10,000 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2026
    1. GT-07

      Case6: (GT-07) Male, age or ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Probands 1-9 are related to GT-07 see Table 1

      ParentalGenotype: Parents may be included in Table 1; however, not specified so no information

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bleeding severity: Mild (See Supplementary Table 3)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry performed and CD41 and CD61 not observed (See Supplementary Table 3)

      PlateletAggregation: Minimal information (See Supplementary Table 3)

      CasePreviousTesting: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from patients and family members, and Sanger sequencing and PCR was performed. Samples were processed for targeted sequencing using the available SHGp heme panel of 393 genes.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1210+5G>A

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA915940251

      gnomAD: N/A

    2. GT-02

      Case2: (GT-02) Male, age or ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Probands 1-9 are related to GT-02 see Table 1

      ParentalGenotype: Parents may be included in Table 1; however, not specified so no information

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bleeding severity: N/A for proband 2 (See Supplemental Table 3)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry performed and CD41 and CD61 not observed (See Supplementary Table 3)

      PlateletAggregation: Minimal information (See Supplementary Table 3)

      CasePreviousTesting: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from patients and family members, and Sanger sequencing and PCR was performed. Samples were processed for targeted sequencing using the available SHGp heme panel of 393 genes.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1210+5G>A

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA915940251

      gnomAD: N/A

    3. GT-43

      Case33: (GT-43) Male, age or ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Proband GT43-GT44 are related

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bleeding severity: Severe (See Supplementary Table 3)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry performed and CD41 and CD61 were observed (See Supplementary Table 3)

      PlateletAggregation: Minimal information (See Supplementary Table 3)

      CasePreviousTesting: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from patients and family members, and Sanger sequencing and PCR was performed. Samples were processed for targeted sequencing using the available SHGp heme panel of 393 genes.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1620G>C (p.Gln540His) and NM_000419.3:c.1616T>G (p.Leu539Arg)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399802407 and CA399802416

      gnomAD: N/A

    4. GT-12

      Case10: (GT-12) Male, age or ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Probands GT11 -GT14 are related to GT-12 see Table 1

      ParentalGenotype: Parents may be included in Table 1; however, not specified so no information

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bleeding severity: not available (See Supplemental Table 3)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry performed and CD41 and CD61 were observed (See Supplementary Table 3)

      PlateletAggregation: Minimal information (See Supplementary Table 3)

      CasePreviousTesting: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from patients and family members, and Sanger sequencing and PCR was performed. Samples were processed for targeted sequencing using the available SHGp heme panel of 393 genes.

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.727G>C (p.Asp243His)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA400023600

      gnomAD: N/A

    5. GT-62

      Case50: (GT-62) Female, age or ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bleeding severity: Severe (See Supplementary Table 3)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry performed and CD41 and CD61 were observed (See Supplementary Table 3)

      PlateletAggregation: Minimal information (See Supplementary Table 3)

      CasePreviousTesting: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from patients and family members, and Sanger sequencing and PCR was performed. Samples were processed for targeted sequencing using the available SHGp heme panel of 393 genes.

      Gene: ITGA2B and ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.985G>T (p.Val329Phe) and NM_000212.2:c.1265G>A (p.Ser422Asn)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399804719 (p.Val329Phe) and CA291225740 (p.Ser422Asn)

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. DDAVP infusion can modify VASP phosphorylation in humanplatelets

      PMID: 15102025

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions "a platelet defect as a heterozygous Glanzmann thrombasthenia" however unable to access the article they cited after that sentence to get further information on the heterozygous variant

    1. Supplementary Table S1 & S2 Proband and Variant Information:

      Case44: GT43b, Male, 11 years old, Morrocan

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Affected sister is 43a (See Supplementary Table S1)

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000421, HP:0000979, HP:0031364, HP:0000967, HP:0030137

      (Epistaxis, purpura, ecchymosis, petechiae, prolonged bleeding at circumcision)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry showed <5% expression of αIIbβ3 (See Supplementary Table 1)

      PlateletAggregation: Absent platelet aggregation (See Supplementary Table 1)

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing of ITGA2B and ITGB3

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.614+1G>T and NM_000212.2:c.683G>A (p.Arg228His)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA400023344 and CA8623025

      gnomAD: MAF in the African population is 0.00008012 http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45363694-G-A

    2. Supplementary Table S1 & S2 Proband and Variant Information:

      Case56: GT57, Female, 10, Argentinian/European

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000421, HP:0000967

      (Epistaxis, petechia)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Hematomas

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry showed <5% expression of αIIbβ3 (See Supplementary Table 1)

      PlateletAggregation: Absent platelet aggregation (See Supplementary Table 1)

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing of ITGA2B and ITGB3

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.571T>G (p.Phe191Val) and NM_000419.3:c.961G>T (p.Phe191Alafs*32)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399805699 and CA399804768

      gnomAD: N/A

    3. Supplementary Table S1 & S2 Proband and Variant Information:

      Case44: GT43b, Male, 11 years old, Morrocan

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Affected sister is 43a (See Supplementary Table S1)

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000421, HP:0000979, HP:0031364, HP:0000967

      (Epistaxis, purpura, ecchymosis, petechiae)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Lots of bleeding at circumcision

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry showed <5% expression of αIIbβ3 (See Supplementary Table 1)

      PlateletAggregation: Absent platelet aggregation (See Supplementary Table 1)

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing of ITGA2B and ITGB3

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.614+1G>T and NM_000212.2:c.683G>A (p.Arg228His)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA400023344 and CA8623025

      gnomAD: MAF in the African population is 0.00008012 http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45363694-G-A

    1. M10

      Case18: (M10) Female, 37, French Gypsy

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Mucocutaneous bleeding

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Failed to express alphaIIbbeta3 on the surface of their platelets

      Platelet Aggregation: Absent platelet aggregation to all agonists (no mention for which agonists or response to ristocetin)

      CasePreviousTesting: All the information we are given is "mutation screening of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes" the method for sequencing etc. was not stated

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1544+1G>A

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: 2895

      CAiD: CA10575473

      gnomAD N/A

    1. 13

      Case13: Female, 9 years old, Indian

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002248, HP:0000421, HP:0031364 (Haematemesis, epistaxis, ecchymosis)

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Diagnosis of GT was made on the basis of quantitive determination of receptor count by flow cytometric analysis of GPIIb-IIIa

      PlateletAggregation: Diagnosis of GT was made on the basis of impaired platelet aggregation (platelet aggregation was tested against ristocetin, ADP, collagen, epinephrine and arachidonic acid)

      CasePreviousTesting: Multiplex PCR by using GPIIb primers and CSGE analysis were performed

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.2674del

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA915940582

      gnomAD: N/A

    2. 12

      Case12: Male, 3 years old, Indian

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Sibling is proband number 11 in this article

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002249, HP:0000421 (Melena, epistaxis)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Diagnosis of GT was made on the basis of quantitive determination of receptor count by flow cytometric analysis of GPIIb-IIIa

      PlateletAggregation: Diagnosis of GT was made on the basis of impaired platelet aggregation (platelet aggregation was tested against ristocetin, ADP, collagen, epinephrine and arachidonic acid)

      CasePreviousTesting: Multiplex PCR by using GPIIb primers and CSGE analysis were performed

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1600+1G>A

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399802454

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. Supplementary Table S1:

      Case29: GT34, USA, gender and age not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: All patients had a life-long history of mucocutaneous bleeding

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes an absent or strongly reduced expression of alphaIIbBeta3 in platelets

      PlateletAggregation: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes absent or severely reduced platelet aggregation with at least three physiological agonists

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing was performed. Sanger sequencing ensured coverage of all exons and splice sties of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes and extended 300-500 bp into the introns as well as including the UTR. They sequenced 416 bp upstream of the ITGA2B promoter and 463 bp upstream of the ITGB3 promoter. In total they sequenced 51.2% of the ITGA2B gene and 19.4% of the larger ITGB3 gene

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1553T>A (p.Ile518Asn) and NM_000419.3:c.1946+3G>T

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8603038 and CA626121071

      gnomAD: MAF in the European (non-Finnish) population is 0.000008790 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42457661-A-T and MAF in the African population for NM_000419.3:c.1946+3G>T is 0.000 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42456008-C-A

    2. Supplementary Table S1:

      Case43: GT50, French, age and gender not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: All patients had a life-long history of mucocutaneous bleeding

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes an absent or strongly reduced expression of alphaIIbBeta3 in platelets

      PlateletAggregation: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes absent or severely reduced platelet aggregation with at least three physiological agonists

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing was performed. Sanger sequencing ensured coverage of all exons and splice sties of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes and extended 300-500 bp into the introns as well as including the UTR. They sequenced 416 bp upstream of the ITGA2B promoter and 463 bp upstream of the ITGB3 promoter. In total they sequenced 51.2% of the ITGA2B gene and 19.4% of the larger ITGB3 gene

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.1260G>A (p.Lys376_Thr420del)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8623200

      gnomAD: MAF in the African population is 0.00004005 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45368454-G-A

    3. Supplementary Table S1:

      Case21: GT24, French Gypsy, gender and age not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: All patients had a life-long history of mucocutaneous bleeding

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes an absent or strongly reduced expression of alphaIIbBeta3 in platelets

      PlateletAggregation: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes absent or severely reduced platelet aggregation with at least three physiological agonists

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing was performed. Sanger sequencing ensured coverage of all exons and splice sties of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes and extended 300-500 bp into the introns as well as including the UTR. They sequenced 416 bp upstream of the ITGA2B promoter and 463 bp upstream of the ITGB3 promoter. In total they sequenced 51.2% of the ITGA2B gene and 19.4% of the larger ITGB3 gene

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1544+1G>A (p.Val513Leufs*71)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: 2895

      CAiD: CA10575473

      gnomAD: N/A

    4. Supplementary Table S1:

      Case51: GT60, French/Italian, gender and age are not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: All patients had a life-long history of mucocutaneous bleeding

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes an absent or strongly reduced expression of alphaIIbBeta3 in platelets

      PlateletAggregation: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes absent or severely reduced platelet aggregation with at least three physiological agonists

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing was performed. Sanger sequencing ensured coverage of all exons and splice sties of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes and extended 300-500 bp into the introns as well as including the UTR. They sequenced 416 bp upstream of the ITGA2B promoter and 463 bp upstream of the ITGB3 promoter. In total they sequenced 51.2% of the ITGA2B gene and 19.4% of the larger ITGB3 gene

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.1801T>C (p.Cys601Arg)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8623361

      gnomAD: MAF in the European (non-Finnish) population is 0.00001758 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45376784-T-C

    5. Supplementary Table S1:

      Case53: GT62, French, gender and age are not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: All patients had a life-long history of mucocutaneous bleeding

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes an absent or strongly reduced expression of alphaIIbBeta3 in platelets

      PlateletAggregation: All patients in this study met the clinical and platelet function requirements for GT-- this includes absent or severely reduced platelet aggregation with at least three physiological agonists

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing was performed. Sanger sequencing ensured coverage of all exons and splice sties of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes and extended 300-500 bp into the introns as well as including the UTR. They sequenced 416 bp upstream of the ITGA2B promoter and 463 bp upstream of the ITGB3 promoter. In total they sequenced 51.2% of the ITGA2B gene and 19.4% of the larger ITGB3 gene

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.31T>C (p.Trp11Arg)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA291240306

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. Patients With Glanzmann Thrombasthenia Lacking Platelet Glycoprotein αIIbβ3 (GPIIb/IIIa) and αvβ3 Receptors Are Not Protected From Atherosclerosis

      PMID: 11877352

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions GT patients and 2 variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 that have been seen in these patients; however, there is no direct correlation for which patients harbor which variant; therefore there is insufficient evidence

      "Five were homozygous for the 11-bp deletion in the β3 gene11 and 2 were homozygous for a splice site mutation of the αIIb gene"

    1. M/11

      Case7: Male, 1 years old, West Bengal India

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000225, HP:0006298, HP:0000967

      (Gingival bleeding, prolonged bleeding after tooth extraction, petechiae)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: See Table 1 for values

      PlateletAggregation: See Table 1 for values

      CasePreviousTesting: PCR amplification of ITAG2B and ITGB3

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1651C>T (p.Arg551Trp)

      LegacyVariant: (p.Arg520Trp)

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399802348

      gnomAD: MAF in the East Asian population is 0.00005045https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42457471-G-A

    2. Diversity of Glanzmann thrombasthenia in southern India: 10 novel mutations identified among 15 unrelated patients E. J. R. NELSON Departments of HematologySearch for more papers by this author S. C. NAIR Clinical Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author H. PERETZ Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel‐Aviv, IsraelSearch for more papers by this author B. S. COLLER Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USASearch for more papers by this author U. SELIGSOHN Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel‐Hashomer, IsraelSearch for more papers by this author M. CHANDY Departments of HematologySearch for more papers by this author A. SRIVASTAVA Departments of HematologySearch for more papers by this author

      PMID: 16879215

      Gene: ITGA2B and ITBG3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

    1. GT 11

      Case19: GT11, Female, India, age of onset is 12 years old

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patients were recruited as they presented consecutively from 1996 to 1998 for evaluation of a mucocutaneous bleeding disorder

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: N/A

      PlateletAggregation: All patients examined had defective ADP, epinephrine, and collagen induced aggregation and normal ristocetin induced aggregation

      CasePreviousTesting: Mutations were detected by the method of single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, followed by nucleotide sequencing and confirmation by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays. The sequences of the primers employed and the reaction conditions for PCR amplification of the exons, adjacent intronic regions, and 50 and 30 untranslated regions of the aIIb and b3 gene

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.115T>G (p.Cys39Gly)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA400031666

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. 3

      Case3: Gender or age not specified, Thai ethnicity

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Parental information available in Table 2

      ParentalGenotype: Father: p.Arg782Ter/WT and Mother: Unavailable

      Note: No parental consanguinity

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: The article does not mention specific bleeding phenotypes for each of the 4 probands in the article, rather, there is a general statement that says: "The common presentations included recurrent epistaxis, bleeding in oral cavity, and easy-bruising spontaneously or after trauma"

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinEpression: General statement from the article that states that flow cytometry to assess the surface GPIIb/IIIa complex showed reduced expression for all probands.

      PlateletAggregation: The platelet aggregation test was typically defective with all physiological agonists except ristocetin, for all patients.

      CasePreviousTesting: Whole exome sequencing was performed on the 30 exons of ITGA2B and 15 exons in ITGB3. PCR and direct sequencing were then performed in the DNA samples of the patients and their available parents to verify the presence of the identified mutations.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.2344C>T (p.Arg782Ter) and NM_000419.3:c.2915dup (p.Leu973Alafs*63)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399796586 (p.Arg782Ter) and CA8602531 (p.Leu973Alafs*63)

      gnomAD: MAF for (p.Leu973Alafs*63) in East Asian population 0.0001088 http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42452054-C-CG

    2. 2

      Case2: Gender or age not specified, Thai ethnicity

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Parental information available in Table 2

      ParentalGenotype: Father: p.Val206Asp/WT and Mother: also p.Val206Asp/WT (See Table 2)

      Note: Yes to parental consanguinity

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: The article does not mention specific bleeding phenotypes for each of the 4 probands in the article, rather, there is a general statement that says: "The common presentations included recurrent epistaxis, bleeding in oral cavity, and easy-bruising spontaneously or after trauma"

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinEpression: General statement from the article that states that flow cytometry to assess the surface GPIIb/IIIa complex showed reduced expression for all probands.

      PlateletAggregation: The platelet aggregation test was typically defective with all physiological agonists except ristocetin, for all patients.

      CasePreviousTesting: Whole exome sequencing was performed on the 30 exons of ITGA2B and 15 exons in ITGB3. PCR and direct sequencing were then performed in the DNA samples of the patients and their available parents to verify the presence of the identified mutations.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.617T>A (p.Val206Asp)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399805578

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 combined information:

      Case22: GT22, Female, 16 years old

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Not available per supplementary table 1

      ParentalGenotype: Parents are not consanguineous, no other genotype information available

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000132 (Menorrhagia)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Showed <5% of αIIbβ3 expression measured by flow cytometry

      PlateletAggregation: Platelet aggregation showed no response to ADP and collagen but normal response to ristocetin

      CasePreviousTesting: All exons from ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes were amplified by PCR using intronic primers. DNA sequencing was determined by Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1750C>T (p.Arg584Ter)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: 2892

      CAiD: CA115834

      gnomAD: MAF in the East Asian population: 0.0002176 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42457372-G-A

    2. Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 combined information:

      Case4: GT4, Female, 22 years old

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Not available per supplementary table 1

      ParentalGenotype: Parents are consanguineous, no other genotype information available

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000978, HP:0000979, HP:0031364, HP:0000421, HP:0000225, HP:0000132

      (Bruising, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, menorrhagia)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Showed <5% of αIIbβ3 expression measured by flow cytometry

      PlateletAggregation: Platelet aggregation showed no response to ADP and collagen but normal response to ristocetin

      CasePreviousTesting: All exons from ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes were amplified by PCR using intronic primers. DNA sequencing was determined by Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.2671C>T (p.Gln891Ter)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8602626

      gnomAD: N/A

    3. Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 combined information:

      Case41: GT41, Male, 5 years old

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Not available per supplementary table 1

      ParentalGenotype: Parents are not consanguineous, no other genotype information available

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000978, HP:0000979, HP:0031364, HP:0000421

      (Bruising, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Showed 10-20% of αIIbβ3 expression measured by flow cytometry

      PlateletAggregation: Platelet aggregation showed no response to ADP and collagen but normal response to ristocetin

      CasePreviousTesting: All exons from ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes were amplified by PCR using intronic primers. DNA sequencing was determined by Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.1736G>A (p.Trp579Ter) and NM_000212.2:c.1784_1802delinsGTCACA

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA400032429 (p.Trp579Ter) and CA915940255 (c.1784_1802delinsGTCACA)

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. A rare case of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and factor VII deficiency due to a combination of pathogenic and non-pathogenic gene variants

      PMID: 31777146

      Disease: Glazmann's Thrombasthenia type 1 and factor 7 deficiency

      Case: 13 year old male, from non-consanguineous

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011889, HP:0000978, HP:0031364,

      GenotypingMethod: Direct sequencing of all coding, splice site and promoter regions of F7 and ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes. Heterozygous for two ITGB3 variants predicted to be deleterious in silico.

      First heterozygous mutation:

      ClinVar: Not found

      CAID: CA400022111

      Variant: NM_000212.3:c.473A>T

      GnomAD: Not found

      Second heterozygous mutation:

      ClinVar: Not found

      CAID: CA400033092

      Variant: NM_000212.3:c.2027A>C

      GnomAD: Not found

      PlateletAggregation: Platelet aggregation studies showed absent aggregation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen and was reduced with ristocetin

      ExpressionEvidence: flow cytometry studies for platelet receptors showed absence of αIIbβ3 integrin and normal levels of GPIb and GPIX receptors

    1. Patient 2

      Case2: Male, 38 years old, Korean

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: Figure 1 shows haplotype analysis

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0004406, HP:0000225

      (Recurrent epistaxis, gingival bleeding)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry analyses revealed markedly decreasedCD41/CD61 expression (<1%) in Patient 2 (type I GT).

      PlateletAggregation: Platelet aggregation tests were performed to evaluate responses to ADP, collagen, epinephrine, and ristocetin agonists

      CasePreviousTesting: Polymerase chain reaction for all exons ofITGA2Band/orITGB3were performed using primers. Sequence analysis was performed with reference to M_000419.3 andNP_000410.2 forITGA2Band NM_000212.2 and NP_000203.2 for ITGB3.

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.1913+5G>T

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8623377

      gnomAD: MAF in the East Asian population is 0.0001633 http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45376901-G-T

    1. Independent adjudicator assessments of platelet refractorinessand rFVIIa efficacy in bleeding episodes and surgeries from themultinational Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia registry

      PMID: 28370369

      Gene: ITGA2B and ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      NoEvidence: No GT probands or variants within ITGA2B or ITGB3 mentioned in this article

    1. CW

      Case12: Patient CW (can be found in GT database) gender and age are not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0031364, HP:0000979, HP:0000967, (Ecchymosis, Purpura/petechiae)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: <1% of normal GPIIIa and GPIIb surface expression

      PlateletAggregation: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1750C>T (p.Arg584Ter) and NM_000419.3:c.480C>G (p.Ser160_102del)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: 2892 (Arg584Ter)

      CAiD: CA115834 and CA399805892

      gnomAD: MAF in the East Asian population is 0.0002176 for the Arg584Ter variant and MAF in the East Asian population is 0.00005507 for the other variant https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42463013-G-C

      PreviouslyPublished: Reference number 23 in this article

    2. I-J1

      Case38: Patient IJ12

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000421, HP:0000225, HP:0002239, HP:0000979, HP:0000967, HP:0006298

      (Epistaxis, gingival bleeding, GI bleeding, purpura/petechiae, prolonged bleeding after tooth extraction)

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: <2% GPIIIa and GPIIb surface expression

      PlateletAggregation: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.2031_2041del

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA915940605

      gnomAD: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: References 8-12

  2. www.indianpediatrics.net www.indianpediatrics.net
    1. Glanzmann Thrombasthenia in a Newborn with Heterozygous Factor VLeiden and Heterozygous MTHFR C677T Gene Mutations

      PMID: 30819996

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 (Proband has GT; therefore, one of these variants may be implicated)

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: Case report presented in this article with Glanzmann thrombasthenia; however, sequencing reveals differential diagnosis to GT, with mutations in other genes.

    1. J

      Case10: Patient ID J, Female, 5 years old, ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Related to Patient's I and K (See Table 1)

      ParentalGenotype: N/A (Parents are consangenous)

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000978, HP:0004406, HP:0000225, HP:0002239

      (Easy bruising, recurrent epistaxis, gingival bleeding, GI bleeding

      CaseHPOFreeText: Hemorrhage after trauma, hematoma

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000967, HP:0000979, HP:0002239, HP:0000790, HP:0005261, HP:0002248

      (Petechiae, purpura, intracranial hemorrhage, hematuria, hemarthrosis, hematemesis)

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: Hemorrhage after dental, ear bleeding

      ProteinExpression: N/A

      PlateletAggregation: Defective response to ADP, adrenaline, collagen, arachidonic acid, and normal response to ristocetin

      CasePreviousTesting: Exon PCR was used to amplify coding regions of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes. PCR products were purified and Sanger sequenced. Segregation using parental samples was undertaken when available.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1652G>A

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8602986

      gnomAD: MAF in South Asian population is 0.00006536 http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42457470-C-T

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 19172520

    1. Acquired Glanzmann's thrombasthenia caused by glycoprotein IIb/IIIa autoantibodies of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2 or IgG4 subclass: a study in six cases.

      PMID: 19138263

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions probands with GT; however, no mention of variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      Note: Full-text found on UNC library website-- was not able to annotate on that document therefore annotation found here

    1. 23.

      Case23: Female, age not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type 1

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: N/A

      PlateletAggregation: Minimal information, not specific enough

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing identified disease-causing variants in 18 out of 20 patients (Probands 6 and 14 excluded) with istoantibodies to αIIbβ3. The mutations were evenly distributed between ITGB3 and ITGA2B.

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: All Table 1 states is "missense mutation" not enough information provided

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: N/A

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. Case13: Patient BM, gender and age are not specified, all of these patients are Caucasian (either Italian or European)

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: All patients presented with a current or past history of bleeding and a bleeding time >15 min. Bleeding symptoms were evaluated by examining available hospital records. Mild bleeders were defined as those who bled only after trauma or surgery or had minor symptoms, such as epistaxis. Moderate/severe bleeders were defined as those with a history of spontaneous or life threatening hemorrhages, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, or who had repeated episodes requiring platelet transfusions

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: See Table 1

      PlateletAggregation: See Table 1

      CasePreviousTesting: To identify point mutations responsible for GT, we have sequenced all coding regions of Ib and 3 genes and intron/exon boundaries.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.2113T>C (p.Cys705Arg)

      LegacyVariant: (p.Arg674Arg)

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8602816

      gnomAD: MAF in the European (non-Finnish) population is 0.000008792 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42455140-A-G

    2. Case19: Patient SM, gender and age are not specified, all of these patients are Caucasian (either Italian or European)

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: All patients presented with a current or past history of bleeding and a bleeding time >15 min. Bleeding symptoms were evaluated by examining available hospital records. Mild bleeders were defined as those who bled only after trauma or surgery or had minor symptoms, such as epistaxis. Moderate/severe bleeders were defined as those with a history of spontaneous or life threatening hemorrhages, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, or who had repeated episodes requiring platelet transfusions

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: See Table 1

      PlateletAggregation: See Table 1

      CasePreviousTesting: To identify point mutations responsible for GT, we have sequenced all coding regions of Ib and 3 genes and intron/exon boundaries.

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.355C>T and NM_000212.2:c.1801T>C

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8622924 and CA8623361

      gnomAD: MAF in the South Asian population is 0.0001307 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45360909-C-T and MAF in the European non Finnish pop is 0.00001758 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45376784-T-C

    1. cases 3

      Case3: Female, 32 years old, Japanese

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A per Table 1

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Prolonged ivy bleeding times, bleeding diathesis since early childhood

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Surface expression of αIIbβ3 was analyzed by flow cytometry which was 10-20% of normal

      PlateletAggregation: Aggregation in response to ADP, epinephrine and collagen was absent but normal in response to ristocetin

      CasePreviousTesting: Nucleotide sequences of the αIIb and β3 coding regions were determined by direct sequencing of RT-PCR products from platelet RNA.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.2333A>C (p.Gln778Pro)

      LegacyVariant: (p.Gln747Pro)

      ClinVar: 225393

      CAiD: CA290947544

      gnomAD: MAF in the East Asian population is 0.0001087 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42453691-T-G

    1. Acquired Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia Associatedwith Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

      PMID: 9576300

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This mentions a Glanzmann thrombasthenia patient; however, no variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 are mentioned in this patient; therefore, we have insufficient evidence

    1. Bone marrow transplantation in severe Glanzmann's thrombasthenia with antiplatelet alloimmunization

      PMID: 10673707

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions a Glanzmann thrombasthenia patient; however, there is no mention of variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3; therefore, there is insufficient evidence

    1. 13

      Case12: No assertion made on age, gender or ethnicity

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: The identified variants were heterozygote in parents.

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: Genetic study of patient was conducted using direct sequencing of entire coding and exon-intron boundaries of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1555C>T (p.Gln519Ter)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399802559

      gnomAD: N/A

  3. watermark.silverchair.com watermark.silverchair.com
    1. Recently, we reported the case of an 8-year-old boy with a variant form of GT

      Case1: Male, 8 years old, ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Sister had no bleeding tendency (all the information given in the previously published article cited in this annotation)

      ParentalGenotype: Parental mutations shown in Fig. 3 A and B

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000421

      (Epistaxis)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Tonsilar bleeding

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000979

      (Purpura)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Western blotting indicated that the proband's platelets contained no normal GPIIb, but showed a trace amount of an abnormal GPIIb (-6% with respect to the GPIIb level in a normal individual).

      PlateletAggregation: Decreased aggregation in response to ADP, collagen and epinephrine but a normal ristocetin-induced aggregation (this information was obtained from the previously published article cited at in this annotation)

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA fragments containing exons of the GPIIb gene were amplified by PCR

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1750C>T (p.Arg584Ter) and NM_000419.3:c.2602-3C>G

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: 2892 and 2893

      CAiD: CA115834 and CA10575472

      gnomAD: MAF in the East Asian population is 0.0002176 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42457372-G-A and MAF in the East Asian population is 0.00006523 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42453087-G-C

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 1891767

    1. GT72

      Case17: (GT72) Gender, age and ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Inclusion criteria were patients with a history of mucocutaneous bleeding (Figure 1 shows a bar diagram of all the clinical manifestations in the patient cohort in this article)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Platelet receptor alphaIIbbeta3 protein was analyzed by flow cytometry followed by western blotting

      Platelet Aggregation: Inclusion criteria for probands was absent or reduced platelet aggregation with agonists such as ADP, adrenaline, arachidonic acid, and collagen (no mention of ristocetin here-- this article does not tell us the specific aggregation for each proband in the paper)

      CasePreviousTesting: For mutation analysis of ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes, DNA extraction from whole blood, PCR, heteroduplex PCR followed by CSGE and DNA sequencing were performed. All 30 exons of ITGA2B and 15 exons of ITGB3, as well as their promoters, were analyzed by CSGE following heteroduplex PCR.

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.1641C>G (p.Cys547Trp)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA400030171

      gnomAD N/A

    2. 58

      Case9: (GT58), Gender, age and ethnicity not reported

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Inclusion criteria were patients with a history of mucocutaneous bleeding (Figure 1 shows a bar diagram of all the clinical manifestations in the patient cohort in this article)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Platelet receptor alphaIIbbeta3 protein was analyzed by flow cytometry followed by western blotting

      Platelet Aggregation: Inclusion criteria for probands was absent or reduced platelet aggregation with agonists such as ADP, adrenaline, arachidonic acid, and collagen (no mention of ristocetin here-- this article does not tell us the specific aggregation for each proband in the paper)

      CasePreviousTesting: For mutation analysis of ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes, DNA extraction from whole blood, PCR, heteroduplex PCR followed by CSGE and DNA sequencing were performed. All 30 exons of ITGA2B and 15 exons of ITGB3, as well as their promoters, were analyzed by CSGE following heteroduplex PCR.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1028T>C (p.Leu343Pro)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399804619 (p.Leu343Pro)

      gnomAD N/A

    3. 69

      Case4: (GT69), Gender, age and ethnicity not reported

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Inclusion criteria were patients with a history of mucocutaneous bleeding (Figure 1 shows a bar diagram of all the clinical manifestations in the patient cohort in this article)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Platelet receptor alphaIIbbeta3 protein was analyzed by flow cytometry followed by western blotting

      Platelet Aggregation: Inclusion criteria for probands was absent or reduced platelet aggregation with agonists such as ADP, adrenaline, arachidonic acid, and collagen (no mention of ristocetin here-- this article does not tell us the specific aggregation for each proband in the paper)

      CasePreviousTesting: For mutation analysis of ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes, DNA extraction from whole blood, PCR, heteroduplex PCR followed by CSGE and DNA sequencing were performed. All 30 exons of ITGA2B and 15 exons of ITGB3, as well as their promoters, were analyzed by CSGE following heteroduplex PCR.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NC_000017.11:g.44393555C>T (g.951G>A promoter variant) and NM_000419.3:c.1028T>C (p.Leu343Pro)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA913189168 (promoter variant) and CA399804619 (p.Leu343Pro)

      gnomAD N/A

    4. 67

      Case23: (GT67) Gender, age and ethnicity are not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Inclusion criteria were patients with a history of mucocutaneous bleeding (Figure 1 shows a bar diagram of all the clinical manifestations in the patient cohort in this article)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Platelet receptor alphaIIbbeta3 protein was analyzed by flow cytometry followed by western blotting

      Platelet Aggregation: Inclusion criteria for probands was absent or reduced platelet aggregation with agonists such as ADP, adrenaline, arachidonic acid, and collagen (no mention of ristocetin here-- this article does not tell us the specific aggregation for each proband in the paper)

      CasePreviousTesting: For mutation analysis of ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes, DNA extraction from whole blood, PCR, heteroduplex PCR followed by CSGE and DNA sequencing were performed. All 30 exons of ITGA2B and 15 exons of ITGB3, as well as their promoters, were analyzed by CSGE following heteroduplex PCR.

      Gene:

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1919_1920del

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA915940685

      gnomAD N/A

    1. PMA induces platelet activation of specificantigens (CD62/CD63) in GpIIb-IIIa deficientplatelets from Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

      PMID: 16793673

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions individuals with Glanzmann thrombasthenia; however, the probands don't have variants in ITGAB and/or ITGB3 mentioned

    1. F6.II.4

      Case#: Female, 30 (age of diagnosis)

      Disease: Glazmann's Thrombasthenia Like Syndrome

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000225, HP:0000978, HP:0006298

      Gingival bleeding, Bruising susceptibility, Prolonged bleeding after dental extraction

      CaseNotHPOs: NA

      FamilyInfo: Pedigree figure 1. Father and two daughters affected.

      PlateletAgreggation: Family member studied: Decreased PLT aggregation and diminished ATP release with the agonists ADP, collagen, and AA, with normal ristocetin agglutination

      GenotypingMethod: Genetic analysis of ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes was performed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Sanger sequencing used to confirm variants.

      ClinVar: Not Found

      CAID: CA400034251

      Variant: NM_000212.3:c.2236A>C (ITGB3)

      GnomAD: Not Found

      ExpressionEvidence: Level of expression on PLT surface determined by FCM: CD41a (GPIIb/IIIa) 38%, CD61 (GPIIIa) 41%, and CD42b (GPIb) 85%. Healthy control value range: CD41a (GPIIb/IIIa) (85-115%); CD61 (GPIIIa) (80-120%); CD42b (GPIb) (70-130%).

    1. 26CabGT-26

      Case26: (Proband CabGT-26), Female, age not specified, North American

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry showed 12% of both GPIIIa and GPIIb surface expression

      Platelet Aggregation: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: Promoter and exon sequences of aIIb and b3 genes were amplified and directly sequence

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: "c.1143C>A" is incorrect in the CAR- so will need a senior biocurator to ask-- and NM_000212.2:c.1260G>A

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA8623200

      gnomAD MA in the African population is 0.00004005 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45368454-G-A

    2. 25CabGT-25

      Case25: (Proband CabGT-25), Gender, age and ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      ProteinExpression: N/A

      Platelet Aggregation: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: Promoter and exon sequences of aIIb and b3 genes were amplified and directly sequence

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: c.112513_112516del (Not showing up in the CAR) and they could not determine the second variant

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: N/A

      gnomAD N/A

    1. Identification of Clinicopathological Spectrum, Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and Platelet Antibodies in Egyptian Children with Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia

      PMID: 28161816

      Gene: ITGA2B and ITGB3

      HGNC 6138 and 6156

      NoEvidence: The aim of this article's study was to evaluate the clinicopathological spectrum of this syndrome and to study the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and platelet antibodies by flow cytometry in a cohort of children with GT in a tertiary care center in Upper Egypt. There is no mention of individual probands with variants in ITGA2B or ITGB3

    1. The proband

      Case#: Female, 29 yo

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: Figure 2 Father and brother, unaffected carriers. Mother, unaffected negative. Sister, affected: Epistaxis, Cutaneous bleeding, Menorrhagia, Hematuria, Postpartum bleeding, Other bleeding symptoms (Ruptured corpus luteum bleeding)

      ParentalGenotype: Father carrier, unaffected. Mother negative, unaffected.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000421, Epistaxis. HP:0000132, Menorrhagia. HP:0000790, Hematuria. HP:0003540, Impaired platelet aggregation. HP:0001892, Abnormal bleeding. HP:0003010, Prolonged bleeding time. HP:0034263, Abnormal vaginal bleeding.

      PlateletAggregation: Normal platelet morphology, count 159 (125-350), MPV 10.6 fL (6.5-12.0), and PDW 12% (19-17). Decreased platelet aggregation: ADP 29.7& (30-70), Collagen 14.5% (30-70), AA 14.5% (40-80). Normal response to ristocetin, 88.7% (40-80). Thromboelastography (TEG) examination: hypocoagulable.

      CaseHPOFreeText: Cutaneous bleeding, Postpartum bleeding, Blood accumulation in the uterine cavity, Bleeding in ovaries, Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy,

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0011875, Abnormal platelet morphology. HP:0011873, Abnormal platelet count.

      ProteinExpression: Protein structure model: destroyed local beta folding structure and molecular changes to structure of GPII beta helical region reduces the expression of GP IIb/IIIa. Proband refused further testing (flow cytometry).

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: c.2822G>A, p. (Trp941Ter)

      HGVS: NM_000419.5:c.2822G>A

      ClinVar: absent

      CAID: CA399791662

      gnomAD: 0.00 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chr17-44375017-C-T?dataset=gnomad_r4

    1. F5P1

      Case1: Patient F1P1, Male, 11 years old, Tunisian

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: Table 1 states there is a family history of bleeding (we have minimal to no specific info on this)

      ParentalGenotype: Mother and father are heterozygous for mutation

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: N/A

      PlateletAggregation: GT diagnosis was based on absent platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, and TRAP and subnormal or cyclical ristocetin induced agglutination

      CasePreviousTesting: Using PCR they successfully amplified 20 DNA fragments for the ITGA2B gene (covering more than 48% of the ITGA2B gene constituting 30 exons) and15 DNA fragments of theITGB3gene (covering 15 exons)

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.2702C>A (p.Ser901X) another variant this patient has is g.13944G>A --> I am noting this as Unknown Variant as I will need guidance curating this one

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399792888

      gnomAD: N/A

    2. F2P1

      Case2: Patient F2P1, Male, 34 years old, Tunisian

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: Table 1 states there is a family history of bleeding (we have minimal to no specific info on this)

      ParentalGenotype: Mother and father are heterozygotes for the mutation here

      CasePresentingHPOs, : HP:0000225, HP:0004406, HP:0000978,HP:0000790

      (Gingival bleeding, recurrent epistaxis, easy bruising, hematuria)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: N/A

      PlateletAggregation: GT diagnosis was based on absent platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, and TRAP and subnormal or cyclical ristocetin induced agglutination

      CasePreviousTesting: Using PCR they successfully amplified 20 DNA fragments for the ITGA2B gene (covering more than 48% of the ITGA2B gene constituting 30 exons) and15 DNA fragments of theITGB3gene (covering 15 exons)

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.2702C>A (p.Ser901X) another variant this patient has is g.13944G>A --> I am noting this as Unknown Variant as I will need guidance curating this one

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399792888

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. A Glanzmann patient, LeM

      Case2: Patient LeM

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Platelets lack surface αIIbβ3 expression

      PlateletAggregation: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1366_1371del V(425)D(426)del and other other variant is stated as "Unknown" in the GT database. See GT database if questions arise, this is where I found the variants

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: 2898

      CAiD: CA8603160

      gnomAD: MAF in the European (non-Finnish) population is 0.000008791 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvsOrDescriptor=NM_000419.3%3Ac.1366_1371del

  4. watermark.silverchair.com watermark.silverchair.com
    1. Patient MK

      Case1: (Patient MK), Female, Pakistani, age not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000967, HP:0000979

      (Petechiae, purpura)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Figure 1 shows protein expression by flow cytometry

      PlateletAggregation: Absence of platelet aggregation in response to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen but a normal response to ristocetin

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA containing all of the exons of the aIIb and b3 genes and 500 bp of DNA immediately upstream of each transcriptional start site was isolated from the patient and normal controls. Screening for mutations was performed by using single stranded conformation polymorphism analysis. PCR amplification was performed as well.

      Gene: ITGB3

      Variant: NM_000212.2:c.428T>G (p.Leu143Trp)

      LegacyVariant: (p.Leu117Trp)

      ClinVar: 13567

      CAiD: CA123252

      gnomAD: MAF in the Other population is 0.0001629 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-45361875-T-G

    1. Acquired Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia associated with Hairy cell leukaemia M. Kannan All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author T. Chatterjee All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author F. Ahmad All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author R. Kumar DR BRA IRCH, New Delhi, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author V. P. Choudhry All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author R. Saxena All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author

      PMID: 19594615

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions an individual with Hairy cell leukemia who presented with bleeding diathesis diagnosed to have acquired GT. There is no mention of ITGA2B/ ITGB3 variants in this individual.

    1. Patient 1

      Case1: Male, 14 years old, ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type 1

      FamilyInfo: Sister is also heterozygous for this mutation but shows no bleeding symptoms

      ParentalGenotype: Both parents are heterozygous for this mutation

      Note: There is parental consanguinity

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000967, HP:0000225, HP:0000421

      (Petechiae, ginigival bleeding, epistaxis)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Haematoma,

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: Flow cytometry analysis revealed 3.8 % platelet surface presentation of the αIIbβ3 complex for patient 1 and αIIb was not detected and β3 was significantly reduced in Western blots. Platelets from GT patients showed less than 5 % relative levels of the integrin subunit IIb and 5–9 % fibrinogen compared to controls.

      PlateletAggregation: Article states agonist-induced platelet aggregation and binding of exogenous fibrinogen was pathological, too but does not mention specific agonists used or response to ristocetin

      CasePreviousTesting: Molecular genetic analysis was done; however, no other information mentioned. In addition, the global proteome of highlight purified washed platelets was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and targeted MS-methods.

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.175del

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA915940266

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. ANEWMETHODFORQUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFWHOLEBLOODPLATELETINTERACTIONWITHEXTRACELLULARMATRIXUNDERFLOWCONDITIONS

      PMID: 9062952

      Gene: ITGA2B and ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      NoEvidence: This article does not mention Glanzmann thrombasthenia patients/probands with variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3; therefore, there is no evidence to report

    1. LB

      Case18: Patient LB, gender, age and ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: Child is patient LN, significant other is patient LH

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bleeding symptoms were evaluated by examining available hospital records. Mild bleeders were defined as those who had minor symptoms, such as epistaxis or gum bleeds, and moderate bleeders suffered, in addition, from bleeding complications after surgery and trauma. Severe bleeders were defined as those with a history of spontaneous or life-threatening hemorrhages, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, or who had repeated episodes requiring platelet transfusion. See Table 1.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: See Table 6

      PlateletAggregation: See Table 6

      CasePreviousTesting: To ascertain the mutations, we sequenced the coding regions of the αIIb and β3 subunits including the exon/intron boundaries

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.3062T>C

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399787956

      gnomAD: N/A

    2. TN

      Case14: Patient TN, gender, age and ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia type I

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bleeding symptoms were evaluated by examining available hospital records. Mild bleeders were defined as those who had minor symptoms, such as epistaxis or gum bleeds, and moderate bleeders suffered, in addition, from bleeding complications after surgery and trauma. Severe bleeders were defined as those with a history of spontaneous or life-threatening hemorrhages, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, or who had repeated episodes requiring platelet transfusion. See Table 1.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: See Table 6

      PlateletAggregation: See Table 6

      CasePreviousTesting: To ascertain the mutations, we sequenced the coding regions of the αIIb and β3 subunits including the exon/intron boundaries

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.3060G>A

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA500261104

      gnomAD: N/A

    1. ORIGINAL ARTICLEMutations in GPIIIa molecule as a cause for Glanzmannthrombasthenia in Indian patients

      PMID: 15748237

      Gene: ITGA2B and ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 1656

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions 22 GT patients and variants, which these patients harbor; however, the article does not specify which patient harbors which variants therefore there is insufficient evidence

    1. Supplemental Table S1:

      Case5: Male, India, age not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: Glanzmann thrombasthenia

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      ParentalGenotype: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bleeding from multiple sites

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      ProteinExpression: 8% αIIbβ3 expression

      PlateletAggregation: Absent platelet aggregation (all the information that is provided in Supp. Table S1)

      CasePreviousTesting: Sanger sequencing of exons, splice sites and untranslated regions of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes was performed

      Gene: ITGA2B

      Variant: NM_000419.3:c.1651C>T (p.Arg551Trp)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAiD: CA399802348

      gnomAD: MAF in the East Asian population is 0.00005045 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/17-42457471-G-A

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 16879215

    1. Severe and Relapsing Upper GastrointestinalBleeding in a Patient withGlanzmann’s Thrombasthenia

      PMID: 10749344

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions a Glanzmann thrombasthenia patient (Patient DM, 55 year old); however, no variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 were mentioned in this proband therefore there is insufficient evidence

    1. 3

      Patient3: Female, 4.5yo, Family B (fig. 2)

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001733 (pancreatitis)

      HPOsFreeText: acute neonatal IVA, treated with IVA special formula and vegetarian diet, stopped formula at 2yo and remained on vegetarian diet. Urinary organic acid analysis showed elevated lactic acid, 3-hydroxy-isovaleric acid, and isovalerylglycine, C5-carnitine = 10.8 µmol/l, fluctuating levels of serum ammonia which were eventually normalized with oral sodium benzoate treatment, admitted to hospital 2 times for gastroenteritis with metabolic acidosis and then for recurrent vomiting due to acute pancreatitis. sat unsupported at 6mo, walked and spoke first word at 12mo. As last physical, height = 105cm, weight = 18kg, and had unremarkable neurologic, chest, cardiovascular, and abdominal exams

      CaseNotHPOs:

      NotHPOsFreeText:

      CaseAddInfo: diagnosed at birth via NBS, consanguineous family

      CasePMIDs:

      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group

      Variant1: c.ins386T (p.Tyr129fs) no ClinVar or CAID

      Variant2: NM_002225.3(IVD):c.732C>T (p.Asp244=)

      ClinVar: 94057, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/94057/

      gnomAD: n/a

      Variant3: NC_000015.9:g.40699940T>C (NM_002225.4(IVD):c.234+14C=)

      CAID: CA147572, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NC_000015.9%3Ag.40699940T%3EC

      ClinVar: 94053, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/94053/

      gnomAD: 0.6830, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/15-40699940-T-C

    2. In patient #5, the novel variant p.G250A was identified in a homozygous form and predicted to be pathogenic by six in silico prediction tools. It was found to be located in the coil region (Fig. 4) where the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds may be minimal, and this variant may also have minimal effects on the hydrogen bonds (Fig. 3D).

      Variant: NM_002225.3:c.749G>C

      VariantEvidence: This variant is located in the coil region of the protein where hydrogen bonding is limited, thus the variant would not have significant effects on bonding. This along with the mild phenotype in Patient 5 suggests a mild genotype-phenotype correlation for this variant

    3. 8

      Patient8: Male, 6yo, Family C (fig. 2)

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000486, HP:0000651 (squint, diplopia)

      HPOsFreeText: acute neonatal IVA, treated with IVA special formula and oral L-carnitine, elevated isovalerylglycine, C5-carnitine = 6.8 µmol/l, normal development for age, weight = 128cm, weight = 28kg, normal chest, cardiovascular, and abdominal exams

      CaseNotHPOs:

      NotHPOsFreeText:

      CaseAddInfo: diagnosed at 3do via NBS, consanguineous family, family history and multiple sibling deaths

      CasePMIDs:

      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group

      Variant1: NM_002225.3:c.1207T>A

      CAID: CA391724509, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA391724509

      gnomAD: n/a

      Variant2: NC_000015.9:g.40699940T>C (NM_002225.4(IVD):c.234+14C=)

      CAID: CA147572, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NC_000015.9%3Ag.40699940T%3EC

      ClinVar: 94053, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/94053/

      gnomAD: 0.6830, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/15-40699940-T-C

    1. 2

      CaseGM01565: Female, 16 years report, Caucasian, Europe

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003153 (Cystathioninuria)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Proband is a homozygote for this variant.

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Primers were developed and the CTH exons 1-12 and exon-intron boundaries were PCR amplified and sequenced. All sequence variations were verified by restriction enzyme analysis and/or repeat sequencing.

      Variant: NM_001902.5:c.200C>T (p.Thr67Ile)

      ClinVar: 2939 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/2939/

      gnomAD: Ashkenazi Jewish 9.934e-3, Overall 6.308e-3 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-70881670-C-T

    1. 32

      Case32 Male, 13.6yo report, Ethnicity: Turkish

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0003571, HP:0001531, HP:0008947, HP:0002789, HP:0001259, HP:0002045, HP:0002240

      (proprionicacidemia, failure to thrive in infancy, infantile hypotonia, tachypnea, coma, hypothermia, hepatomegaly)

      HPOsFreeText feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, hypotonia, tachypnea, coma, hypothermia, hepatomegaly(4do). 57 IQ on Snijders-Omen Test

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      CasePreviousTesting Diagnosed by newborn screening. Patient fibroblasts had 0.7% PCC activity of controls.

      Variant NM_000532.4:c.613G>T (p.Val205Phe), homozygous

      ClinVar n/a

      CAID CA354641901

      gnomAD not in gnomAD

      CaseAddInfo parental consanguinity

      CasePMIDs n/a

    2. sib of 30

      FamilyLabel 29/30 Fam

      Family29/30PresentingHPOs HP:0003571, HP:0002789

      (Propionicacidemia, Tachypnea)

      HPOsFreeText n/a

      FamilyNotHPOs n/a

      CountryOrigin n/a

      Ethnicity Iraqi

      Race n/a

      Family29/30PreviousTesting n/a

      ProbandLabel 29

      Variant NM_000532.4:c.183+2T>C (p.=), homozygous

      ClinVar n/a

      CAID CA354738149

      gnomAD not in gnomAD

      FamilyAddInfo parental consanguinity

      FamilyPMIDs n/a

    3. 23

      Case23 Female, 5.2yo report, Ethnicity: Russian

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0003571, HP:0012523, HP:0001531, HP:0001944, HP:0001259, HP:0001250

      (propionicacidemia, oral aversion, failure to thrive in infancy, dehydration, coma, seizures)

      HPOsFreeText feeding refusal, failure to thrive, dehydration, coma, seizures(7do). 55 IQ on Culture-Free-Test.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      CasePreviousTesting Diagnosis by newborn screening. PCC activity in patient fibroblasts was 0.5% of control.

      Variant NM_000532.4:c.803T>G (p.Leu268Trp), homozygous

      ClinVar n/a

      CAID CA354644558

      gnomAD not in gnomAD

      CaseAddInfo no parental consanguinity

      CasePMIDs n/a

    1. lo-

      Case22 7yo diagnosis, Anglo-Celtic

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0001083, HP:0001256, HP:0011342

      (Lens dislocation, Mild intellectual disability, Mild developmental delay)

      HPOsFreeText Patient had marfanoid features and was diagnosed on the basis of dislocated lens and mild developmental delay. Treatment began with 100-200mg/day for two weeks followed by an addition of 5mg/day folic acid. Patient was not responsive to the treatment, plasma homocysteine levels went unchanged. Patient was given additional oral betaine(3g twice per day) with a low protein diet.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting Free homocystine, methionine, cystine, and cysteine-homo-cysteine mixed disulfide levels were measured by amino acid analyzers and total (free plus bound)homocysteine (tHcys) was measured. Exact values were not provided.

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified then direct sequenced the entire coding region of CBS.

      Variant 1. NM_000071.2(CBS):c.919G>A (p.Gly307Ser), 2. NM_000071.2(CBS):c.536_553del18 (p.Asp179_Leu184del), comp het

      ClinVar 1. 117, 2. 198388

      gnomAD 1. MAF=0.00041539(Other), no homozygotes, 2. MAF= 0.00002683(European(non-Finnish)), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo patient also carries a common 68bp insertion, 88ins68, variant that does not cause hyperhomocysteinemia.

      CasePMIDs n/a

    2. -C

      Case16 3yo diagnosis, Anglo-Celtic

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0001083, HP:0001256

      (Lens dislocation, Mild intellectual disability)

      HPOsFreeText Diagnosis was based on dislocated lens and marfanoid features. Treatment began with 100-200mg/day for two weeks followed by an addition of 5mg/day folic acid. This patient was not responsive to the treatment, plasma homocysteine levels went unchanged. This patient was given additional oral betaine(3g twice per day) with a low protein diet.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting Free homocystine, methionine, cystine, and cysteine-homo-cysteine mixed disulfide levels were measured by amino acid analyzers and total (free plus bound)homocysteine (tHcys) was measured. Exact values were not provided.

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified then direct sequenced the entire coding region of CBS.

      Variant NM_000071.2(CBS):c.919G>A (p.Gly307Ser), homozygous

      ClinVar 117

      gnomAD MAF= 0.00041539(Other), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo n/a

      CasePMIDs n/a

    3. I27

      Case5 14yo diagnosis, Anglo-Celtic

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0001083

      (Lens dislocation)

      HPOsFreeText Diagnosis was based on dislocated lenses. Plasma free homocystine was reduced from >80μmol to <10μmol (nv <60μmol) in response to treatment with folate and pyridoxine. Treatment began with 100-200mg/day for two weeks followed by an addition of 5mg/day folic acid.

      CaseNotHPOs HP:0001249

      (Intellectual disability)

      NotHPOsFreeText no other sequelae

      CasePreviousTesting Free homocystine, methionine, cystine, and cysteine-homo-cysteine mixed disulfide levels were measured by amino acid analyzers and total (free plus bound)homocysteine (tHcys) was measured. Exact values were not provided.

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified then direct sequenced the entire coding region of CBS.

      Variant 1. NM_000071.2(CBS):c.833T>C (p.Ile278Thr), 2. NM_000071.2(CBS):c.325T>C (p.Cys109Arg), compound heterozygous

      ClinVar 1. 120, 2. 212878

      gnomAD 1. MAF=0.001432(European(non-Finnish)), no homozygotes, 2. MAF=0.0001631(Other), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo n/a

      CasePMIDs n/a

    4. lo-

      Case23 5yo diagnosis, Anglo-Celtic

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0001083, HP:0001256, HP:0002751, HP:0000766

      (Lens dislocation, Mild intellectual disability, Kyphoscoliosis, Abnormality of the sternum)

      HPOsFreeText Patient was diagnosed on the basis of dislocated lenses. Treatment began with 100-200mg/day for two weeks followed by an addition of 5mg/day folic acid. Patient was not responsive to the treatment, plasma homocysteine levels went unchanged. Patient was given additional oral betaine(3g twice per day) with a low protein diet

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting Free homocystine, methionine, cystine, and cysteine-homo-cysteine mixed disulfide levels were measured by amino acid analyzers and total (free plus bound)homocysteine (tHcys) was measured. Exact values were not provided.

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified then direct sequenced the entire coding region of CBS.

      Variant 1. NM_000071.2(CBS):c.430G>A (p.Glu144Lys), 2. IVS1+1G>A, compound heterozygous

      ClinVar 1. 122, 2. n/a

      CAID 2. need more info

      gnomAD 1. MAF=0.00009799(South Asian), no homozygotes, 2. n/a

      CaseAddInfo n/a

      CasePMIDs n/a

    5. 1

      FamilyLabel Family 1

      Family1PresentingHPOs n/a

      HPOsFreeText plasma free homocystine was reduced from >80μmol to <10μmol (nv <60μmol) in response to treatment with folate and pyridoxine. Treatment began with 100-200mg/day for two weeks followed by an addition of 5mg/day folic acid.

      FamilyNotHPOs HP:0001249

      (Intellectual disability)

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CountryOrigin n/a

      Ethnicity Anglo-Celtic

      Race n/a

      Family1PreviousTesting Free homocystine, methionine, cystine, and cysteine-homo-cysteine mixed disulfide levels were measured by amino acid analyzers and total (free plus bound)homocysteine (tHcys) was measured. Exact values were not provided.

      FamilyMethod1 PCR

      FamilyMethod2 Sanger

      FamilyGenotypingMethod PCR amplified then direct sequenced the entire coding region of CBS.

      ProbandLabel Case 1

      Variant NM_000071.2(CBS):c.833T>C (p.Ile278Thr), homozygous

      ClinVar 120

      gnomAD MAF=0.001432(European(non-Finnish)), no homozygotes

      FamilyAddInfo n/a

      FamilyPMIDs n/a

    1. 11.

      CaseDII-2: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      HPOsFreeText: Pretreatment phenylalanine level at 970 umol/L

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: N/A

      Variant1: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.561G>A (p.Trp187Ter)

      ClinVar: 102736 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/102736/

      gnomAD: 0.00001760, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-103249059-C-T

      Variant2: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.782G>C (p.Arg261Pro)

      ClinVar: 102832 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/102832/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    2. I1.4

      CaseAII-4: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      HPOsFreeText: Pretreatment phenylalanine level at 2085 umol/L

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Proband for Family A

      Variant1: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.165del (p.Phe55fs)

      ClinVar: 611 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/611/

      gnomAD: 0.00002639, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-103306571-CA-C?dataset=gnomad_r3

      Variant2: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.143T>C (p.Leu48Ser)

      ClinVar: 608 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/608/

      gnomAD: 0.001025, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-102912816-A-G?dataset=gnomad_r3

    3. I. 1

      CaseBI-1: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      HPOsFreeText: Pretreatment phenylalanine level at 375 umol/L

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: N/A

      Variant1: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.1222C>T (p.Arg408Trp)

      ClinVar: 577 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/577/

      gnomAD: 0.001766, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-102840493-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r3

      Variant2: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.688G>A (p.Val230Ile)

      ClinVar: 102784 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/102784/

      gnomAD: 0.0009025, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-102855154-C-T?dataset=gnomad_r3

    4. 1.1

      CaseEI-1: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      HPOsFreeText: Pretreatment phenylalanine level at 430 umol/L

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: N/A

      Variant1: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.1066-11G>A

      ClinVar: 607 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/607/

      gnomAD: 0.0004116, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-103237568-C-T

      Variant2: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.533A>G (p.Glu178Gly)

      ClinVar: 92746 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/92746/

      gnomAD: 0.0001473, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-103249087-T-C

    5. I. 1

      CaseAI-1: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      HPOsFreeText: Pretreatment phenylalanine level at 330 umol/L

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: N/A

      Variant1: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.143T>C (p.Leu48Ser)

      ClinVar: 608 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/608/

      gnomAD: 0.001025, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-102912816-A-G?dataset=gnomad_r3

      Variant2: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.898G>T (p.Ala300Ser)

      ClinVar: 92751 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/92751/

      gnomAD: 0.006318, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-102851701-C-A?dataset=gnomad_r3

    6. I. 1

      CaseDI-1: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      HPOsFreeText: Pretreatment phenylalanine level at 365 umol/L

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: N/A

      Variant1: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.561G>A (p.Trp187Ter)

      ClinVar: 102736 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/102736/

      gnomAD: 0.00001760, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-103249059-C-T

      Variant2: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.898G>T (p.Ala300Ser)

      ClinVar: 92751 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/92751/

      gnomAD: 0.006318, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-102851701-C-A?dataset=gnomad_r3

    1. Results

      NonHumanModel: Mouse (Mus musculus)

      GeneAlteration: A fragment covering exons 4-8 of the SLC1A3 locus was subcloned with the P290R seuqnece being inserted via PCR into the end of Exon 7. Thse clones were injected into blastocysts of C37BL/6N mice with these generatingfoster mice and chimeric mice being crossbred to excise the neomycin casette. Due to the high mortality rate, the surviving mice harboring the variant were backcrossed to 129/SvJ for a more robust mouse and higher survival rate for study.

      ModelPhenotype: MP:0002064, MP:0001393, MP:0010387, MP:0008925, MP:0002182, MP:0000877, MP:0010170, MP:0014185 (Seizures, Ataxia, Abnormal Bergmann glial cell morphology, Increased cerebellar granule cell number, Abnormal astrocyte morphology, Abnormal Purkinje cell morphology, Abnormal glial cell apoptosis, Cerebellum atrophy)

      ModelFreeText: Slower firing of purkinje neurons

      HumanPhenotype: HP:0001251, HP:0002076, HP:0001250 (Ataxia, Migraine, Seizure)

      HumanFreeText: N/A

      ModelEvidence: The first set of mutant knock-in mice were subject to generalized seizures and death before the weaning period, requiring a backcross onto the 129/SvJ strain in order to reduce lethal seizure activity and delay the onset. Even so, mutant mice demonstrated significant phenotypes indicative of human Episodic Ataxia including epilepsy, ataxia, and reduced motor/gait coordination. In order to determine the pathogenc mechanism, cerebellar Bergmann glia cells were examined to find a pronounced age-dependent reduction of cell numbers between P10 and P20. Immunostaining showed decreased numbers of somata and expression, demonstrating that the EAAT1 mutants were subject to cell death. Granule cell migration was also impaired during development, coupled with invasion of reactive astrocytes into the molecular layer demonstrating attempted repair. Following from this change, Purkinje neurons were examined and found to have been reduced and the morphology altered in mutant mice. As the P290R variant is known to increase EAAT1 anion currents in heterologous expression systems, measurement of these currents in mouse Bergmann glia cells showed significantly increased current, decreased Cl- concentration, and a resulting higher TUNEL expression in these cells, indicating earlier apoptosis events of these cell types. Spiking activities and developmental acceleration is absent in these cell types, likely due to progressive deterioration. This was verified by an observation of cerebellar size, where mutant cerebellar tissue showed generalized degeneration compared to the WT mice.

      ModelVariant: NM_004172.5(SLC1A3):c.869C>G (p.Pro290Arg)

      ClinVar: 9441, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/9441/

    1. 2929 (M)

      Case2929: Male, 4 months diagnosis, Czech

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001270, HP:0011344, HP:0003153, HP:0003698, HP:0002300, HP:0004484, HP:0008454 (Motor delay, Severe psychomotor retardation, Cystathioninuria, Difficulty standing, Mutism, Craniofacial asymmetry, Lumbar kyphosis)

      HPOsFreeText: Unknown total homocysteine (N/A μM/l; reference 5.1–13.9), Elevated cystathionine (5.4 μM/l; reference 0.04–0.34), Unknown total cysteine (N/A μmol/l; reference 203–369), Response to B6 treatment unknown

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CasePMIDs: 615480

      CaseAddInfo: Patient is homozygous for this mutation, Proband is born of father-daughter incest and is therefore consanguineous

      CasePreviousTesting: Cystathionine (Cysta), total cysteine (tCys), and total homocysteine (tHcy) panels

      CaseGenotypingMethod: PCR amplification of CTH coding regions and exon-intron boundaries was performed. These fragments were sequenced and aligned with a reference to find mutations. Those found were confirmed by restriction digest of 100 controls.

      Variant: NM_001902.5:c.589C>T (p.Arg197Cys)

      CAID: CA906222 https://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NM_001902.5%3Ac.589C%3ET

      gnomAD: South Asian 1.312e-4, Overall 6.378e-5 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-70895477-C-T

    1. Proband

      CaseF4P: 4 yrs report, India

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001010, HP:0000750, HP:0001249, HP:0006801, HP:0004923 (Hypopigmentation of the skin, Delayed speech and language development, Intellectual disability, Brisk deep tendon reflexes, Hyperphenylalaninemia)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Family is consanguinous, Parents were confirmed heterozygous, Variant disrupts the WT donor site and is predicted to alter splicing

      CasePreviousTesting: Blood phenylalanine before treatment was 1150 μmol/l, Blood tyrosine before treatment was 30 μmol/l, PKU diagnosis was based on ferric chloride test on patient urine samples and detection of elevated Phenylalanine levels in blood samples by using HPLC, in addition to analysis of clinical features.

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of proband and family members. PCR amplification and sequencing was used to screen for mutations. Each mutation was confirmed by bi-directional DNA sequencing.

      Variant: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.60+5G>A

      ClinVar: 120281 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/120281/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    2. Sibling

      CaseF5S: 21 yrs report, India

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Variant has been shown to abolish canonical splice donor site and lead to a null protein

      CasePreviousTesting: Blood phenylalanine before treatment was 1698 μmol/l, Blood tyrosine before treatment was 37 μmol/l

      CaseGenotypingMethod: N/A

      Variant: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.842+1G>A

      ClinVar: 599 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/599/

      gnomAD: 0.00007752, http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-103246592-C-T

    3. Proband

      CaseF5P: 18 yrs report, India

      CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Proband for Family 5, Variant has been shown to abolish canonical splice donor site and lead to a null protein

      CasePreviousTesting: Blood phenylalanine before treatment was 1260 μmol/l, Blood tyrosine before treatment was 36 μmol/l

      CaseGenotypingMethod: N/A

      Variant: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.842+1G>A

      ClinVar: 599 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/599/

      gnomAD: 0.00007752, http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-103246592-C-T

    1. 1DBT

      Case#: Patient 1, Lebanon, Arab

      CasePresentingHPOs: Intermediate form of MSUD

      CasePreviousTesting: Previously diagnosed with MSUD by GC/MS/MS.

      CaseMethod1: PCR

      CaseMethod2: Sequencing

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA extracted, sequencing of BCKDHA, BCKDHB and DBT.

      Variant: NM_001918.3:c.224G>A (homozygous)

      CAID: CA341345382

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      VariantEvidence: Mutation is present in lipoyl-binding domain, likely preventing binding of the lipoyl co-factor. Possibly results in a defect in the lipoyl-binding function (Alamut software analysis).

      CaseAddInfo: Same variant reported in patient 2 from the same geographical location, but unrelated according to the authors.

    2. 5DBT

      Case#: Patient 3, Lebanon, Arab

      CasePresentingHPOs: Intermediate form of MSUD

      CasePreviousTesting: Previously diagnosed with MSUD by GC/MS/MS.

      CaseMethod1: PCR

      CaseMethod2: Sequencing

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA extracted, sequencing of BCKDHA, BCKDHB and DBT.

      Variant: NM_001918.3:c.1430T>G (homozygous)

      ClinVar: 93994

      gnomAD: European (Non-Finnish) 8.971e-6, Overall 4.065e-6.

      VariantEvidence: Mutation is present in the catalytic domain and would expect a defect in catalytic function (Alamut software analysis).

    1. 2

      CaseCA2: Male, 17 months death

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001644, HP:0001875, HP:0001508, HP:0003535 (Dilated cardiomyopathy, Neutropenia, Failure to thrive, 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0003107 (Abnormal circulating cholesterol concentration)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Family history of high urinary 3-MGC

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: The TAZ gene was PCR amplified in three fragments and directly sequenced in the mother and proband.

      Variant: NM_000116.4:c.548T>G (p.Val183Gly)

      CAID: CA415183843, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA415183843

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    2. 4

      CaseCA4: Male, 6 months death

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001644, HP:0001508 (Dilated cardiomyopathy, Failure to thrive)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Cardiac transplant 11 months after presentation; Variant also found in mother and grandmother

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: The TAZ gene was PCR amplified in three fragments and directly sequenced in obligate heterozygotes, III.2, a heterozygous carrier, and III.4.

      Variant: NM_000116.5(TAZ):c.589G>A (p.Gly197Arg)

      ClinVar: 11105, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/11105/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. In PCD-deficient patients, elevated neopterin and primapterin levels were observed.

      Case: P.1017/ BIODEF 1035, male, Fars, 12.5 years (Dx)

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0008297

      Plasma Phe levels at 12.5 years 1116uM (per BIODEF database). Neopterin level at 1.52U.

      CaseNOTHPOs:

      CasePreviousTesting: n/a

      CaseGenotypingMethod: PCR of D1 and direct sequencing.

      Variant: NM_000281.3(PCBD1):c.313T>C (p.Ter105Gln)

      ClinVar ID: 428616

      Homozygous

      gnomAD: MAF (South Asian)= 3.283E-5, hets only, no homozygous. http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/10-72643709-A-G

      AddCaseInfo: The paper notes that the parents of all the individuals were tested. Consanguinity was not noted for parents, but may be likely due to the same variant.

      VariantEvidence: No variant evidence was provided in this article. The mutation does change the termination codon and thus extends the protein by 16 amino acids.

    1. 16, 17

      Case16 sex unknown, Spain

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0006846, HP:0002540, HP:0001344, HP:0001332

      (Acute encephalopathy, Non-ambulatory, Nonverbal, Dystonia)

      HPOsFreeText Phenotype was classified as "severe," with passive or static dystonia and an inability to stand up, walk, or speak. Diagnosed by routine GC-MS organic acid analysis in urine. There was high excretion of glutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate with glutarate excretion being higher than that of 3-hydroxyglutarate.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting GC-MS measured glutarate of 4885(nv 2–10 mmol/mol creatinine) and 3-OH-glutarate 713(nv 2–14 mm/mol creatinine). In patient fibroblasts, %GCD activity was <0.5.

      CaseMethod1 SSCP

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified and SSCP screened 11 exons and intron boundaries of GCDH gene. Confirmed variants with Sanger sequencing and restriction digest. The R402W variant destroys an MspI restriction site. Thus, while the patient's DNA fragments would not cleave, control fragments would be cleaved. Likewise, the R128X variant destroys a Sau961 site. This would lead to uncleaved patient DNA fragments and cleaved control fragments.

      Variant 1. NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.1204C>T (p.Arg402Trp), 2. NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.382C>T (p.Arg128Ter), compound heterozygous

      ClinVar 1. 2085, 2. 371176

      gnomAD 1. MAF=0.0007566(European(Finnish)), no homozygotes, 2. MAF= 0.00002891(Latino), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo Sibling, case 17, had a mild phenotype: static or improving dystonia, with maintained ability to walk without assistance. GC-MS measured glutarate of 6644(nv 2–10 mmol/mol creatinine) and 3-OH-glutarate 603(nv 2–14 mm/mol creatinine).

      CasePMIDs n/a

    2. 42

      Case42 sex unknown, Spain

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0006846, HP:0000707

      (Acute encephalopathy, Neurological abnormality)

      HPOsFreeText Phenotypes defined as "slight," entailing minimal neurological signs and an otherwise normal life. Patient may have gone undetected by routine screens as glutarate excretion was normal and 3-hydroxyglutarate was only slightly increased.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting GC-MS measured glutarate of 35(nv 2–10 mmol/mol creatinine) and 3-OH-glutarate 268(nv 2–14 mm/mol creatinine).

      CaseMethod1 SSCP

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified and SSCP screened 11 exons and intron boundaries of GCDH gene. Confirmed variants with Sanger sequencing and restriction digest. The A433V variant creates an MwpI restriction site. Thus, while the patient's DNA fragments would cleave, control fragments would not be cleaved.

      Variant NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.1298C>T (p.Ala433Val), homozygous

      ClinVar 556228

      gnomAD MAF= 0.00003266(South Asian), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo n/a

      CasePMIDs see notes on previous studies

    3. 1, 2

      Case1 sex unknown, Spain

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0006846, HP:0002540, HP:0001344, HP:0001332

      (Acute encephalopathy, Non-ambulatory, Nonverbal, Dystonia)

      HPOsFreeText Phenotype was classified as "severe," with passive or static dystonia and an inability to stand up, walk, or speak. Diagnosed by routine GC-MS organic acid analysis in urine. There was high excretion of glutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate with glutarate excretion being higher than that of 3-hydroxyglutarate.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting GC-MS measured glutarate 3336(nv 2–10 mmol/mol creatinine) and 3-OH-glutarate 825(nv 2–14 mm/mol creatinine).In patient fibroblasts, %GCD activity was <0.5.

      CaseMethod1 SSCP

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified and SSCP screened 11 exons and intron boundaries of GCDH gene. Confirmed variants with Sanger sequencing and restriction digest. The A293T variant, with the addition of a mismatch primer, destroys an HgaI restriction site. Thus, while the patient's DNA fragments would not cleave, control fragments would be cleaved.

      Variant NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.877G>A (p.Ala293Thr), homozygous

      ClinVar 2083

      gnomAD MAF= 0.0004013(African), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo Sibling(Case 2) presented with same enzyme activity, clinical onset and phenotype. Gluterate was 2120mmol/mol creatinine and 3-OH-glutarate was 543mmol/mol creatinine.

      CasePMIDs n/a

    4. 24

      Case24 sex unknown, Spain

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0000707

      (Neurological abnormality)

      HPOsFreeText Clinical onset was "insidious," involving slowly progressive psychomotor delay, dystonic postures, lethargy, or macrocephaly. Phenotypes defined as "slight," entailing minimal neurological signs and an otherwise normal life. Diagnosed by routine GC-MS organic acid analysis in urine. There was high excretion of glutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate with glutarate excretion being higher than that of 3-hydroxyglutarate.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting GC-MS measured glutarate of 1673(nv 2–10 mmol/mol creatinine) and 3-OH-glutarate 795(nv 2–14 mm/mol creatinine). In patient fibroblasts, %GCD activity was <0.5.

      CaseMethod1 SSCP

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified and SSCP screened 11 exons and intron boundaries of GCDH gene. Confirmed variants with Sanger sequencing and restriction digest. The A304T variant destroys an AluI restriction site. Thus, while the patient's DNA fragments would not cleave, control fragments would be cleaved. The L309W variant creates an EcoP15 site. This would lead to cleaved patient DNA fragments and uncleaved control fragments.

      Variant 1. NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.910G>A (p.Ala304Thr), 2. NM_000159.3:c.926T>G (p.Leu309Trp), compound heterozygous

      ClinVar 1. 554907, 2. n/a

      CAID 2. CA404319538

      gnomAD 1. MAF=0.00006163(African), no homozygotes, 2. MAF= 0.000008816(European(non-Finnish)), no homozygotes CaseAddInfo n/a

      CasePMIDs n/a

    5. 13

      Case13 sex unknown, Spain

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0002540, HP:0001344, HP:0001332

      (Non-ambulatory, Nonverbal, Dystonia)

      HPOsFreeText Clinical onset was "insidious," involving slowly progressive psychomotor delay, dystonic postures, lethargy, or macrocephaly. Phenotype was classified as "severe," with passive or static dystonia and an inability to stand up, walk, or speak. Diagnosed by routine GC-MS organic acid analysis in urine. There was high excretion of glutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate with glutarate excretion being higher than that of 3-hydroxyglutarate.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting GC-MS measured glutarate of 1288(nv 2–10 mmol/mol creatinine) and 3-OH-glutarate 75(nv 2–14 mm/mol creatinine). In patient fibroblasts, %GCD activity was <0.5.

      CaseMethod1 SSCP

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified and SSCP screened 11 exons and intron boundaries of GCDH gene. Confirmed variants with Sanger sequencing and restriction digest. The R402W variant destroys a MspI site. This would lead to uncleaved patient DNA fragments and cleaved control fragments.

      Variant NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.1204C>T (p.Arg402Trp), homozygous

      ClinVar 2085

      gnomAD MAF= 0.0007566(European(Finnish)), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo n/a

      CasePMIDs see note on previous studies

    6. 27

      Case27 sex unknown, Spain

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0006846, HP:0002540, HP:0001344, HP:0001332

      (Acute encephalopathy, Non-ambulatory, Nonverbal, Dystonia)

      HPOsFreeText Phenotype was classified as "severe," with passive or static dystonia and an inability to stand up, walk, or speak. Patient may have gone undetected by routine screening as glutarate excretion was normal and 3-hydroxyglutarate was only slightly increased.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting GC-MS measured glutarate of 2(nv 2–10 mmol/mol creatinine) and 3-OH-glutarate 18(nv 2–14 mm/mol creatinine). In patient fibroblasts, %GCD activity was 10.

      CaseMethod1 SSCP

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified and SSCP screened 11 exons and intron boundaries of GCDH gene. Confirmed variants with Sanger sequencing and restriction digest. The V400M variant creates an NlaIII site. This would lead to cleaved patient DNA fragments and uncleaved control fragments.

      Variant NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.1198G>A (p.Val400Met), homozygous

      ClinVar 2088

      gnomAD MAF= 0.0002769(Other), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo n/a

      CasePMIDs see note on previous studies

    7. 38

      Case38 sex unknown, Spain

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0006846, HP:0002540, HP:0001344, HP:0001332

      (Acute encephalopathy, Non-ambulatory, Nonverbal, Dystonia)

      HPOsFreeText Phenotype was classified as "severe," with passive or static dystonia and an inability to stand up, walk, or speak. Patient may have gone undetected by routine screens as glutarate excretion was normal and 3-hydroxyglutarate was only slightly increased.

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText n/a

      CasePreviousTesting GC-MS measured glutarate of 4(nv 2–10 mmol/mol creatinine) and 3-OH-glutarate 43(nv 2–14 mm/mol creatinine). In patient fibroblasts, %GCD activity was 9. Patient tested negative in glutarylcarnitine blood spot test, even under carnitine supplementation.

      CaseMethod1 SSCP

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified and SSCP screened 11 exons and intron boundaries of GCDH gene. Confirmed variants with Sanger sequencing and restriction digest. The Y155H variant creates a NcoI restriction site. Thus, while the patient's DNA fragments would cleave, control fragments would not be cleaved. The R227P variant creates a NlaIV site. This would lead to cleaved patient DNA fragments and uncleaved control fragments.

      Variant 1. NM_000159.3:c.463T>C(p.Tyr155His) , 2. NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.680G>C (p.Arg227Pro), compound heterozygous

      ClinVar 1. n/a, 2. 2089

      CAID 1. CA404317601

      gnomAD 1. MAF=0.000008791(European(non-Finnish)), no homozygotes, 2. MAF= 0.0003566(European(non-Finnish)), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo n/a

      CasePMIDs see notes on previous studies

    1. 4

      FamilyLabel Family 3

      Family3PresentingHPOs HP:0001250

      (Seizures)

      HPOsFreeText seizure onset in neonatal period from minutes after birth until 3 weeks of age. Probable PDE: either pyridoxine-responsive seizures and an affected sibling or neonatal seizures responsive to a single dose of pyridoxine with later recurrence of seizures again responsive to pyridoxine.

      FamilyNotHPOs n/a

      CountryOrigin Turkey

      Ethnicity n/a

      Race Caucasian

      Family3PreviousTesting Normal urine PA after pyridoxine treatment.


      ProbandLabel Case 4

      Case4PreviousTesting post-treatment: Pipecolic acid in plasma 31(nv 1-3.2µmol/liter). pre-treatment: CSF PA levels 4.6µmol/liter(nv 0.009–0.12), 2.3µmol/liter(nv<0.1)


      Variant NM_001182.4:c.1373G>A (p.Ser458Asn), homozygous

      ClinVar n/a

      CAID CA360721594

      gnomAD not in gnomAD

      FamilyAddInfo consanguineous, Case 3 is the sibling of Case 4 with no metabolic testing, homozygous for the same variant, with probable PDE.

      FamilyPMIDs n/a

    1. c.574G > A

      Case# PB5, Saudi Arabia

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0000707, HP:0003011, HP:0025031, HP:0001939, HP:0002715

      CasePreviousTesting Blood spot newborn screen/presented symptoms in Hospital

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR of coding exons of BCKDHA (9 exons), BCKDHB (11 exons) DBT (11 exons) and DLD (14 exons).

      Variant NM_000056.4(BCKDHB):c.574G>A (p.Gly192Arg)

      ClinVar 96596

      VariantEvidence none

      CaseAddInfo consanguineous family

    2. c.817A > C

      Case# PB6, Saudi Arabia

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0000707, HP:0003011, HP:0025031, HP:0001939, HP:0002715

      CasePreviousTesting Blood spot newborn screen/presented symptoms in Hospital

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR of coding exons of BCKDHA (9 exons), BCKDHB (11 exons) DBT (11 exons) and DLD (14 exons).

      Variant NM_000056.4(BCKDHB):c.817A>C (p.Thr273Pro)

      ClinVar 96610

      VariantEvidence none

      CaseAddInfo consanguineous family

    3. c.502C > T

      Case# PB4, Saudi Arabia

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0000707, HP:0003011, HP:0025031, HP:0001939, HP:0002715

      CasePreviousTesting Blood spot newborn screen/presented symptoms in Hospital

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR of coding exons of BCKDHA (9 exons), BCKDHB (11 exons) DBT (11 exons) and DLD (14 exons).

      Variant NM_000056.4(BCKDHB):c.502C>T (p.Arg168Cys)

      ClinVar 96586

      VariantEvidence none

      CaseAddInfo consanguineous family

      CasePMIDs previously studied in 17922217

    4. c.286delGAA

      Case# PB3, Saudi Arabia

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0000707, HP:0003011, HP:0025031, HP:0001939, HP:0002715

      CasePreviousTesting Blood spot newborn screen/presented symptoms in Hospital

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR of coding exons of BCKDHA (9 exons), BCKDHB (11 exons) DBT (11 exons) and DLD (14 exons).

      Variant NM_000056.3:c.286del

      CAID CA658820633

      VariantEvidence null

      CaseAddInfo consanguineous family

    5. c.197G > C

      Case# PB2, Saudi Arabia

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0000707, HP:0003011, HP:0025031, HP:0001939, HP:0002715

      CasePreviousTesting Blood spot newborn screen/presented symptoms in Hospital

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR of coding exons of BCKDHA (9 exons), BCKDHB (11 exons) DBT (11 exons) and DLD (14 exons).

      Variant NM_000056.3:c.197G>C

      CAID CA364658947

      VariantEvidence none

      CaseAddInfo consanguineous family

    1. Patient description

      CaseWA: Female, 5 yrs onset, French-Canadian

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002013, HP:0001944, HP:0001289, HP:0002367, HP:0001942, HP:0031962, HP:0001987, HP:0003236, HP:0001946, HP:0002919, HP:0000651, HP:0012120 (Vomiting, Dehydration, Confusion, Visual hallucinations, Metabolic acidosis, Elevated serum anion gap, Hyperammonemia, Elevated serum creatine kinase, Ketosis, Ketonuria, Diplopia, Methylmalonic aciduria)

      HPOsFreeText: Low incorporation of 14C-propionate (4.1 nmol propionate/mg protein/18 h; control mean 10.8, SD 3.7) with no response to hydroxycobalamin

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0002151 (Increased serum lactate)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Parents are non-consanguineous with unremarkable family history, Treatment with carnitine and restricted protein intake normalized symptoms, Sequencing of the mother revealed Variant 2 without Variant 1 confirming compound heterozygosity

      CasePreviousTesting: Metabolic acidosis values w/ elevated anion gap (pH = 6.96, bicarbonate 3.5 mmol/L and pCO2 15.9 mm Hg, anion gap 25.5 mmol/L); Mild hyperammonemia (107 μmol/L; ref. < 50); Elevated creatine kinase (from 498 IU/L initially up to 3062 IU/L, ref. < 150); Organic acid profiles were analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with Table 1 showing relevant organic acid values; Proband was negative for propionyl-coA carboxylase deficency (811 pmol/min/mg protein with control mean 1123, PCCA and PCCB variants were negative) and ruled out MUT/cobalamin issues as well; Fusion experiments showed negative results for mut, cblA, and cblB complementation but no increase in activity when fused with MCEE confirming the pathway blockage

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Extracted DNA from blood was amplified and three coding exons/splice site junctions of MCEE were Sanger sequenced. A deletion/duplicaiton analysis yeilded normal results. To search for an intronic sequence variant, total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed to confirm a 92-bp insertion between Exons 2 and 3. Resulting sequencing of this genomic area revealed a deep intronic variant that created a new consensus donor splice site that leads to a premature stop codon.

      Variant1: NM_032601.4(MCEE):c.139C>T (p.Arg47Ter)

      ClinVar: 2343, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/2343

      gnomAD: 0.0004884, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/2-71351575-G-A

      Variant2: NM_032601.3:c.379-644A>G

      CAID: CA892631472, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA892631472

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. Case 5

      Case5: male, Lebanon, neonatal screening 7 days

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0045045, HP:0002155

      HPOFreeText: Neonatal screening suggestive of MBD deficiency. Treatment of 150-200 mg L-carnitine/kg body weight and has shown normal development until 10 months.8 months: elevated serum triglycerides and GOT.

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CasePreviousTesting: Neonatal screening: elevated C5 acylcarnitine (0.51 umol/l and 0.72 umol/l; upper 99th percentile 0.29 umol/l) and C5/C2 acylcarnitine ratio (0.04 and 0.06; upper 99th percentile 0.02). 8 months: elevated serum triglycerides (673 mg/dl; ref <205) and GOT (57 U/l; ref <35).

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA extracted from DBS or peripheral blood. All exons and intron-exon boundaries of ACADSB sequenced. Sibling and parents: only exons 1, 4, and 10 were analyzed.

      Variant: 1. NM_001609.3(ACADSB):c.1159G>A (p.Glu387Lys) 2. NM_001609.3(ACADSB):c.443C>T (p.Thr148Ile)

      ClinVar: 1. 9203; 2. 9202

      gnomAD: 1. Latino 0.0004797, Overall 0.0002404, no homozygotes; 2. South Asian 0.002678; Overall 0.0008097, no homozygotes

      VariantEvidence: In vitro expression of c.1159G>A in E. coli shows no protein on Western blot, reduced enzymatic activity to 2% and defects in protein folding and stability. c. 443C>T decreases ACADSB enzymatic activity to 2.8% of wild type in vitro (PMID: 20547083).

      CaseAddInfo: 3 year old brother had a similar metabolite profile, but was not picked up by newborn screening (different cut-off values were used). Parents were normal. Patient also had c.38G>A polymorphism.

      CasePMIDs:

    1. OS-104 II-1

      CaseOS-104_II-1: Male, Birth onset, Turkey

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001992, HP:0001324, HP:0002317 (Organic aciduria, Muscular hypotonia, Unsteady gait)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001263, HP:0001252 (Global developmental delay, Muscle weakness)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Parents are consanguineous, Two younger brothers are unaffected, The variant results in a frameshift that extends the WT protein to 408 AAs and affects the C-terminal peptidase domain

      CasePreviousTesting: GS-MS analysis identified urinary organic acids dominated by N-aceylated AAs, supported by NMR spectroscopy of urine samples with serum samples being negative; Metabolite pattern of brother was unremarkable; Values of excreted AAs are in Table 1; Ultrasound, electromyography, and NMR tomography of the musculature from the lower extremities showed unremarkable results; Routine histological, histochemical, enzyme histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies did not reveal any significant myopathological abnormalities

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples or after EBV transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Exons and exon-intron boundaries were amplified and bidirectionally sequenced.

      Variant: NM_000666.3(ACY1):c.1102_1103AC[3] (p.Pro369fs)

      ClinVar: 18109, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/18109/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. 2

      Case2: Male, 1y 7m, Chinese

      HPOsFreeText: (at 11 days) 1.69 C4 umol/L, 0.19 C4/C2, 2.38 C4/C3

      NotHPOsFreeText: normal urine isobutyrylglycine

      Case2 (Level 2)


      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseMethod1: same as group

      CaseMethod2: same as group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group


      Variant: NM_014384.2:c.286G>A (p.Gly96Ser)

      ClinVar: n/a

      CAID: CA6372895

      gnomAD: 0.001453 (East Asian)


      CaseAddInfo:

    2. 7

      Case7: Male, 6m, Chinese

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002248, HP:0001290, HP:0008872, HP:0002572 (haematemesis, hypotonia, feeding difficulties in infancy, recurrent vomiting)

      HPOsFreeText: (at 19 days) 1.01 C4 umol/L, 0.38 C4/C2, 1.61 C4/C3

      NotHPOsFreeText: normal urine isobutyrylglycine

      Case7 (Level 2):


      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseMethod1: same as group

      CaseMethod2: same as group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group


      Variant1: NM_014384.2:c.444G>T (p.Pro148=)

      ClinVar: n/a

      CAID: CA6372946

      gnomAD: 0.0002772 (Other)

      Variant2: NM_014384.2:c.1176G>T (p.Arg392Ser)

      ClinVar: n/a

      CAID: CA6373249

      gnomAD: 0.0001088 (East Asian)


      CaseAddInfo: trans heterozygous, inherited one allele from each parent

    1. 1

      Case1 Female, 1mo diagnosis, Korean

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0003235

      (Increased blood methionine)

      HPOsFreeText increased pre-treatment blood homocysteine and post-treatment total homocysteine, patient treated with low-methionine diet, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, and betaine after diagnosis

      CaseNotHPOs HP:0001083, HP:0001249

      (Ectopia lentis, Intellectual disability)

      NotHPOsFreeText Marfan syndrome, vascular occlusion

      CasePreviousTesting pretreatment/posttreatment methionine: 1,239/123 μM(nv 7-47), pretreatment/posttreatment homocysteine: 28/0 μM(nv 0-5), posttreatment total homocysteine 144 μM(nv 5-15). Diagnosis upon neonatal screen

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR amplified all 16 coding exons of CBS gene, then direct sequenced

      Variant 1. NM_001320298.1:c.461T>A(p.Leu154Gln), 2. NM_000071.2(CBS):c.770C>T (p.Thr257Met), compound heterozygous

      ClinVar 1. n/a, 2. 188927

      CAID 1. CA410601512

      gnomAD 1. not in gnomAD, 2. MAF=0.0001396(Other), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo L154Q variant from father, T257M from mother. Additional R18C variant inherited from father, but protein from this SNP retains normal expression, 30-70% of enzyme activity and was found to have a 1/100 frequency in the study's control population

      CasePMIDs n/a

    1. 14

      Case 14 (Level 2)


      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseMethod1: PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group __

      Variant1: NM_015506.2(MMACHC):c.658_660delAAG (p.Lys220del)

      ClinVar: 95707

      CAID: CA223197

      gnomAD: 0.0003071 (East Asian)


      Variant2: NM_015506.2(MMACHC):c.567dupT (p.Ile190Tyrfs*13)

      ClinVar: 556708

      CAID: CA522810899

      gnomAD: [0.0001024] (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-45974604-G-GT) (East Asian)

      CaseAddInfo: proband genotype, unknown cis or trans, no phenotypic info, sibling (fetus) carrier for p.K220del maternal variant

    2. 2

      Case 2 (Level 2)


      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseMethod1: PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group


      Variant1: NM_015506.2(MMACHC):c.217C > T

      ClinVar: 203825

      CAID: CA312728

      gnomAD: 0.00005560 (East Asian)


      Variant2: NM_015506.2(MMACHC):c.658_660delAAG

      ClinVar: 95707

      CAID: CA223197

      gnomAD: 0.0003071 (East Asian)


      CaseAddInfo: proband genotype, unknown cis or trans, not any phenotypic info given, sibling (fetus) carrier of p.R73X maternal variant

    3. 15

      Case 15 (Level 2)


      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseMethod1: PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group

      __

      Variant1: NM_015506.2(MMACHC):c.394C > T (p.Arg132Ter)

      ClinVar: 1423

      CAID: CA251787

      gnomAD: 0.0007190 (South Asian)


      Variant2: NM_015506.2(MMACHC):c.615C > A (p.Tyr205Ter)

      ClinVar: 558292

      CAID: CA340133688

      gnomAD: 0.0006427 (East Asian)


      CaseAddInfo: proband genotype, unknown cis or trans, no phenotypic info, sibling (fetus) carries both variants

    1. Patient 2

      Case#: Patient 2, caucasian, 3 days (onset)

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      HPOFreeText: 3 days: hypoglycemia, poor feeding, lethargy, hypothermia. MRI: bilateral areas of subacute ischemia, increased T1 signal in lentiform nuclei consistent with global hypoxia. 1 year MRI: evolving areas of ischemia, thinning of gyri, delayed myelination of corpus callosum. 4 years: developmental delay, epilepsy. 6 years: unable to crawl or walk recurrent ear infections, chronic sinusitis, left eye extropia, microcephaly.

      CaseNotHPOs: Normal neonatal EEG

      CasePreviousTesting: 3 days: increased 2-methylbutyrylglycine (urine), 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine in plasma (C5-carnitine 1.4-2.4 uM, ref <0.4 uM)., elevated short chain carnitine to free carnitine (1.0, ref <0.5), normal blood amino acids. SBCAD enzyme activity in fibroblasts: 0.1 nmol/min/mg, ref. 0.16-0.29 nmol/min/mg).

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA sequencing of all exons and part of flanking introns.

      Variant: 1. NM_001609.3(ACADSB):c.303+3A>G 2. NM_001609.3(ACADSB):c.763C>T (p.Leu255Phe)

      ClinVar: 1. 448980 2. 9200

      gnomAD: 1. Not in gnomAD 2. Not in gnomAD

      VariantEvidence: Skipping of exon 3 confirmed by mRNA analysis and minigene assay.This leads to a shifted reading frame with a PTC and likely NMD (when mRNA from patient 2's fibroblasts, who is het. for the variant, was analyzed, they saw no product from the mutant allele). CIS OR TRANS??

      CaseAddInfo: Sister was also diagnosed with SBCADD prenatally and has been treated since birth. She has no clinical symptoms.

      CasePMIDs: 10832746

    2. Patient 1

      Case#: Patient 1, Somalia, birth

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002104, HP:0001250, HP:0001263, HP:0008947

      HPOFreeText: At birth, GC/MS of urine showed elevated 2-methylbutyrylglycine and 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, mildly elevated lactate. Plasma carnitine profile normal. NBS blood spot: high normal acylcarnitine profile (0.39 uM C5-acylcarnitine, ref <0.4 uM). 6 weeks: apena. 6 months: seizures, decline around 10 months, normal CT cerebrum. 7 months: protein-restricted diet. 8 months: normal EEG, infantile spasms. 9 months: global developmental delay, hypotonia. 10 months: sparse eye contact.

      CaseNotHPOs: Normal chromosome analysis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) negative, normal hearing and vision, no skin changes.

      CasePreviousTesting: SBCAD enzyme activity in fibroblasts: 0.17 +/- 0.01 nmol/min/mg, ref. 0.54-0.79 nmol/min/mg).

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA sequencing of all exons and part of flanking introns.

      Variant: NM_001609.3(ACADSB):c.303+3A>G

      ClinVar: 448980

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      VariantEvidence: Skipping of exon 3 confirmed by mRNA analysis and minigene assay.This leads to a shifted reading frame with a PTC and likely NMD (when mRNA from patient 2's fibroblasts, who is het. for the variant, was analyzed, they saw no product from the mutant allele).

      CaseAddInfo:

    1. Case history and genetic analysis

      CaseKO: Male, 22 yrs report, Serbia

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002076, HP:0002017, HP:0000505, HP:0002357, HP:0003474, HP:0004302, HP:0001269, HP:0012229, HP:0011288, HP:0002321, HP:0000622 (Migraine, Nausea and vomiting, Visual impairment, Dysphasia, Sensory impairment, Functional motor deficit, Hemiparesis, CSF pleocytosis, EEG with parietal sharp slow waves, Vertigo, Blurred vision)

      HPOsFreeText: Mechanosensitivity

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0011182, HP:0001251, HP:0001250 (Interictal epileptiform activity, Ataxia, Seizure)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: No evidence of headache attacks with focal neurological deficits in any other family member, but the patient’s father was found to suffer from migraine without aura

      CasePreviousTesting: Responsive to treatment with ibuprofen; Mild head trauma is a trigger; Neuroimaging during attacks was normal; Screen for variants in CACNA1A, ATP1A2, SCN1A, and PRRT2 was negative

      CaseGenotypingMethod: All exons and exon-intron boundaries of the SLC1A3 gene were seuqenced and a variant was found that segregates with the phenotype.

      Variant: NM_004172.5:c.1159A>C (p.Thr387Pro)

      CAID: CA359482299, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA359482299

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. a patient

      CaseJE: Male, 10 yrs report,

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002131, HP:0004374, HP:0001319, HP:0001270, HP:0001350, HP:0002076, HP:0010547, HP:0001272, HP:0002381, HP:0002181, HP:0011182, HP:0045084, HP:0001289, HP:0002078, HP:0007034, HP:0007772, HP:0011289 (Episodic ataxia, Hemiplegia/hemiparesis, Neonatal hypotonia, Motor delay, Slurred speech, Migraine, Muscle flaccidity, Cerebellar atrophy, Aphasia, Cerebral edema, Interictal epileptiform activity, Limb myoclonus, Confusion, Truncal ataxia, Generalized hyperreflexia, Impaired smooth pursuit, EEG with temporal sharp slow waves)

      HPOsFreeText: Left visual field neglect, Episodic left hemifield distortion

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000639, HP:0000570, HP:0007670, HP:0000267 (Nystagmus, Impaired saccades, Abnormal vestibulo-ocular reflex, Cranial asymmetry)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Variant is confirmed heterozygous de novo via parental testing and confirmed paternity; No family member has any neurological signs or symptoms

      CasePreviousTesting: Previously screened for CACNA1A and ATP1A2 with negative results; Episodic migraine attacks led to progressive right-sided headache and left-sided symptoms such as weakness and visual field neglect; Comprehensive metabolic workup revealed no abnormality in the CSF, serum, and urine; MRI showed a diffuse right-sided cortical hyperintensity most prominent in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR); EEG showed subclinical seizure activity in the left frontal temporal cortex and diffuse slowing on the right

      CaseGenotypingMethod: DNA was extracted from blood samples. All exons and flanking intronic regions of SLC1A3 were PCR-amplified and directly sequenced. These were confirmed via resequencing.

      Variant: NM_004172.5(SLC1A3):c.869C>G (p.Pro290Arg)

      ClinVar: 9441, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/9441/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. V1

      CaseV1 Male, 6yr report, Dutch

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0025116, HP:0001941, HP:0002098, HP:0000737, HP:0010818, HP:0010851, HP:0000486, HP:0002464, HP:0001288, HP:0000750, HP:0000238, HP:0001263, HP:0100021

      (Fetal distress, Acidosis, Respiratory distress, Irritability, Generalized tonic seizures, EEG with burst suppression, Squint, Spastic dysarthria, Gait difficulties, Speech delay, Hydrocephalus, Developmental delay, Cerebral palsy)

      HPOsFreeText born at 35wk gestation. (neonatal, pre-treatment:) apgar score 1min:6, 5min:7; acidosis, respiratory distress, irritability, generalized tonic fits(onset at 1h old), burst suppression EEG, resistant to ACD's. (4do:) first pyridoxine trial, trial dose/route=50mg i/v, complete cessation of seizures, apnoea, hypotonia/sleepiness, hypotension, initial maintenance daily dose=50mg. (infancy/childhood:) squint, spastic dysarthria, gait problems, speech delay/difficulties, IQ:60-70, hydrocephalus on MRI requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunt. (PMID:16159904:) developmental delay, cerebral palsy

      CaseNotHPOs HP:0001557, HP:0003270, HP:0002013, HP:0011169, HP:0001336, HP:0002521, HP:0025116

      (Abnormal Intrauterine movements, Abdominal distension, Vomiting, Clonic seizures, Myoclonic jerk, Hypsarrhythmia, Fetal distress)

      NotHPOsFreeText (neonatal, pre-treatment:) abdominal distension, clonic or myoclonic jerks, hypsarryhythmia, or other EEG changes. (infancy/childhood:) recurrence of seizures with febrile illness. (PMID:16159904:) intrauterine seizures, signs of fetal distress, for example, meconium stained amniotic fluid or abnormal cardiotocography

      CasePreviousTesting Administration of pyridoxine relieved patient's seizures. CSF pipecolic acid: 6.9, 1.5(nv<0.15μM), plasma pipecolic acid: 5.3(nv<2.5μM), CSF AASA: 1(nv <0.1μM), plasma AASA: 2.4(nv<0.2μM), urine AASA: 12(nv<1 mmol/mol creatinine).

      Variant 1. NM_001182.4(ALDH7A1):c.1279G>C (p.Glu427Gln), 2. NM_001182.4(ALDH7A1):c.328C>T (p.Arg110Ter), compound heterozygous

      ClinVar 1. 17994, 2. 17995

      gnomAD 1.MAF= 0.0006123(European(Non-Finnish)), no homozygotes, 2. MAF=0.0001385(Other), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo nonconsanguineous parents

      CasePMIDs 17721876, 17088338, 16159904

    2. family H

      FamilyLabel Family H

      FamilyHPresentingHPOs HP:0001557, HP:0001941, HP:0002098, HP:0003270, HP:0002013, HP:0001336, HP:0010851, HP:0000750

      (Abnormal intrauterine movements, Acidosis, Respiratory distress, Abdominal distension, Vomiting, Myoclonic jerks, EEG with burst suppression, Speech delay)

      HPOsFreeText born after 40wks gestation. (neonatal, pre-treatment:) apgar score at 1min:9, 5min:9, acidosis, respiratory distress, abdominal distension, vomiting, onset of myoclonic jerks at 12h, EEG burst suppression. (2d:) introduced to pyridoxine therapy, trial dose/route of 100mg i/v, complete cessation of seizures, ventilated, initial daily dose of 100mg. (infancy/childhood:) speech delay, IQ: 60-70, no seizures on withdrawal from therapy

      FamilyNotHPOs n/a

      CountryOrigin n/a

      Ethnicity Turkish

      Race n/a

      FamilyHPreviousTesting Administration of pyridoxine relieved patient's seizures.

      ProbandLabel H1

      Variant NM_001182.4(ALDH7A1):c.518-1G>C, homozygous

      ClinVar 17994

      gnomAD MAF=0.0006123(European(non-Finnish)), no homozygotes

      FamilyAddInfo 1st cousin parents

      FamilyPMIDs n/a

    1. AmishGA1patient.

      Case1: Amish

      HPOsFreeText: GA1 confirmed

      Case (Level 2)


      CasePreviousTesting: GA1 confirmed

      CaseMethod1: PCR

      CaseMethod2: MaeII restriction digest

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as Amish group


      Variant: NM_000159.3(GCDH):c.1262C>T (p.Ala421Val)

      ClinVar: 2082

      gnomAD: 0.0002867 (European non-Finnish)


      CaseAddInfo: homozygous, founder allele in Amish of Lancaster County from immigrant from Switzerland to US in early 18th century. 4 non-Amish patients were found heterozygous for this allele with central European ancestry.

    1. Case report

      CaseBH: Male, Somalia, 8 yrs report

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003026, HP:0001511, HP:0000973, HP:0008936, HP:0000023, HP:0008780, HP:0000519, HP:0000639, HP:0011493, HP:0001263, HP:0001999, HP:0000337, HP:0000325, HP:0000494, HP:0000160, HP:0000977, HP:0001181, HP:0002119, HP:0005116 (Short long bone, Intrauterine growth retardation, Cutis laxa, Truncal hypotonia, Inguinal hernia, Congenital bilateral hip dislocation, Developmental cataract, Nystagmus, Central opacification of the cornea, Global developmental delay, Abnormal facial shape, Broad forehead, Triangular face, Downslanted palpebral fissures, Narrow mouth, Soft skin, Adducted thumb, Ventriculomegaly, Arterial tortuosity)

      HPOsFreeText: At age 8 years, his height was 96 cm (Z=−5.8) and weight was 11.6 kg (Z=−7.26); Head circumference was 45.4 cm, (Z=−5.0) which is the 50th centile for a 10-month-old boy; Walked with support

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Parents are consanguineous fourth cousins, Had an older sister and younger brother who were developmentally appropriate and well grown

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: PYCR1 and ALDH18A1 were Sanger sequenced in the proband which revealed a single variant. Chromosomal SNP microarray showed no regions of homozygosity or any other deletions or duplications. Whole Exome Sequencing of genomic DNA from the proband was performed for confirmation again only revealing the single heterozygous missense variant in ALDH18A1. Copy-number analysis was performed and identified no significant variation. Sequencing of the parents revealed a de novo inheritance pattern.

      Variant: NM_002860.3:c.377G>A (p.Arg126His)

      CAID: CA377706756 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA377706756

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. GA5

      Case#: GA5, Southern Italy, 40 years (onset), gender unknown

      CaseHPOs: HP:0000662, HP:0012026 (night blindness, (hyperornithinemia)

      CaseHPOsFreeText: Presented with visual disturbances at age 40 years. Plasma ornithine levels could be normalized by diet alone. Not responsive to Vitamin B6 treatment.

      CaseNotHPOs: Neonatal encephalopathy

      CasePreviousTesting: No previous DNA testing noted. Plasma ornithine at diagnosis 805 umol/L (normal <100)

      CaseMethod1: PCR

      CaseMethod2: Sequencing

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Sequence analysis of the OAT gene from fibroblast or lymphocyte cDNA and genomic DNA. Variant: NM_000274.3(OAT):c.1307T>A (p.Ile436Asn)

      ClinVar: 56115

      gnomAD: The maximum population minor allele frequency in gnomAD = 0.00002662 (European non-Finnish); no homozygotes in any population.

      VariantEvidence: The variant was expressed in S. cerevisae with a deletion of CargB, the year ortholog of OAT, that cannot grow in media with ornithine as the sole nitrogen source. Whereas expression of wild type OAT allows yeast to grow in media with ornithine as the sole nitrogen source, no growth was observed when the variant was expressed. OAT enzymatic activity was measured and was <10% normal, and OAT protein was barely detectable on Western blot.

    2. GA3

      Case#: GA3, Turkey, 5 years (onset), gender unknown

      CaseHPOs: HP:0012026 (hyperornithinemia)

      CaseHPOsFreeText: Presented with visual disturbances at 5 years of age. No further details.

      CaseNotHPOs: Neonatal encephalopathy

      CasePreviousTesting: No previous DNA testing noted. Plasma ornithine at diagnosis 650umol/L (normal <100)

      CaseMethod1: PCR

      CaseMethod2: Sequencing

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Sequence analysis of the OAT gene from fibroblast or lymphocyte cDNA and genomic DNA. Variant: NM_000274.3(OAT):c.991C>T (p.Arg331Ter) (homozygous)

      ClinVar: 56141

      gnomAD: The maximum population minor allele frequency in gnomAD is 0.0001446 (Latino); no homozygotes in any population.

    1. Family#: GA-07, Lebanese Maronite

      FamilyHPOs: HP:0012026

      FamilyHPOText: “Clinical presentation typical of gyrate atrophy”; no further details.

      FamilyGenotypingMethod: RNAse A protection assay using 2 probes to cover the entire OAT cDNA, narrowed the site of the variant to the 5’ end of the gene. DNA sequence analysis revealed c.3G>A (p.Met1?). Parents are confirmed heterozygous, based on RFLP analysis.

      FamilyPreviousTesting: Elevated plasma ornithine; Fibroblast OAT activity was undetectable

      Variant: NM_000274.3(OAT):c.3G>A (p.Met1?)

      ClinVar: 146

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      Proband: GA-07, Case 7, female, Lebanese, 32 (at report)

      CasePreviousTesting: Plasma ornithine, on normal diet: 771uM/l (normal 75+/-25). Fibroblast OAT activity was undetectable (ornithine value from Kaiser-Kupfer, M. I., and D. Valle. 1986. Progress in Retinal Research. p179-206)

      CaseAddInfo: Parents are confirmed heterozygotes.

      Sibling: GA-07, Case 16, male, Lebanese, 33 (at report)

      SiblingPreviousTesting: Plasma ornithine, on normal diet: 800uM/l (normal 75+/-25). Fibroblast OAT activity was undetectable (ornithine value from Kaiser-Kupfer, M. I., and D. Valle. 1986. Progress in Retinal Research. p179-206)

      Points: 1 point

    1. patient 1

      Case1: Male, 3 months diagnosis/death, Egypt, African

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001999, HP:0011968, HP:0001531, HP:0001270, HP:0001252, HP:0003468, HP:0001636, HP:0001274 (Dysmorphic facial features, Poor feeding, Failure to thrive in infancy, Motor delay, Muscle hypotonia, Abnormal vertebrae, Tetraology of Fallot, Agenesis of corpus callosum)

      HPOsFreeText: Agenesis of the cingulate gyrus

      CaseNotHPOs:

      NotHPOsFreeText:

      CaseAddInfo: Parents are consanguinous, Proband is homozygous for this mutation, Died a few days after hospital admission in infancy

      CasePreviousTesting: Increased levels of S-2-carboxypropyl-cysteamine and S-2-carboxypropyl-cysteine, Fibroblast and liver homogenates of patient 1 showed normal hydratase activities towards methacrylyl-CoA (as well as crotonyl-CoA and tiglyl-CoA),

      CasePMIDs: 7122152

      CaseGenotypingMethod: After confirming low HICBH activity in fibroblasts of the patients, the gene was analyzed at the genomic level and the mRNA level in both patients using sequence analysis.

      Variant: NM_014362.3:c.220-9T>G

      ClinVar: 1144 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/1144/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    2. patient 2

      Case2: Male, Caucasian, 9 months onset

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011968, HP:0001270, HP:0001251, HP:0002376, HP:0002121, HP:0000737, HP:0002317, HP:0002599, HP:0002078, HP:0012389, HP:0001310, HP:0001337, HP:0001254, HP:0001942, HP:0002329, HP:0001308, HP:0002599, HP:0001332, HP:0002181, HP:0002134 (Poor feeding, Delayed motor milestones, Ataxia, Developmental regression, Absence seizures, Irritability, Unsteady gait, Head titubation, Truncal ataxia, Appendicular hypotonia, Dysmetria, Tremor, Lethargy, Metabolic acidosis, Drowsiness, Tongue fasciculation, Head titubation, Dystonia, Cerebral edema, Abnormality of the basal ganglia)

      HPOsFreeText: Head bobbing at 4 months, Rolled over at 5 mo but lost the ability at 10 mo, Reaching out and grasping objects at 4 mo but lost the ability at 13 mo, Eye rolling episodes at 9 months, Lost ability to finger feed at 10 months, Inability to sit unsupported, At 14 months blood pH was 7.29 with a base deficit of 15.8 mmol/L, Sluggish papillary responses, Pooling of secretions in the mouth, No improvement on treatment with thiamine or a combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, and ubiquinone, Signal abnormalities in the globus pallidus and the midbrain

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000639, HP:0002151, HP:0001987, HP:0003116, HP:0012443 (Nystagmus, Increased serum lactate, Hyperammonemia, Abnormal echocardiogram, Abnormality of brain morphology)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Parents were nonconsanguinous, Proband is compound heterozygous for these mutations with parental testing

      CasePreviousTesting: Pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase in cultured human skin fibroblasts, Activities of respiratory chain complexes in a muscle biopsy, Marked reduction of complex I (patient 0.089, controls 0.104–0.268) and a borderline reduction of complex IV (patient 0.013, controls 0.014–0.034), Organic acid analysis during ketotic episodes showed excessive excretion of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate and moderate excretion of lactate, 2-hydroxyisovalerate, 2-oxoisocaproate, dicarboxylic acids (C6, C8, C10), and methylmalonate, with normal levels of methylcitrate as opposed to normal levels when well, Urine amino acid analysis, Elevated levels of hydroxy-C4-carnitine (patient 0.45-1.73 μM, controls <0.4 μM) even when not ketotic

      CaseGenotypingMethod: After confirming low HICBH activity in fibroblasts of the patients, the gene was analyzed at the genomic level and the mRNA level in both patients using sequence analysis.

      Variant1: NM_014362.4:c.365A>G (p.Tyr122Cys)

      ClinVar: 1145 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/1145/

      gnomAD: Latino 4.338e-4, Overall 6.373e-5 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/2-191155151-T-C

      Variant2: NM_014362.3:c.79-3C>G

      ClinVar: 1146 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/1146/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. 3

      Case1873(W.C.) Male, 37yo report, Irish

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0002625, HP:0000766, HP:0002942, HP:0006682, HP:0005625, HP:0002353

      (Deep vein thrombosis, Sternal anomaly, Thoracic kyphosis, Ventricular extrasystoles, Osteoporosis of vertebrae, EEG abnormality)

      HPOsFreeText Patient had single episode of deep vein thrombosis of left leg at 30yo. No further clinical sequelae related to homocystinuria.

      (PMID: 20329304): Patient was born normally at 36wks gestation weighing 2.9kg. By 9 and half years old he was well developed and nourished, mentally normal at IQ 93. He did have pronounced malar flush, some grey hair of normal texture, slightly depressed sternum, mild kyphosis of upper thoracic spine. Exam of major systems was normal save for occasional ventricular extrasystole. Roengenogram showed marked osteoporosis of spine, but normal long bones. EEG showed non-specific diffuse abnormality.

      CaseNotHPOs HP:0001083

      (Lens dislocation)

      NotHPOsFreeText lenses were found to not be displaced upon exam at 9 and a half years old.

      CasePreviousTesting Plasma homocysteine was 450μM pretreatment. Pyroxidine treatment reduced those levels to trace amounts. In patient fibroblasts, no CBS protein was detect on Western blot and CBS assay detected no activity. (PMID: 20329304): "Full hemogram, routine urine analysis, liver function tests, serum ion and iron-binding capacity, plasma magnesium, serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, fasting blood sugars, blood urea nitrogen, and bone marrow examination were all normal". Heavy homocysteine spot shown on chromatogram of urinary amino acids.

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod Created a bacteria expression system in E.coli by substituting one of three fragments of (PCR amplified)patient cDNA into WT CBS sequence already subcloned in expression plasmids. Bacteria were screened based on which ones did not have CBS activity. Those that did not have activity were thought to have LOF variants in CBS. Plasmids containing the inactivating fragments, one cut with NcoI/XmaI and another cut with Bpu1102/BstX, were sequenced.

      Variant 1. NM_000071.2:c.715G>A (p.Glu239Lys),

      1. NM_000071.2:c.233C>G (p.Pro78Arg);3. NM_000071.2:c.306G>C (p.Lys102Asn) - 2&3 in cis, compound heterozygous

      ClinVar 1. n/a, 2. 188988;3. 188989

      CAID 1. CA410600501

      gnomAD 1. not in gnomAD, 2. MAF=0.0001631(Other), no homozygotes, 3. MAF=0.0001630(Other), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo Mother had edema of both legs with no other features of pre-eclampsia during the last six weeks of pregnancy.

      CasePMIDs 20329304

    1. 467

      Case467 Caucasian

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0003571 (Propionicacidemia)

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      CasePreviousTesting none reported

      Variant 1. NM_000532.4(PCCB):c.1218_1231delGGGCATCATCCGGCinsTAGAGCACAGGA (p.Gly407Argfs), 2. NM_000532.4:c.1222del (p.Ile408SerfsTer?)

      ClinVar 1.38875, 2. n/a

      CAID 2. unregistered

      gnomAD 1. not in gnomAD

      CaseAddInfo parents NOT tested, phase unknown

      CasePMIDs n/a

    1. CHN2.1

      CaseCHN2.1: Canada, White

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0008353 (Neutral hyperaminoaciduria)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Variants segregate with the disease

      CasePreviousTesting: Hartnup aminoaciduria profile was confirmed by ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography

      CaseGenotypingMethod: All SLC6A19 exons and flanking introns were directly amplified and sequenced from genomic DNA.

      Variant1: NM_001003841.3:c.532C>T (p.Arg178Ter)

      CAID: CA3182753, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA3182753

      gnomAD: 0.0004414, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/5-1212468-C-T

      Variant2: NM_001003841.3:c.1213G>A (p.Glu405Lys)

      CAID: CA3183103, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA3183103

      gnomAD: 0.0001203, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/5-1219057-G-A

    2. CHN1.1

      CaseCHN1.1: Canada, White

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0008353 (Neutral hyperaminoaciduria)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Variants segregate with the disease, Has a sibling with the same variant and amino acid profile

      CasePreviousTesting: Hartnup aminoaciduria profile was confirmed by ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography;

      CaseGenotypingMethod: All SLC6A19 exons and flanking introns were directly amplified and sequenced from genomic DNA.

      Variant1: NM_001003841.3:c.196G>A (p.Gly66Arg)

      CAID: CA359061114 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA359061114

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      Variant2: NM_001003841.3:c.982C>T (p.Arg328Cys)

      CAID: CA3182972, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA3182972

      gnomAD: 0.0002479, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/5-1216767-C-T

    1. Pahcnu

      NonHumanModel: Mouse (Mus musculus)

      GeneAlteration: Mutations were induced in mice germline cells at a rate near 10^-3 per locus via an alkylating agent called ethylnitrosourea. Inbred BTBR males were treated with this agent and bred to normal BTBR females. Three hundred and fifty progeny were screened for mutations that did not complement the previous model PAH_enu1 and if present bred to a previous homozygote and tested for hyperphenylalaninemia. A PHE clearance test was performed in questionable cases. For those that tested positive the carrier parents were mated to a normal BTBR partner to establish a cogenic mutant line. Western blot confirmed reduced to absent CRM in liver.

      ModelPhenotype: HP:0007513, HP:0000707, HP:0005982, HP:0100610, HP:0004923, HP:0001510, HP:0000252 (Generalized hypopigmentation, Abnormality of the nervous system, Reduced phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, Maternal hyperphenylalaninemia, Hyperphenylalaninemia, Growth delay, Microcephaly)

      ModelFreeText: Serum PHE concentrations were 15x wild-type for PAH_enu2 (23.1 +/- 6.9 mg/dl, 1.5 +/- 0.5 reference) and 14x wild-type for PAH_enu3 (20.3 +/- 5.9 mg/dl, 1.5 +/- 0.5 reference), PAH activity was reduced to <1% wild-type for PAH_enu2 (0 +/- 2 delta O.D. x 10^3/min/mg protein, 40 +/- 6 reference) and <10% wild-type for PAH_enu3 (5 +/- 5 delta O.D. x 10^3/min/mg protein, 40 +/- 6 reference)

      HumanPhenotype: HP:0007513, HP:0000707, HP:0005982, HP:0100610, HP:0004923, HP:0000252 (Generalized hypopigmentation, Abnormality of the nervous system, Reduced phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, Maternal hyperphenylalaninemia, Hyperphenylalaninemia, Microcephaly)

      HumanFreeText: N/A

      ModelEvidence: PAH_enu2 has been further characterized many times and results from a missense variant in PAH (PMID: 9119379). PAH_enu3 has also been further characterized and results from a canonical splicing variant in PAH (PMID:11161825). Both models fully recapitulate the phenotypes we expect to see in phenylketonuria, including the quintessential elevated PHE levels and significantly decreased PAH activity. Also of note is the progressive hypopigmentation, microcephaly, growth delay, and neurological abnormalities which are all seen in human probands without proper intervention. Maternal hyperphenylalaninemia is also recapitulated, with no pups surviving beyond several hours with standard breeding diet when born to a mother with the homozygous genotype. Diets low in PKU resulted in less severe symptoms, similar to low protein diets in human probands.

      ModelVariant1: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.788T>C (p.Phe263Ser)

      ClinVar: 619150 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/619150/

      ModelVariant2: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.1199+2T>G

      ClinVar: 557365 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/557365/

    1. Patient 9

      Case9: Male, Turkey, 24 yrs report,

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002251, HP:0001321, HP:0001161, HP:0025356, HP:0002474, HP:0000708, HP:0001488, HP:0002317, HP:0000646, HP:0000486 (Aganglionic megacolon, Cerebellar hypoplasia, Hand polydactyly, Psychomotor retardation, Expressive language delay, Behavioral abnormality, Bilateral ptosis, Unsteady gait, Strabismus)

      HPOsFreeText: Dysgnathia

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Proband is homozygous, Parents are consanguineous, cDNA amplification of the exons 8 and 9 in this patient revealed an insertion of 64 base pairs due to the use of a cryptic donor site leading to a premature stop codon and a likely null allele; Proband has two healthy sisters

      CasePreviousTesting: Patient fibroblasts were analyzed for mutations in SLC25A21 and activities of KATII with no abnormalities; A metabolic work-up revealed alpha-ketoadipic aciduria and alpha-aminoadipic aciduria; A non-verbal intelligence test yielded a slightly decreased value; A single metabolic decompensation in adulthood was ascribed to Helicobacter pylori and its eradication improved the patient’s well-being.

      CaseGenotypingMethod: All 17 exons and flanking intronic sequences of DHTKD1 were Sanger sequenced.

      Variant: NM_018706.6:c.1671+1G>A

      CAID: CA5407905 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_canonicalid?canonicalid=CA5407905

      gnomAD: 0.0001399, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/10-12139996-G-A

    2. Patient 8

      Case8: Female

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001270, HP:0001252, HP:0011342, HP:0007479 (Motor delay, Muscular hypotonia, Mild motor developmental delay, Congenital nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Consanguineity is suspected, Proband is homozygous

      CasePreviousTesting: Patient fibroblasts were analyzed for mutations in SLC25A21 and activities of KATII with no abnormalities; Urine AAA and KAA were elevated. Oxidation of radiolabeled AAA in fibroblasts was deficient.

      CaseGenotypingMethod: All 17 exons and flanking intronic sequences of DHTKD1 were Sanger sequenced.

      CasePMIDs: 1112064, 1112065

      Variant: NM_018706.7(DHTKD1):c.2134C>T (p.Arg712Ter)

      ClinVar: 572241 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/572241/

      gnomAD: 0.00003267, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/10-12149994-C-T

    1. Patient 2

      Case2 unknown sex, Netherlands, Dutch

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0001250, HP:0001263

      (Seizures, Developmental delay)

      HPOsFreeText Seizures ceased upon administration of pyridoxine. (PMID:16159904:) 1st seizure at 4do, first administered pyridoxine 6mo, age at trial 1.7yr, initial dose:100mg, maintenance dose:100mg/day, delayed development(PMID:17088338:) Definite="recurrent (two or more) seizures of any type that cease within seven days of the administration of oral pyridoxine (usual dose, 30 mg/ kg/day; minimum dose, 15 mg/kg/day; maximum dose, 1000 mg/kg/day) or within 30 minutes of intravenous pyridoxine (usual dose, 100 mg; minimum dose, 50 mg), that recur when pyridoxine supplementation is withdrawn, and that cease again when pyridoxine is given as above"

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      NotHPOsFreeText intrauterine seizures

      CasePreviousTesting PDS confirmed metabolically: α‐AASA urine 4.7(nv <1mmol/mol cr), α‐AASA plasma 0.9(nv <0.2μmol/l), pipecolic acid urine 0.27(nv 0.55-24.1mmol/mol cr <6mo, 0.01–1.54mmol/mol cr >6 mo) pipecolic plasma 5.8(nv 3.75-10.8μmol/l <1wk, 0.7-2.46μmol/l >1wk)

      Variant 1. NM_001202404.1:c.1321T>A (p.Cys441Ser), 2. NM_001182.4(ALDH7A1):c.834G>A (p.Val278=)

      ClinVar 1. n/a, 2. 18002

      CAID 1. CA360721136

      gnomAD 1. not in gnomAD, 2. not in gnomAD(C and not G at that position?)

      CaseAddInfo Parents heterozygous for either allele=variants in trans in the patient. Two unaffected siblings, one with neither variant and the other with one copy of the p.Cys441Ser variant

      CasePMIDs 17088338 , 16159904

    1. Homozygous IVS3+1G>A

      Case5: Female, 3.5 (report), European

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002194, HP:0000750, HP:0002370, HP:0002136, HP:0002066, HP:0002360, HP:0025401, HP:0012168, HP:0000252, HP:0000316, HP:0000426, HP:0000369, HP:0000347, HP:0002299, HP:0006801

      HPOFreeText: Normal neonatal course. By 8 months could not crawl, subsequent gross motor development delayed. Speech and language delay. By 3.5 years showed balance problems, poor coordination, abnormal wide based gait with ataxia. Sleep disturbance , staring, behavioral issues since 1 year. Dysmorphic features noted at 3.5 years. Brain dysgenesis and partial seizure disorder.

      CaseNotHPOs: No skeletal abnormaliites, no organomegaly.

      CasePreviousTesting: Followup C5 carnitine 2.58 nM/ml (ref <0.63). Additional testing was performed on patients identified by NBS: all either had elevation of 2-methylbutyrlglycine in urine (with no intermediates consistent with isovaleric acidemia), or increase in 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine in culture from fibroblasts. Chromosome and fragile X testing normal as well as sequencing of exons 2 and 3 of MECP2. Plasma amino acids normal as well as Angelmann syndrome testing and microarray testing.

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Bidirectional sequence analysis of genomic DNA.

      Variant: NM_001609.3(ACADSB):c.303+1G>A (homozygous)

      ClinVar: 203367

      gnomAD: Other 0.0005549

      VariantEvidence: Canonical splice site variant. Discrupts canonical splicing signal of intron 3.

      CaseAddInfo:

      CasePMIDs:

    1. other

      CaseSA3P: Female, 16 months onset, European

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001988, HP:0000825, HP:0001987 (Recurrent hypoglycemia, Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, Hyperammonemia)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Proband is confirmed de novo via parental teting and confirmed paternity

      CasePreviousTesting: Protein/leucine restriction was effective at reducing symptoms

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA was prepared from all patients via peripheral blood leukocytes. The GLUD1 gene exons 1-13 and the flanking intronic regions were PCR-amplified and directly sequenced. All variants were confirmed via restriction enzyme analysis. Additionally, paternity testing was performed by HLA typing and by southern blot analysis of DNA fragments as well as PCR analysis of STRs.

      Variant: NM_005271.5(GLUD1):c.965G>A (p.Arg322His)

      ClinVar: 16129, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/16129/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    2. from

      CaseSA5P: Female, 3 months onset, European

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001988, HP:0000825, HP:0001249, HP:0001250 (Recurrent hypoglycemia, Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, Intellectual disability, Seizure)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001987 (Hyperammonemia)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Has father with confirmed variant and similar phenotypes

      CasePreviousTesting: Leucine load test showed leucine sensitivity; Protein/leucine restriction and dioxazide was effective at reducing symptoms

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA was prepared from all patients via peripheral blood leukocytes. The GLUD1 gene exons 1-13 and the flanking intronic regions were PCR-amplified and directly sequenced. All variants were confirmed via restriction enzyme analysis. Additionally, paternity testing was performed by HLA typing and by southern blot analysis of DNA fragments as well as PCR analysis of STRs.

      Variant: NM_005271.5(GLUD1):c.965G>A (p.Arg322His)

      ClinVar: 16129, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/16129/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. F-4

      CaseF-4 female, 2mo onset, Ethnicity: Southern Indian, Muslim

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0006846, HP:0001254, HP:0001987, HP:0002154, HP:0045045, HP:0003571

      (Acute encephalopathy, Lethargy, Hyperammonemia, Elevated blood glycine, Elevated acylcarnitines, Propionicacidemia)

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      CasePreviousTesting Also screened for variants in PCCA

      Variant NM_000532.4(PCCB):c.1540C>T (p.Arg514Ter)

      ClinVar 217893

      gnomAD MAF=0.00005015(South Asian), no homozygotes

      CaseAddInfo consanguineous, abnormality in family history noted

      CasePMIDs n/a

    2. F-25

      CaseF-25 female, 4do onset, Ethnicity: North Indian, Muslim

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0006846, HP:0001254, HP:0002098, HP:0001942, HP:0045045, HP:0003571

      (Acute encephalopathy, Lethargy, Respiratory distress, Poor feeding, Metabolic acidosis, Elevated acylcarnitines, Propionicacidemia)

      HPOsFreeText Serum ammonia 86.4micromolar

      CaseNotHPOs n/a

      CasePreviousTesting Also screened for variants in PCCA

      Variant NM_000532.4(PCCB):c.1498+2T>C

      ClinVar 217895

      gnomAD not in gnomAD

      CaseAddInfo consanguineous, no abnormalities in family history noted

      CasePMIDs n/a

    1. (BIODEF #306)

      Case: BIODEF 306, male, Caucasian, 7 days (per BIODEF website)

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0008297, HP:0040210

      Increased primapterin levels in urine.

      CaseNOTHPOs:

      CasePreviousTesting: n/a

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Assumed PCR of exons 2-4 of PCBD1 followed by direct sequencing. Psuedogenes were not assessed.

      Variant: NM_000281.3(PCBD1):c.289G>A (p.Glu97Lys)

      ClinVar ID: 91907

      Homozygous

      gnomAD: MAF (Euro-NF)= 2.320E-5 in hets only, no homozygous. http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/10-72643733-C-T

      AddCaseInfo: Parents noted as consanguineous on the BIODEF website.

      VariantEvidence: Expression of recombinant protein in bacteria revealed that the E97K are present in the insoluble fraction compared to wildtype which is found in the soluble. The little amount retained of each in the soluble fraction showed that they retained activity. Dehydratase activity of the patients duodenal mucosa cells showed reduced activity of he E97K (17% activity) mutant compared to wildtype , indicating that this mutation severely reduces the activity of PCBD1.

    1. 16

      Patient16: Group 3

      CasePresentingHPOs: same as group 3

      CasePreviousTesting: same as group 3

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group 3

      Variant1: NM_001159508.1:c.149G>C (p.Arg50Thr) listed in paper as (p.Arg21Pro)

      CAID: CA391743853, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA391743853

      gnomAD: n/a

      Variant2: NM_002225.4:c.851G>A

      CAID: CA7480763, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA7480763

      **In ClinVar as: NM_002225.3(IVD):c.860G>A (p.Arg287Gln), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/555453/ **

      gnomAD: 0.00001770, http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/15-40707154-G-A

    2. 18

      Patient18: Group 3

      CasePresentingHPOs: same as group 3

      CasePreviousTesting: same as group 3

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group 3

      Variant1: NM_002225.3:c.1136T>C (p.p.Ile349Thr) **listed in paper as (p.Phe350Ser)

      CAID: CA391723904, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA391723904

      gnomAD: n/a

      Variant2: IVS3+5G>T no ClinVar or CAID

    1. 4.4. Tafazzin functionality

      ExperimentName: TAZ Function in Patient Fibroblasts

      PatientCell: CL:0000057 (Fibroblast)

      GeneFunction: GO:0003841 (1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity)

      GeneAlteration: Fibroblasts were utilized from frozen tissue samples that were taken from 14 Barth Syndrome probands and compared to age-matched controls.

      FunctionalEvidence: Several relevant tafazzin slice variants (full transcript, -ex5, and -ex7) were expressed in human BTHS fibroblasts and the MLCL/CL ratio was compared to age-matched controls and the previous results from the fibroblasts themselves. This ratio is important as the amount of cardiolipin (CL) conversion by tafazzin is crucial to the disease progress and observable phenotypes. Overall, the ratio observed in fibroblasts alone was significantly higher than controls (~1.1, reference 0.12). The expression of tafazzin splice variants did rescue some of the ratio, although only the preumed active variant lacking exon 5 showed significant decrease of the ratio (~0.5).

      FAVariant1: NM_000116.5(TAZ):c.153C>G (p.Tyr51Ter)

      ClinVar: 11101, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/11101/

      FAVariant2: NM_000116.4:c.170G>T (p.Arg57Leu)

      CAID: CA415179752, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA415179752

      FAVariant3: NM_000116.4:c.590G>T (p.Gly197Val)

      CAID: CA415184091, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA415184091

      FAVariant4: NM_000116.5(TAZ):c.280C>T (p.Arg94Cys)

      ClinVar: 202092, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/202092/

    1. We evaluated 16 patients with IVA, including 3 pairs of siblings

      Patient4: Female, 3yo sibling to patient 5

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      HPOsFreeText: Asymptomatic, C5 (DBS) = 4.0 μmol l−1, IVA incorp (%) = 80, IVG in urine mmol permol creatinine = 242, Ammonium (μmol l−1) = 31, pH = 7.37, Protein intake (g kg−1 per day) = 1.5, treated with carnitine supplements, PDI/IQ in follow-up = 92

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0011968, HP:0002013, HP:0001944, HP:0001254, HP:0001259

      (poor feeding, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, coma)

      NotHPOsFreeText: sweaty feet odor

      CaseAddInfo: Diagnosed with NBS, diagnosed at 26 days old

      CasePMIDs:

      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group

      Variant1: NM_002225.4(IVD):c.1205T>C (p.Ile402Thr)

      ClinVar: 529433, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/529433/

      gnomAD: n/a

      Variant2: NM_001159508.1:c.500T>C

      CAID: CA391717541, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA391717541

      gnomAD: n/a

    1. Table 1

      Case# P1, 4day onset, Turkish

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0002151, HP:0001946, HP:0001942, HP:0001987

      CasePreviousTesting negative for NAGS and CPS1 genes.

      CaseGenotypingMethod sequence analysis of coding exons, including flanking intronic regions of CA5A and CA5B, was performed.

      Variant NM_001739.1:c.123G>A

      CAID CA397038622

      VariantEvidence truncated protein

      CaseAddInfo consanguineous

    1. To

      VariantEvidence: Human HEK293 cells were transfected with either wild-type or mutant protein and cloned, with mRNA and protein levels being determined by PCR and western blotting. The mutant protein levels were just on the threshold of being detected, while the wild-type was over-expressed. This further exemplifies the pathogenicity of the gene.

      Variant: NM_018960.4:c.296G>A (p.Arg99His)

    1. Table 2

      Case10: Male, Ecuador

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001290, HP:0003324, HP:0002093, HP:0011968, HP:0001283, HP:0001561, HP:0001558, HP:0000602, HP:0001622, HP:0001371, HP:0001623, HP:0002804 (Generalized hypotonia, Generalized muscle weakness, Respiratory insufficiency, Feeding difficulties, Bulbar weakness, Polyhydramnios, Decreased fetal movements, Ophthalmoplegia, Preterm delivery, Contractures, Breech presentation, Arthrogryposis)

      HPOsFreeText: Bilateral femoral fractures

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001627 (Cardiac abnormality)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Severe congenital myopathy, Deceased in 6 weeks

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: After LMOD3 was identified as a potential causal gene, bidirectional Sanger sequencing was performed on DNA in genetically unresolved patients using PCR amplification covering 3 exons.

      Variant1: NM_198271.4:c.976G>C (p.Gly326Arg)

      CAID: CA353473660 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NM_198271.4%3Ac.976G%3EC

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      Variant2: NM_198271.4:c.1372C>T (p.Gln458*)

      CAID: CA353470920 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NM_198271.4%3Ac.1372C%3ET

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    2. Table 2

      Case6: Female, Japan, Asian

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001290, HP:0003324, HP:0002093, HP:0011968, HP:0001283, HP:0003798, HP:0001561, HP:0001558, HP:0001789, HP:0000252, HP:0001622, HP:0001371 (Generalized hypotonia, Generalized muscle weakness, Respiratory insufficiency, Feeding difficulties, Bulbar weakness, Nemaline bodies, Polyhydramnios, Decreased fetal movement, Hydrops fetalis, Microcephaly, Preterm delivery, Contractures)

      HPOsFreeText: Atrophic myofibers

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001627 (Cardiac abnormality)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Severe congenital myopathy, Alive at 10 months

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: After LMOD3 was identified as a potential causal gene, bidirectional Sanger sequencing was performed on DNA in genetically unresolved patients using PCR amplification covering 3 exons.

      Variant: NM_198271.4:c.349C>T (p.Gln117*)

      CAID: CA353477271 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NM_198271.4%3Ac.349C%3ET

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    3. Table 2

      Case3: Female, Portugal

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001290, HP:0003324, HP:0002093, HP:0011968, HP:0001283, HP:0002804, HP:0001558, HP:0001561, HP:0001371 (Generalized hypotonia, Generalized muscle weakness, Respiratory insufficiency, Feeding difficulties, Bulbar weakness, Decreased fetal movement, Polyhydramnios, Contracture)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001627 (Cardiac abnormality)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Severe congenital myopathy, Deceased in neonatal period

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: After LMOD3 was identified as a potential causal gene, bidirectional Sanger sequencing was performed on DNA in genetically unresolved patients using PCR amplification covering 3 exons.

      Variant: NM_198271.4:c.154del (p.Met52*)

      CAID: CA909810717 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NM_198271.4%3Ac.154delA

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    4. Table 2

      Case12a: Male, Afghanistan

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001290, HP:0003324, HP:0002093, HP:0011968, HP:0001283, HP:0002804, HP:0001558, HP:0001622, HP:0001623, HP:0003798 (Generalized hypotonia, Generalized muscle weakness, Respiratory insufficiency, Feeding difficulties, Bulbar weakness, Arthrogryposis, Decreased fetal movement, Preterm delivery, Breech presentation, Nemaline bodies)

      HPOsFreeText: Atrophic myofibers

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001627 (Cardiac abnormality)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Severe congenital myopathy, Deceased in 2 months, Has 2 siblings with same genotype/phenotype

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: After LMOD3 was identified as a potential causal gene, bidirectional Sanger sequencing was performed on DNA in genetically unresolved patients using PCR amplification covering 3 exons.

      Variant: NM_198271.4:c.1099_1100delAA (p.Asn367Glnfs*11)

      ClinVar: 162218 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/162218/

      gnomAD: South Asian 4.575e-4, Overall 5.625e-5 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/3-69168405-GTT-G

    1. Expression of the enzyme containing the Asn140Ser mutation and assay of itsactivity:

      Case 1 (Variant Evidence)

      VariantEvidence: This variant was expressed in E. coli cells and investigated for protein levels. After the standard incubation time/temperature (15-20 min, 25 deg C) there was no detectable activity. Only after incubation for 60 min at 30 deg C was any measurable amount of sarcosine present, and only then at less than 1% of normal levels.

      Variant: NM_018960.5(GNMT):c.422A>G (p.Asn141Ser)

      ClinVar: 218931 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/218931/

      gnomAD: not in gnomAD

    1. Case Report

      CaseAN: Male, 78 yrs report, Germany, White

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003774, HP:0001638, HP:0000822, HP:0002099, HP:0012125, HP:0001297, HP:0002134, HP:0002549, HP:0000738, HP:0000739, HP:0000746, HP:0002322, HP:0002172, HP:0012120 (Stage 5 chronic kidney disease, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, Asthma, Prostate cancer, Stroke, Abnormality of the basal ganglia, Deficit in phonologic short-term memory, Hallucinations, Anxiety, Delusions, Resting tremor, Postural instability, Methylmalonic aciduria)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Mother had dementia, Proband is diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, Sanger sequencing confirmed compound heterozygous as unaffected sons are heterozygous for one variant each

      CasePreviousTesting: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of 17/30 in 2013; Mild MMA-uria, together with increased plasma levels of propionyl-carnitine, was demonstrated in 2016 via metabolic investigation (values in Table 1)

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Whole genome sequencing data was analyzed using a pipeline restricted to 681 genes known to cause IEM. Heterozygous mutations in MCEE were identified.

      Variant1: NM_032601.4(MCEE):c.139C>T (p.Arg47Ter)

      ClinVar: 2343, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/2343

      gnomAD: 0.0004884, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/2-71351575-G-A

      Variant2: NM_032601.3:c.419del (p.Lys140Argfs*6)

      CAID: CA1702578, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA1702578

      gnomAD: 0.00007076, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/2-71337211-CT-C

    1. A male patient

      Case# P1, Male, Chinese, 5 months

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0006986, HP:0002373, HP:0008947, HP:0001249

      CaseMethod1 PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod PCR of sevon exons of QDPR gene

      Variant NM_000320.2:c.661C>T(p.R221X), NM_000320.2:c.515C>T(p.P172L)

      CAID CA2868005, CA2868085

      gnomAD (Latino) 0.00002978, (Ashkenazi Jewish) 0.0001019

      VariantEvidence null

      CasePMIDs 19099731

    1. The patient

      Case1: Male, 15 months onset, Iran

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0006579, HP:0001324, HP:0001336, HP:0000639, HP:0002134, HP:0002282, HP:0002453, HP:0002540, HP:0002463, HP:0006801, HP:0001252, HP:0011443, HP:0001251, HP:0001310, HP:0000565, HP:0001510 (Neonatal jaundice, Muscle weakness, Myoclonus, Nystagmus, Abnormality of the basal ganglia, Heterotopia, Abnormality of the globus pallidus, Inability to walk, Language impairment, Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Muscular hypotonia, Abnormality of coordination, Ataxia, Dysmetria, Esotropia, Growth delay)

      HPOsFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0012443, HP:0012447 (Abnormality of brain morphology, Abnormal myelination)

      NotHPOsFreeText:

      CaseAddInfo: No parental consanguinity,

      CasePreviousTesting: Plasma amino acids and plasma acylcarnitine profile were normal. The organic acid in the urine showed an elevated 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid (110 mmol/mol creatinine, normal <44 mmol/mol creatinine). Serum biotinidase activity was normal. Blood lactate and ammonia were normal in repeated measurements.

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Patient had the IVD exons and exon-intron boundaries analyzed using PCR/Sanger sequencing to follow up on suspected IVA, with no variants found. Whole Exome Sequencing was performed to determine the correct genetic cause of the disorder by evaluating all known exons and their flanking regions. This found two heterozygous missense mutations in HIBCH consistent with the diagnosis. Trio PCR/Sanger sequencing confirmed parental heterozygosity and the variants in the patient.

      Variant1: NM_014362.3:c.641C>T (p.Thr214Ile)

      CAID: CA349890265 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NM_014362.3%3Ac.641C%3ET

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      Variant2: NM_014362.3:c.913A>G (p.Thr305Ala)

      CAID: CA62635843 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/allele?hgvs=NM_014362.3%3Ac.913A%3EG

      gnomAD: European (Non-Finnish) 1.767e-5, Overall 7.978e-6 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/2-191077780-T-C

    1. a

      CaseST-8: Female, 1 day onset, Germany

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0006579, HP:0001643, HP:0001410, HP:0001319, HP:0006236, HP:0001786 (Prolonged neonatal jaundice, Patent ductus arteriosus, Decreased liver function, Neonatal hypotonia, Slender metacarpals, Narrow foot)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001250 (Seizure)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Family is non-consanguineous, Proband is compound heterozygous for these variants

      CasePreviousTesting: See Group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: See Group

      Variant1: NM_001123.3:c.893C>A (p.Ala298Asp)

      CAID: CA377399006, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA377399006

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      Variant2: NM_001123.3:c.925C>T (p.Gln309Ter)

      CAID: CA377398330, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA377398330

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    2. e

      CaseST-6: Male, 1 day onset, Morocco

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0006579, HP:0001249, HP:0001270, HP:0001324, HP:0004322, HP:0000256, HP:0000316, HP:0006236, HP:0001786, HP:0008070, HP:0000708, HP:0002355, HP:0003202, HP:0002071 (Prolonged neonatal jaundice, Intellectual disability, Motor delay, Muscle weakness, Short stature, Macrocephaly, Hypertelorism, Slender metacarpals, Narrow foot, Sparse hair, Behavioral abnormality, Difficulty walking, Skeletal muscle atrophy, Abnormality of extrapyramidal motor function)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001250 (Seizure)

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Family is consanguineous, Proband is homozygous for the variant

      CasePreviousTesting: See Group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: See Group

      Variant: NM_001123.3:c.685_687delinsCC (p.Thr229ProfsTer16)

      CAID: CA1139768931, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA1139768931

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. Table 1

      Case4: Female, 2 wks at initation of follow up, European ancestry

      HPOsFreeText: NBS C4-acylcarnitine 2.0 umol/L, Plasma C4-acylcarnitine 1.52 umol/L

      CaseAddInfo: no data for urine excretion, unremarkable clinical condition

      Case4 (Level 2)


      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseMethod1: same as group

      CaseMethod2: same as group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group


      Variant1: NM_014384.2:c.443C>T (p.Pro148Leu)

      ClinVar: n/a

      CAID: CA6372945

      gnomAD: not in gnomAD


      Variant2: NM_014384.2(ACAD8):c.455T>C (p.Met152Thr)

      ClinVar: 5355

      CAID: CA117433

      gnomAD: 0.0001395 (European Non-Finnish)


      CaseAddInfo: compound heterozygote, indicated alleles 1 and 2 but not specified maternal and paternal, potential splice site variant of ACAD8 at exon3 (+3A>G)

    2. Table 1

      Case3a: Male, 5d at initiation of follow up, East Indian Ancestry, sibling of Case 3b (family 1)

      HPOsFreeText: NBS C4-acylcarnitine 2.4 umol/L, Plasma C4-acylcarnitine 1.14 umol/L, in vitro probe isoC4-acylcarnitine 0.133 umol/ g protein,

      NotHPOsFreeText: normal urine isobutyrylglycine ug/mg creatinine

      CaseAddInfo: unremarkable clinical condition

      Case3a (Level 2)


      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseMethod1: same as group

      CaseMethod2: same as group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group


      Variant: NM_014384.2(ACAD8):c.867C>A (p.His289Gln)

      ClinVar: 5358

      CAID: CA117441

      gnomAD: not in gnomAD


      CaseAddInfo: homozygous mutations

    3. Table 1:

      Case9: Male, 2 mo at initiation of follow up, Hispanic ancestry

      HPOsFreeText: NBS C4-acylcarnitine 1.8 umol/L, Plasma C4-acylcarnitine 3.28, umol/L, in vitro probe isoC4-acylcarnitine 0.074 umol/g protein, urine C4-acylcarnitine 7.86 mmol/mol creatinine, Urine C4/C3 ratio 63

      NotHPOsFreeText: normal urine isobutyrylglycine

      CaseAddInfo: unremarkable clinical condition

      Case9 (Level 2)


      CasePreviousTesting: same as group

      CaseMethod1: same as group

      CaseMethod2: same as group

      CaseGenotypingMethod: same as group


      Variant: NM_014384.2(ACAD8):c.233T>C (p.Met78Thr)

      ClinVar: 430160

      CAID: CA6372883

      gnomAD: n/a


      CaseAddInfo: homozygous variants, no potential splice site alterations, no data for ACADS (SCAD-deficient) gene variants

    1. 18804

      Case# 18804, Spanish, 3yo report

      CaseHPOs asymmptomatic

      Variant NM_000709.3:c.647C>T, NM_000709.3:c.889C>T

      CAID CA9461230(c.647), CA9461294(889)

      gnomAD c.647=0.0001332(African), 0.00002463(Overall), c.889=0.00006534(African), 0.00001624(Overall)

      VariantEvidence reduced BCKD activity to 30% of normal in patient fibroblasts

      CaseAddInfo in trans

    2. 20493

      Case# 20493, Spanish, 1yo reported

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0008344

      CasePreviousTesting categorized into classical and variant phenotypes based on BCKD deficiency assessed by measuring the L-[1-14C] leucine decarboxylation rate by intact cells in absence of BCKD kinase inhibitors (Duran, et al., 1978), plasma amino acid levels, and mode of clinical presentation

      CaseMethod1 Direct Sequencing

      CaseMethod2 PCR

      CaseGenotypingMethod direct sequencing of PCR fragments obtained after amplification of the entire coding sequence of BCKDHA, BCKDHB or DBT genes. sequenced both strands (forward and reverse) of corresponding exons and their intronic flanking sequence for confirmation.

      Variant NM_000709.3:c.757G>A, NM_000709.3:c.848G>A, NM_000709.3:c.898G>A

      CAID CA9461255(757), [CA406013082(848)&CA406013351(898)]

      gnomAD c.757=0.00006681(European(Non-Finnish)), 0.00003236(Overall)

      VariantEvidence Patient fibroblasts had <1% of normal BCKD activity

      CaseAddInfo parents genotypes confirmed (in trans)

    1. CaseLE12: Female, 23 yrs report

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002725 (Systemic lupus erythematosus)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Variant 1 homozygous, with variant 2 in-cis with one copy confirmed via parental testing

      CasePreviousTesting: Specific plasma MMA levels, urine MMA levels, urine MA levels, and MMA/MA ratio available in Table 2

      CaseGenotypingMethod: See Group

      Variant1: NM_001243279.3:c.1553C>A (p.Ala518Asp)

      CAID: CA8238286, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA8238286

      gnomAD: 0.00006153, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/16-89212397-C-A

      Variant2: NM_001243279.3:c.473C>T (p.Pro158Leu)

      CAID: CA8237662, http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA8237662

      gnomAD: 0.0002823, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/16-89167562-C-T

    1. Swedish Family

      FamilyBJ1: Sweden

      FamilyPresentingHPOs: HP:0003235, HP:0011344, HP:0001410, HP:0001508, HP:0001252, HP:0000256, HP:0002007, HP:0000316, HP:0001533, HP:0001250, HP:0002463, HP:0003323, HP:0003202, HP:0002910 (Hypermethioninemia, Severe global developmental delay, Decreased liver function, Failure to thrive, Muscular hypotonia, Macrocephaly, Frontal bossing, Hypertelorism, Slender build, Seizure, Language impairment, Progressive muscle weakness, Skeletal muscle atrophy, Elevated hepatic transaminase)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      FamilyNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      FamilyGenotypingMethod: The siblings were subject to whole exome sequencing. Variants were extracted, aligned, and filtered to build a list of candidate genes. These were filtered through a series of restrictions until only five candidate genes were left, with ADK being the only one related to methionine metabolism. To confirm the results, Exon 10 of ADK was Sanger sequenced in the family members and the variant was confirmed in a heterozygous state in both parents.

      FamilyPreviousTesting: Parents are nonconsanguineous and healthy; Maximum plasma Met values were 455 and 886 μmol/liter, respectively (reference range: 15–35 μmol/liter); Elevated AdoMet and AdoHcy; Sequency analysis of AHCY and enzyme activity was negative for SAHH deficiency; More detailed test values in Table 1

      FamilyAddInfo: N/A

      Variant: NM_006721.4(ADK):c.953C>A (p.Ala318Glu)

      ClinVar: 29603, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/29603/

      gnomAD: 0.00001761, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/10-76430016-C-A

      Affected: 2

      Unaffected: 0

      Segregations: 1

      AddSegregationInfo: Not enough info

    1. GM-649

      Case# GM-649, M

      CaseMethod1 Sanger

      CaseMethod2 PCR

      Variant NM_000709.3:c.284C>A(p.Pro95His)

      CAID CA406005099(p.Pro95His)

      gnomAD p.Pro95His=0.0003330(African), 0.00002887(Overall)

      VariantEvidence total BCKDH activity (4) in fibroblast extracts from the patient (GM649) is < 10% of normal (Table 1) in 2703538

      CaseAddInfo examined patient fibroblasts here and in the previous article

      CasePMIDs 2703538

    1. Case 5

      Case# Case 5, M, Chinese, 4day onset

      CasePresentingHPOs HP:0008344, HP:0040168, HP:0008947, HP:0011968

      CasePreviousTesting Tested blood aa levels with liquid chromatography-mass spectrum spectrometry, several branched chain amino acids were overly abundant. Whole exome targeted capture sequencing was applied for the mutation screening of the suspicious patients. A total of 712 genes associated with inherited metabolic diseases were selected and their coding regions were captured.

      CaseMethod1 Whole Exome

      CaseMethod2 Sanger

      CaseGenotypingMethod validated whole exome findings with sanger and qPCR.

      Variant NM_000056.3:c.863C>A(p.Ala288Asp), ?

      CAID CA364660141 (miss), wait for follow up (exon del)

    1. (OS-138II-1)

      CaseOS-138_II-1: Female, 4 yrs report, Asian

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001992, HP:0002373, HP:0001263 (Organic aciduria, Febrile seizure (within the age range of 3 months to 6 years), Global developmental delay)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Parents are consanguineous, Proband is homozygous for this variant

      CasePreviousTesting: Routine urine screening for organic acidurias by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed markedly increased urinary excretion of several N-acetylated amino acids

      CaseGenotypingMethod: PCR-amplification and bidirectional sequencing of all exons and exon-intron boundaries was performed on genomic DNA.

      Variant: NM_000666.3(ACY1):c.589C>T (p.Arg197Trp)

      ClinVar: 18113, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/18113/

      gnomAD: 0.00001764, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/3-52021009-C-T

    1. t

      CaseSE5: Male, Australia

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0008353 (Neutral hyperaminoaciduria)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Five loci were investigated for evidence of linkage to Hartnup due to their established role in amino acid transport including SLC3A2, SLC7A8, SLC1A5, SLC6A18, and SLC6A19. These 5 regions were studied with microsattelite markers and produced linkage only between D5S392 and D5S417, the region with SLC6A18 and 19. SLC6A18 did not increase neutral amino acid uptake in X. laevis oocytes so SLC6A19 was investigated and directly sequenced in the families each of which displayed a causal variant.

      CasePreviousTesting: SLC1A5 had no causative variants detected.

      CaseAddInfo: Asymptomatic except for hyperaminoaciduria

      Variant1: NM_001003841.3(SLC6A19):c.517G>A (p.Asp173Asn)

      ClinVar: 2019 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/2019/

      gnomAD: 0.003016, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/5-1212453-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r2_1

      Variant2: NM_001003841.3(SLC6A19):c.718C>T (p.Arg240Ter)

      ClinVar: 2020 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/2020/

      gnomAD: 0.0001960, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/5-1213632-C-T

    1. Case: Patient C, 11 years, female CaseHPOs: HP:0003235, HP:0011098, Hypermethioninemia, speech dyspraxia

      CaseHPOsFreeText: “pronounced hypermethioninaemia on neonatal screening”, cleft lip and palate; Hypermethioninaemia has persisted; unpleasant odor with high blood concentrations of mercaptans; fine nystagmus, dysdiadochokinesis, and increased tendon reflexes led to brain MRI and CT at age 11 years which showed demyelination, calcification of basal ganglia, IQ 87; normal myelination and all symptoms resolved after 12 months treatment with S-adenosylmethionine toluene sulphonate.

      CaseNotHPOs: Homocystine was not detected in plasma or urine,normal liver function tests.

      CasePreviousTesting: Plasma methionine 600–1,400 umol/L; otherwise normal amino acids. 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate 329, 232 nmol/L (normal 23-170, mean 85+/-41), normalized after 12 months on S-adenosylmethionine toluene sulphonate; S-adenosylmethionine 70, 87 nmol/L (normal 172-450, mean 255 +/-69), improved but still low after 12 months on S-adenosylmethionine toluene sulphonate.

      Variant: c.826dupG (homozygous)

      ClinVar: N/A

      CAID: CA5576692

      gnomAD: The highest population minor allele frequency in gnomAD is 0.00003298 (S. Asian); no homozygotes in any population.

      VariantEvidence: When the variant was expressed in bacteria, the amount and size of the protein was reduced on Western blot, and there was no detectable MAT1A activity.

      CaseAddInfo: The mother is heterozygous for the variant; DNA testing results for the father are not available.

      CasePMIDs: 1683972

      Points: 2 points. This patient is homozygous for a frameshift variant in MAT1A. When the variant was expressed in bacteria, there was no detectable MAT activity. The highest population minor allele frequency in gnomAD is 0.00003298 (S. Asian); no homozygotes in any population.

    1. A

      CaseC1: Female, Arab, Israel

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0010896, HP:0010897, HP:0001638 (Hypersarcosinemia, Hypersarcosinuria, Cardiomyopathy)

      HPOsFreeText: Elevated blood Sarcosine (345 μmol/l; reference 0-9), Elevated urine Sarcosine (481 μmol/mmol; reference 0-36)

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Parents are consanguineous and first cousins, sister has the same genotype

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      CaseGenotypingMethod: DNA was extracted from the probands and immediate family. The whole coding region and the exon-intron boundaries of the SARDH gene was then amplified and sequenced.

      Variant: NM_007101.3:c.211G>T (p.Val71Phe)

      ClinVar: 39448 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/39448/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

    1. F2)

      CaseF2: Female, 6 yrs report, Italy

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0004923 (Hyperphenylalaninemia)

      HPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      NotHPOsFreeText: N/A

      CaseAddInfo: Parents do not appear to be tested, DNA sequence analysis "shows the sense sequence expected of compound heterozygotes with two comigrating bands seen"

      CasePreviousTesting: Pre-treatment phenylalanine levels determined soon after birth were above 20 mg / 100 ml, Proband has been under treatment since birth and currently tolerates less than 20 mg Phe/kg bodyweight per day

      CaseGenotypingMethod: DNA as isolated from leukocytes and haplotype analysis performed. Enzymatic digestion of PCR-amplified DNA fragments was performed and DGGE analysis of all 13 exons and flanking introns were carried out. The resulting samples containing abberant bands were sequenced and cleaved by MaeI and MaeIII for analysis.

      Variant1: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.620A>G (p.Asn207Ser)

      ClinVar: 102765 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/102765/

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      Variant2: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.842C>T (p.Pro281Leu)

      ClinVar: 589 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/589/

      gnomAD: 0.0002016, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/12-103246593-G-A

    1. RESULTS

      RescueModel: Mouse (Mus musculus)

      GeneAlteration: PAH_enu2 mice were purchased and bred to obtain the homozygotic mice for this study. Original Generation Method: Mutations were induced in mice germline cells at a rate near 10^-3 per locus via an alkylating agent called ethylnitrosourea. Inbred BTBR males were treated with this agent and bred to normal BTBR females. Three hundred and fifty progeny were screened for mutations that did not complement the previous model PAH_enu1 and if present bred to a previous homozygote and tested for hyperphenylalaninemia. A PHE clearance test was performed in questionable cases. For those that tested positive the carrier parents were mated to a normal BTBR partner to establish a cogenic mutant line. Western blot confirmed reduced to absent CRM in liver.

      RescuePhenotype: HP:0007513, HP:0004923, HP:0005982, HP:0100610 (Generalized hypopigmentation, Hyperphenylalaninemia, Reduced phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, Maternal hyperphenylalaninemia)

      RescueMethod: The human PAH expression vector plasmid pAAV2-EF-hPAH-WPRE was created by subcloning a full-length human PAH cDNA into a preexisitng parent vector by substitution with eGFP cDNA. Alos included is an EF promoter, woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional element, and bovine growth hormone poly (A) signal. The rep2/cap2 plasmid or rep2/cap8 plasmid was used to package the vector and produce the final rAAV2/2-hPAH and rAAV2/8-hPAH vectors by triple plasmid transfection. Five-to-six week old PAH_enu2 mice were anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine and infused with viral particles of rAAV2/2-hPAH or rAAV2/8-hPAH through the hepatic portal vein or tail vein.

      RescueEvidence: PAH activity in the livers of treated mice six weeks after treatment recovered to 58.43±5.73% and 89.25±8.79% of the wild-type activity in female and male PAH_enu2 mice respectively compared to <1% WT in untreated mice. Plasma phenylalanine concentration in female PAH_enu2 mice infused with rAAV2/8-hPAH vectors decreased markedly to 110±34.5 µM at two weeks from 2,891±336.2 µM and showed continued significant phenylalanine clearance for six month after rAAV2/8-hPAH infusion. Male PAH_enu2 showed a similar reduction, though they started at a lower base concentration of 1,800.6±233.7 µM. The fur color of treated mice also changed from greyish to black from one week after delivery with sustained fur color changes over the entire six month period. Investiation of effects on pregnant mice revealed a complete recovery of fetus length and body weight compared to the untreated mice (1.746±0.203 cm and 774±144 mg for untreated VS 2.081±0.269 cm and 916±67 mg for treated). Spontaneous abortion rate also normalized to 4.55±5.89% from 30.95±14.27%. The rAAV-hPAH genome was not found in the placentae or fetuses nor did the genome of fetuses affect the development parameters.

      ModelVariant: NM_000277.3(PAH):c.788T>C (p.Phe263Ser)

      ClinVar: 619150 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/619150/

    1. families

      CaseKLE: Male, Japan, Asian

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0008353 (Neutral hyperaminoaciduria)

      HPOsFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      NotHPOsFreeText:

      CaseAddInfo:

      CasePreviousTesting: Identified via neonatal mass screening

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Both SLC6A18 and SLC6A19 were investigated for possible pathogenicity, with SLC6A19's pattern of expression supporting it as a primary candidate. Intronic primers were used to bidirectionally sequence each exon and flanking intronic regions, locating two compound heterozygous mutations that perfectly segregate with the phenotype.

      Variant1: NM_001003841.3:c.340del (L114fs*114)

      CAID: CA916079859 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA916079859

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD

      Variant2: NM_001003841.3:c.682_683delinsTA (p.Thr228Ter)

      CAID: CA916079860 http://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA916079860

      gnomAD: Not in gnomAD