graphene aerogel particles for efficient water purification

To use a GIAN-encoder for cancer cell identification, a cell-specific ligand is necessary. Aptamers are oligonucleic acid molecules that have specificity and affinity to a wide range of targets that vary from small molecules to cancer cells.46,47 In contrast to antibodies, aptamers are cost-effective chemical antibodies that can be chemically modified and synthesized using an automatic DNA synthesizer, ensuring reproducibility from batch to batch. Many aptamers have been selected by cell-SELEX methods.48–50