Where N is the number of clusters (neurons), wi and wj represent the position in the two dimensional spaceof the SOM neurons i and j, and σi and σj represent the standard deviation of the elements (geolocated tweets) included in each cluster.

SOM is a type of neural network trained using unsupervised learning that produces a two-dimensional representation of the training samples.

(1) lack of a formal validation of the results using independent land use data; (2) the studies are presented just for one city, somehow limiting the potential generality of the proposed approach; (3) some data sources (mainly cell phone traces) have strong privacy limitations and (3) in some cases supervised approaches are used, which implies the need of having initial knowledge of the city to derive land uses

The results are qualitatively presented and validated and no land use information is actually used

GPS data

call detail records (CDRs) from cell-phones;

without accessing personal details or the content of the user-generated information.

and they lack a quantitative validation of the results

highlighting regions of the text

Another fascinating tidbit: The prominence of the Michael Brown case, relative to some other stories of police violence, is somewhat counterintuitive. The incident that led to Eric Garner's death was captured on video and took place in New York City, the nation's largest media market, while Michael Brown's death was in a tiny suburb in the Midwest. Yet, while #ericgarner was appended to about 4.3 million tweets in the study period, #ferguson showed up in 21.6 million tweets, and #michaelbrown/mikebrown was used in about 9.4 million.

The central part of this pipeline – Open Analysis – has a basic problem: what’s the use of sharing analysis nobody can read or understand? It’s great that people put their analysis online for the world to see, but what’s the point if that analysis is written in dense code that can barely be read by its author?

That kind of standardization could benefit non-technical users, who would become more familiar with how such projects work and what to expect.

These tools support news organizations in their push to develop new storytelling formats that highlight the relationships between news events and help provide readers with richer context.

Typically, we imagine an all-or-nothing scenario: all with humans or all with machines. She says that’s wrong; across all kinds of industries the approach to automation has changed to focus on more assistive technologies.

Tom Kent, the AP’s standards editor, acknowledges that mistakes are an issue that the AP takes seriously—but he also points out that human-written stories aren’t error free, either.

Patterson says it’s wrong to blame automation for that kind of error. “If the data’s bad you get a bad story,” she says

Now, the majority of stories go live on the wire without a human editor’s review

this kind of information is easily handled by digital systems

Information of all types is increasingly accessible in the form of “structured data”—predictably organized information, like a spreadsheet, database, or filled-out form. This makes it well suited for analysis and presentation using computers.

Companies like Bloomberg and Thomson-Reuters have built empires on their ability to provide market data to business readers

who translated those story models into code the computer could run to create a unique story for each new earnings release

With new tools for discovering and understanding massive amounts of information, journalists and publishers alike are finding new ways to identify and report important, very human tales embedded in big data.

Automation is also opening up new opportunities for journalists to do what they do best: tell stories that matter.

Whatmust we know about how bots work in order to trust them?

ad-infested intermediary page

Beyond simplyinformingthe reader, news bots can havemore complex functions, such as:reporting/recommending breaking news(@WikiLive-Mon, which draws on Wikipedia edits, recommends “breaking news candidates” basedon the frequency of article edits in a given time period).

Moststudiesfindeitherno,oronlyverysmall,effectsofpersonalizationonsearchresults.

Her willingness to share information has little to do with me or my ridiculous consent form, but it is about a kind of openness or mutual exchange.

And yet. Who is being protected by this consent form?

The need for multiple local grain mills waned as the economy shifted with the arrival ofthe railroads from grain to beef production, and flour became readily available for pur-chase.

Farms and villages were most often connected by footpaths

One of the main factors influencing the change in the agricultural economy that began inthe mid-nineteenth century was a nation-wide expansion of the road system

The pond

We were able to walk in thefield and see exactly where we were on the old maps, and found several new features,including old roadways and the remains of structures related to mills and ponds that are nolonger extant.

We have conducted research in this area for over 35 years

We highlightdifferent successful strategies for integrating data that are often incongruent in scales oftime and space, as they have been created for widely differing purposes with variablecontent, and uneven temporal and spatial coverage.

transdisciplinary

but the overall result falls short of atruly integrated effort

integrate

multidisciplinary

The third group covers other interdisciplinaryhistorical landscape researc

Giventhatitisusuallynotfeasibletoseekadditionalconsent,aprofessionaljudgementmayhavetobemadeaboutwhetherreuseofthedataviolatesthecontractmadebetweensubjectsandtheprimaryresearchers(Hinds,VogelandClarkeSteffen1997).

One problematic answer is that everything is emergent, every-thing is interrelated, and therefore“it is complex”and nothing can be understood, let alonedone.

In contrast to the traditional assumption that the organization is thebounded container for work and tech-nology, many scientists work at a university but identify professionally with their discipline—an invisibleacademic college of similar scholars

Next we show how they can be applied to yield valuable in-sights into three novel working arrangements:

The resulting work systems are better described as a“negotiated order”among different organiza-tions and individuals (Strauss, 1978).

newformsthat are greater than their components

Context collapse in social networking systems (Vitak, 2012)isnottheelimination of boundaries so much as their reconfiguration.

not necessarily encapsulated within single organizations

traditionalorganization

ree and Open Source Software (FLOSS) provides free,reusable, easily available software7and these infrastructure-based technologies are enduring even withoutan encapsulating organization to design and manage them.

work is no longer tied to systems built and managed by a single organization, but is ratherenabled by broader infrastructures

informal communities of practice

erosion and transcendence

Much of the work in participatorydesign and end user involvement is rooted in the STS tradition,“jointly optimizing”the technology and relat-ed work with attention to the overall user conditions within an organization (

IS scholarship that is rooted in the STS tradition will be limited in its ability to address the organization ofwork outside of traditional organizational containers. Organizations no longer create and control many of theIS their workers rely on. Infrastructures and systems exist outside of and independent of the organizationsthat use them.

The technology reaches beyond traditional local sociotechnical ensembles, acrosslarge numbers of organizations, and shapes industries, institutions, and society.

Find ways to integrate individual career needs with the achievement of team goals

Of all the aspects of team science, sharing recognition and credit is among the most difficult to master.

to lead

The emergent nature of these ad-hoc scientific collaborations surfacesthe final important trend –the increased participation of the non-professional(Shirky 2008)

interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary

the

All too often VSOs underestimate both the complexity and importance of their technical infrastructure, only to be frustrated later when spending more time debugging software than doing science.

ill-fitted to the tasks at hand

Amateur astronomers or ornithologists are a classic example. Here the asset maps, governance structures and knowledge flows are more diffuse.

Optimal choices in assets, governance, and knowledge flow will also vary by the scale and scopeof the endeavor.

In a short period of time, these VSOs need to quickly determine what assets they have, who makes decisions and who needs to talk to whom.

The longevity of VSOs can also vary from temporary through recurring to permanent.

Systems that support different-time, different-place interactions preserve the history of interactions in repositories, blogs, and wikis.

governance decisions can be codified into the technologies used by the VSO

o research teams that contributed data to the shared human genome database receive credit for their intellectual contributions that is equivalent to a journal publication?

periodic face-to-face meetings of all 20 centers and weekly conference calls between the 5 largest centers to share advances in a "lab meeting"format.

The DOE championed the project as a means of tracking mutations caused by radiation

Secondly, intellectual resources are becoming more evenly distributed around the world.

However, this restriction will not apply in the event of the occurrence (certified by the United States Centers for Disease Control or successor body) of a widespread viral infection transmitted via bites or contact with bodily fluids that causes human corpses to reanimate and seek to consume living human flesh, blood, brain or nerve tissue and is likely to result in the fall of organized civilization.

However, we would have the same confidencein her empirical findings as we do in Alfonse’s statements that stereotypethreat reduces performance.

The objective is saturation. An important component ofcase study design is that each subsequent case attempts to replicate the priorones. Through ‘literal replication’ a similar case is found to determinewhether the same mechanisms are in play; through ‘theoretical replication’a case different according to the theory is found to determine whether theexpected difference is found. Sampling logic is superior when askingdescriptive questions about a population; case study logic is probably moreeffective when asking how or why questions about processes unknownbefore the start of the study.

second criticism is that the very idea of quantifying scientific impact is misguided.

oming years will see evaluators playing an academic version of Moneyball (the statistical approach to US baseball): instead of trying to field teams of identical superstars, we will leverage nuanced impact data to build teams of specialists who add up to more than the sum of their parts.

RECONSTRUCTING PUBLISHING

Qualitative peer review will move into the open and become yet another public schol-arly product — complete with its own altmet-rics, citations and even other peer reviews

As the former constituents of the article — data, tables, figures, reference lists and so on — fracture and dissolve into the fluid Web, they will leave behind the core of the article: the story.

Conversations, data collection, analysis and description will be born published.

This core approach is also the future for scholarly communication.

This core approach is also the future for scholarly communication.

views on figshare, mentions in discussions between colleagues on Twitter, saves in a reference manager such as Zotero or Mendeley, citations in an open-access preprint, recommendations on Faculty of 1000, and many more

The Web opens the workshop windows to disseminate scholarship as it happens, erasing the artificial distinction between process and product.

Subjects in our experiment created solutions to a challenging bioinformatics problem thatboth industrial and academic labs face, and one that has been subject to a process of cu-mulative innovation outside of our experiment.

10-digit binary code

speed and accurac

Subjects in our experiment hadto developde novooperational algorithms, written in computer code

In open source software projects,all manner of software development instructions are instantly made available for others tosee and reuse, as developers make submissions to the code base (Lerner and Tirole 2005;Lerner and Schankerman 2011)

Moreover, an analysis using game theory by Engers et al.(1999) has suggested that alphabetical author lists can theo-retically result in research of a poorer quality than if contri-bution strength is signaled by author order.

All authors should be able to defend the research presentedin a publication if, for example, they are challenged by a col-league from another experiment at a conference or meeting.Thus, people not closely familiar with the work should notbe listed as authors (or at least as “major” authors)

These contributions can be called “infrastruc-tural.”

In addition, some physicists described a need to beknown as somebody who can come up with novel solutionsto difficult problems. It is interesting and important to notethat these problems need not be discovery-oriented. To besure, there is significant value in solving, for example, ananalysis problem that leads to a major discovery. At the sametime, though, many participants indicated that a novel solu-tion to a difficult detector design or construction problemalso could carry significant weight.

I amsuggesting that we take the time to rethink past research projects and connectthis research with our new projects.

action research, participatory re-search

praxis theory conceptualized by John Deweyin his bookExperience and Education

Researchers often find themselves in the predicament of studyingissues they have minimal tacit, intuitive, or experiential understanding.

a person must have a practical sense of the domainwithin which a phenomenon is situated in order to develop understanding

Beginning by identifying a hashtag of interest

This might speak to a new collection strategy?

Future historians may have difficulty studying the online advertisements – annoying as they can be – of our day.

prevent

Twitter’s term for turning a Twitter up to 100 Tweet IDs

only 20.34% or 68,112 existed at all in the Wayback Machine

Can't embed the actual map here.

for date in dates: date_plus_one = date + pd.DateOffset(1) pretty_print = date.to_pydatetime().strftime('%Y%m%d') filename = 'elxn42-tweets-' + pretty_print + '.json' f = io.open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') for line in fileinput.input(): tweet = json.loads(line) created_at = dateutil.parser.parse(tweet["created_at"]) created_at = created_at.astimezone(eastern) if ((created_at >= date) and (created_at < date_plus_one)): f.write(unicode(json.dumps(tweet, ensure_ascii=False) + '\n'))

TwitterEthics Manifesto,

fair dealing as a spectrum

twarc.py --stream "#elxn42" > elxn42-stream.json

as we do with all source bases

Military historians will have access to the voices of soldiers, posting from overseas missions and their bases at home. And political historians will have a significant opportunity to see how people engaged with politicians and the political sphere, during both elections and between them. The scale boggles. Modern social movements, from the Canadian #IdleNoMore protest focusing on the situation of First Nations peoples to the global #Occupy movement that grew out of New York City, leave the sorts of records that would rarely, if ever, have been kept by previous generations

And maybe my desire to submerge myself in that sediment, to weave The Cloud into the timelines of railroad robber-barons and military R&D, emerges from the same anxiety that makes me go try to find these buildings in the first place: that maybe we have mistaken The Cloud's fiction of infinite storage capacity for history itself. It is a misunderstanding that hinges on a weird, sad, very human hope that history might actually end, or at least reach some kind of perfect equipoise in which nothing terrible could ever happen again. As though if we could only collate and collect and process and store enough data points, the world’s infinite vaporware of real-time data dashboards would align into some kind of ultimate sand mandala of total world knowledge, a proprietary data nirvana without terror or heartbreak or bankruptcy or death, heretofore only gestured towards in terrifying wall-to-wall Accenture and IBM advertisements at airports.

Voder

Isay,fuckit.

Fuck Nuance*

ó),Durkheimtheorizedlikeapigformostofhiscareer,snuœingthroughPhilosophyandAnthropologytoemerge,coveredindirt,withafewtruœe-likeideasthatherelentlesslypushedbecausetheyweresoempiricallyproductive.

Davis’s account is usefully dialogical. He has a convincing explanation of howinterestingnessisdependsontherelationshipbetweenthetheoreticalclaimbeingmade,thepositionofthepersonmakingit,andthecompositionoftheaudiencehearingit.esameideamaybeinterestingordulldependingontheserelationships.

historical memory is still in formation

There’s a neat side effect to having a part of your system that knows all of the possible actions. A new developer can come on the project, open up the action creator files and see the entire API — all of the possible state changes — that your system provides.

Contemporary literary and cultural theorists would take pains to deny any claim that linear perspective painting, photography, film, television, or computer graphics could achieve unmediated presentation. 27[End Page 325] For them the desire for immediacy through visual representation has become a somewhat embarrassing (because under-theorized) tradition. 28 Outside of the circles of theory, however, the discourse of the immediate has been and remains culturally compelling.

observers cannot distinguish these images from photographs.

The desktop metaphor, which has replaced the wholly textual command-line interface, is supposed to assimilate the computer to the physical desktop and materials (file folders, sheets of paper, in-box, trash basket, etc.) familiar to office workers.

First, it posts many more HITs than areactually required at any time because only a fraction will ac-tually be picked up within the first few minutes. These HITsare posted in batches, helping quikTurkit HITs stay near thetop. Finally, quikTurkit supports posting multiple HIT vari-ants at once with different titles or reward amounts to covermore of the first page of search results.

Why is a device iPod-like, but not an iPod?

If assistive devices mark users as ―other,‖ this may create social barriers to access even while such devices should help overcome them.

The movement rejected the idea of disability as a medical condition,

As researchers who do not have disabilities

Google Faculty Research Award

Finally, we aggregated the data based on videos rather than on individual users, an approach that could bias results toward users who had uploaded many videos

As such, there was little representation from users who cannot use a touchscreen at all.

Users had made them out of different materials to keep from hitting other buttons on the screen, but these materials were often not very sturdy (e.g., paper, cardboard).

We did not see any instances of pinch-to-zoom or other multitouch gestures in the videos. The built-in accessibility feature on iOS devices called AssistiveTouch could support these interactions. However, this feature was not used in a single video and only 3 survey respondents had ever used it.

6 users who responded to our survey had never heard of the iOS feature known as AssistiveTouch

Category of application(s) used

were the user from thevideo themselves, while the other 9 were caregivers or relatives answering for the main user.

Video Purpose

the iPad dominated the videos in the dataset

The diversity of our dataset also highlights that YouTube can be a rich source of data for similar work.

The survey included 20 questions

Following the coding, we qualitatively analyzed subsets ofvideos identified by the codes as being interesting in someway, such as showing a particular type of interaction.

Finally, one researcher coded all remaining videos using the refined coding scheme.

21 dimensions

and a third researcher computed inter-rater reliability on this “spot-check” set using Cohen’s kappa.

We generated a list of disability-related search terms (60) and a list of technology-related search terms (8), then exhaustively searched for every combination of terms from the two lists (Table 1). This resulted in 480 unique searches.

To complement the videos themselves, we also invited the video uploaders to complete a survey on their opinions and use of touchscreen technology in their daily lives.

relatively few participants

Nelson observes that science fiction, regardless of what department the class is in, fosters among students a compelling kind of intellectual re-mixing—what she calls for her own work “South Central LA meets genetics”—that empowers them to connect their studies in in English, sociology, engineering, law, and elsewhere with activism.

I didn’t know I was allowed to do this, to be creative in this way.

You can’t be an outsider hero without the hero. From Lauren Olamina, Butler’s hyper-empathic heroine in Parable of the Sower, to George Orwell’s Winston Smith, sci-fi’s outsider heroes interrogate systems of power.

Above all, the model allows us to see preservation as active and continuing: managing change to data rather than trying to prevent it, while viewing data as a living resource for the future rather than a relic of the past.

emulators to run emulators, ad infinitum.

Of course, there’s always the option of migrating data from old to new media. But migration isn’t as simple as copying files — it’s more like translating from Japanese to Hungarian. Information is invariably lost; do it enough times and the result will be like the garbled message at the end of a game of telephone.

We have to stop thinking about how to save data only after it’s no longer needed, as when an author donates her papers to an archive. Instead, we must look for ways to continuously maintain and improve it. In other words, we must stop preserving digital material and start curating it.

The players expand upon the Puppet Master’s narrative by collectively creating a second set of stories.

Stories and storytelling

Under these circumstances, it is difficult for new and creative solutions to thrive, and employees face greater risks in exposing their thought processesbefore concepts are fully formed.

information is ambiguous

Instead, the Puppet Masters scatter ambiguous information across a variety of online and offline locationsacross many months.

Team members need not take educated guesses of the end game based upon their collective experiences andknowledge of their organization

Although members of the group have some capability to leveragecollective influence to sway goals, the set of tasks are largely structured and pre-defined in order to ensure that they arrive at the result that was determined at the outset of team formation

no formal mechanisms existed to direct particular users towards the activities that required their expertise

Therefore, the determination of necessary tasks wascommonly interwoven with theories and speculation about the eventual goal of the game and the intentions of the Puppet Masters

his paperdraws an initial comparison between ARGs and more traditional collaborative systems used within workplace settings across the themes of group formation, task management, information discovery and management, and collective storytelling. These themes emerged as areas of interestfrom our open coding of the ILoveBees (ILB) ARG

Our preliminary analysis was based ontheopen content coding of thirty episodes by five researchers, followingthe tenets of GroundedTheory

It was designed to provide an interactive bridge between the worlds of Halo 1 and Halo 2, two popular, genre-defining collaborative first-person shooter style Xbox games

Designers strive to confound players with ever more challenging tasks, yet the players’ focused, collective power leads to rapid, self-governing collaborative problem solving [4] that would be the envy of many organizations

we hopeto be able to unlock a number of national collections and develop newinterfaces to provide broader access and opportunities for new forms ofdigital scholarshi

The primary purpose of this feature extraction work on historical maps is topromote the development of novel research interfaces that allow historicalcontent to be searchable and linkable.

The processing methodology we used involved supervised image clas-sification using ArcGIS’s ArcScan softwar

wil

These documents were never intended to be shared with the public,even though they profoundly influenced the fate of inner-city neighbor-hoods and the growth of racially segregated suburbs for decades

Our methodology isbased on supervised, classification image processing techniques

create counterfactual, playable extensions from gaps in existing historical records or scientific knowledge(Bonsignore et al., 2012).

protagonist by proxy

Students earned badges for every mission they completed, and a final certification badge when they completed all three missions for a specifi

2) to develop design-based theories about their integration into immersive learning experiences like ARG

databased

ulti-method case study framework

the “This is Not a Game” (TINAG) principle by ARG designers, it can be the primary apparatus for prompting critical, counterfactual thinking and information literacy practices, because players are responsible for distinguishing “truth” from fiction

The majority are bystanders or “lurkers” who do not participate in the story except at a minimal level, such as passively experiencing it through the latest story updates from a player community website. To mitigate this uneven active participation ratio and to realize more fully the potential of ARGs in education-based contexts, we are investigating ways to incorporate cooperative learning constructs (e.g., Johnson et al., 1994) into their design

In a very real sense, the story of the game is undetermined at its outset.

The adaptable, controlling puppetmaster role has emerged

In this sense, ARGs always have a centralized team of storytellers who controls the release of clues and facts.

assemble

rather than conforming to older production models

In this paper, we consider ARGs as an example of digital social experiences

At heart, all people love stories and seek to interpret the world through comprehensible narratives ranging from the intensely personal to the future of the species.

older production models

In this paper, we consider ARGs as an example of digital social experiences.

At heart, all people love stories and seek to interpret the world through comprehensible narratives ranging from the intensely personal to the future of the species

Maybe I wanted to find more rigorous ways of thinking.

Book of the Dead, The American Book of the Dead, Life-Savers, Blacksmith, Germantown, The Dead Motel, Dylar, Point Omega, Flying Saucers, Nyodene, Maladyne, The Blacksmith Book, The Art of Dying, The Power of Night, A Guide to Dying, Reno Amusements, Particle Smashing, Falling Bodies, White Noise, Donald Duck, Ultrasonic, Mein Kamp, Sirens, Doomsday, The Doomsday Book, Dying Words, Atlantic & Pacific, Escape, Simuvac, Superstition, Deathless, Eternity, Darkness, Necropolis, All Souls, Megabyte, Penny Dreadful, Psychic Data, Panasonic, Ultrasound, Matshushita, Panasonic Way, Air Waves, Secaucus (DeLillo, Notebook)

I have dedicated my entire professional life to helping people make their lives better.

 These are human beings, talking about other human beings.

I could write a whole separate post about how students don’t even seem to exist.

Whatever may be the limitations which trammel inquiry elsewhere we believe the great state University of Wisconsin should ever encourage that continual and fearless sifting and winnowing by which alone the truth can be found.