RP4 plasmid (also known as RK2, RP1, and the Birmingham plasmid) stands not only as a model of bacterial conjugation studied over the past 40 years, but also as one of the most conspicuous, broad-host range conjugative plasmids described in the literature. It mediates mating and plasmid transfer between a wide variety of Gram– donors/recipients (8) and is also capable of efficiently conjugating with Gram+, (9) yeast (10,11) and mammalian cells. (12)

was digested with PstI (TaKaRa, Japan) to prevent the copy number from being underestimated (66).

use of plasmid DNA enabled lower depth sequencing, and assemblies sufficient for full antimicrobial resistance gene annotation were obtained with as few as 2,000 to 5,000 reads, which could be acquired in 20 min of sequencing

RSF1010 is maintained at a copy-number of about 10-12 per chromosome in E coli, P. aeruginosa and S. enterica sv.Typhimurium (Frey and Bagdasarian, 1989)

In this study, we have quantitated yields of low copy and single copy number plasmid DNAs after growth of cells in four widely used broths (SB, SOC, TB, and 2xYT) and compared results to those obtained with LB, the most common E. coli cell growth medium

The pBHR1 plasmid is a derivative of the small (2.6-kb), mobilizable broad-host-range plasmid pBBR1, which was isolated from the gram-negative bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica

Replication begins

pWV01 is a cryptic plasmid originally purified from Streptococcus cremoris [7]. Its RCR origin has been used to create over 20 cloning vectors

Copy numbers of the oriV region and gfp gene on the plasmid relative to a chromosomal gene were determined by qPCR. The chromosomal gene dapA was set up as the reference gene

IS186-mediated integration of the plasmid into the chromosome or deletion of these accessory genes from an evolved plasmid that remained capable of self-replication conferred greater fitness benefits than SP formation

The deletions leading to SP formation were nearly always flanked by short, near-perfect sequence homologies with lengths of 7–15 base pairs (Supplementary Table 1), suggesting that SPs may form through RecA-independent processes

Designed probes were modified at the 5′ end with the fluorophore FAM for the reference gene cysG and HEX for the plasmid marker oriT, and furthermore modified at the 3′ end with the quencher BHQ-1

Among the fully sequenced BHR plasmids, most are classified as the well-known incompatibility groups, such as IncP-1 (41 plasmids), IncW (5 plasmids), and IncU (4 plasmids), based on the backbone genes

broad-host-range plasmid RSF1010 is a member of the IncQ group of plasmids, which stably replicate in a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including E. coli and several strains of cyanobacteria

Conditionally replicating plasmids of the R6K family (IncX) are very often used to deliver gene-inactivating elements in enteric bacteria (11, 28, 38). The replication of these plasmids requires the pir-encoded Π protein, which is usually provided in trans in the donor strain

Mobilizable plasmids carry only the relaxosomal components oriT, a relaxase gene, and one or more nicking auxiliary proteins

OCTOPUS, a light-weight, cost-effective, and robust method for full-plasmid sequence verification using next-generation sequencing

plasmid-based circuits suffer from multiple limitations: high intercellular variation in gene expression, genetic instability from random partitioning of plasmids during cell division, and plasmid loss in environments for which antibiotic use could disrupt native microbial communities or is economically infeasible

Plasmids (IncP/N/W)with 373short and rigid pili only transfer efficiently on solid surfaces, unlike those with longand flexible 374pili (IncF/H/T/J),capable of transferring equally well in liquidand on solid surfaces[35,36]