In subsequent years, he spent much time playing online fantasy games and between 2006 to 2011 reading online counter-jihadist writings from people like Fjordman who denounced multi-culturalism,
or his self-professed “mission” as a “knight”
Peder Jensen, a counter-jihadist blogger using the penname Fjordman, w
Fjordman's actual name
on the w
Web enables this -> why its so effective
Berntzen and Sandberg (2014: 761) argue that the anti-Islamic movement they identify in Norway, while sharing rhetoric and identity with other groups, is distinctive to Norway. This is perhaps the most useful template for understanding the CJM, a loose central narrative focusing on broad and transnational themes from which more country-specific groups can draw inspiration.
ABSOLUTE definition about what KIND of movement/tradition this is
atron and protector: Bernard of Clairvaux and Jacques de MolayGuardian saint: Saint George of Lydda
Defender of Europe, defender of European Christendom, destroyer of Marxism,reconquista
[A Templar Knight] is truly a fearless knight, and secure on everyside, for his soul is protected by the armour of faith, just as his bodyis protected by the armour of steel. He is thus doubly-armed, andneed fear neither demons nor men."Bernard de Clairvaux, c. 1135, De Laude Novae Militae—In Praise ofthe New Knighthood
e second is to prepare to leave everyone else you know behind and prepare for alonely, poor and potentially painful existence of hardship and uncertain
more than 500 000 European women have beenraped and
encouraging thousands of brothers and sisters
POTENTIAL CONCLUSION: - Shows that race may not actually be the biggest factor -> instead fears of emasculation lead to scapegoating race? Gender is the biggest issue here.
When employing such methodsthe Justiciar Knight becomes a forcemultiplier, he becomes a one-man army.The continuation of these “humiliatingstrikes” on the Multiculturalist system willcontribute to destroy the cultural Marxisthegemony in Europe.
Justicar knights will each individually become a one-man army when they commit terrorism ("brutal" methods and mention of using advanced weaponry like they think their badass). Demonstrates again that the vision of a real man is one who is proficient in many "manly" activities like technology, weaponry, etc -> is independent and able to act manly in opposition to the PC status quo
Doing so will "humiliate" the cultural marxist system and thus weaken it -> implies an emasculation of "feminized" men and the modern PC system NOT based on Knighthood/etc. Again, asserting that imagined past of Templars and ideal masculinity is the way forward
wing intellectuals, political activists andmilitary orders.
ilitary
implement a cultural conservative politicalagenda.
embrace voluntary povertyand martyrdom.
ltural Marxist/Islamic tyranny o
Indigenous Rights Organisationand as a Crusader Movement (anti-Jihad movement)
mained consistent – strength and honour, courage andmartyrdom.
of 50% b
Again, demographic warfare
, thecomitatus, which often rode to battle on horseback rather than marching on foot. Ridingto battle had two key advantages: it prevented fatigue, particularly when the elitesoldiers wore armour and it gave the soldiers more mobility to react to the raids of theenemy, particularly the invasions of Muslim armies which started in the 7th century
night is the term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Elsewhere, thePortuguese Cavaleiro (like the following, related to "chivalry")
most skilled and fearedcombat force during the Crusades
uslims strike too early, before they are ready to seize control over major chunks ofEurope. They overestimate their own power, and underestimate the strength that is stillleft in Europe. It will start, as these things always do, before anyone is ready. Everyone,the Islamists, the proto-dhimmis, the neo-nationalists, the sleepwalking middle class,thinks they have more time than they do. It may start more or less by accident, likeWWI, through the act of a fringe player unaware of the forces involved or the stakes ofthe game. Once a full-blown civil war starts in one country, it can, and probably will,spread to other countries. Given the European Union’s borderless nature, it is unlikelythat war will be limited to one nation only. This will create a domino effect, and Muslimswill be expelled from Europe yet again, after major bloodshed and millions of dead acrossthe continent. This will result in the collapse of the EU. The Arab world will support theMuslims and will prolong the war, but they won’t win it
ow? The second fall of Rom
this people preserve the spirit of resistance? Let them take arms
owever, Gerard Demarcq, of the largest police unions, Alliance, dismissed talk ofan “intifada” as representing the views of only a minority. Mr Demarcq said that theincreased attacks on officers were proof that the policy of “retaking territory” fromcriminal gangs was working
hen the long-term effects of feminism finally setin, Western women may very well end up being genuinely oppressed under the boot ofIslam. Radical feminism thus leads to oppression of wome
Christina Hoff Sommers
“For women, there is something sexuallyvery alluring about submission.” And as Hedegaard dryly notes, if submission is whatmany women seek, the feminised Danish men are boring compared to desert sheikhswho won’t allow you to go outside without permission. Mus
notherone is that men traditionally have had the responsibility for protecting the “tribe” andspotting an enemy, a necessity in a dog-eat-dog world. Women are more naïve
Fucking hell
avage barbarians. However, I doubt they would have looked the other way while theirdaughters were harassed by Muslims. In some ways, this makes present-dayScandinavians worse barbarians than the Vikings ever were.
Fjordman
mean for many centuries. Y
lol ok
Don't ever take a fence down until you know why it was put up
Yikes
ns
hen Turks cut throats, raped women and stole c
ce with which it is treated, the history ofthe last 1400 year Islamic Jihad against non-Muslims andEurope comprises one of the most radical forms of historicalnegationism.
Explicitly counter Jihad movement
ist elites, the New Totalitarians, are themost dangerous generation in Western history. Not only have they managed to destroyfundamental structures of European society. They are allowing millions of Muslims tocolonise Europe. I
. Children are not to be raised according to theirbiological genders and gender roles according to their biological differences. This reflectsthe Frankfurt School rationale for the disintegration of the traditional family.Thus, one of the basic tenets of Critical Theory was the
Gertrude Himmelfarb
Uh oh
, the feminisation of European culture, moving rapidly since the 1960s continues tointensify. Indeed, the present-day radical feminist assau
It is in the military, where expandingopportunity for women, even in combat positions, has been accompanied by doublestandards and then lowered standards, as well as by a decline in enlistment of youngmen, while “warriors” in the services are leaving in droves.
f defeating the inquisitors of politic
Another force is independent student newspapers whose journalists publicise the anticsof political correctness on campus. In many universities, campus radicals are stillunchallenged in the enclosed world of the university.
lmao
ma
eory was expressed in his words: “The authoritarian family is theauthoritarian state in miniature. Man’s authoritarian character structure is basicallyproduced by the embedding of sexual inhibitions and fear in the living substance ofsexual impulses. Familial imperialism is ideologically reproduced in nationalimperialism...the authoritarian family...is a factory where reactionary ideology andreactionary structures are produced
Unorthodox, women-liberated "authoritarian" families must be fought against -> miniatures of the authoritarian state
His means was liberating the powerful, primeval force of sex fromits civilised restraints, a message preached in his book, Eros and Civilisation, published in1955. Marcuse became one of the main gurus of the 1960s adolescent sexual rebellion;he himself coined the expression, “make love, not war
Blames promiscuity, etc on the unleashing of the "primeval" power of sex from its "civilized restraints"
Many believed that oppressed Muslims,non European minorities and others like Feminists and Homosexuals could be thevanguard of a communist revolution in Europe
When he became Deputy Commissar for Culture in the Bolshevik Bela Kun regime inHungary in 1919, Lukacs launched what became known as “Cultural Terrorism.” As partof this terrorism he instituted a radical sex education program in Hungarian schools.Hungarian children were instructed in free love, sexual intercourse, the archaic nature ofmiddle-class family codes, the out-datedness of monogamy, and the irrelevance ofreligion, which deprives man of all pleasures. Women, too, were called to rebel againstthe sexual mores of the time. Lukacs’s campaign of “Cultural Terrorism” was a precursorto what Political Correctness would later bring to Western European school
hile the hour is late, the battle is not decided
adies should bewives and homemakers, not cops or soldiers, and men should still hold doors open forladies. Children should not be born out of wedlock. Glorification of homosexuality shouldbe shunned. Jurors should not accept Islam as an excuse for mur
AIDS are voluntary, i.e., acquired from immoral sexual acts
d local level, the Islamisation of our countrie
it ALLOWS Islamification
looms over Western European society like a colossus.
analysis is linguistic: deconstruction. Deconstruction“proves” that any “text,” past or present, illustrates the oppression of Muslims, women,homosexuals, etc. by reading that meaning into words of the text (r
Deconstructionism (post modernism) means reading meaning into texts that simply isn't there
lel is in means: expropriation. Economic Marxists, w
Cultural Marxism says thathistory is wholly explained by which groups – defined by sex, race, religion and sexualnormality or abnormality – have power over which other groups
vision contradicts human nature
cultural marxism contradicts human nature BECAUSE not everyone is meant to be equal
“Political Correctness.
Again, not just relying on memory of warrior tropes to get rid of Islam -> but to counter emasculating ideologies (policical corectness)
some sleazy, blank-fronted “Adults Only”kiosk had gotten on their set
funny white powder by another kid
lmao what
he would not have learned to live inconstant fear.
claims modern society is way more violent (carjacking, mugginf, other dogwhistle minority crimes)
as the same country
Consistantly identifies all of European society as one "country" -> Knights Templar not a pan-European society? These conflicts not one bi-cultural clash, but a series of Christian nations bickering that temporarily aligned?
Most men treated women like ladies, and most ladies devoted their time and effort tomaking good homes, rearing their children well and helping their communities throughvolunteer work
Political Correctness?” Marxists hav
ideology and political correctedness (which is one) are not masculine because of these allowances -> therefore immoral (so Breivik's masculinity is drawn on from Knight's templar NOT just to denounce Islam, but also to reign in control at home back to the white Christian male
or that the traditional social roles of men and women reflect their differentnatures, or that homosexuality is morally wrong?
e of conservat
Defines feminism as an ideology? -> therefore "wrong" since ideologies assume they are absolutely correct instead of the "nuance" of conservatism
”firstedition draft”. The r
Fuck you Breivik (test)
d. In the current era of globalization, pursuits of cultural, social, and economic development signal that, to some degree, regional cultures and political and institutional actors can resist
Again, in face of globalization (Americanism, neoliberal economics) -> resistance and creation of reinforced regional identity. Overall Cape Breton is in a very bleak situation -> highest child poverty rates, lack of educational opportunities, but regional identity exists despite this. Identifies CB as a region existing outside of a localized/municipal or national identity -> existing despite these
1960s: - American popular culture enters -> commercialization imminent. Documentary about the demise of fiddling tradition -> sparks organized communal attempts to revitalize this-> succeeds and is internationally recognizable by the 90s. Linked to broader cultural revival -> again, tie to fiddle article's assertions that fiddling allows a cultural umbrella to exist despite it being "Scottish" in origin -> celebrated in cross-cultural manner as a regional thing distinct from Canada, Scots, etc. (above national and ethnic identity) Also. this movement sparks more government inspired regionalization efforts -> Crown Corporation of Cape Breton Development Corporation (Devco) and the Industrial Development Division (IDD) 70s-90s.
ne of the most dramatic movements of people in Newfoundlandhistory.
Banfield migration can be seen as echo since this was one fo the "most dramatic movements of people in NFLD history" Defines migration as a cumulative result of individual decisions based on rational decisions / benefit/costs evaluation as opposed to something that happens within a fixed period, etc -> THEREFORE can be retroactively extended to the 30s, 40s since the same trend is almost verbatim followed. ALSO -> notes that permanent almost always preceded by seasonal migration (which Pauline's father partook in)
A CRISIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND'S AILING fishery and t
Crisis in fisheries of NFLD in late 19th-early 20th centuries mirrors the lack of work still present in the 30s, 40s that prompted the Banfield's relocation to Sydney / CB as industrialization. Mirrors in that they relocated from a rural economy to a predominantly industrial one -> Banfield's reactions "Like moving to New York" -> this makes the establishment of a tight knit community / regional identity even MORE impressive / compelling -> should be alienating, and yet Banfield's experiences closely resemble her's as a child growing up in NFLD. - Could be argued that NFLD has this unique identity too -> but closer inspection shows other reasons (as mentioned, that Banfield related to much of population, more ethnic/religious cohesion, actually a locality -> never went to St John's (none of her family members did aside from father) -> unlike later on when she bounced around entire island. -> doesn't mention this as a possibility in more rural setting.
region isa territorial entity distinct from either the local or the nation-state level that constitutes an economic, political, administrative, and/or cultural space, within which different types of human agency interact, and towards which individuals and communities may develop attachments and identities
DEFINES region as something distinct from a locality (city, etc) or nation-state -> economic, political, cultural, etc -> individuals and communities may develop attachments to this type of identity. In This study's case, primarily looking @ Cape Breton's Gaels -> underrepresented in research thus far
regionality.
Cape Breton overall pretty bleak. Highest child poverty rates, substance abuse, lack of educational opportunities, and outmigration. It's the latter of these that actually CONTRIBUTES to CB's regionality (via isolation I guess).
there are often glimmers of hope, romance, and escape.
Hmm...maybe, even for someone who felt confined and constricted by the heterosexual norms that surrounded her, still found company / friendship , etc
s a clerk by the Bank of Montreal until the mid-1930s
GENERAL: - Also worked at the bank in Sydney -> quits and joins SYDNEY's BIGGEST INDUSTRY -> STEEL PLANT
ading, music, dance classes, skating, picnics, the “nickel” pictures, dinners out, and annual summer road trips.
LEISURE: despite living decades apart and leading different lifestyles, enjoyed remarkably similar passtimes. Summer road trips, movie theatres (as COMMUNAL spaces again), sport, dance, music. Also involved in Canadian Girls in Training (CGIT) -> youth org run by Church that Nana was also a part of. Therefore partook in and enjoyed same communal forms of leisure guaranteed because of security and close social ties/atmosphere of neighbourly behaviour and friendliness. Also shows that all this extended beyond Sydney into the surrounding Cape Breton towns.
enjoyed escaping into the wilds of Cape Breton Island where she would swim and “cross-dress” with other women
LEISURE: Obviously an outlier, but DID escape into the wilds -> showed it was secure enough and with company
majority of the interviewees condemned the Nation, deeming the idea of a separate black state impractical and not worth the effort.
OPPOSED TO NATION OF ISLAM AND SEPARATE BLACK IDENTITY > "segregation is not what we're working for" -> similar / opposite to what the Canadian identity peddled through MfM was -> just wanted to unify the world (but not really, just an ego boost).
labels it "Black supremacy" -> All black political community would be isolating
In either case, ONLY STUDENTS WHO'D RESIDED OUTSIDE OF THE COUNTY HAD ANY OPINIONS AT ALL ABOUT IT -> proves the isolation/detatchment from broader Black political sphere in America -> nationwide/ethnicity wide effort on both other cases's part.
ones
Students still WANT education / see desire in it
s
test
While many of the lockouts were thoroughly politicized by the experience, becoming either active resistors or thoughtful commentators on American race relations, others remained unwitting participants in Prince Edward's civil rights drama
MIXED LONG TERM EFFECTS on protestors: - Some become politically active - Others more "victims" than anything else - Protestors were small percentage of regional teenage pop -> distance and lack of transport limited their participation -> RURAL BLACKS vs URBAN JEWS? Also Black kids WORKING to support families (again, CLASS -> similar case for Jewish students?) So -> overall breakdown of connections between Black teenagers. Seems almost like the pandemic really. Did Jewish striking result in stronger ties?
nce Edward County's journey to national prominence began in April 1951 when black students at R. R. Moton High School contacted the legal staff of the Virginia State Conference NAACP for assistance in their strike for better facilities and an expanded curriculum. While initially hesitant to take a school case in the state's conservative rural heartland, impressed by the surprising solidarity and determination of the local black community, NAACP lawyers ultimately agreed to file suit on behalf of the students. F
Suit is filed ON BEHALF of students and request by them but, note, it was part of a broader "community organization effort" This is what SPARKED the case that would make up Brown v Board of Education Adults at NAACP impressed not with kids alone, but with "community effort" THIS results in schools shutting down -> had wanted better facilities before hand (contrast to Jewish strikers who resulted in end of segregation?)
Fiercer opposition to Black communities here than Jewish? Massive push (90% of pop) to defund Black school board
COMMUNITY RALLIES -> EDUCATE THEIR CHILDREN THEMSELVES
Again, Baptist minister L Francis Griffin LEADS a new direct action initiative in the 60s -> MOST people of the 50 arrested were teenagers. So maybe not LEADING the initiative but certainly suffering the effects / on the front lines.
tivist arm of the Religious Society of Friends, the AFSC maintained a Community Relations Program in the county from 1960 to 1965 devoted to serving the needs of the school-less childr
REGION is isolated in the conservative south. Ties to rights/labour orgs like the AFSC / Religious Society of Friends
In THIS instance -> adult orgs are more preciptating the action -> seeking end to segregation via reopening of schools and end to discrimination in hiring. That said, teenage picketers still at the front lines. It IS effecting them SCHOOLS AS SITE OF PROTST AND CATALIST -> CHILDREN USED HERE TO DRIVE SOCIAL CONCERNS -> CONCERNS OF CHILDREN AT HEART OF CULTURE/ETHNICITY
any articulated a complicated attitude toward the South, balancing familial ties to the region and a sense of responsibility to the southern freedom struggle against an expanding desire to shed the chains of Jim Crow and see the world.
Attitudes towards their culture -> tied up in resistance (southern black culture) -> want to fight but also to escape and "see the world"
“What’s on Your Plate Today?” Perhaps it was the most resonant image of the child associated with the Miles for Millions: th
Also using kids w/o permission -> appropriating famine images
Yet in place of the iconic clenched fist of 1960s movement culture — seen in women’s liberation, black power, workers’ rights, and Paris ’68 posters — was the outstretched hand of the Third World apparently awaiting deliverance from the We
Noted by author here: - Handouts appropriate the clenched fist iconography but replace with an outstretched hand -> no struggle AGAINST a political ideal/nation -> instead idk abstract forces
ke 1968 protest movement iconography, which used a similar black, white, and red colour scheme, the walkathon imagery contained a quality of urgency and righteousne
Adopts aesthetics of a protest movement
he fund-raiser captured the imagination of the Centennial International Development Program organizers who turned it into Canada’s birthday gift to the developing world
Assertion of national identity, again, as a heroic and kind young nation but, perhaps a darker interpretation, one that is above the developing world and not racialized.
like most marches these days, manifestations of something else that has gone wrong with the world,” but a sign that “maybe things are finally going right.”[4] J
Even NOT a protest event -> MAIN CONTRAST -> actually used to make adults think the kids are alright and in line with national values -> NOT protesting for something else
nd of young people to national identity
NATIONAL IDENTITY -> Canada as a nation of helpers, Jewish identity being explicitly nationalist too and both events help create sense of nation hood.
as not exclusively a children’s fund-raiser, young people predominated among the participants and were featured in both the promotional materials for the event and in the
Young people NOT primary targets / exclusive participants -> but utilized to gain support (just like how segregation affected all Black community)
too, is focused on the task at hand.
Still see children as AGENTS though -> like Black teens getting arrested on front lines -> call to action.
presuppose a lighthearted moment of childhood activity, play, and innocence.
Use of INNOCENCE -> same with Black communities? (maybe Jewish ones subverted this)
hich the entire com-munity could rally, albeit cautiously in some cases'It may not have led directly to the creation ofJewishindependeflt schools or the assertion ofJewish polit-ical rights, but it provoked critical deliberatio
Overall, community rallies BEHIND Jewish striking kids - eventiually leads to more action, stepping stone to creation of Jewish streams/classes within school boards -> eventual schools
He employed an African-Americanworker as a "stock boy" with whom he sat and ate inthe "Blacks only" section ofa segregated restaurantacross the street from his stor
Allegedly bridging gaps between race lines in solidarity later in life
re never publicly disciplinedand they received an apology of sorts, even if they:egarded it as insumcient. T
Jewish kid strikers never disciplined / recieved quasi apology -> what result did the OTHER kids get? Dependant on race? Other circumstances?
Conversely, how much agency did the suburban kids exercise?
fewish representation on the Prot:itant school board also retur
What ISSUES are they addressing and how do these impact the children? - specifically related to schooling? ALSO -> how do schools faciliatte these actions ?
ising sense of militancy that the Aber-:.en School strike reflected.s
BROADER SENSE OF RISING MILITANCY (or activism) within community at large
Going on strike confirmed the childrefl's statusin their own minds as members ofthe working classard connected them to their labour-activist parents'At the same time, resisting anti-semitism bolsteredtheir cultural identity, both in their neighbourhoodand with the Jewish community at larg
OVERALL: The children's strike asserted the kids' Jewish identity by resisting antisemitism (ie, cultural attacks AGAINST their own culture). Also established the kids' belief /perception of themselves as operating members of the working class/ strikers in LINE WITH THEIR PARENTS who were labor-activists.
So... looking for: - Links to parents (or failing to identify) - Links to CULTURE because of oppression - Kids viewing THEMSELVES as activists (probably third reading/walkathon.
ote
Violence creates specific discourses around the events in terms of collective and individual memory Discredits and silences individuals (Black students in this case) Violence forges memories torn with pain -> collective memory leaves no room for ambiguity (us vs them) Public histories are thus tarnished by these (ie, silences abound in memories of violence -> us vs them for the people, them vs us for the narratives spun by the state to discredit those who had violence inflicted upon them Result is to have competing narratives that ultimately leave gaps/silences between them
Where does the Virgin Mary stand within the ranks of saints?
For "where does the Virgin Mary stand in the rank of saints" -> good example of at once tackling theological ideas and their give/take and evolution, but also of actual on-the-ground practice, continuity, agency of laity, and idk
iturgical celebration of the saints work?
liturgy could also fit here for explanation of structural-functionalism and lay agency
e carefully explains, for instance, that papal canonization was nowhere near as important in the medieval period as modern readers tend to think, that medieval saints were not usually thought of as specializing in particular forms of illness, and that celebrating saints’ “name-days” was a later practice.
DIRECT contrast to Vauchez in regards to imposition / papal canonization
“Dedications and Naming”
Might be good example to use here.
FOR examples, need: - emphasis on lay agency - functional role of religion explaining social action, etc - Ways in which bartlett counters Vauchez - Evolution or congruency, etc
about persistent tensions,
Highlighrs TNSIONS
hapter fourteen discusses how some contemporary observers challenged the efficacy of saintly intercession — on both orthodox or heterodox grounds
Like Arnold kinda -> belief and unbelief was a SPECTRUM across society
centrality of hagiography to the medieval worldview is pivotal:
Hagiography though a GATEWAY into Medieval mentalities / worldviews At once shows Church imposition but also looks inside minds here
ontrolling access to the holy, the “radiation” of sanctity, and spheres of saintly influence. T
Akin to Vauchez here too -> Virtus is ultimately the biggest influence here.
“saints are people who are treated as saints.”
Even THIS has roots in total functionalism -> asking the main questions deviates significantly ->Not "what scripture said" or even "what the Church imposed" but whoever was treated as such
as Christianity moved beyond its classical cradle, the institutionalization of holiness under papal auspices in the Gregorian era, the development of mendicant sanctity, a
So DOES touch on papal canonization but shows it within context of MANY "revolutionary" changes
“Dynamics,” is thematic,
This less of an emphasis on change over time / development / granting more agency is evidenced in part by the arrangement of Bartlett's book -> where the secnd (and significantly longer) half titled "Developments takes a thematic approach as opposed to chronological -> looks @ beliefs over specific subjects (martyrdom, types of saint, the concept of miracle) across time, space, etc
wants to know why a certain class of superlative — but dead — human beings, the saints, so thoroughly dominated the devotional culture of Medieval Europe
SO...NOT dealing with theology -> structural functionalist in that he wants to use Cult of Saints to explore behaviour (at least RELATED to belief and Church life) -> also actually other forms of life (trade, politics -> saints "taking sides" on secular disputes, giving bounty to harvests -> so in that sense his treatment of religion IS woven into society. BUT -> still not looking too hard at epistemologies? Ultimately still using religion as a means to EXPLAIN society
Also, again, not theology or taking Church doctrine as a given. Writing in the 21st century, unlike Vauchez in that it isn't necessarily a Medieval reaction.
In CONTRAST to Vauchez -> comes down not to this methodological approach / adoption of anthropological approaches that they share. Instead, is a matter of WHAT shapes belief -> Bartlett grants laity far more agency. DOES note a change over time (perhaps in process falls for the "developmental" fallacy) but not exclusively caused by the church. Does concede that papal canonization had an outsized impact, but notes many examples of the give/take of belief shaped by laity (example here)
imilarly, his England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1
Background in Medieval scholarship more generally -> has examined social history of communities, cultures, and crowns
While its center of gravity is medieval Europe, the book's long scope and comparative dimensions make it relevant to historians and scholars of religion across a broad chronological and geographic spectrum
also geographically across Europe and the Mediterranean
xtract
Again, central question is WHAT religion is secondary is how belief is created (imposition vs agency)
. The power of the saints and the power of medicine are thus historically intertwined.
EDGES on positing that religion and "society" are inseparable but not quite
n an effort to learn about how the living go about attempting to share in the power of these “very special dead.”
Structural functionalism
o the socio-anthropological tra
What is he referring to here?
s more than a millennium-and-a-half long
Good outline for summary -> examines origins of cult-of-saint phenomenon -> over x amount of time (1000 years + w/ emphasis on the nature and PRACTICE of cult worship over time. Thereby LESS concerned w/ epistemologies and MORE with the actual material reality of how this played out
NOT like Vauchez in that h doesn't show us a vision of religion that was dictated and controlled by the Church -> DOES show how laity was involved in decisions and all that -> influencing change over time
Change over time: - Does he fall into "progress" trap? -> talk about the Reformation maybe -> blames "progress" more on environmental change (lower pop because of Black Death following 14th century)
asking not just about the saints but also about those who turn to them.
Hmm that's a good point. Instead of just asking about the saints, looks at WHO turns to them and why
lthough Osama bin Laden’s ambitions had grown ever more expansive over the years since Al Qaeda’s founding in 1988, and although U.S. intelligence specialists took seriously his vision of a “great Caliphate,” he was not engaged in an escalating quest for autarky—for military and economic domination of a formal, secure, and self-sufficient sphere of influence—comparable to the quest that had obsessed Japan ever since its takeover of Manchuria in 1931
Unlike Japanese, Bin Laden and Al-Quaeda were NOT engaged in negotiations with the US -> did not have a military infrastructure, though the US did take the vision of a great caliphate seriously
What accounts for this American failure of imagination? Racism is part of the answer, but only part.
this is all a FAILURE OF IMAGINATION on behalf of Americans - Racism is PART of this but not whole picture -> actually general sense of cultural superiority
cans underestimated its range, speed, and maneuverability
So overall, clear evidence that the Japanese had military might and even technological advantage, but consistent underestimation by US forces
Here, it would seem, was imagination and “psychological preparedness” in abundance; and the United States did, in fact, adopt strategic policies that took the rise of Japan into consideration.
"Imagination" on display prior to Pearl Harbour - Pacific fleet relocated as a deterrent in 40 - Yellow Peril since Russo-Japanese war and role of media peddling this here
Wilson lied about the reasons for entering the First World War, saying it was a war to "make the world safe for democracy," when it was really a war to make the world safe for the rising American power
hmm
any young Iraqismay become attracted to radical ideologies
Three problems make Iraq's prospects poor despite elections success: 1. Ethnic divide (what author is arguing needs to be addressed through learning of nationalist movement 2. Religious revival of 90s -> radicalism and Islam in the constitution 3. Tanked economy -> no education or job opportunities
SO...young Iraqis (MOST, remember) might be drawn to radicalism instead
Iraqis themselves say standards of living and security are higher priorities than functioning democracy (understandably)
Hope: - All reject authoritarianism and Baathist ideology since 91 -> new ways of thinking about politics here - New constitution to prevent state excess power -> could hold return to authoritarianism at bay with legal checks - Most powerful Islamic leaders, as discussed, are NOT radical and anti clerical-state -> secularists NEEDED to form a new govt.
Saddam and the project to rewrite history: - Erased all pre-63 accomplishments/historical traditions - A new project could revive Iraqi historical memory
A NEW campaign: - Will need to assert Democracy's compatibility w/ Islam - tolerance of Iraqi political opposition has historic grounds / cooperation - Baghdad University here is key -> US SHOULD FUND THIS AND PROJECTS OF THIS TYPE HERE ALSO UN - NEEDS TO CENTRE NATIONALIST TRADITIONS AND RESISTANCE TO BAATHIST RULE - create national PRIDE by doing so (key) - Use the internet (lol) - USe this to spread word of democratic success in Muslim societies (like in Afghanistan lmao) - Using media (internet, TV, radio) to combat sectarianism -> talkshows w/ multiple viewpoints - Emphasis on folklore -> many formerly rural -> myths endure - National "town hall meetings" over zoom basically - Infrastructure infrastructure, infrastructure - truth and reconciliation commission - Emphasize interethnic trust here -> SO ONE GROUP DOESN'T GET BLAMED FOR TRAUMA LIKE IN RWANDA AND SA -
IN NONE OF THIS DOES DAVIS SUGGEST US INTERVENTION / CONTROL -> WHAT IS ROLE OF INVADER HERE?
" Iraq reminds us, in often dramatic ways, how important it is to intelligently synthesize the universal norms and principles of democratic theory with the unique experiences and practices of countries that yearn for freedom after years of suffering under official intolerance, political exclusivity, and dictatorship
critical to establishing a democraticsociet
KEY: - Is Davis "right" in all this? Ie, is the whole democracy project even a good thing, or is it just an imposition by the Americans. - Says that "individual rights, institutions for civil society, transparency of governance, MARKET MECHANISMS, and LIMITED ROLE OF STATE in social/econ affairs are all NECESSARY FOR ESTABLISHING DEMOCRACY
Ok, that said, Davis explitly says classical-liberal understanding / model of state here is non-effective
Answer is: - State that shoulders responsibility for employment, social welfare, and infrastructure - Crippled by Hussein and sanctions so free market utopia a bollocks dream - This would draw once again on Nationalist tradition -> Iraqi communist and National Democratic Parties of earlier-in-the-century. - Need land reforms, education and employment guarantees, etc
Baathism’s fall, the Sunni Arabs fear, willmean for them not only political but also economic marginalization.
Baathist Political Makeup: - Hussein favours Sunni's overwhelmingly. A group who, historically, are mostly poor/rural having not lived in the oil-rich areas of the north (Kurds) and south (Shi'ites) Therefore fear any loss of power as economic turbulence Baathists have made this nationalist tradition unknown / not talked about REVIVING knowledge and education of this Nationalist movement would – posits Davis – help young Iraqis preserve democracy by demonstrating that anti sectarian cooperation is possible and has been done before.
. Kurds and Shi’ites were exclude
Ethnic and religious makeup of Iraq is STILL not known in the west today even in higher levels
Same for, say, Northern Ireland or the Balkans -> but at least a cursory understanding or like you can namedrop the ethnic groups involved -> no such case for the Middle East (same for Vietnam? More of a unified ethnic group?) Also, more of a result of the "war on terror" -> ie, not fighting an enemy like "the Vietnamese" or "The Germans/Japanese" but "terrorists" IN Iraq and Afghanistan
The pan-Arabists offered a xenophobic and chauvinist definition of politicalcommunity that was bound up with rigid notions of ethnic identity andcultural boundaries
So artistic traditions MUCH like the literary traditions of Russian intellectuals under Nick I: - Drew from "ancient" cultural / Arabic traditions of past empires to question the status quo and address imbalances in society - Also a Pan-Arab movement that exists which is more xenophobic but still broad definition of political unity / community
In
Nationalist movement promotes democracy because of the independent institutions it generates: - Free press tradition (carried on from Young Turks and ottomans) -> continues even after Batthist coup - Student, worker, academic, artistic associations all foster civil society - Overall VERY MUCH like Russian state under Nick I and Alex III/Nick II
Also democratic acts - ALWAYS promotes cooperation along ethnic lines - 1954 elections -> interethnic cooperation here - Opposition to colonial rule (ethnic unity) - rebellion to Hussein at tail end of First Gulf War -> intertehnic alliance across all 8 provinces
A note on Ottoman traditions: - We view, say, European states like Yugoslavia or what have you as maintaining infrasturucture from the Hapsburgs, Austro-Hungary, etc -> but not for Iraq which we view as a backward desert wasteland of nothing -> but there are imperial traditions here too
cholars and other observers of politics have not paid sufficientattention to the idea that historical memory can assist democratic tran-sitions.
Ah, so THESIS: - opposite and yet the same approach as Hoogland Noon -> who argued that historical memory influences US policy for expansionism - Here, argues that scholars ignore uses of historical memory as a tool for democratic transitions - Collective memory definition the same (CHECK THIS AND COMPARE) -> group of narratives that everyone agrees founded the current status quo and led to the events of today
Societies emerging from authoritarian regimes often lack truest among citizens -> divided populace because of exploited wedges and differences (racial hierarchy, religious differences, class, gender) so no common unity Divide and rule Also force citizens into centralized hierarchical bureaucracies that breed authoritarian thinking -> combined w/ low population age in Iraq -> mean that legacy of authoritarianism looms large (they don't know anything else)
Counter? -> Who's to say that being under a fascist regime doesn't make you MORE united? WHAT are the differences between this kind of unity out of fear and/or might of a single unified Volk and this kind of historical memory / nationalism project? - Both use / abuse / TAILOR history to suit an historic memory?
val of the historical memory, from the pre-Baathist era, ofa more tolerant and politically inclusive Iraqi nationalism—a national-ism that arose to meet the challenges facing the newly created nation-stateof Iraq in the early twentieth century—aid the cause of a democratictransition in the Iraq of the early twenty-first century
K, so.
Iraq is transitioning to a democracy in 2005 -> 3mil vote despite terrorist threats However, majority lack clear understanding of what democracy is aside from being anti-authoritarian To this end, could an historical memory aid their struggle? There ARE democratic traditions in Iraq's history -> exactly like Russia being progressive under Nicholas I
This memory is: - foundation of the Baath party which was eventually taken OVER by Hussein - Even earlier Iraqi nationalist movement prior to 52 founding of the party (a branch, party itself began in Syria) - Hussein takes over in 68 in a coup -> BUT intellectuals from nationalist movement operate WITHIN system and resist.
lamo-fascism."54 EvenThis content downloaded from 132.205.229.215 on Fri, 24 Mar 2023 16:29:30 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
The Enemy: -Immediate Pearl harbour comparisons - 9/11 CAST as an act of war by politicians - Michael Kelly and WP -> cites Orwell essay proclaiming pacifists fascist -NYT uses rockwell paintings as America under attack - BIN LADEN ARISES AS HITLER ANALOGY -> HAD BEEN TRYING TO PORTRAY HUSSEIN AND MILOSEVIC as such
f baby boom cuconsensus that even political conserreinventing their pare
All the Boomers fault -> create SPR to reenact the image and PROJECT their own ideals/image onto their parents (idealized images of themselves)
oss decades.generation ca
So BEFORE 9/11 Bush is complaining about the "underfunded" military and directly comparing his own times with those of the 30s in Europe. Quotes Churchill. So is drawing legitimacy from that era (lessons) to PREEMPTIVELY launch an American campaign to get back this country's sense of purpose -> a new greatest generation
mber 2001, Bush warned thatthe military to fa
Post Cold war threats on the rise too according to Bush
American armed forces have an irdence
Similarly, Busg DRAWS LEGITIMACY FROM WWII TO PERPETUATE AMERICAN MILITARY MIGHT -> myth propells notuion of American world police
ht
Bush paints picture of America POLITICALLY led by greatest generation as time of peace and exceptional character. Clinton later claims that veen though he had "wars" there was no "vision thing" to guide his own presidency / time in office. Jealous of Bush
eq
Pretty easy stuff here: - good war emphasized - Bastion amidst global catastrophe of Vietnam (and yet exists despite it) - war aims and accomplishments never question (Marshall Plan, etc)
Bush is certainly not alone in draw-ing oversimplified lessons from a rationalized program of mass extermination; to acertain degree, he merely gave the latest voice to what some diplomatic historiansrefer to as the "Nuremburg Consensus," which casts Germany and Japan as the loneaggressors during the Second World War. Yet by implying, among other things, thatthe United States entered the war on behalf of European Jews, Bush repeated a per-vasive tendency to Americanize the meaning of the Holocaust, offering it a key rolein the confirmation of the nations historic destiny.2
WHY WE FIGHT: - Bush's speech shows builds American identity off of camp liberation and D Day -> thereby Americanizing the meaning of the Holocaust - Exactly like "why we fight" which up until that point actually does discuss some of the complexities of war (war crimes, shit conditions, what are we actually fighting about this is all pointless, etc)
to the end-lessly scrolling campaign against terrorism -
DAMN
he 1980s, for instance, the metaphor-ical uses of World War II were expansive and deeply contentious, including raciallycharged characterizations of the "trade war" with Japan or the "drug war" in Centraland South America, antifeminist comparisons between abortion and the Holocaust(including Rush Limbaugh's oft-cited "femi-Nazi" formulation), and similar formu-lations by gay activists who tethered the AIDS epidemic to the legacy
Popular in 80s - trade war, abortion and Holocaust, etc - used by both suppressed (Gay/AIDS) and dominant communities (govt) - Essentially, dates back much further
n the midst of a perpetua
Like forever war. Only, instead of needing to be at ACTUAL war for nation to continue -> just imagined one
that legitimate the present as theinevitable outcome of the pa
KEY: DOING SO WARPS FACTS INTO MYTHS THAT ARE UNTOUCHABLE -> LEGITIMIZES THE EXISTENCE OF THE PRESENT AS THE OUTCOME OF THESE
pe; for
How does PRINT MEDIA impact all this (NYT)?
tical functions, and sopoint and perhaps locating "better"what those analogies se
Effect of analogies: - Darwin -> may be a "deceitful guide" - all are falliable -> no perfect comparisions obviously emphasize SOME parts of the narrative continuing/being the same while SUPPRESSING other parts to make the new event fit into the box of the old (analogy is inherently like this, even in a literary sense methinks) - But NEED these to teach -> so they are important - Essentially, then, Hoogland Noon acknowledges that all analogies are flawed but that this is a necessary evil. There's no point in critiquing them. - Instead, better to ask what INTENT is put behind these by those who peddle them
ainst th
ce 1999 , George W. Bush has consistently evoked the legacy of the "greatest genera-tion" Moreover ; since September 11, 2001 , Bush's use of World War II analogies haintensified. Such analogies capitalize on post-Cold War historical memory and lendcredibility to the war on terrorism, yet they characterize the world in a simple, dualis-tic fashion that evades a critical engagement
Thesis: - Notes the consistent and exponential use of WWII memory (greatest generation) by Bush jr since 1999 -> increasing since 9/11. These legitimize the war on terror by drawing direct links between then and now (exactly like PIRA) Specifically a post Cold War context that allows this, characterize the world as simple black/white terms
The camera, as JohnTagg reminds us, ‘is never neutral’: it has worked since its invention tonaturalise hierarchies of age, class, gender, ability and race.2
camera never neutral
still maintained an element of the conservatism and desire for con-trol that also defined Guiding’s ideals: ‘some otherwise excellent studieshad to be rejected’, an announcement in The Guide magazine n
Encourages creativity through photography, etc -> BUT still element of conservatism that is intended to control girls' lives
Still same for today? Queer for sure
Guide periodicals also regularly advised girls about the move-ment’s photography contests,
reward incentive part of colonial project?
mperial Guideheadquarters,
SCOUTS headquarters -> colonialism with totem pole?
se film to represent themselves and their surroundings.
Photography the same as guiding -> a colonial export that could create equal spaces for imperial control as well as resistance and counter discourse by Indigenous pops.
ntent: I want to think about the kindsof evidence available to scholars of colonialism and girlhood, and aboutthe ways in which these bodies of evidence (especially the non-textualones) may be understood. The chapter wi
Overall how COLONIALISM impacts GIRLHOOD through these institutions. Can we examine the evidence and find the answer to this question?
I found that girls and women of colour were oftendiscussed as abstract representations of the global value and emancipa-tory potential of Guide work, y
Same w/ scouts? Idk but POC only represented in the ARCHIVE as vague references to civilization and emancipatory work these orgs are doing?
go on reading your sources until you hear voices, then write a deeply humanstory about your historical subjects. Readers want to learn about real people, making realchoices, in real circumstances. Make your actors complex and multi-dimensional
Cool
ng tip no. 5 embodiment. Anytime you can make an idea or a concept come alive througha person or an event, do it. Making your reader see your argument through vivid, concretehuman thought and action is much more powerful, convincing, and memorable than a dryabstraction
God tier. Is this for historical nonfiction vs academia? Audience?
nconscious mind does a stunning job of sorting things out.
Brilliant
time
Cool, I often find my fiction pieces have reflected the history work I've been doing and reading _> tonally and in regards to setting
istory papers must demonstrate changeover time
hmm
Check sentences for repetition. You don’t want to use identical verbs or phrasings insentences that directly follow one another. Vary word choices wherever possible
Just do this
onclusion are about the significance of what you have written.
But we need to have STAKES emphasized throughout otherwise this can feel out of place or take too long to meaningfully explain -> any tips for expanding the horizons here w/o rambling on?
rather builds abridge between it, the thesis
Key, exact;y what Roslagova said here -> use example and then relate that to what you're talking about as an illustration of broader issues.
include the thesis of the paper in one form oranother.
Sometimes thesis hard to decipher or at least not explicitly highlighted -> thoughts?
All papers must have an opening “hook” – either a quote, anecdote or parado
Very much agree w/ this but definitely lacking in many I find Can hooks be too lost?
y
Immaculate paragraph
aximum of three lines.
Cool
Each of these passages has faults of its own, but, quite apart from avoidable ugliness, two qualities are common to all of them. The first is staleness of imagery; the other is lack of precision. The writer either has a meaning and cannot express it, or he inadvertently says something else, or he is almost indifferent as to whether his words mean anything or not. This mixture of vagueness and sheer incompeten
Basically, these passages have two things in common: 1. Lack of exciting imagery 2. Vagueness and a failure to express what the author intends.
— I could have quoted far worse if I had chosen —
Lmao
Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes.
Key: naysayers / defeatists think this is a natural course of language "evolution" or degradation, but orwell claims we should shape language to our own purpose as a tool
formal distinction,made increasingly rigid through the later middle ages, between sancti and beati.
Formal distinction made increasingly rigid in latter MA -> sancti and beati differences
By reading this relationship, Vauchez expounded theways in which Rome controlled�or at least attempted to control�the practices ofwestern Christianity. Thus he persuasively elucidated the experiences of lay Christiansthrough sources produced by clerics. But laypeople themselves (with the notableexception of those who became saints) always remained off center stage. Such, it wouldseem, is the fate of any study�or any careful study�based on hagiographic sources
KEY KEY KEY KEY K E Y K E Y-> So Vauchez is firmly in the camp of those who examine "religion" through the lense of a structure / top down. Sttudying social history, sure 9ie, not just history of the Church), but assumes that we can find out about lay people THROUGH the Church. -> laypeople themselves appear off the centre stage here. This is because the SOURCES V examines are only hagiographic / papal/ local clergy
The book is a systematicexamination of the records of the formal processes initiated for the canonization of saintsbetween 1198 and 1431.
What the book IS functionally (an examination of the PROCESS of sainthood via looking at records and formal (papal) processes.
Whereas in history, our peopledidn't punish children like that. But as time went on, the people thatwent to residential school before my time picked up those kinds ofpunishing kinds of techniq
Direct contrast / replacement of family styles
Still today,I find that our people, when they 8o to church, the women go to oneside and the men 80 to one side in the building
Ex of lasting institutional behaviour forced upon IND by res schools
The boys had chores to do, working outside. So it really wasn't alearning institution. It
Again, more of a labour camp than a school. Very little actual classtime compared to just chores -> so, again, losing culture for absolutely nothing
Maybe, struck by how intentional the goal was to DESTROY as opposed to replace culture -> absolutely no regard for these children. Also how they remembered the sensory experiences )food, cold, wetting the bed, loud noises, etc here)
And that's a long time for a child tlat had never.been away
Overall taking advantage of the fact that they're children and very impressionable -> loneliness especially here. Some couldn't go home for Christmas if they couldn't afford it, and this likely contributed to their absorption of the rigid structure of residential schools. A place not even really compatible with white Christian Canada due to its extremes -> thereby erasing culture and leaving one with nothing (not that replacing one culture with another isn't also an evil act)
I never saw custard before in my life. I don't know whatkind of custard it vJas. But when you force someone to eat somethingthey've never tasted - an
So food was at once one of these cultural boundaries to cross (Custard) but also evidence of just straight up mistreatment through malnourishment / psychological harm (pigskin soup)
st sexual parallel
But then ENGAGE in sex on the job -> not mocked enough unlike Dr. Strangelove?
t does not, especially toward the end of the film. You can only watch so much footage of a man crouched behind a barrier, pinned down by sniper fire, before the situation turns into a cinematic cliche.
A bit like lazertag
rust us’,the symbolism reassures followers. ‘We are still republicans. Stay with us through thesechallenging times.
K so just because old symbols exist alongside new ones in this new mixed economy of symbols doesn't mean change isn't occurring
Sometimes, embracing old symbols PREPARES communities for change like "trust us, we're still Sinn Fein -> still have Bobby Sands as a mural here. - Sands interpetation too -> some say opportunistic to have actual political Sinn Fein when Sands' seat was not taken in protest. BUT he could also have been a community leader -> in either case, lending trust to people of their constituents
Loyalists and WWI: a similar example to Sands - Shift in INTERPRETATION of WWI images - UVF formed as illegal army AGAINST HR in 1912 -> absorbed into British army as we know (36 Ulster) -> from what the current UVF draws its legitimacy - Two differences -> first is RACIST rallying call AGAINST new minority groups in Belfast (they didn't die for...) - Second involves Somme associations -> DIRECT reference to Somme commemoration (no red hand?) Poppies, etc -> ie NO direct link between these and Loyalist UVF/UDA/UFF groups
Reimaging communities has dovetailed this - Poppies, etc used to LEGITIMIZE presence/actions of UVF -> but no purely historical commemoration -> so REMAINING symbols of nationalistic character - Attempts still to ease into this new era cautiously -> UVF PLAQUE exists below some murals listing dead recent fighters next to "purely historical" murals -> "The UVF now hitches a ride, as it were, with the historical representation, in effect telling the world 'we were soldiers too'"
CONCLUSION: - Murals help NAVIGATE the peace process for both groups -> cling to identities but not inherently a bad thing. All about give and take -> foreground for CONSTRUCTION OF NEW COLLECTIVE MEMORIES -> like one big moving painting - Exists in concert with other debates -> should new, united, sports stadium replace the H-Blocks where Sands died in 81? - Should there be CIVIC memorials? (there AREN'T stranegly enough yet) - Strange scenario then -> tourist city with crowds clamouring for painted murals/curbstones, ie MEMORIALS of the conflict, yet no actual city-driven things. All in the hands of community members - "emollient hand of the heritage industry [will] transform it into something altogether more soothing" - But there is a rich collective of memory that doesn't NEED TO LEAD TO FORGETTING - Some symbols might be outdated and anachronistic -> but doesn't mean they aren't still very real symbols of these communities that have struggled through and survived conflict. - So reimaging fund MAY be useful but it goes beyond displaying "different images" - Collective remembering over enforced forgetting
Agents of the state, in particular, ‘have acentral role and special weight because of their power in relation to establishing anddeveloping an “official history/memory”
‘Asymmetries of power in society mean that some groups insociety are better positioned than others to articulate and impose their preferred inter-pretation of the past’
It is the need for current meaningand identity which creates the symbol or the ritual, not the symbol or ritual which ofitself automatically engenders meaning
key
great care must betaken. To understand how groups and societies process their relationship with the past,it is necessary to move beyond metaphor or analogy into the study of social or col-lective memory.
Collectove memory CANNOT be analyzed this way (as in an individual's relationship to inescapable, recurring, more-vivid-than-present trauamatic memories)
the unprocessed imprints – are more vivid and intense than what he sees inthe present’
because of trauma
hey further popularized the view that the Irish, and especially thenationalist working class in the North, were locked into myths whose consequenceswere murderous. And if
BASICALLY: lib shit. Tryna stop peak of violence and just end up blaming irish working class in the north
What academic elites remember is per-missible memory; for the rest of us, only distorted memory is available.
Academic bias
rish, and especially republicans, could not win; either they were manipulating anddistorting historical memory for their own ideological ends, or they were trapped inmyths which drove them to violence (Dawson, 2007: 38).
Again, "zombie" view of history
The revisionists in effectshared that state’s view of itself as a neutral arbiter between the warring Irish factions
Is this view that Ireland has constant violent mythmaking (outsized) actually just British propaganda (ie, we're just a neutral party here?) Also ignores british myths that justify colonial violence
“My cookies sold out in minutes!” she said.
Supporting Quote!
“[Rossland] has attracted so many creative people and artists who have tried to cram micro-studios into their already tiny houses,” she said.
Let the sources provide colour for you
“Shout out to women!” she exclaimed before launching into an improvised instrumental piece
Supporting quote!
In another corner of the park, a cenotaph had been repurposed for an impromptu skate jam.
Again, already tells you what the attitude at this event was like through providing concrete physical detail (ie, not -> " the atmosphere was one of __"
had set up their wares across two picnic tables
Describing ramshackle/ impromptu nature of the event without directly saying it
Children eagerly lined up for face painting stations, businesses and organizations such as Librarie Racines—a Black-owned bookstore–established their presence at individual booths.
Again, just mentioning presence of children adds colour to the event
Butcher, Le Roi. 1971. “The Anderson Affair.” In Let the Niggers Burn: The Sir George Williams University Affair and its Caribbean Aftermath, edited by David Forsythe, 76–110. Montreal: Black Rose Books. Google Scholar
Same comment as above
Abraham 2021
Cite legal ramifications (just make it a starvation source, a volume source if you will.