biological samples (like blood, tissue) and associated data for research. - Key idea: Biobanks support medical research but require strong policies for consent, privacy, and data security.
中文 - 含义：生物样本库：保存血液、组织等样本及相关数据，用于科研的收集与存储系统。 - 关键点：有助于医学研究，但需要完善的知情同意、隐私与数据安全制度。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=biobank - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=biobank
genetic information
EN - Meaning: Information encoded in DNA that can influence traits and health. - Key idea: Genetic information raises privacy and ownership questions (e.g., data storage, sharing, and consent).
中文 - 含义：遗传信息：DNA 中编码的信息，会影响性状与健康。 - 关键点：会引发隐私与所有权问题（如存储、共享与知情同意）。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetic%20information%20privacy - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetic%20testing%20privacy
Asian gypsy moth
EN - Meaning: A moth species whose caterpillars can defoliate many tree species; considered invasive in some regions. - Key idea: Defoliation weakens trees and can disrupt forest ecosystems.
中文 - 含义：亚洲舞毒蛾：幼虫能大量取食树叶，影响多种树种；在一些地区被视为入侵害虫。 - 关键点：取食导致落叶会削弱树木并扰乱森林生态。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Asian%20gypsy%20moth - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Asian%20gypsy%20moth
Dutch elm disease
EN - Meaning: A serious disease of elm trees caused by fungi and spread by bark beetles. - Key idea: It has killed many elm trees in North America and Europe.
中文 - 含义：荷兰榆树病：由真菌引起并通过树皮甲虫传播的榆树严重病害。 - 关键点：在北美与欧洲造成大量榆树死亡。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Dutch%20elm%20disease - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Dutch%20elm%20disease
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
EN - Meaning: Fertilization that occurs outside the body (in a lab), followed by embryo transfer to the uterus. - Key idea: IVF can help couples conceive when natural fertilization is difficult.
中文 - 含义：体外受精（IVF）：在体外（实验室）完成受精，形成胚胎后再移植入子宫。 - 关键点：可帮助自然受精困难的夫妇实现怀孕。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=in%20vitro%20fertilization - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=in%20vitro%20fertilization
invasive species
EN - Meaning: A non-native species that spreads and causes harm to ecosystems, economies, or health. - Key idea: Invasive species can outcompete native species and reduce biodiversity.
中文 - 含义：入侵物种：外来物种扩散并对生态系统、经济或健康造成危害。 - 关键点：可能与本地物种竞争并降低生物多样性。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=invasive%20species - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=invasive%20species
differentiate
EN - Meaning: To develop into a specialized cell type with a specific structure and function. - Key idea: Differentiation explains how the same DNA can produce many different cell types.
中文 - 含义：分化：细胞发育成为具有特定结构与功能的专门细胞类型。 - 关键点：分化说明同一套 DNA 如何形成不同类型的细胞。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=cell%20differentiation - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=cell%20differentiation
adult stem cells
EN - Meaning: Stem cells found in adult tissues (e.g., bone marrow) that can produce certain specialized cells. - Key idea: Adult stem cells are often used clinically (e.g., blood stem cell transplants) and raise fewer ethical concerns than embryonic stem cells.
中文 - 含义：成体干细胞：存在于成人组织（如骨髓）中的干细胞，可产生特定类型的专门细胞。 - 关键点：临床应用较常见（如造血干细胞移植），伦理争议通常小于胚胎干细胞。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=adult%20stem%20cell - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=adult%20stem%20cell
artificial insemination
EN - Meaning: A reproductive technology where sperm are placed into the female reproductive tract without sexual intercourse. - Key idea: Can help when there are fertility challenges; used in humans and animal breeding.
中文 - 含义：人工授精：不通过性交，而将精子置入女性生殖道以实现受孕的技术。 - 关键点：可帮助不孕不育情况，也广泛用于动物繁殖。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=artificial%20insemination - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=artificial%20insemination
stem cells
EN - Meaning: Cells that can self-renew and can differentiate into specialized cell types. - Key idea: Stem cells are important for development and can be used in regenerative medicine research.
中文 - 含义：干细胞：能自我更新，并可分化为多种专门细胞类型的细胞。 - 关键点：对发育很重要，也用于再生医学研究。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=stem%20cell - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=stem%20cell
DNA fingerprinting
EN - Meaning: Identifying an individual using DNA patterns (genetic markers). - Key idea: Used in forensics, paternity testing, and identification; not the same as sequencing the entire genome.
中文 - 含义：DNA 指纹鉴定：利用 DNA 的特征性片段/标记来识别个体。 - 关键点：用于法医、亲子鉴定与身份识别；并不等同于测完整基因组。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=DNA%20fingerprinting - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=DNA%20fingerprinting
superweeds
EN - Meaning: Weeds that become difficult to control, often due to herbicide resistance. - Key idea: Repeated use of the same herbicide can select for resistant weed populations.
中文 - 含义：超级杂草：难以控制的杂草，常与除草剂抗性有关。 - 关键点：长期反复使用同一种除草剂可能筛选出抗性杂草种群。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=herbicide%20resistance%20weeds - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=herbicide%20resistance%20weeds
gene therapy
EN - Meaning: Treating a disease by adding, replacing, or altering genes in a patient’s cells. - Key idea: Often uses a vector (frequently a virus) to deliver a functional gene.
中文 - 含义：基因治疗：通过向患者细胞中添加/替换/改变基因来治疗疾病。 - 关键点：常用载体（常见为病毒）把正常基因送入细胞。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=gene%20therapy - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=gene%20therapy
herbicide-resistant plants
EN - Meaning: Crop plants engineered to survive a herbicide that would normally kill them. - Key idea: Enables weed control by spraying, but can lead to selection for herbicide-resistant weeds.
中文 - 含义：耐除草剂作物：被改造后能耐受本应杀死它们的除草剂。 - 关键点：便于喷洒除草剂控草，但可能促使杂草选择出耐药性。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=herbicide-resistant%20crop - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=herbicide-resistant%20crop
vitamin A deficiencies
EN - Meaning: A lack of vitamin A, which is important for vision, immune function, and development. - Key idea: Vitamin A deficiency can increase health risks; some GM crops aim to improve nutrition.
中文 - 含义：维生素 A 缺乏：维生素 A 不足，会影响视力、免疫与生长发育。 - 关键点：缺乏会增加健康风险；一些转基因作物用于提高营养。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=vitamin%20A%20deficiency - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=vitamin%20A%20deficiency
BT corn
EN - Meaning: Corn genetically engineered to produce Bt toxin (from Bacillus thuringiensis) that kills certain insect pests. - Key idea: Can reduce insect damage, but may raise concerns about resistance and ecological effects.
中文 - 含义：Bt 玉米：转基因玉米，可产生 Bt 毒素（来源于苏云金芽孢杆菌），用来杀死特定害虫。 - 关键点：可减少虫害，但也可能引发抗性与生态影响等问题。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Bt%20corn - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Bt%20corn
Golden Rice
EN - Meaning: A genetically modified rice designed to produce provitamin A (β-carotene) in the grain. - Key idea: Intended to reduce vitamin A deficiency where rice is a staple food.
中文 - 含义：黄金大米：一种转基因水稻，使稻米籽粒产生前体维生素 A（β-胡萝卜素）。 - 关键点：目标是帮助减少以大米为主食地区的维生素 A 缺乏。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Golden%20Rice - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Golden%20Rice
β-carotene
EN - Meaning: A pigment that the body can convert into vitamin A (a “provitamin A”). - Key idea: Increasing β-carotene in foods can help address vitamin A deficiency.
中文 - 含义：β-胡萝卜素：一种色素，人体可将其转化为维生素 A（维生素 A 前体）。 - 关键点：提高食物中的 β-胡萝卜素含量可帮助缓解维生素 A 缺乏。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=beta-carotene - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=beta-carotene
genetically modified organisms
EN - Meaning: Organisms whose genetic material has been modified using biotechnology. - Key idea: “Genetically modified” includes transgenic changes (adding foreign DNA) and other DNA sequence changes.
中文 - 含义：基因改造生物：遗传物质经生物技术改动的生物体。 - 关键点：既包括转基因（导入外源 DNA），也包括其他 DNA 序列改变。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetically%20modified%20organism - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetically%20modified%20organism
GMOs
EN - Meaning: Genetically modified organisms; organisms whose DNA has been altered using biotechnology. - Key idea: GMOs can be used in medicine and agriculture, but they can also raise environmental and health concerns.
中文 - 含义：GMO（基因改造生物）：通过生物技术改变过 DNA 的生物体。 - 关键点：在医药与农业中有应用，但也可能引发环境与健康方面的担忧。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetically%20modified%20organism - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetically%20modified%20organism
transgenic organism
EN - Meaning: An organism that has a gene inserted from another species. - Key idea: Transgenic organisms are one type of genetically modified organism (GMO).
中文 - 含义：转基因生物：基因组中导入了来自其他物种基因的生物体。 - 关键点：转基因生物是 GMO（基因改造生物）的一种。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=transgenic%20organism - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=transgenic%20organism
genetic engineering
EN - Meaning: Directly changing an organism’s genetic material in a targeted way. - Key idea: Genetic engineering can include inserting genes, editing DNA sequences, or changing gene expression.
中文 - 含义：基因工程：以定向方式直接改变生物体的遗传物质。 - 关键点：可包括导入基因、编辑 DNA 序列或调控基因表达。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetic%20engineering - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetic%20engineering
transformation
EN - Meaning: A process where a cell (often bacteria) takes up foreign DNA. - Key idea: Transformation allows bacteria to receive recombinant DNA plasmids and copy the inserted gene.
中文 - 含义：转化：细胞（常指细菌）摄取外源 DNA 的过程。 - 关键点：细菌摄取重组质粒后，可复制插入的基因。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=bacterial%20transformation - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=bacterial%20transformation
plasmid
EN - Meaning: A small circular DNA molecule in bacteria, separate from the main chromosome. - Key idea: Plasmids are commonly used as vectors for gene cloning.
中文 - 含义：质粒：细菌中独立于染色体的小型环状 DNA。 - 关键点：常被用作基因克隆的载体。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=plasmid - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=plasmid
vector
EN - Meaning: A carrier DNA molecule used to transfer a gene into a host cell. - Key idea: Plasmids and viruses can act as vectors depending on the application.
中文 - 含义：载体：用于把目标基因带入宿主细胞的 DNA 载体分子。 - 关键点：质粒与病毒都可作为载体（取决于用途）。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetic%20vector - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetic%20vector
recombinant DNA
EN - Meaning: DNA formed by joining genetic material from different sources. - Key idea: Recombinant DNA is central to gene cloning and many GM techniques.
中文 - 含义：重组 DNA：把来自不同来源的遗传物质连接在一起形成的 DNA。 - 关键点：是基因克隆与许多转基因技术的核心概念。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=recombinant%20DNA - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=recombinant%20DNA
biotechnology
EN - Meaning: Using living organisms, cells, or biological molecules to make products or solve problems. - Key idea: Biotechnology includes techniques like cloning, genetic engineering, and gene therapy.
中文 - 含义：生物技术：利用生物体、细胞或生物分子来制造产品或解决问题。 - 关键点：包括克隆、基因工程、基因治疗等技术。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=biotechnology - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=biotechnology
cloning
EN - Meaning: Producing genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms. - Key idea: Cloning can refer to copying a gene (gene cloning) or making a whole organism copy.
中文 - 含义：克隆：复制出遗传信息相同的 DNA、细胞或个体。 - 关键点：既可以指基因的复制，也可以指细胞/个体层面的复制。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=cloning - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=cloning
gene cloning
EN - Meaning: Making many copies of a specific gene or DNA fragment. - Key idea: A gene is inserted into a vector (often a plasmid) and copied inside a host cell such as bacteria.
中文 - 含义：基因克隆：把某个特定基因/ DNA 片段复制出许多拷贝。 - 关键点：常将基因插入载体（如质粒），再进入宿主细胞（如细菌）中复制。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=gene%20cloning - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=gene%20cloning