436 Matching Annotations
  1. Dec 2025
    1. To a piece of cloth that represents the "Land of the Free" that made people slaves to build

      Here is the ending sentence of the song: I could annotate it as I did so far, but by now you are familiar with Eminem's tone and with the themes dealt with in the project... so I would like to hear your interpretations! Try to unpack it on your own.

      Clues: my personal advice when it comes to understand a text is dividing it into smaller chunks (example: what piece of cloth is Eminem referring to?). If you struggle with understanding what he is trying to say, don't worry: try to read the text again and remember that previous and following sentences can help you out.

    2. That had its Natives killed

      Eminem touches upon another American tragedy: the genocide of Native Americans (which was even celebrated in the movie and comics industry). The present project does not focus on this theme due to limitations in scope; however, here are some resources to explore this topic: https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-of-indigenous-peoples-guide/, https://study.com/learn/lesson/video/native-american-genocide-history.html, https://sites.uab.edu/humanrights/2017/04/17/indian-removal-act-genocide-native-americans/.

    3. Home of the brave is still racist 'ville

      Eminem's wording strikes again: he plays with America's ideals and bitter social reality by pairing the concluding phrase of the U.S. national anthem, the Star-Spangled Banner, ("O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!") and the expression racist ville (that means the city of racists). https://amhistory.si.edu/starspangledbanner/the-lyrics.aspx

      The oxymoronic expression reveals that America's ideals are just aspirations that never became reality.

    4. As Dallas overshadows the battle for Black Lives Matter

      This is a reference to a news story which dates back to 2016, when Micah J. Johnson shot five Dallas police officers dead and harmed other eleven people. Since the killer was a Black man and the shooting happened during a peaceful Black Live Matter rally, the assassination was connected to the movement itself. However, "the BLM organization responded to these critiques head-on, calling the attack "the result of the actions of a lone gunman” and calling it “dangerous and irresponsible” to “assign the actions of one person to an entire movement”." https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/09/black-lives-matter-dallas-protest-shooting https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    5. We're applying, but McDonald'sSeems to be the only franchise that'll hire

      Your turn: what do you think Eminem is trying to say here? Which other singer (of the ones that are part of the analysis) mentioned the hiring process. Clue: focus on the word hire.

    6. And I admit, there have been times where it's been embarrassin' to be a...

      The singer does not pretend to be colorblind and acknowledges the fact that he is white. Nevertheless, his ideals do not coincide with the ones supported by white suprematists; hence, the shame in being white and in having to deal with the white cultural heritage.

    7. To the sixties, having black skin is risky'Cause this keeps happeningThroughout history, African-Americans have been treated like shit

      This song gives a circular structure to the present analysis: Eminem connects present-day abuse of power, racism and police brutality to 1960s fights for civil rights. The singer underscores how history seems to repeat itself in an endless loop: although more than 50 years have passed, black people still struggle to have their rights recognized and respected. And, if I may add, music keeps being a space in which lack of equality, racism and social injustice are denounced.

    8. Nobody can tell me shit 'cause I'm a big rockstar

      Eminem speaks directly at the heart of the white supremacist ideals, which support the idea that whites are considered "untouchable rockstars" just for the color of their skin. Regardless of the crimes they commit (and especially if they are policemen), they won't ever be charged or held accountable for them. As a matter of fact, in most of the cases in which African-Americans were victims of police brutality, white policemen were acquitted (assolti in Italian) of all charges.

    9. I keep tellin' myself, keep doin' like you're doin'No matter how many lives you ruinIt's for the red, white and blue

      These three lines describe the white policeman's internal monologue and trail of thought. Although he recognizes their negative impact, he keeps justifying his abusive and racist actions in the name of his country, symbolically represented by the colors of the flag.

      "Though he’s fully aware that murdering an innocent black man isn’t the right thing to do, he finds peace and comfort deluding himself into thinking that he’s protecting his country, or as he raps, “the red, white and blue.” https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    10. dope house

      "A house where dope heads (heroin addicts) live" and do drugs. http://dope-house.urbanup.com/7824692

      Eminem is criticizing "how African American drivers are often stereotyped as drug dealers with a criminal background". https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/ Indeed, the key word in the sentence is "probably": the policeman does not know who the young man is, where he is going to or where he comes from, so he cannot do anything but hypothesize. The problem is twofold: 1. He mistakes his hypothesis for truth; 2. His hypothesis is biased: there is no logical reason as for why he associates the young black man with the "dope house". However, he does so because he cultivates prejudices against black men.

    11. Pull up on the side of youWindow rolled down, 'profile'

      The scene goes on. Eminem's visual language does not make it hard to picture it: a white cop stopping a black young man who is driving his car. The policeman asks him to pull up (that is, to stop the car at the side of the road), roll his window down and provide a "profile". In this context, "profiling" indicates "the activity of collecting information about someone, especially a criminal, in order to give a description of them". https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/profiling

      More specifically, Eminem is directly criticizing the so-called racial profiling, which is an illegal practice relying "on stereotypes of racial or ethnic groups to assist law enforcement in detecting and deterring crime". In other (simpler) words, it means that some people (namely Latinos or Blacks) are stopped and incarcerated only for belonging to a certain ethnicity. Criminal profiling, instead, is a legal practice based on evidence gathered from "previous crimes from witnesses, victims, and the crime scene. The profile includes the potential suspect’s age range, gender, race, possible employment, and other factors to narrow down the group of suspects". https://www.amu.apus.edu/area-of-study/criminal-justice/resources/racial-profiling-vs-criminal-profiling/<br /> https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    12. February

      February is Black History Month: since being introduced in 1926 by C. G. Woodson (who helped established African American Studies), the birthmonth of former U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and reformer F. Douglass has been dedicated to celebrate African-American history and culture. Every year, the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) chooses a theme to focus on; last year, for example, the theme revolved around labour. https://parade.com/living/black-history-month-themes https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/02/black-history-month-what-is-it-and-why-do-we-need-it/

    13. don't matter how much

      This expression precedes proof of Kendrick Lamar's effort and interest in promoting African-American culture: * he supports and remembers the Black Panther Party; * he lectures Georgia State college students about pivotal figures in the African-American community, such as Marcus Garvey; * he celebrates Black History month as it were his birthday.

      However, the expression "don't matter how much" (just as the haunting repetition of being "the biggest hypocrite of 2015") signals that somehow his committment to the cause is not enough: why? The singer forces the audience to wait until the last lines of the song to clarify the reasons of his internal turmoil.

    14. only death settle the score

      Lamar compares the civil war between two African ethnic groups (Zulu and Xhosa) to street fights between Crips and Bloods. Indeed, street fighting between local gangs is read by the singer as a form of civil war since it involves people that live in the same area. In both cases, a bitter ending awaits those who kill each other ("only death settle(s) the score").

    15. Zulu and Xhosa might go to warTwo tribal armies that want to build and destroy

      Southern Black Africans presents four major ethnic divisions; one of them is the Nguni, which, in its turn, can be divided into four groups: Zulu and Xhosa are two of them. https://sahistory.org.za/article/xhosa https://sahistory.org.za/article/zulu

      Although they share a common history, Zulu and Xhosa communities were implicated in a civil war from 1990 to 1994. The reason behind this conflict is, actually, linguistic and colonial: the two languages were "created" by colonizers and African interpreters. Before African colonialism, indeed, there weren't any written languages and people did not distinguish themselves on a linguistic basis, but rather on social belonging. This does not mean that "Zulu and Xhosa identities didn’t exist before the languages were well defined, rather that the identities were transformed when these languages came into existence." https://theconversation.com/zulu-vs-xhosa-how-colonialism-used-language-to-divide-south-africas-two-biggest-ethnic-groups-204969

    16. I'm African-American, I'm African

      In this scenario dominated by manslaughter and perverse traditions, the pervasive double consciousness that haunts the singer seems to falter: the American heritage, which also entails the bitter history of racism, is too heavy for the singer to carry. Ultimately, he chooses to identify as African.

    17. generational hatred

      In this last verse, there is no possible misunderstanding: Lamar directly attacks centuries of racism, whose thousands of deaths he (rightly) labels as genocide. Another striking expression is that of "generational hatred": the singer evokes an atmosphere in which racism is like a twisted tradition which passes down from generation to generation, destroying people in the meantime.

    18. another slave in my head

      Double consciousness, again, is a key concept to interpret this line: Lamar feels like a prisoner in his own head, enchained by his own thoughts. This occurs because he has internalized a way of perceiving and judging reality which pertains to the oppressor (in this case, whites).

    19. dem

      This entire verse is written in Jamaican patois, that is, "an English-lexified creole language spoken by the majority of Jamaicans". https://jamaicanpatwah.com As you will see, some words may be intuitive, but others are definitely not. While I was looking for the lyrics of the song, I found other anglicized versions which were certainly more comprehensible, but, I am afraid, less faithful to the singer's intention. Consequently, I opted for the original, more complex version.

      Why has the singer recurred to Jamaican patois? My hypothesis is that he features it as a way to give importance and centrality to a marginal community through its language.

      Dem is they. https://jamaicanpatwah.com/term/dem/961

    20. The blacker the berry, the bigger I shoot

      Lamar mangles (storpia, in Italian) the words of the proverb: this modified version seems to represent a counterpart to the original one. If the first one celebrates and honors Black culture, this one seems to connect to the brutality of reality, in which violence dominates and is, apparently, the only possible response.

    21. monkey

      This word is a highly offensive, derogatory term used to insult Black people by comparing them to animals. The likening of a person to an ape, a monkey or a gorilla is a discriminatory practice that takes the name of simianization. Simianization dates back to the Middle Ages, has progressively taken a racist turn and started only to indicate black-skinned individuals. Reasons for this association may include the prevalence of apes in Africa and the aesthetic difference between whites and blacks. Whatever the reason may be, it is a form of degradation and dehumanization. In this case, it is probable that Lamar is aiming for a reclaiming of the term. In other words, the same reasoning applied for "nigga" in 2Pac's "Changes" is applicable here: the singer uses this term to affirm his identity as an African-American. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/simianization https://theconversation.com/comparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102

    22. Been feeling this way since I was sixteen

      Here Lamar denounces a decade-long rage for anti-Black racism and police brutality he himself was a victim of. In a Rolling Stone interview, Lamar declared that as a teenager "the majority of my interactions with the police were not good […] there were a few good ones who were actually protecting the community. But then you have the ones from the Valley. They never met me in my life, but since I'm a kid […] they wanna slam me on the hood of the car. […] Even if he's not a good kid, that don't give you the right to slam a minor on the ground or pull a pistol on him. " […] Indeed, "police pull guns on him on two occasions. The first when he was 17." https://issuu.com/lawrenceambrocio5018/docs/rolling_stone_march_26_2015_usa_1_

    23. The 2010s: Kendrick Lamar—The Blacker The Berry

      Setting the scene: the song was released as a second single from the 2015 album To Pimp A Butterfly. The album (and the song as well) "is firmly in the present. It's [Lamar's] take on what it means to be young and black in America today". https://issuu.com/lawrenceambrocio5018/docs/rolling_stone_march_26_2015_usa_1_ Indeed, the album is deeply connected to contemporary issues in America (police brutality, systemic racism and inequality) and, in particular, to Black Lives Matter. Black Lives Matter is a "Black-centered political-movement-building project" that surged in 2013 as a reaction to the Travyon Martin murder and is still active today. The core beliefs of the movement include: * the affirmation of the importance of Black Lives against police brutality and any other racist manifestation; * transforming the present world in which "Black lives are systemically targeted for deliberate and indirect demise"; * affirmation of Black humanity and contributions; * abolition of mass incarceration to the detriment of Black people; * collective safety.

      https://blacklivesmatter.com/our-history/

    24. They died building the railroads worked to bones and skinThey died in the fields and factories names scattered in the windThey died to get here a hundred years ago they’re still dyin' nowThe hands that built the country were always trying to keep down

      Here the central critique to the lack of equality and the debunking of the immigration myths appears evident: in particular, Springsteen makes uses of the anaphora "they died" to underscore the timeless sacrifice of immigrants, who are identified with the makers of the United States ("the hands that build the country"). This last part of the song completely overturns what Springsteen has sung so far: there are no streets paved with gold, no diamonds in the sidewalks or "treasure for the taking". What remains is work "to bones and skin". Once again, Springsteen has not departed from the historical truth: despite their hopes, European immigrants who landed in the United States did not improve their status. In other words, if they were poor, they stayed as such; “past European immigrants often struggled when they first arrived, and most of them did not succeed in reaching the American Dream within their lifetimes.” https://ui.charlotte.edu/story/streets-gold-debunking-american-immigration-myths/ Moreover, research shows that from 1880 to 1920 immigrants "were the mainstay of the American industrial workforce". https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2760060/#abstract1 Making home in the American Land was, therefore, impossible for them because America itself rejected and discriminated immigrants after exploiting them for its own industrial and economic growth. Indeed, "often stereotyped and discriminated against, many immigrants suffered verbal and physical abuse because they were different. […] The newcomers helped transform American society and culture, demonstrating that diversity, as well as unity, is a source of national strength." https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/immigration-to-united-states-1851-1900/

      Springsteen's radical claim is that such discrimination and sacrifice are not limited to a distant past, but have continued up until now ("they're still dyin' now"). When Springsteen released the song, the country was actually undergoing a period of decline in immigration due to measures taken after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 such as the Patriot Act. https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/immigration/history. However, it is true that immigration continues to be a divisive topic in the United States, especially in the current presidency: what do you know about Trump's immigration policies?

    25. There’s diamonds in the sidewalk the’s gutters lined in songDear I hear that beer flows through the faucets all night long

      Again, these sentences make a parallel with "Gold comes rushing out the rivers straight into your hands": they all evoke the illusionary hopes and dreams of immigrants entering a new land and abandoning their own.

    26. Ellis Island

      "Immigrants entered the United States through several ports. Those from Europe generally came through East Coast facilities, while those from Asia generally entered through West Coast centers. More than 70 percent of all immigrants, however, entered through New York City, which came to be known as the "Golden Door." Throughout the late 1800s, most immigrants arriving in New York entered at the Castle Garden depot near the tip of Manhattan. In 1892, the federal government opened a new immigration processing center on Ellis Island in New York harbor." https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/immigration-to-united-states-1851-1900/

      Ellis Island was chosen as the first federal facility in which immigrants were processed because of its strategic position: it was isolated, far from the mainland and, therefore, considered fitting to carefully inspect immigrants and prevent them from entering the country without being registered. Inspection process was not detached from class distinctions: only indigent, (that is, poor), third-class passengers (also referred to as "steerage") were required to undergo the inspection process as Ellis Island. What was the criterion, then? Those who boarded the ship on first or second class were presumed to be wealthy people, less likely to "become a public charge in America due to medical or legal reasons". After a long trip, which entailed staying for days in unsanitary conditions and overly crowded spaces, poor people were submitted to a minimum of 3\5 hours of inspection in the Great Hall: their health condition was examined and their origins as well as destinations were investigated. image https://klagenfurtmigrationstudies.home.blog/understanding-barriers-to-immigration-by-listening-to-ellis-island-oral-histories/ https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/.

      Ellis Island is now seat of a National Museum of Immigration which can be visited in person (https://www.statueofliberty.org/visit/); otherwise, the official website offers numerous online resources if you are interested in the topic.

    27. the sweets, I hear, are growing on the treesGold comes rushing out the rivers straight into your hands

      These sentences evoke popular belief among immigrants that in America there were "streets paved with gold" : this rumor (this myth if you want) created anticipation and hope for those who left their homelands in search of better opportunities. The powerful expression gave the name to this interesting exhibit: https://www.nps.gov/elis/learn/education/streets-paved-with-gold.htm.

    28. The early 2000s: Bruce Springsteen—American Land

      Setting the scene: the song was first released in 2006 in the We Shall Overcome: the Seeger Sessions album as a bonus live track on a special edition of the album. The recorded version was added in 2012 to the Wrecking Ball album. The song has a long genesis: it is based on Pete Seeger's "He Lies in the American Land" (1956), which, in its turn, was the translation of a text originally written by a Slovak steelworker, Andrew Kovaly, at the beginning of the 20th century. undefined Consequently, Springsteen recovers and adapts a song that deals with a timeless topic, immigration, and ultimately, the lack of equality for those who migrate to the United States. The music itself is a mixture of typical "American" sounds (rock 'n' roll, the electric guitar...) and an Irish-like folk motive.

      Since its "discovery", America has been a land of immigration; in particular, the major wave of immigrants landed in America at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the following one. Indeed, between 1870 and 1900, nearly 12 million people arrived in the United States. Simultaneously, xenophobia and anti-immigration actions gained momentum: differentiations between "desirable" and "undesirable" immigrants based on racist assumptions around ethnicity and religion laid the foundations for the Immigration Act of 1917, which restricted immigration by imposing literacy tests and by preventing immigration from Asia and almost the entire Middle East. Context around this specific period of time is important because it is exactly in those years that Kovaly wrote "He lies in the American Land".

      Compared to the previous songs, which focus mainly on African Americans and racism, this song shifts attention to inequality due to being an immigrant.

      https://immigrationhistory.org/lesson-plan/european-migration/ https://voices.pitt.edu/TeachersGuide/Unit10/American%20Land.htm https://alessandroportelli.blogspot.com/2012/03/bruce-springsteen-wrecking-ball.html https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/immigration/history

    29. both black and white is smokin' crack tonight

      Apart from the reference to crack, this verse has another important element to be noted: 2Pac is trying to debunk the myth that only African-Americans use drugs. In fact, this 1995 report clearly shows racial disparity in connection to arrests for drug sale and possession: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/rdusda.pdf. Although it is undeniable that the African-American community was deeply affected by the (ab)use of crack, it is also true that it was widespread among all poors, including whites.

    30. Two shots in the dark, now Huey's dead

      Although in the previous verse Huey Newton seems to be a source of inspiration for the singer, hope seems to be nowhere to be found in this verse. As any African-American, even Huey ends up being another victim of violence. Considering the bigger picture, it can be hypothesized that 2Pac was even questioning the actual impact and ideals that animated the Black Panther Party itself.

    31. Huey

      The "Huey" mentioned is Huey Newton, the co-founder (with Bobby Seale) of the Black Panther Party in 1966. (https://americansongwriter.com/the-painful-meaning-behind-the-song-changes-by-tupac/) The Black Panther was a 1960s revolutionary party whose original purpose was that of protecting Blacks from the attack of police officers and eventually extended its scope "to a Marxist revolutionary group that called for the arming of all African Americans, the exemption of African Americans from the draft and from all sanctions of so-called white America, the release of all African Americans from jail, and the payment of compensation to African Americans for centuries of exploitation by white Americans". (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Panther-Party)

    32. he's a hero

      In this verse and in the previous one, the singer is making explicit reference to white supremacy and police brutality in the U.S.A: excessive use of force (also culminating in murder) by police officers towards specific categories has been documented since the early 19th century. Targets have varied through the centuries, but African-Americans are historically the most targeted group because of racial implications. In this case, the singer emphasizes policemen's impunity before the law; on the contrary, they are acclaimed and welcomed as "heros". https://www.britannica.com/topic/police-brutality-in-the-United-States-2064580/Police-brutality-after-World-War-II

    33. Come on

      Disclaimer: some of the punctuation marks (commas, mainly) were not present in the original lyrics of the song; I added them later. I found it a useful, non-intrusive alteration of the text which may result in a better understanding of the content. Commas, indeed, help separating sentences and organize the content in a clearer way; in this context, I argue that they are necessary, especially for non-learner students who are approaching a song that employs a variant of English (the African-American Vernacular English) they are probably not familiar with. Apart from punctuation, the lyrics were not altered in any way.

    34. The 1990s: 2Pac ft. Talent—Changes

      Setting the scene: the song was recorded in 1992 and released six years later in 2Pac's posthumous album Greatest Hits. It features Talent, an R&B trio formed by Ernest “Bishop” Dixon, Marlon “Castor Troy” Hatcher and Keith “Casino” Murrell. As mentioned earlier, the song samples Bruce Hornsby and the Range's The Way It is and addresses the same social themes.

      A dive into the historical context: what happened in the 1990s? * A new President, the Democratic Bill Clinton, was elected and stayed in charge from 1993 to 2001. in 1996, he promoted the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act which restricted governmental assistance to families in distress. Presidente Bill Clinton * In the early 1990s, the country entered a severe recession, which was apparently overcome by the mid-1990s. * Black businesses bloomed and Black celebrities (such as Micheal Jackson, Michal Jordan and Oprah Winfrey) started to appear and constituted the first "Black bourgeoisie". However, this was not the reality of common, middle or lower-class African-Americans: in some inner cities, between 30% and 43% of the population in poor neighborhoods (such as East New York, the South Bronx, South Central Los Angeles, Chicago's South Side) was jobless. Many of those "who had once held stable blue-color jobs, low-wage service jobs, such as in the fast-food industry" relied on occasional and informal activities (braiding hair, childcare, car repair...). * The abuse of drugs that had exploded the previous decade went on, especially among poors. * Mass incarceration persisted: in 1990, prisoners reached one million. "By 2000, one-third of all black males in their twenties were under the control of the criminal justice system—either in prison or jail, on parole, probation, or awaiting trial. The major reason for this disproportion in incarceration is the stark racism that continues to pervade the criminal justice system. […] The socio-economic and political consequences of mass incarceration for the black community have been profound. Hundreds of thousands of households have been destroyed". (https://www.amistadresource.org/the_future_in_the_present/social_and_economic_issues.html). As a consequence, in many instances, there were one-parent families: mothers were left to raise their children alone. La gente sta visitando il corridoio di una prigione. https://www.amistadresource.org/the_future_in_the_present/social_and_economic_issues.html https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/united-states-1990s#:~:text=Labor%20unions%20believed%20it%20would,countries%20with%20weak%20pollution%20controls

    35. things'll

      Normally, will is contracted when preceded by there, here and personal pronouns (I, you, she\he\it, we, you, they) only in oral speech or informal writing. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/contractions In everyday casual language, it is quite common to find will contracted even when combined with proper nouns and objects just as in this case. However, it is important to remember that it is not appropriate to use this form in formal writing. In the following video, starting at the minute 4:16, you can see (and hear) other examples similar to things'll: https://youtu.be/tXTu2tpJKaM?si=4e6I2J3wHd7On5i3&t=256

    36. Said, "Hey little boy, you can't go where the others go'Cause you don't look like they do"I said, "Hey, old man, how can you stand to think that way?Did you really think about it before you made the rules?"

      The possibility of changing becomes increasingly more evident in this part of the song, which gives shape to a conversation between a child and an old man. The resignation seems to belong to the viewpoint of the old man, whereas the child questions the very existence of the "rules" who discriminate them for the color of his skin ("you don't look like they do") and the origin of the authority of those who created them. At this point of the song, resignation seems to resemble a compliant attitude, which may be even benefitting from an injust society. Notice that the singer evidently sides with the boy, ultimately converging his point of view with his own.

    37. That's just the way it isSome things'll never changeThat's just the way it isAh, but don't you believe them

      Here is the chorus of the song: at first, the singer's reaction to the widespread inquality that dominates the society seems to coincide with a resigned acceptation of the status quo. The feeling of quiet resignation amplifies as the song goes on, reaching its climax when the singer makes reference to the Civil Rights Act and, therefore, establishing a parallelism between the present and the past. However, the chorus closes with a glimpse of hope: indeed, the author invites the audience not to believe to inevitability, thus suggesting that things may change if only people started thinking and acting differently. As a matter of fact, the singer himself insists upon this last verse: "Some things will never change is a statement of resignation, but the most important line in that song is the one that comes after that: But don't you believe them. So I've always been about being strong when resignation is a possibility. Trying to pull up from that and have a positive outlook so that things can change" (http://www.musicfordemocracy.org/node/34.html).

      Your turn: do you think that injustice and inequality will ever be defeated?

    38. The 1980s: Bruce Hornsby and the Range—The Way It Is

      Setting the scene: the song was released in July 1986 as a single from the band's debut album The Way It Is. It was a great success and the band won the 1987 Grammy Awards in the Best New Artist category. The success of the song has had a long-lasting effect in the music industry: it was sampled by other artists and included in songs such as 2Pac's Changes and Polo G's Wishing for a Hero. The singer has "never counted it" but he has read that his song "has now been recorded 17 times by hip-hop artists" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/bruce-hornsby-interview-way-it-is-non-secure-connection-1036032/). In order to understand the following lyrics, it is necessary to place the song in its historical context. The 1980s were years in which several issues emerged: * The process of de-industrialization (that is, the process in which American companies moved their seats abroad, outside the country) deeply affected the job market: tens of thousands of workers lost their jobs. In particular, Blacks were the ones who suffered the most since the majority of them were employed in various industrial fields. As a consequence, poverty spread: 30% of black work force was jobless in 1982. * The conservative Reagan presidency (1981-1989) reduced federal (governmental, that is) economic support to people in need by 20%. The cut to financial measures combined with the ongoing industrial crisis was disastrous. Il presidente Ronald Reagan * White supremacy movements and groups (such as the Ku Klux Klan) reignited and engaged in violent acts against African Americans, firebombing of churches and campaigns against affirmative actions programs and integration in schools. "Millions of white Americans had become convinced that “too much” had been given to blacks". * Poverty, hunger and hopelessness paved the way to the abuse of drugs; crack was especially consumed by poor Americans as it was inexpensive and easily available. As a consequence of the combination of low employment, educational poverty and drug popularity, drug dealing became the source of income for young people and violence increased significantly in Black neighborhoods.

      What was the government's response? Aggravated levels of violence and crime were responded with the "War on Drugs", which entailed: 1. the elimination of parole (that is, the conditional release of a prisoner, often on the basis of good behavior in prison); 2. stricter penalties for drug sale and possession; 3. building a larger network of prisons.

      Needless to say, African-Americans were the most targeted ones. Mass incarceration as a system of control (see the "home" of the website for more on the topic) started to bloom.

      https://www.amistadresource.org/the_future_in_the_present/social_and_economic_issues.html

    39. how many years can some people existBefore they’re allowed to be free?

      Once again, Dylan calls for equality between Black and white people and (ironically) challenges the audience to specify the number of years that takes for someone to be free.

    40. blowin’

      This word presents a common linguistic phenomenon called g-dropping: it consists in the drop of the -g at the end of certain words. In fact, no -g is actually "dropped" because the 'g' is not even pronounced. All English speakers g-drop, but the frequency of this phenomenon is tied to class belonging, race, sex and degree of formality. Generally, it is more common among lower social classes. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000878.html

      What does this mean in the context of this song? Answer: By adopting g-dropping and thus language-wise, Bob Dylan positions himself in the tradition of folk music and becomes the spokesman of the people.

    41. Rodney King

      Another news story: Rodney King was a taxi driver who was stopped for speeding in 1991: after chasing him, police officers beat him to death. His assassination triggered the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. This story shows that race-oriented police brutality has a long story that precedes the rise of the Black Lives Matter Movement and the (sadly) known assassinations of George Floyd and Freddie Gray, among others. https://www.britannica.com/event/Los-Angeles-Riots-of-1992 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rodney-King If you are interested (or passionate about true crime), here is a clip from the news that digs deeper into Rodney King's beating (Content warning: violence). https://youtu.be/qnCCGIMCoog?si=qtKIXFVvisIx3WGY

    42. Pull ourselves up by our bootstraps

      Pull yourself up by the/your (own) bootstraps is an idiomatic expression that means "to improve your situation without any help from other people". https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/pull-haul-up-by-the-your-own-bootstraps With the following question, Eminem flips over the expression and reveals the uselessness of such a mentality: how can someone be independent and self-reliant if they lack the bare minimum to survive?

    43. "But you kill each other, factsYou peel each other's caps, for silly stuff like hats”

      Notice how this part of the song echoes Lamar's lyrics "gang-banging make me kill a nigga blacker than me?": both songs highlight feuds inside the African-American community due to gang divisions. However, Eminem seems to be more reluctant to blame African-Americans: in the following lines, he underscores that said fights are rooted in problems such as single-parenting, drug abuse and struggle with addiction that lead people "with nothin(g) to lose to shoot each other for shoes".

    44. our violent nature lies inThe poverty that we face so the crime rate's the highest inThe lowest classes

      Eminem links high levels of crime to poor neighborhoods and socio-economic status — which singer whose song we analyzed made the same connection? Do you agree with Eminem's viewpoint?

    45. Wait, why are there black neighborhoods?'Cause America segregated us, designated us to an areaSeparated us, Section-Eight'd us

      The Housing Choice Voucher Program (popularly known as Section Eight) is a program aimed to provide financial support to elderly people, low-income families and veterans in the private housing market. https://www.hud.gov/helping-americans/housing-choice-vouchers-tenants#:~:text=Housing%20Choice%20Voucher%20Program,program%20with%20funding%20from%20HUD Eminem "calls out the country for placing African Americans in a system designed to make them lose. With Section 8 housing and a floundering education system in impoverished neighborhoods, there’s no way they can really win when the odds are stacked up against them." https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    46. Sendin' white cops in the black neighborhoods

      "Once again, he tries to kill stereotypes by denouncing the “crack spot” as a hangout place for blacks. He’s also critical of naive cops who walk into black neighborhoods with no sense of understanding of their behavior or culture. Instead of walking with a fair mind and attitude, their level of fears heighten because of the unknown, and cause them to automatically be racists." https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    47. makes black lives madderAt cops and cops madder

      The repetitive use of the comparative of majority ("madder") highlights the spiral of violence triggered by police officers' increased violence at black people's (legitimate) rage at their racist treatments. This creates a vicious circle that can only result in more violence, as the Black Ops metaphor clearly represents.

    48. Seems like the average lifespan of a white manIs more than twice than a black life span

      Eminem abandons the cop's perspective and adopts a black man's viewpoint. The rapper is not far from the truth: life expectancy varies significantly depending on ethnic factors. "Pre-pandemic, the overall life expectancy was 79 years for the white population, compared to 75 years for the Black population, according to the National Institute of Health. […] in 2022, the overall life expectancy was 71 years for the Black population and 77 years for the white population." This is connected to disparity in access to healthcare, stress and living and working condition. https://badgerherald.com/news/science-news/2024/11/07/life-expectancy-gap-between-black-and-white-americans-is-a-systematic-issue-uw-experts-say/

    49. eyesores

      Let's try to understand this together: this is a compound word, which means that it is composed of two words combined together. In this case, eye + sore. If sore indicates something that hurts, then eyesore means...

    50. Pull your pants up, we 'bout to roll up andThrow your ass in the van

      This part refers to a news story, specifically the death of 25-year-old Freddie Gray in 2015, "when he was tossed in the back of a police van and sustained serious injuries. Gray died a week later, and many believed his death was a result of police brutality during his ride to the police station." https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/ https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/maryland-freddie-gray-death-unrest-settlement-police-reform/

    51. another drug charge, homie, it's back inside for you

      Police brutality and white supremacy combine here: the racist cop's objective is charging the black man with a crime, regardless of the young man's innocence. Another element that I would like to underscore is the word choice: * homie: the policeman uses an informal term to denigrate the young man. In other words, he discursively builds his social superiority. * back inside: the link here is to the prejudice we mentioned before. The policeman ignores whether the young man has been to jail; he simply assumes it.

    52. Black boy, black boy, we ain't gonna lie to you

      The entire first verse corresponds to the white policeman's perspective. As you will listen (and read), Eminem's words are explicit in reporting the cop's viewpoint. The truth cannot be sugarcoated: "we (the cops) ain't gonna lie to you" and don't like the sight of you".

    53. The 2010s: Eminem—Untouchable

      Setting the scene: the song was released as a single from the album Revival (2017). Just as The Blacker The Berry, the song is deeply rooted in contemporary America and ferociously addresses systemic racism, police brutality and white supremacy — from the perspective of someone who is a white man. The song was chosen as it perfectly encapsulates and maximizes all elements noted in previous songs.

      Since the song was released only two years after The Blacker The Berry, the historical context is (almost) the same, characterized by the Black Lives Matter movement (see note on The Blacker The Berry), except for a significant change in the presidency. Indeed, Barack Obama's presidency ended in January 2017, when Republican Donald Trump was inaugurated as President. President Barack Obama

    54. Hypocrite!

      So, why is he a hypocrite? "he refers to himself as a hypocrite for the contrast between the code of righteousness to which he ideologically subscribes and the sinfulness of his […] violence." https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0300649/4 As he clarified in a Rolling Stone interview, "he started thinking about his own time in the streets and all the wrong he's done. So he started writing a new verse, in which he turned the microscope on himself. How can he criticize America for killing young black men […] when young black men are often just so good at it?" https://issuu.com/lawrenceambrocio5018/docs/rolling_stone_march_26_2015_usa_1_

    55. Trayvon Martin

      In 2012, Travyon Martin, a 17-year-old black teenager, was killed on his way back home by a white neighborhood watch volunteer, George Zimmerman. The man acted against the police's instructions, followed Trayvon and shot him to then declare that he did it as a form of self-defense. Zimmerman was charged with second-degree murder: however, he was declared "not guilty". The case inspired a civil rights movement around issues such as race, justice and police brutality in America that would have later become worldwide known as "Black Lives Matter". In the words of former U.S. President Obama, "that was the start of America looking inward […], coming to terms with what has always been our original sin." https://youtu.be/lJynpEzXCY8?si=hTUlaeMllztuIxBf https://youtu.be/pG8FC1Nv18g?si=KvEljPV-Csd3OuPq

      It was said tragedy that inspired this song: "Lamar was flipping through the channels on his tour bus when he saw on the news a report that a 16-year-old named Travyon martin had been shot to death in a Florida subdivision." The murder, the singer explained, "put a whole new anger inside me […] It made me remember how I felt. Being harassed, my partners being killed." https://issuu.com/lawrenceambrocio5018/docs/rolling_stone_march_26_2015_usa_1_

    56. Pirus

      Starting from the 1970s, other African-American gangs emerged to defend themselves from the Crips: the Brims and the Pirus were two of them. The name comes from Piru Street in Compton, where the gang originated. They eventually united in a larger gang under the name of Bloods, which is now one of the major L.A. based gang. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crips-and-bloods https://www.dictionary.com/culture/slang/piru

      Lamar himself "grew up surrounded by gangs. Some of his close friends were West Side Pirus […] and his mom says her brothers were Compton Crips." https://issuu.com/lawrenceambrocio5018/docs/rolling_stone_march_26_2015_usa_1_

      If you are interested in discovering the gang's structure and delve more into their origins, here is a detailed (and very interesting If I may add) Intelligence report: https://info.publicintelligence.net/BloodsStreetGangIntelligenceReport.pdf.

    57. Remind me of these Compton Crip gangs that live next door

      Kendrick Lamar was born and raised in Compton, California, situated south of Los Angeles. The Crips he mentions are a modern criminal organization that became active in 1969 throughout Los Angeles high schools. The Compton Crips are a faction of the gang currently active in Compton. Violent fights with other gangs (mainly the Bloods) for drug dealing, smuggling and prostitution control has been going on for decades. https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/gangcolor/lacrips.htm https://study.com/academy/lesson/crips-gang-history-locations.html

      If you are interested in the topic, here is a link to a YouTube documentary that delves into Crip neighborhoods in Compton: https://youtu.be/iwfUCR8MbBQ?si=LWfyT8x7n5HbXVi9

    1. To a piece of cloth that represents the "Land of the Free" that made people slaves to build

      Here is the ending sentence of the song: I could annotate it as I did so far, but by now you are familiar with Eminem's tone and with the themes dealt with in the project... so I would like to hear your interpretations! Try to unpack it on your own. Clues: my personal advice when it comes to understand a text is dividing it into smaller chunks (example: what piece of cloth is Eminem referring to?). If you struggle with understanding what he is trying to say, don't worry: try to read the text again and remember that previous and following sentences can help you out.

    2. That had its Natives killed

      Eminem touches upon another American tragedy: the genocide of Native Americans (which was even celebrated in the movie and comic industry). The present project does not focus on this theme; however, here are some resources to explore this topic: https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-of-indigenous-peoples-guide/, https://study.com/learn/lesson/video/native-american-genocide-history.html, https://sites.uab.edu/humanrights/2017/04/17/indian-removal-act-genocide-native-americans/.

    3. Rodney King

      Another news story: Rodney King was a taxi driver who was stopped for speeding in 1991: after chasing him, police officers beat him to death. His assassination triggered the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. This story shows that race-oriented police brutality has a long story that precedes the rise of the Black Lives Matter Movement and the (sadly) known assassinations of George Floyd and Freddie Gray, among others. https://www.britannica.com/event/Los-Angeles-Riots-of-1992 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rodney-King If you are interested (or passionate about true crime), here is a clip from the news that digs deeper into Rodney King's beating (Content warning: violence). https://youtu.be/qnCCGIMCoog?si=qtKIXFVvisIx3WGY

    4. Pull ourselves up by our bootstraps

      Pull yourself up by the/your (own) bootstraps is an idiomatic expression that means "to improve your situation without any help from other people". https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/pull-haul-up-by-the-your-own-bootstraps With the following question, Eminem flips over the expression and reveals the uselessness of such a mentality: how can someone be independent and self-reliant if they lack the bare minimum to survive?

    5. Wait, why are there black neighborhoods?'Cause America segregated us, designated us to an areaSeparated us, Section-Eight'd us

      The Housing Choice Voucher Program (popularly known as Section Eight) is a program aimed to provide financial support to elderly people, low-income families and veterans in the private housing market. https://www.hud.gov/helping-americans/housing-choice-vouchers-tenants#:~:text=Housing%20Choice%20Voucher%20Program,program%20with%20funding%20from%20HUD Eminem "calls out the country for placing African Americans in a system designed to make them lose. With Section 8 housing and a floundering education system in impoverished neighborhoods, there’s no way they can really win when the odds are stacked up against them." https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    6. makes black lives madderAt cops and cops madder

      The repetitive use of the comparative of majority ("madder") highlights the spiral of violence triggered by police officers' increased violence at black people's (legitimate) rage at their racist treatments. This creates a vicious circle that can only result in more violence, as the Black Ops metaphor clearly represents.

    7. As Dallas overshadows the battle for Black Lives Matter

      This is a reference to a news story which dates back to 2016: Micah J. Johnson, shot five Dallas police officers dead and harmed other eleven people. Since the killer was a Black man and the shooting happened during a peaceful Black Live Matter rally, the assassination was connected to the movement itself. However, "the BLM organization responded to these critiques head-on, calling the attack "the result of the actions of a lone gunman” and calling it “dangerous and irresponsible” to “assign the actions of one person to an entire movement”." https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/09/black-lives-matter-dallas-protest-shooting https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    8. Seems like the average lifespan of a white manIs more than twice than a black life span

      Eminem abandons the cop's perspective and adopts a black man's viewpoint. The rapper is accurate: life expectancy varies significantly depending on ethnic factors. "Pre-pandemic, the overall life expectancy was 79 years for the white population, compared to 75 years for the Black population, according to the National Institute of Health. […] in 2022, the overall life expectancy was 71 years for the Black population and 77 years for the white population." This is connected to disparity in access to healthcare, stress and living and working condition. https://badgerherald.com/news/science-news/2024/11/07/life-expectancy-gap-between-black-and-white-americans-is-a-systematic-issue-uw-experts-say/

    9. To the sixties, having black skin is risky'Cause this keeps happeningThroughout history, African-Americans have been treated like shit

      This song gives a circular structure to the present analysis: Eminem connects present-day abuse of power, racism and police brutality to 1960s fights for civil rights. The singer underscores how history seems to repeat itself in an endless loop: although more than 50 years have passed, black people still struggle to have their rights recognized and respected. And, I add, music keeps being a space in which lack of equality, racism and social injustice are denounced.

    10. eyesores

      Let's try to understand this together: this is a compound word, which means that it is composed of two words combined together. In this case, eye + sore. If sore indicates something that hurts, then eyesore means...

    11. Pull your pants up, we 'bout to roll up andThrow your ass in the van

      This part refers to a news story, specifically the death of 25-year-old Freddie Gray in 2015, "when he was tossed in the back of a police van and sustained serious injuries. Gray died a week later, and many believed his death was a result of police brutality during his ride to the police station." https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/ https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/maryland-freddie-gray-death-unrest-settlement-police-reform/

    12. I keep tellin' myself, keep doin' like you're doin'No matter how many lives you ruinIt's for the red, white and blue

      These three lines channel the white policeman's internal monologue and trail of thought. Although he recognizes their negative impact, he keeps justifying his abusive and racist actions in the name of his country, symbolically represented by the colors of the flag.

      "Though he’s fully aware that murdering an innocent black man isn’t the right thing to do, he finds peace and comfort deluding himself into thinking that he’s protecting his country, or as he raps, “the red, white and blue.” https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    13. another drug charge, homie, it's back inside for you

      Police brutality and white supremacy combine here: the racist cop's objective is charging the black man with a crime, regardless of the young man's innocence. Another element that I would like to underscore is the word choice: * homie: the policeman uses an informal term to denigrate the young man. In other words, he discursively builds his social superiority. * back inside: the link here is to the prejudice we mentioned before. The policeman ignores whether the young man has been to jail; he simply assumes it.

    14. dope house

      "A house where dope heads (heroin addicts) live" and do drugs. http://dope-house.urbanup.com/7824692 Eminem is criticizing "how African American drivers are often stereotyped as drug dealers with a criminal background". https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/ Indeed, the key word in the sentence is "probably": the policeman does not know who the young man is, where he is going to or where he comes from, so he cannot do anything but hypothesize. The problem is twofold: 1. He mistakes his hypothesis for truth; 2. His hypothesis is biased: there is no logical reason as for why he associates the young black man with the "dope house". However, he does so because he cultivates prejudices against black men.

    15. Pull up on the side of youWindow rolled down, 'profile'

      The scene goes on. Eminem's visual language does not make it hard to picture it: a white cop stopping a black young man who is driving his car. The policeman asks him to pull up (that is, to stop the car at the side of the road), roll his window down and provide a "profile". In this context, "profiling" indicates "the activity of collecting information about someone, especially a criminal, in order to give a description of them". https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/profiling More specifically, Eminem is directly criticizing the so-called racial profiling, which is an illegal practice relying "on stereotypes of racial or ethnic groups to assist law enforcement in detecting and deterring crime". In other (simpler) words, it means that some people (namely Latinos or Blacks) are stopped and incarcerated only for belonging to a certain ethnicity. Criminal profiling, instead, is a legal practice based on evidence gathered from "previous crimes from witnesses, victims, and the crime scene. The profile includes the potential suspect’s age range, gender, race, possible employment, and other factors to narrow down the group of suspects". https://www.amu.apus.edu/area-of-study/criminal-justice/resources/racial-profiling-vs-criminal-profiling/<br /> https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/eminem-untouchable-lyrics-decoded-8062711/

    16. Black boy, black boy, we ain't gonna lie to you

      The entire first verse corresponds to the white policeman's perspective. As you will listen (and read), Eminem's words are explicit in reporting the cop's viewpoint. The truth cannot be sugarcoated: "we (the cops) ain't gonna lie to you" and don't like the sight of you".

    17. The 2010s: Eminem—Untouchable

      Setting the scene: the song was released as a single from the album Revival (2017). Just as The Blacker The Berry, the song is deeply rooted in contemporary America and ferociously addresses systemic racism, police brutality and white supremacy — from the perspective of someone who is a white man. The song was chosen as it perfectly encapsulates and maximizes all elements noted in previous songs.

      Since the song was released only two years after The Blacker The Berry, the historical context is (almost) the same, characterized by the Black Lives Matter movement (see note on The Blacker The Berry), except for a significant change in the presidency. Indeed, Barack Obama's presidency ended in January 2017, when Republican Donald Trump was inaugurated as President. President Barack Obama

    18. Hypocrite!

      So, why is he a hypocrite? "he refers to himself as a hypocrite for the contrast between the code of righteousness to which he ideologically subscribes and the sinfulness of his […] violence." https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0300649/4 As he clarified in a Rolling Stone interview, "he started thinking about his own time in the streets and all the wrong he's done. So he started writing a new verse, in which he turned the microscope on himself. How can he criticize America for killing young black men […] when young black men are often just so good at it?" https://issuu.com/lawrenceambrocio5018/docs/rolling_stone_march_26_2015_usa_1_

    19. Trayvon Martin

      In 2012, Travyon Martin, a 17-year-old black teenager, was killed on his way back home by a white neighborhood watch volunteer, George Zimmerman. The man acted against the police's instructions, followed Trayvon and shot him to then declare that he did it as a form of self-defense. Zimmerman was charged with second-degree murder: however, he was declared "not guilty". The case inspired a civil rights movement around issues such as race, justice and police brutality in America that would have later become worldwide known as "Black Lives Matter". In the words of former U.S. President Obama, "that was the start of America looking inward […], coming to terms with what has always been our original sin." https://youtu.be/lJynpEzXCY8?si=hTUlaeMllztuIxBf https://youtu.be/pG8FC1Nv18g?si=KvEljPV-Csd3OuPq

      It was said tragedy that inspired this song: "Lamar was flipping through the channels on his tour bus when he saw on the news a report that a 16-year-old named Travyon martin had been shot to death in a Florida subdivision." The murder, the singer explained, "put a whole new anger inside me […] It made me remember how I felt. Being harassed, my partners being killed." https://issuu.com/lawrenceambrocio5018/docs/rolling_stone_march_26_2015_usa_1_

    20. February

      February is the Black History Month: introduced in 1926 by C. G. Woodson (who helped established African American Studies), the birthmonth of former U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and reformer F. Douglass has been dedicated to celebration of African-American history and culture. Every year, the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) chooses a theme to focus on. Last year, for example, the theme revolved around labour. https://parade.com/living/black-history-month-themes https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/02/black-history-month-what-is-it-and-why-do-we-need-it/

    21. don't matter how much

      This expression precedes proof of Kendrick Lamar's effort and interest in promoting African-American culture: * he supports and remembers the Black Panther Party; * he lectures Georgia State college students about pivotal figures in the African-American community, such as Marcus Garvey; * he celebrates Black History month as it were his birthday.

      However, the expression "don't matter how much" (just as the haunting repetition of being "the biggest hypocrite of 2015") signals that somehow his committment to the cause is not enough: why? The singer forces the audience to wait until the last lines of the song to clarify the reasons of his hypocrisy.

    22. Pirus

      Starting from the 1970s, other African-American gangs emerged to defend themselves from the Crips: the Brims and the Pirus were two of them. The name comes from Piru Street in Compton, where the gang originated. They eventually united in a larger gang under the name of Bloods, which is now one of the major L.A. based gang. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crips-and-bloods https://www.dictionary.com/culture/slang/piru

      Lamar himself "grew up surrounded by gangs. Some of his close friends were West Side Pirus […] and his mom says her brothers were Compton Crips." https://issuu.com/lawrenceambrocio5018/docs/rolling_stone_march_26_2015_usa_1_

      If you are interested in discovering the gang's structure and delve more into their origins, here is a detailed (and very interesting If I may add) Intelligence report: https://info.publicintelligence.net/BloodsStreetGangIntelligenceReport.pdf.

    23. Remind me of these Compton Crip gangs that live next door

      Kendrick Lamar was born and raised in Compton, California, situated south of Los Angeles. The Crips he mentions are a modern criminal organization that became active in 1969 throughout Los Angeles high schools. The Compton Crips are a faction of the gang currently active in Compton. Violent fights with other gangs (mainly the Bloods) for drug dealing, smuggling and prostitution control has been going on for decades. https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/gangcolor/lacrips.htm https://study.com/academy/lesson/crips-gang-history-locations.html

      If you are interested in the topic, here is a link to a YouTube documentary that delves into Crip neighborhoods in Compton: https://youtu.be/iwfUCR8MbBQ?si=LWfyT8x7n5HbXVi9

    24. how Zulu and Xhosa might go to warTwo tribal armies that want to build and destroy

      Southern Black Africans presents four major ethnic divisions; one of them is the Nguni, which, in its turn, can be divided into four groups: Zulu and Xhosa are two of them. https://sahistory.org.za/article/xhosa https://sahistory.org.za/article/zulu Although they share a common history, they were implicated in a civil war from 1990 to 1994. The reason behind this conflict is, actually, linguistic and tied to colonialism: the two languages were "created" by colonizers and African interpreters. Before African colonialism, indeed, there weren't any written languages and people did not distinguish themselves on a linguistic basis, but rather on social belonging. This does not mean that "Zulu and Xhosa identities didn’t exist before the languages were well defined, rather that the identities were transformed when these languages came into existence." https://theconversation.com/zulu-vs-xhosa-how-colonialism-used-language-to-divide-south-africas-two-biggest-ethnic-groups-204969

    25. I'm African-American, I'm African

      In this scenario dominated by manslaughter and perverse traditions, the pervasive double consciousness that haunts the singer seems to falter: the American heritage, which also entails this bitter history or racism, is too heavy for the singer to carry. Ultimately, he's African.