local[N]

Since the two streams are independent, the client and server can read and write messages in any order

the server is notified that the RPC has been invoked with the client’s metadata for this call, the method name, and the specified deadline if applicable.

protocol buffers as the Interface Definition Language (IDL) for describing both the service interface and the structure of the payload messages.

The gRPC infrastructure decodes incoming requests, executes service methods, and encodes service responses.

gRPC can use protocol buffers as both its Interface Definition Language (IDL) and as its underlying message interchange format

This improves serialization and deserialization times

We instead scaled up our ElasticSearch cluster using Google Container Engine and with it’s powerful aggregations and facet processing our needs were easily met.

The second optimization we used was to replicate large portions of our Datastore data into ElasticSearch. ElasticSearch is a fundamentally different storage technology to Datastore, and is not a managed service, so it was a big leap for us.

you want to pass a function as an argument to higher-order functions

Lambda functions are used when you need a function for a short period of time.

subproblem definition

In the case of PCI passthrough, the full physical device is assigned to only one guest and cannot be shared.

It is imperative you take the loss at this point.

If you don't, you won't know where to exit the trade.

Indexes are a cornerstone of information retrieval, and the basis for today's modern search engines.

This is known as collapsed forwarding.

four of the more important ones are caches, proxies, indexes and load balancers.

benchmark different alternatives, understand how the system will fail, and have a solid plan for when failure happens.

with the Flickr architecture each shard would need to be updated or searched (or a search service would need to be created to collate that metadata—which is in fact what they do).

Finally, this separates future concerns, which would make it easier to troubleshoot and scale a problem like slow reads.

Deconstructing a system into a set of complementary services decouples the operation of those pieces from one another. This abstraction helps establish clear relationships between the service, its underlying environment, and the consumers of that service. Creating these clear delineations can help isolate problems, but also allows each piece to scale independently of one another. This sort of service-oriented design for systems is very similar to object-oriented design for programming.

Cost is the total cost of ownership.

the part that makes it scalable is that the resources, or access to those resources, are distributed across multiple servers.

When building APIs using AWS Lambda, one execution of a Lambda function can serve a single HTTP request

In summary, ropes are preferable when the data is large and modified often.

Thus the lessonto be learned is that when designing algorithms that operate on trees, it is important to be most efficienton the bottommost levels of the tree (as BuildHeap is) since that is where most of the weight of the treeresides.

Merge is a recursive operation.

In order to maintain this property, each node has a rank, which indidates the length of the path between the node and the right most leaf. For example,

The relationship of left child and right child is not important, so the two child slots in the array for a root can be fully used. (Can we use array to implement a binary search tree?)

unfortunately we cannot have it in pure functional world where mutable array is not recommended.

When the role attributes take precedence over the default attributes, Chef Infra Client applies those new settings and values during a Chef Infra Client run.

despite W = P∗J for all proposed gambles

FQDN

Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in these spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear and extends the life of equipment, and allows users to cut their energy bills by telling low priority devices to use energy only when it is cheapest.

On a recent day, three manufacturing firms called the head of a program at KVCC that teaches trade skills asking if it had any students available to fill jobs.

This year, the Promise’s marketing has emphasized vocational college. Administrators hope marginal students will be less likely to drop out of such programs because they are shorter.

“The challenges that people bring with them to education because of poverty don’t just go away because we say we’re going to pay for college education,”

Income share agreements could lower costs and improve outcomes by tying loan amounts to objective judgments of how much the student is likely to earn from her degree. Educational quality could also benefit: Investors would presumably advance students money only for schools that were doing a decent job of teaching them. The risks are that some borrowers could end up paying far more under such a scheme than the current plan and that investors might not lend to students they consider too risky.

His administration cut out the middlemen by killing off the Guaranteed Student Loan Program, the one created under Presidents Johnson and Nixon that relied on banks, in favor of a direct loan program, in which money came from the Treasury. But the government’s loose lending policy, with few questions asked, remained in place. The Obama administration also heavily promoted income-based repayment programs, which set borrowers’ monthly payments at 10% of their discretionary income and then forgave a portion of their debt after 20 to 25 years of payments. This severed the link between the value of students’ education and how much they could borrow, providing a huge incentive for schools to raise tuition, since taxpayers would pick up more of the tab. Enrollment in these programs is one big reason that the government’s costs for student loans are exploding.

The voucher system, combined with a lack of government oversight, created perverse incentives: Colleges could raise money quickly by admitting academically suspect students while suffering little or no consequences if their students dropped out and defaulted on loans.

In particular, the system gave colleges an incentive to maximize the tuition they extracted from students and the federal taxpayer by boosting fees and enrollment, which meant relaxing admissions standards.