https://web.archive.org/web/20241127055007/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/8a6cb591-4548-5786-b108-5f9cd32edc8c

2021 paper looking at data governance legal frameworks globally in 80 countries, EU and USA are absent (Estonia, UK included though), and lumps Europe and Central Asia together, which leads to phrases like 'UK and Estonia have this, but elsewhere in the region Kyrgyzstan hasn't' so the region is mediocre at best. Apples/pears. Mentions GDPR more or less as the single EU framework here, despite the 2018 free flow of non-personal data regulation which became applicable in May 2019. (others within the EU Data Strategy / single market for data had been announced or proposed by 2021 but not in place and aren't mentioned here either.)