Tree Classification Systems

s. Many dissenting 'philosophes'felt themselves to be in the grip of a tyranny from which America provided the onlyescape. In all their correspondence there is a dominant theme-emigration. Thenames of the land lots on the Priestley lands on the Susquehanna give an idea of thevaried localities from which the English emugres came-Bristol, Birmingham, Man-chester, Norwich, et

English 'philosophes' began to see that the Revolution had succumbed to mobviolence, though it is doubtful whether they suspected that the mob was beingsteered. Young Watt still makes a defence for the revolutionaries, but it is clear thathis stomach is beginning to turn:I am filled with involuntary horror at the scenes which pass before me and wish theycould have been avoided, but at the same time I allow the absolute necessity of them.16 Insome instances the vengeance of the people has been savage & inhuman. They havedragged the dead naked body of the Princess de Lamballe through the streets &treated it with all sorts of indignities. Her head stuck upon a Pike was carried throughParis and shown to the King & Queen, who are in hourly expectation of the samefate

Burke attacked them fiercely in the Commons, his rhetoric beingemployed to great effect but with no true moderation. 'There were in this country',he said, 'men who scrupled not to enter into an alliance with a set in France of theworst traitors and regicides that had ever been heard of-the club of Jacobins'. 1 Heattacked by name Thomas Cooper, James Watt and Thomas Walker. ImmediatelyJames Watt senior wrote to ask his son to be more moderate lest the antipathy hearoused might allow Boulton and Watt's enemies, the Hornblowers, to get a billthrough Parliament weakening Watt's patent for the steam engine.

Oppression, for these young men, attaining their majorities just as the Revolutionbegan, was a series of incidents which they had observed with their own eyes-not adistant and distanced scene. In their criticism of the French aristocracy androyalty they had been nodded encouragement by their fathers and their fathers'friends who greeted the Revolution with rapture, and held banquets to commemoratethe fall of the Bastille. As the young men came mainly from Dissenting homes so theyresented religious domination, as they were middle class they abhorred the idlenessof the aristocrac

Birmingham, MatthewBoulton armed his employees against the Priestley rioter

on a fine summer's evening towards theend ofJuly I 789, Harry Priestley burst into her parents' house at Barr shouting'Hurrah! Liberty, Reason, brotherly love for ever! ... France is free, the Bastilleis taken. '74 Two years later that young man's father, Dr Joseph Priestley, wasstill insisting that the combined effects of the American and the FrenchRevolutions had shifted the world 'from darkness to light, from superstition tosound knowledge, and from a most debasing servitude to a state of the mostexalted freedom

The cultural climate that had allowedinformal and socially dilute bodies like the Lunar Society to flourish haddisintegrated and would not be reconstituted for a generation and more. Theemigration to America of Dr Priestley, together with many hundreds of less-well-known 'friends of liberty' acknowledged as much.A period of twenty-two years of nearly continuous continental and maritimewarfare after I792 would also gravely weaken the free trade in knowledgewhich the philosophes had taken for grante

James appears toconcede as much on I December in a reference to the fate of the Brissotins: 'myfriends in France, the friends of rational liberty have most of them passed thefatal guillotine and the reigning party were always objects of my hatred aswell as Mr Cooper's

contradictions and dilemmas of the late Enlightenment. Isknowledge value-free? How should it be transmitted? Ought it be madeavailable to all, irrespective of social station?

. These cursed French have murdered Philosophy & continue totorment all of Europe.

s theformation of a discrete 'family' of philosophes in the West Mclose links with their counterp

raft of a branching diagram concerning politics, found in the Zwinger manuscripts alongside a set of “annotationsin the first books of Aristotle’s Politics

steady sellers despite their considerable size andexpense and despite being accessible only to the Latin-literate.

Bacon called for general-izations from particulars to manage the excess data accumulated through ex-perience

Ephraim Chambers’

t was not the newly recovered ancient texts (Lucretius or Sextus Empiricus) that accounted for the ever- increasing size of collections of quo-tations in florilegia, but rather increased attention to long- familiar ancient au-thors central to humanist education (like Ovid, Horace, and Cicero) and a large number of recent works generated by reflection on the classics (e.g., Petrarch or the emblems of Alciati and Camerarius). A new attitude toward seeking out and stockpiling information was the crucial cause of the information explosion, more significant than any particular new discovery.

ffered ready- made in print the kinds of notes readers wished to have available even if they had not taken them themselves

to produce knowledge principally from the study of an-cient texts

interdependence of ideas with the social and material contexts of their formation

four crucial operations: storing, sorting, selecting, and summarizing,

Compilers were therefore conveyors of information rather than of their own opinions or positions

distinct from data (which requires further processing before it can be meaningful) and from knowledge (which implies an individual knower).

both Edward Royle and SusanBudd have found that members of the British secularist movement camemainly from the urban working and lower middle classes

prison for blasphemy,1111luding Richard Carlile, Charles Southwell, George Holyoake, and G.W.I rnitc

atheists' racial views wereshaped in large part by their status as a marginalized group in Britain andthe United States.

Another variety of unbelief came in the form of ethical societies.I h1• London South Place Chapel had roots as a Unitarian church in late, 11-1litccnth-centuryAmerica. It crossed the Atlantic to London in 1822.l •11dcrMoncure Conway, a Virginian who had relocated to London in 1863

Americanfreethinkers took up the former Unitarian pastor Francis EllingwoodAbbot's "Nine Demands of Liberalism,

Utilitarianismwould be further developed by the British liberal philosopher John StuartMill in the nineteenth century. For much of his life, Mill was a colonialadministrator with the East India Company, and he was elected as a LiberalMP from 1865 to 1868. Mill's philosophy emphasized individual rights anddemocratic freedoms, including advocacy of women's suffrage.

tilitarianism, anon-Christian system of morals. This philosophy, devised in the late eight-eenth century by Jeremy Bentham

Like Southwell and so many other atheists, Holyoakealso spent time behind bars for his views. He would later establish his ownnewspapers, the longest-running of which was the Reasoner, published from1846 to 1861.Through this paper, Holyoake became one of the most promi-nent irreligious leaders in the country as he built bridges.with middle-classintellectuals and liberal theists. He coined the term "secularism" in the 1850sas a replacement for "atheism." In Holyoake's view, a secularist outlook dif-fered from an atheist one in the sense that it was not wholly destructive butsought to establish a framework for ethics that was independent of religion.In other words, Holyoake saw atheism as a purely negative creed, whereassecularism was a positive one.

Charles Southwell createdI hl• newspaper the Oracle of Reason along with William Chilton

Owen's skepticism of11•ligionwent hand-in-hand with his reformist politics.

Robert Owen, who, like Paine, was influential onhotb sides of the Atlantic.54 Owen gained national prominence in the firstlt,llf of the nineteenth century for his utopian experiments in Britain andmerica based on his radical view of human nature as being determined,tlmost entirely by circumstances

Paine argued that all revelationsclaiming to be from the deity were invalid and that one could discern God'sworks through a study of nature.

link between secularization and eugenics was not straightforward

Adrian Desmond and JamesMoore, two of the most important Darwin scholars, who argue convinc-ingly in a recent book that Darwin's evolutionary research was animatedby a hatred of polygenesis and the ways in which it could be used to justifyslavery or imperial conquest

in Britain at least, "religious monogenism and anti-slavery agitationwent hand-in-hand."

Nineteenth-century atheists and freethinkers were profoundly rooted inthe thought of the Enlightenment and therefore also inherited many ofthese contradictions.

opened theway to a secular or scientific racism by considering human beings part of theanimal kingdom rather than viewing them in biblical terms as children of Godendowed with spiritual capacities denied to other creatures.

racism had to bel'mancipated from Christian universalism

"hereditary heathenism," in Rebecca Goetz's terminology, whichsaw Africans as essentially and permanently godless heathens who couldnever truly become Christian

some historians haveseen in medieval anti-Semitism the genesis of modern racism

On the one hand, they imag-ined themselves at the pinnacle of the racial and civilization hierarchy. Buton the other, the vast majority of their countrymen were Christians whoseemed to reject the West's greatest gifts, namely reason and science,

Might these cultures actually offer their own virtues that were superiorin some ways to Christianity?

ineteenth-century freethinkers, onthe other hand, banded together in various organizations ana. sought toconvey their irreligious message to all segments of society, particularly thelower classes

Racialscience, with its emphasis on racial classifications based on physical andmental features - such as measurements of the skull

Christianityheld that all humans were created in the image of God and descended fromAdam and Eve

itremains disputed whether secularization helped open the way for racism orwhether it provided new ways to challenge racism.

humanity’s early days on the Africansavanna

,650 years ago in east-central China's Yellow River Valley, a community known as the Yangshao bur-ied a child wrapped in a silk shroud

he insect cannot feed itself

d,tlirultir, ,w, r l{'h1d1

<\I H l lTl.1:.

It is impossible to think without writing; at least it is impossible in any sophisticated or networked (anschlußfähig) fashion

make it possible to retrieve more ina later query via the pivotal keyword index than what was intended when the notes were initially taken

relations between the nodes (i.e. notes)

a keyword index

Often Luhmann noted the references directly as he created the card but also regularly updated alreadyexisting cards by adding references whenever the integration of new cards in other parts of the collectionmade it necessary

relevant to the special argument

outline of an article or the table of contents of a book

nearly every second note (second collection) on average.

a nearly infinite number of cards between what hadinitially been two consecutive cards created at the same time on a related subjec

1/1 Card with notes referring to a certain topic1/1a Card containing notes referring to a particular idea from card 1/11/1b Continuation of notes

embedding a topic in various contexts gives rise todifferent lines of information by means of opening up different realms of comparison

difficultyof assigning an issue to one and only one single (top-level) subject, which is a matter of ambiguity or soto say conceptual indecisiveness. Luhmann solved this problem by seizing it as an opportunity: instead ofsubscribing to the idea of a systematic classification system, he opted for organizing entries based on theprinciple that they must have only some relation to the previous entry

he second collection, by design, is quite moreproblem-oriented, reflecting the emerging sociological interests of Luhmann: It consists of only eleventop-level subject area

in the evening he transferred the often only rudimentaryrecords he made during the day into new notes according to his special filing technique

75,000 cards) consist of notes documenting the results ofLuhmann’s readings, but also his own thoughts and theoretical arguments and concepts. The notes re-sulting from his readings are not simply excerpts; what mattered to him was “what could be utilized inwhich way for the cards that had already been written. Hence, when reading, I always have the questionin mind of how the books can be integrated into the filing system

a growing distrust ofexpertise, including medical science,

especially among Republicans

Guided by the Supreme Court’s ruling in Jacobson, all50 states put laws on the books mandating vaccinations for school children.

the Court upheldVirginia’s policy of sterilizing women deemed unfit to bear children, also using Jacobsonas precedent. “The principle that sustains compulsory vaccination,” wrote Justice OliverWendell Holmes, Jr., “is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes.”

a public health emergency,

social compact...that all shall be governed by certain laws for the protection, safety,prosperity and happiness of the people,

1905, the issue of vaccine mandates reached the Supreme Court

process known as variolation

your refusal has cost allof us

claims of individual rights clash head-on with public healthmeasures designed to urgently save lives

dwindling under its impact to 150 effective men and eventually withdrawing from Virginia entirely. "Had it not been for this horrid disorder," wrote Dunmore, "I should have had two thousand blacks; with whom I should have had no doubt of penetrating into the heart of this Colony.

Carleton's humane treat- ment of American smallpox victims taken prisoner when the siege ended would seem to undermine the argument that he deliberately infected the America

"The small pox rages all over the Town," wrote George Wash- ington from his headquarters in nearby Cambridge on December 14. "Such of the [British] Military as had it not before, are now under innoculation-this I appre- hend is a weapon of Defence, they Are useing against us."3

e Earl of Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment on the Ches- apeak

William W Warren, History of the Ojibway Nation (1884

since they had caught the disease while fighting for the French, the French were therefore responsible for the devastation it caused.

. In 1755-1756 and again in 1757-1758, the disease wreaked havoc among the Indians allied with the French. After the Lake George campaign of 1757, the French-allied Potawatomis suffered greatly in a smallpox ou

e propagation of smallpox had the advantage of deniabili

rate of 0.5 to 2.0 percent from inoculated smallpox seemed enviable by compar- ison to the case fatality rate of 20 to 30 percent from the natural form of the illness

Cotton Mather.

" inoculation had seen use for hundreds of years elsewhere in the world before Europeans learned of the procedure. Then, at virtually the same moment, in the four-year period from 1713 to 1717, Europeans around the globe latched onto the practice and sent word of it ho

e records for June 1763 include this invoice submitted by Levy, Trent and Company: To Sundries got to Replace in kind those which were taken from people in the Hospital to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians Vizt: 2 Blankets ............@20/ Ul2" 0 0 1 Silk Handkerchef ..... 10/ & 1 linnendo: ......... 3/6 0" 13" 6 Captain Ecuyer certified that the items "were had for the uses above mentioned," and Gen. Thomas Gage ultimately approved the invoice for payment, endorsing it with a comment and

t. "Out of our regard to them," wrote Wil- liam Trent, "we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect."

at accusations of what we now call biological warfare-the military use of smallpox in particular-arose fre- quently in eighteenth-century Am

In the cyber world, connections are with people one has never met in real life; infiltration by government agents has proven to be extremely easy1818 This is one of the weaknesses of complete decentralization.View all notes . By comparison, the mafia required a Sicilian lineage for ‘friends of ours’ for security clearance. One never knows the degree of governmental surveillance and its real capabilities.

the most effective inflation hedge can be a combination of bets which includes short positions in government bonds.

Thus we can look at an inflation hedge as the analog of a minimum variance numeraire.

This does not mean that a cryptocurrency cannot displace fiat –it is indeed desirable to have at least one real currency without a government. But the new currency just needs to be more appealing as a store of value by tracking a weighted basket of goods and services with minimum error.

volatility of a currency pair is inversely proportional to the trade between the two currency zones

In 2021, the governments (central and local) share of GDP in Western economies is around 30–60%, one order of magnitude higher than it was in the 1900s. Government employees and contractors get paid in fiat currency; taxes are collected similarly

For the price to not be arbitrageable requires the good to be unique and unavailable elsewhere at a price fixed in another currency –in this case it becomes, simply, a proxy for bitcoin.

To be able to regularly buy goods denominated in bitcoin (whose prices fixed in bitcoin but floating in U.S.$ or some other fiat currency), one must have an income that is fixed in bitcoin.

There is a mistaken conflation between success for a ‘digital currency’, which requires some stability and usability, and speculative price appreciation.

As discussed in Taleb ( 2012Taleb, N.N., Antifragile: Things that Gain From Disorder, 2012 (Random House and Penguin: New York). [Google Scholar]), technologies tend to be supplanted by other technologies (>99% of the new is replaced by something newer), whereas items such as gold and silver have proved resistant to extinction.

bitcoin depends on the existence of such miners for perpetuity.

The bitcoin transactional currency (BTC) system establishes an adversarial collaboration between the so-called ‘miners’ who validate transactions by getting them on a public ledger; as a reward they get coins plus a fee from the underlying transactions, transfers of coins between parties.

in spite of the hype, bitcoin failed to satisfy the notion of ‘currency without government’ (it proved to not even be a currency at all), can be neither a short nor long term store of value (its expected value is no higher than 0), cannot operate as a reliable inflation hedge, and, worst of all, does not constitute, not even remotely, a safe haven for one's investments, a shield against government tyranny, or a tail protection vehicle for catastrophic episodes.

Multiple assessment attempts on the same course material

no-stakes

Telling students that frequent quizzing helps learning

Pretesting

summary points

memory has two components: storage strength and retrieval strength. Retrieval events improve storage strength, enhancing overall memory, and the effects are most pronounced at the point of forgetting—that is, retrieval at the point of forgetting has a greater impact on memory

retrieval effort hypothesis suggests that the effort involved in retrieval provides testing benefits (Gardiner, Craik, and Bleasdale, 1973). This hypothesis predicts that tests that require production of an answer, rather than recognition of an answer, would provide greater benefit

students were instructed to spend the final 5 to 10 minutes of each class period answering two to four questions that required them to retrieve information about the day’s lecture from memory. The students in this section of the course performed about 8% higher on exams

students who completed an exam every day rather than exams that covered large blocks of material scored significantly higher on a retention test administered at the end of the semester.

no significant difference in the benefits conferred by the different types of retrieval practice; multiple-choice, short-answer

asking them to read passages about 250 words long

calls up notions of high-stakes summative assessments

remembering concepts or facts—retrieving them from memory—increases long-term retention of those concepts or facts. This idea, also known as the testing effect

Thoreau's TheMaine Woods, published in 186

Charles T. Jackson's Second AnnualReport on the Geology of the Public Lands Belonging to the T

to isolate these two aspects from each other is neither possible nor methodologically meaningful

producing accidents with sufficiently enhanced probabilities for selection

slip box provides combinatorial possibilities which were never planned

activate the internal network of links at the occasion of writing notes or making queries. Memory does not function as the sum of point by point accesses, but rather utilizes internal relationships

look for formulations of problems that relate heterogeneous things with each other

there will be incidental ideas which started as links from secondary passages and which are continuously enriched and expand so that they will tend increasingly to dominate system

preferred centers, formation of lumps

it gets its own life, independent of its author.

Central concepts can have many links which show on which other contexts we can find materials relevant

internal growth

complexes of ideas

context in which we are working

arbitrary internal branching

we decide against the systematic ordering in accordance with topics and sub-topics and choose instead a firm fixed place

Information, accordingly, originates only in systems which possess a comparative schema

partners can mutually surprise each other

Antero Garcia

Social Annotation

New England can be traced

slip box

Atomicity fosters re-use which in turn multiplies the amount of connections in the network of Zettels.

try to grasp a whole cluster in a single note. This is especially useful when I can abstract away from the details and carve out a clear concept.

orthogonal to the content’: they don’t adhere to the succession of pages and sections. Instead, clusters form themselves around any purpose you deem fitting.

I can easily process them all at a later date/time if necessary.

aggregating my note data

mobile

time and effort

quick methods

Livescribe pen

going through my notes, reformatting them (if necessary), tagging them and expanding on them

highlights, annotations, and notes

tool that treats this method the same as the general online modality.

I’d rather be able to highlight, type some thoughts and have it appear in my notebook.

too painful

12% of Minnesotans age 25-44 (177,000 persons) enrolled in college but nevercompleted a certificate or degree. Of those individuals, 49,000 are persons of color or indigenous

Attainment rates for the basic race categories hide large disparities across ethnicities

Of those, 6,120 credentials must be earned by American Indians, 5,490 by Asians, 32,830 byBlacks, 4,240 by multiracial individuals, 37,300 by Latinx, and 24,050 by whites

Minnesota will need an additional 110,730 persons age 25-44 to complete a postsecondary credential by 2025.

Current estimates show that 62.2% of Minnesotans aged 25-44 years completed a postsecondary credential (Figure 1). This percentage increased slightly as compared to 2015 estimates (57.5%).

over 68% of jobs paying family-sustaining wages require postsecondary education beyond high school.

In 2015, the Minnesota Legislature enacted a state postsecondary educational attainment goal that 70% of Minnesota adults (age 25 to 44) will have attained a postsecondary certificate or degree by 2025

some people do absorb knowledge from books. Indeed, those are the people who really do think about what they’re reading. The process is often invisible. These readers’ inner monologues have sounds like: “This idea reminds me of…,” “This point conflicts with…,” “I don’t really understand how…,” etc. If they take some notes, they’re not simply transcribing the author’s words: they’re summarizing, synthesizing, analyzing.

The lectures-as-warmup model is a post-hoc rationalization, but it does gesture at a deep theory about cognition: to understand something, you must actively engage with it.

Failure is the default here.

underlying truth about your cognition

So why do books seem to work for some people sometimes? Why does the medium fail when it fails?

Open at the Margins

Report of the select committee No. 1 to investigate the alleged Crédit Mobilier bribery, February 18, 1873

Towandavillagewasafamouswhitepinecenterfiftyyearsago.Itslocationfavoredthis;for,beingsituatedontheSusquehannaRiver,which,withitstributaries,drainsallthenortheasternwhitepinecountiesofPennsylvaniaandsouthernNewYork,itwasanaturaloutletofthewhitepinelumberproduction.

NoefforthasbeenmadetopreserveorrenewtheforestsofwesternNewYork,andthestreamshaveshrunktomerecreeksordrybedsofsandandgravelinthesummer.TheAllegheny,thatoncewaslargeenoughatOleantopromisenavigation,istransformedinsummertoastreamofsmalldimensions

Hisfinancialendcameinthecrashofthe"MillionBank"inwhichIsaacWhippo,WilliamDuerandWalterLivingstonwereconcerned.

Duringtheperiodbetween1830and1840NewYorkStateasalum-berproducingterritorywasatthezenithofitscareer,withWestTroyand,alittlelater,Albanyasthegreatwholesalecenters

ActuallogdrivingwasbegunbyNormanandAlansonFoxin1813ontheupperHudsonandsoonbecamethemethodoftransportationinallthatcountry.Thesortingwasanaturaloutgrowthandin1849theHud-sonRiverBoomAssociationwasformedforcommonprotectionandco-operativeaction.Themaximumoflogshandledwasreachedin1872when,atthebigboomofGlensFalls,almost200,000,000feetoflogsweresorted.Itwasmagnificenttimber,too,fornothinglessthantwelveincheswascut.

riverswereusedfirsttogettheproducttomarketinsteadofgettingtherawmaterialtothemill.TheFoxbrotherswerethepioneerloggersofNewYork.TheyhadamillinWarrenCountyandoriginatedtheideaoffloatingthelogstothemillinsteadofmovingthemilltothelogs.TheysentthefirstlogdrivedowntheSchroon,abranchoftheUpperHudson

1865lumberhadpasseditszenithinthatStateandwasadecliningindustry.

Itwasessentiallyawhitepinestate,forthismagnificenttreegrewinalmosteverymaindivisionand,insome,almosttotheexclusionofotherspecies.PineStreet,inNewYorkCity,issaidtohavereceiveditsnamefromthefinewhitepineswhichgrewonthefarmofJanJansenDamen.

MaineforestsweredenudedofgoodpineandSt.John,NewBrunswick,wasrapidlycomingtothesamepoint.By1872theeasternpinewaspracticallyoutofthemarketandfinishinglumbercameonlyfromtheWest

After1867thecartradeinlumberreceivedbyrailincreasedenor-mously

OntheopeningoftheChamplainCanalandtheperfectingofthewatercommunicationswithNewYork,thetradeinlumbershifteditsdirectiontothesouth,andtheywhohadraftedlum-bertoQuebecnowtookitinthesamemannertoNewYorkandothermarketsontheHudson,allofwhichwerebetterthanthoseatQuebec

TheroughcharacterofcentralandnorthernNewHampshireresultedinthepreservationofthepinemuchlongerthaninanyoftheadjoiningstates.Aslateas1883MaineandMichiganlumbermenboughtatractof47,000acreswhichwasestimatedtocut250,000,000feetofpine

Merrimac,Saco,AndroscogginandConnecticutallflowoutoftheStateintoothercommonwealths,sothatthetimberofNewHampshirehasbeenquitelargelycutbeyonditsborders

Inthesouth-easternpartoftheState,betweentheSalmonFallsandtheMerrimacrivers,reachingtenorfifteenmileswestofthelatterstream,andextend-ingnorthwardtotheWhiteMountainregion,wasawhitepinesectioninwhichthatwoodwasthepredominatingone.AnotherwhitepinebeltwasalongthewesternborderoftheState,extendingfromtheCon-necticutRivereastforfromtentotwentymilesandreachingfromtheMassachusettslinenorthtothemiddleofCoosCounty.

ThegreattimbercountyoftheStateisCoos.

FornearlyfortyyearsafewAmericanfirmsandindividualshavebeencuttinglogsalongtheheadwatersoftheSt.JohnanditstributariesinnorthernMaineanddrivingthemdowntoFrederictonandSt.John,NewBrunswick,sawingthemintolumberatthoseplacesandthenship-pingtheproductintoUnitedStatesmarketsfreeofduty,underanactofCongresspassedin1867andsincethenincorporatedineverytariffact

extremesouthwesternpartofMainewastherealbirthplaceofthelumberindustryoftheState,asitwasofNewEnglandandoftheUnitedStates.

1832-1906

Asmuchpinewaswastedintheflushdaysasiscutnow,

pinewascutalmostexclusively,spruceattractingnoattentionuntilaboutthemiddleoftheNineteenthCentury

PenobscotBoomCompanywascharteredin1832

portofBangorupto1890maybesummarizedasfollows:Priorto1832(estimated)200.000.0OOfeet.From1832to1855(surveyed)2,969.847,201feet.From1855to1890(surveyed)5.902.755,919feet.Total9.072.603.120feet.

Bandsawswereusedforthefirsttimein1889.

In1832thefirstrailroadinMaine,andamongtheearliestintheUnitedStates,wasbuiltbyGen.SamuelVeazietohaultimberfromtheOldtownmillstoBangor.

Bangor,settledin1769_andincorporatedin1791,jsacitybuiltupbythelumbertrade,and,untilrecently,lumberwasalmostthesolesupportoftheplace.IntheearlypartoftheNineteenthCenturythecitythrivedonthepinetrade

Maine,NewHampshireandVermontcutinarecentseason(1901-2)1,400,000,000feetoflogs,employing40,000menand13,000horsesinthewoods,atanexpenseinwages,horsehireandkeepingofabout$6,500,000.Ofthisaggregatecut,thatac-creditedtoMainewas750,000,000feet;toNewHampshire500,000,000,andtoVermont150,000,000feet

fourgreatriversystems,theSt.John,thePenobscot,theKennebecandtheAndroscoggin,

BinghamPurchase,"bywhich,in1793,WilliamBingham,awealthyPhiladelphian,becamepossessedof2,107,396acresat12Jcentsanacre

in1888over29,000,000feetofpinetimberwassur-veyedattheportofBangor

'70's,however,thesawmillshavehadacompetitorinthelogmarketsoftheStateintheshapeofmillsmanufacturingwoodpaper.

Penobscot,KennebecandAndroscogginrivers.