Different ages have different standards and viewpoints on the world. The older generations have different stances on things.

The larger the community is, the more people or groups within are disregarded. No matter the size, others stereotype towards the whole group, disregarding differences in people/groups within these communities.

We learned about this and watched the TED Talk about the danger of a single story. Believing something based on one "story" can lead to stereotypes, misjudgments, and incorrect assumptions about a group. We as humans should not make assumptions on a whole group, because every individuals experience in that group is different. Black Appalachian artists have unique experiences to their specific group and on an individual level.

Even though language has been changing for many years, there are still some people who have impacted language as a whole and they will never be forgotten. EX: Shakespeare

People make assumptions, good or bad, about a person based on where they are from. This can be influenced by the media.

This is likely due to the media's way of talking about this language. If something is unfamiliar and different. people assume its "bad". Just like any other language, it has strengths

Having dialects allows communities with similar ways of life to understand one another, because somethings are unique toa certain community.

I feel that there are multiple "acceptable" ways to say the same thing in English. The various ways make English more odd that other languages.

I think that on a individual level, even though most of have been exposed to English since birth, we can find a language easier or harder based on experience, media, and location. Every way we learn anything can affect how difficult we find it based on our needs.

1:04:44 Debt mirrors in NATURE as the seeds, plants, trees, flowers, roots, soil, water, nutrients, pollinators, worms, rock and minerals - WE ARE IN DEBT TO NATURE - NATURE GIVES US SURPLUS

Mezcal Worm in a Bottle: DNA Testing Yields Unexpected Results

Read on 2023-03-10

Review coordinated by Life Science Editors.

Reviewed by: Dr. Angela Andersen, Life Science Editors

Potential Conflicts of Interest: None

Background: The ability to reproduce decreases with age in many animals - including humans and worms. Oocytes age earlier than other tissues, and their decline in quality contributes to reduced reproduction. Diminished mitochondria number/activity in human oocytes correlates with age-related decline.

Question: Does mitochondrial dysfunction cause (or just correlate with) reduced egg quality?

Summary: The authors compared the proteomes of mitochondria isolated from young worms, old worms and daf-2 mutant worms (c. elegans) (insulin/igf-1 receptor mutant) that have longer lifespans & longer reproductive lifespan. * Mitochondria from young & mutant worms had high levels of BCAT-1 (branched chain aminotransferase). * RNAi of bcat-1 reduced the longevity, reproductive longevity & egg quality of daf2 mutants, and increased mitochondrial activity/mtROS. * Similar effects of bcat-1 kd in wt worms, but interestingly the effects on reproductive longevity were more severe in wt than daf2 mutants (from a quick look), but there was no effect on lifespan in wt animals. * Overexpressing bcat-1 in wt extended reproduction & egg quality but not lifespan. * Treating animals with vitamin B1 (a cofactor downstream of BCAT1 in BCAA metabolism) delayed reproductive aging, slightly extended lifespan, improved oocyte quality, reduced mtROS in aged worms..

Advance: BCAT-1 levels/BCAA metabolism correlate with mitochondrial quality & reproductive longevity. Vit B1, which promotes BCAA metabolism, can extended reproductive longevity.

Significance: More/strong evidence that dysfunctional mitochondria cause a decline oocyte quality, reduce reproductive longevity. If vitamin B1 supplements are a safe way to delay age-related decline of eggs in female mammals (humans) that would be amazing. .

Ang asks:

• is this effectively dietary restriction of BCAA? Would that be a better (albeit perhaps more difficult to sustain) approach?

• How does this relate to some recent papers pointing out that mitochondria in eggs are special (e.g. Cheng et al. Mammalian oocytes store mRNAs in a mitochondria-associated membraneless compartment, Science 2022; Rodriguez-Nuevo et al., Oocytes maintain ROS-free mitochondrial metabolism by suppressing complex I, Nature 2022) and a role for BCAA in longevity (e.g. Richardson et al., Lifelong restriction of dietary branched-chain amino acids has sex-specific benefits for frailty and life span in mice, Nature Aging 2021).

• How does low BCAA metabolism lead to mitochondrial dysfunction/oocyte aging? Is it related to accumulation of amino acids in the cytosol and toxicity to mitochondria? (e.g. Hughes et al., Cysteine toxicity drives age-related mitochondrial decline by altering iron homeostasis, Cell 2020).

• Overall these data support the idea that oocytes are particularly vulnerable to conditions that drive aging, and conserved aging mechanisms in the soma and germline as well as across species.