One common assumption underpinning this recent work has been that the user,rather than archivists or the records themselves, should be the central priority.

amethodology for systematically capturing and incorporating the comments andcontributions of individuals outside the profession as to the accuracy, completenessand attractiveness of archival catalogues and finding aids

This article will argue the case for a broaderadoption ofRACby record offices by first considering some of the larger ideas andtheory that have shaped it and then by summarizing and evaluating the work of theparticipating record offices to draw conclusions as to the more general applicabilityof the methodology.

For ethical reasons, both Kazemi and thricedotted avoid making bots that—for lack of a better description—seem like people.

“My bot is not me, and should not be read as me. But it’s something that I’m responsible for. It’s sort of like a child in that way—you don’t want to see your child misbehave.”

Using software designed by this report’s first author, we sorted all users within each period into a set of communities. At the end of this process, each user belonged to one and only one community within each period. We labeled each of the 10 largest communities in each period based on the shared identities of its hubs.

We use a research method drawn from the field of network analysis called community detection to sort the users in our dataset into subsets called communities based on recurring patterns of retweeting and mentioning. (Additional technical details on this method can be found in Appendix A.)

Therefore, it is worth noting here that a large majority of the tweets in our dataset (75.3%) are retweets. In contrast, only a small minority of tweets (7.6%) contain @-mentions outside of a retweet context.

Figure 2

To account for both a site’s birth date and content production, we use as a starting point the date that a site was first crawled by the Internet Wayback Machine.

But we have known since the 1970s that networks consisting of weak ties are valuable for other reasons.14 Specifically, they are critical for broadly and efficiently distributing infor-mation produced by network members. I

One can imagine a potentially different structure for this network. It could be a dense network with many reciprocal ties—conducive to building trust between connections. Such trust would be necessary if what those trafficking in Black Lives Matter-related content on the Web were trying to do was, say, organize clandestine gatherings, or circulate ideas for how to mobilize, or develop strategic action plans.

VOSON

As an indication of this, the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine did not first crawl the site until October 8, 2014.

Official websites are usually extensions of individuals’ and organizations’ digital identities. Accord-ingly, individuals and organizations often tether their Twitter and Web accounts to freely circulate content between them.

Consistent with BLM’s origin and Twitter activity patterns, the BlackLivesMatter.com website was created on July 17, 2013—just days after George Zimmerman was acquitted for killing Trayvon Martin

Ultimately, looking beyond Twitter provides a more complete account of how online media have influenced the social and political discourse around race and criminal justice, both online and off

These questions address at both a macro level and a micro level who was heard most frequently and what they said. W

Eric Garne

We did not divide the data into equal time units, but rather set their boundaries at points when the Twitter discussion rose and fell drastically.

Examining the data as a series of sequential time periods allows us to capture and describe this adaptive process in greater detail than considering the entire year as a single unit

site’s search rank

136,587 websites

research software package

another of 45 keywords

Twitter, BLM participant interviews, and the open Web

We would also like to stress that this report is not a work of advocacy; that said, all of the authors personally share BLM’s core concerns, which directly affect each of us and our respective families. But we do not believe that fundamentally agreeing with BLM compromises this report’s rigor or findings any more than agreeing with the Civil Rights Movement or feminism compromises research on those topics. On the contrary, our strong interests in ending police brutality and advancing racial justice more generally inspire us to get the empirical story right, regardless of how it may reflect on the involved parties

The report’s specific contribution is to draw a set of conclusions about the roles online media played in the movement during a critical time in its history.

To clarify our discussions in the following pages, then, we will use the term “Black Lives Matter” to refer to the official organi-zation; “#Blacklivesmatter” to refer to the hashtag; and “BLM” to refer to the overall movement.

Studies have revealed a decades-long de-cline in youth civic engagement as traditionally defined: that is, interacting with established civic and political institutions such as government, long-established community organiza-tions, and K12 civics classes.

The general idea here is that social media helps level a media playing field dominated by pro-corporate, pro-government, and (in the United States) anti-Black ideologies.

Because not every social movement uses online media in the same ways, it is important to under-stand each new movement’s digital activities on their own terms.

we also need to recognize how we are implicated here as digital researchers into the politics we purport to critique

tools that seek to make visible the power relations of the digital infrastructures but that actually generate those power relations in the act of making them visible (boyd and Crawford 2012)

it puts full accountability on the authority sharing the data

perhaps it is more ethical to acknowledge that it is happening without explicit individual consent.

the data would gradually become repurposed in a process that the surveillance field terms ‘function creep’, making people’s consent meaningless

control often becomes defined as care in emergency situations

This argument, although in line with all existing data protection rules and norms, is problematic in a practical context. Consent without purpose limitation – knowing what one is consenting to – is widely judged to be legally (and practically) meaningless.

However, very little is known about how these policies translate into the actual appraisal of Web content.

This case study performs an in-depth investigation of the way that CDRs could be used to track Ebola, revealing that they’re only useful when re-identified, invalidating anonymization as a balancing approach to privacy, and thus legal, protection.

there is very little evidence to suggest that CDRs, especially those that have been anonymized, are useful to track the spread of the Ebola virus

Not only were these information systems unresponsive, they were disconnected from the responders, meaning they didn’t have any ability to answer questions, provide treatment, or even refer people to facilities that could provide treatment

e-mail and Google Fusion tables

Political relationships are one of – if not the – most determinative factor in access to both information and funding support.

hat job is no small feat - there were more than 50 separate technology systems introduced during the response effort alone

It is practically easier and financially beneficial for humanitarian organizations to develop their own information systems, instead of focusing on building functional communication sharing.

they discount the value and importance of building functional communication standards and coordination frameworks.

The assumption that open and interoperable data will lead to better health response is untested, as is the assumption that mobile network data records measurably improve health system response efforts.

That these powers are largely being outsourced to international organizations without the institutional capacity, processes, regulation, standards, infrastructure, or appropriate risk frameworks, is why we should all be concerned

There has been no public presentation about whether or how mobile data information was actually used – or what the effect of that use was.

due process and fair compensation

These laws, taken together, form a broad protection for the privacy of mobile data – requiring user consent or a governmental invocation of emergency powers in order to compel their release.

pplicable legal frameworks

However, Ebola is not a vector-borne disease, meaning that the same probabilities aren’t a useful indicator of transmission.

it has been shownthat they are more unreliable than considering high-confidence ma-chine tags

Since we areinterested in determining how many photos are taken at night on astreet, we count the number of pictures that are classified asnight,and the number of those that are classified otherwise.

We gather a random sample of7M geo-referencedFlickr pictures within the bounding box of Central London.

We collect information about all the8KFoursquare venues in London.

Our evaluation and validation for three different cities with varied physical layouts shows two important results. First, our methodology constitutes a good complement to model and understand in an affordableand near real-time manner land uses in urban environments. In fact, we have shown that residential, commercial and parks & recreation areas are well identified with coverage above 70%. Also, our approach is able to identify a land use, nightlife activity, not being considered up to now by city halls. This has implications from a planning perspective as these areas usually cause noise and security problems and can move over time.

On the other hand, Cluster 3 is associated to very large activity peaks at night (see Figure 2(c)). These peaks happen at around 20:00-21:00PM during weekdays and between 00:00-06:00AM during the weekends. We observe that the peaks happen earlier in London and Manhattan while a little bit later inMadrid suggesting that nightlife might continue until late hours in this city. Studying the physical layout of these clusters on the city maps, we observe that they cover areas like the East Village in Manhattan; the West End in London and Malasaña/Chueca and Alonso Martinez in Madrid (see Figure 4), areas associated with restaurants, pubs and discos. All these elements suggest that this cluster might represent nightlife activities

n order to validate our land use hypotheses, we compare the evaluation results against official land use data released by the NYC Department of City Planning and the NYC Department of Parks & Recreation through the NYC Open Data Initiative (NYC, 2013);

slightly shifted in time.

currently about one percent of the full Firehose set of tweets

The DB index is used to evaluate clustering algorithms, where the validation of how well the clustering has been done is made using quantities and features inherent to the dataset.

Where N is the number of clusters (neurons), wi and wj represent the position in the two dimensional spaceof the SOM neurons i and j, and σi and σj represent the standard deviation of the elements (geolocated tweets) included in each cluster.

SOM is a type of neural network trained using unsupervised learning that produces a two-dimensional representation of the training samples.

(1) lack of a formal validation of the results using independent land use data; (2) the studies are presented just for one city, somehow limiting the potential generality of the proposed approach; (3) some data sources (mainly cell phone traces) have strong privacy limitations and (3) in some cases supervised approaches are used, which implies the need of having initial knowledge of the city to derive land uses

The results are qualitatively presented and validated and no land use information is actually used

GPS data

call detail records (CDRs) from cell-phones;

without accessing personal details or the content of the user-generated information.

and they lack a quantitative validation of the results

highlighting regions of the text

Another fascinating tidbit: The prominence of the Michael Brown case, relative to some other stories of police violence, is somewhat counterintuitive. The incident that led to Eric Garner's death was captured on video and took place in New York City, the nation's largest media market, while Michael Brown's death was in a tiny suburb in the Midwest. Yet, while #ericgarner was appended to about 4.3 million tweets in the study period, #ferguson showed up in 21.6 million tweets, and #michaelbrown/mikebrown was used in about 9.4 million.

The central part of this pipeline – Open Analysis – has a basic problem: what’s the use of sharing analysis nobody can read or understand? It’s great that people put their analysis online for the world to see, but what’s the point if that analysis is written in dense code that can barely be read by its author?

That kind of standardization could benefit non-technical users, who would become more familiar with how such projects work and what to expect.

These tools support news organizations in their push to develop new storytelling formats that highlight the relationships between news events and help provide readers with richer context.

Typically, we imagine an all-or-nothing scenario: all with humans or all with machines. She says that’s wrong; across all kinds of industries the approach to automation has changed to focus on more assistive technologies.

Tom Kent, the AP’s standards editor, acknowledges that mistakes are an issue that the AP takes seriously—but he also points out that human-written stories aren’t error free, either.

Patterson says it’s wrong to blame automation for that kind of error. “If the data’s bad you get a bad story,” she says

Now, the majority of stories go live on the wire without a human editor’s review

this kind of information is easily handled by digital systems

Information of all types is increasingly accessible in the form of “structured data”—predictably organized information, like a spreadsheet, database, or filled-out form. This makes it well suited for analysis and presentation using computers.

Companies like Bloomberg and Thomson-Reuters have built empires on their ability to provide market data to business readers

who translated those story models into code the computer could run to create a unique story for each new earnings release

With new tools for discovering and understanding massive amounts of information, journalists and publishers alike are finding new ways to identify and report important, very human tales embedded in big data.

Automation is also opening up new opportunities for journalists to do what they do best: tell stories that matter.

Whatmust we know about how bots work in order to trust them?

ad-infested intermediary page

Beyond simplyinformingthe reader, news bots can havemore complex functions, such as:reporting/recommending breaking news(@WikiLive-Mon, which draws on Wikipedia edits, recommends “breaking news candidates” basedon the frequency of article edits in a given time period).

Moststudiesfindeitherno,oronlyverysmall,effectsofpersonalizationonsearchresults.

Her willingness to share information has little to do with me or my ridiculous consent form, but it is about a kind of openness or mutual exchange.

And yet. Who is being protected by this consent form?

The need for multiple local grain mills waned as the economy shifted with the arrival ofthe railroads from grain to beef production, and flour became readily available for pur-chase.

Farms and villages were most often connected by footpaths

One of the main factors influencing the change in the agricultural economy that began inthe mid-nineteenth century was a nation-wide expansion of the road system

The pond

We were able to walk in thefield and see exactly where we were on the old maps, and found several new features,including old roadways and the remains of structures related to mills and ponds that are nolonger extant.

We have conducted research in this area for over 35 years

We highlightdifferent successful strategies for integrating data that are often incongruent in scales oftime and space, as they have been created for widely differing purposes with variablecontent, and uneven temporal and spatial coverage.

transdisciplinary

but the overall result falls short of atruly integrated effort

integrate

multidisciplinary

The third group covers other interdisciplinaryhistorical landscape researc

Giventhatitisusuallynotfeasibletoseekadditionalconsent,aprofessionaljudgementmayhavetobemadeaboutwhetherreuseofthedataviolatesthecontractmadebetweensubjectsandtheprimaryresearchers(Hinds,VogelandClarkeSteffen1997).

One problematic answer is that everything is emergent, every-thing is interrelated, and therefore“it is complex”and nothing can be understood, let alonedone.

In contrast to the traditional assumption that the organization is thebounded container for work and tech-nology, many scientists work at a university but identify professionally with their discipline—an invisibleacademic college of similar scholars

Next we show how they can be applied to yield valuable in-sights into three novel working arrangements:

The resulting work systems are better described as a“negotiated order”among different organiza-tions and individuals (Strauss, 1978).

newformsthat are greater than their components

Context collapse in social networking systems (Vitak, 2012)isnottheelimination of boundaries so much as their reconfiguration.

not necessarily encapsulated within single organizations

traditionalorganization

ree and Open Source Software (FLOSS) provides free,reusable, easily available software7and these infrastructure-based technologies are enduring even withoutan encapsulating organization to design and manage them.

work is no longer tied to systems built and managed by a single organization, but is ratherenabled by broader infrastructures

informal communities of practice

erosion and transcendence

Much of the work in participatorydesign and end user involvement is rooted in the STS tradition,“jointly optimizing”the technology and relat-ed work with attention to the overall user conditions within an organization (

IS scholarship that is rooted in the STS tradition will be limited in its ability to address the organization ofwork outside of traditional organizational containers. Organizations no longer create and control many of theIS their workers rely on. Infrastructures and systems exist outside of and independent of the organizationsthat use them.

The technology reaches beyond traditional local sociotechnical ensembles, acrosslarge numbers of organizations, and shapes industries, institutions, and society.

Find ways to integrate individual career needs with the achievement of team goals

Of all the aspects of team science, sharing recognition and credit is among the most difficult to master.

to lead

The emergent nature of these ad-hoc scientific collaborations surfacesthe final important trend –the increased participation of the non-professional(Shirky 2008)

interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary

the

All too often VSOs underestimate both the complexity and importance of their technical infrastructure, only to be frustrated later when spending more time debugging software than doing science.

ill-fitted to the tasks at hand

Amateur astronomers or ornithologists are a classic example. Here the asset maps, governance structures and knowledge flows are more diffuse.

Optimal choices in assets, governance, and knowledge flow will also vary by the scale and scopeof the endeavor.

In a short period of time, these VSOs need to quickly determine what assets they have, who makes decisions and who needs to talk to whom.

The longevity of VSOs can also vary from temporary through recurring to permanent.

Systems that support different-time, different-place interactions preserve the history of interactions in repositories, blogs, and wikis.

governance decisions can be codified into the technologies used by the VSO

o research teams that contributed data to the shared human genome database receive credit for their intellectual contributions that is equivalent to a journal publication?

periodic face-to-face meetings of all 20 centers and weekly conference calls between the 5 largest centers to share advances in a "lab meeting"format.

The DOE championed the project as a means of tracking mutations caused by radiation

Secondly, intellectual resources are becoming more evenly distributed around the world.

However, this restriction will not apply in the event of the occurrence (certified by the United States Centers for Disease Control or successor body) of a widespread viral infection transmitted via bites or contact with bodily fluids that causes human corpses to reanimate and seek to consume living human flesh, blood, brain or nerve tissue and is likely to result in the fall of organized civilization.

However, we would have the same confidencein her empirical findings as we do in Alfonse’s statements that stereotypethreat reduces performance.

The objective is saturation. An important component ofcase study design is that each subsequent case attempts to replicate the priorones. Through ‘literal replication’ a similar case is found to determinewhether the same mechanisms are in play; through ‘theoretical replication’a case different according to the theory is found to determine whether theexpected difference is found. Sampling logic is superior when askingdescriptive questions about a population; case study logic is probably moreeffective when asking how or why questions about processes unknownbefore the start of the study.

second criticism is that the very idea of quantifying scientific impact is misguided.

oming years will see evaluators playing an academic version of Moneyball (the statistical approach to US baseball): instead of trying to field teams of identical superstars, we will leverage nuanced impact data to build teams of specialists who add up to more than the sum of their parts.

RECONSTRUCTING PUBLISHING

Qualitative peer review will move into the open and become yet another public schol-arly product — complete with its own altmet-rics, citations and even other peer reviews

As the former constituents of the article — data, tables, figures, reference lists and so on — fracture and dissolve into the fluid Web, they will leave behind the core of the article: the story.

Conversations, data collection, analysis and description will be born published.

This core approach is also the future for scholarly communication.

This core approach is also the future for scholarly communication.

views on figshare, mentions in discussions between colleagues on Twitter, saves in a reference manager such as Zotero or Mendeley, citations in an open-access preprint, recommendations on Faculty of 1000, and many more

The Web opens the workshop windows to disseminate scholarship as it happens, erasing the artificial distinction between process and product.

Subjects in our experiment created solutions to a challenging bioinformatics problem thatboth industrial and academic labs face, and one that has been subject to a process of cu-mulative innovation outside of our experiment.

10-digit binary code

speed and accurac

Subjects in our experiment hadto developde novooperational algorithms, written in computer code

In open source software projects,all manner of software development instructions are instantly made available for others tosee and reuse, as developers make submissions to the code base (Lerner and Tirole 2005;Lerner and Schankerman 2011)

Moreover, an analysis using game theory by Engers et al.(1999) has suggested that alphabetical author lists can theo-retically result in research of a poorer quality than if contri-bution strength is signaled by author order.

All authors should be able to defend the research presentedin a publication if, for example, they are challenged by a col-league from another experiment at a conference or meeting.Thus, people not closely familiar with the work should notbe listed as authors (or at least as “major” authors)

These contributions can be called “infrastruc-tural.”

In addition, some physicists described a need to beknown as somebody who can come up with novel solutionsto difficult problems. It is interesting and important to notethat these problems need not be discovery-oriented. To besure, there is significant value in solving, for example, ananalysis problem that leads to a major discovery. At the sametime, though, many participants indicated that a novel solu-tion to a difficult detector design or construction problemalso could carry significant weight.

I amsuggesting that we take the time to rethink past research projects and connectthis research with our new projects.

action research, participatory re-search

praxis theory conceptualized by John Deweyin his bookExperience and Education

Researchers often find themselves in the predicament of studyingissues they have minimal tacit, intuitive, or experiential understanding.

a person must have a practical sense of the domainwithin which a phenomenon is situated in order to develop understanding

Beginning by identifying a hashtag of interest

This might speak to a new collection strategy?

Future historians may have difficulty studying the online advertisements – annoying as they can be – of our day.

prevent

Twitter’s term for turning a Twitter up to 100 Tweet IDs

only 20.34% or 68,112 existed at all in the Wayback Machine

Can't embed the actual map here.

for date in dates: date_plus_one = date + pd.DateOffset(1) pretty_print = date.to_pydatetime().strftime('%Y%m%d') filename = 'elxn42-tweets-' + pretty_print + '.json' f = io.open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') for line in fileinput.input(): tweet = json.loads(line) created_at = dateutil.parser.parse(tweet["created_at"]) created_at = created_at.astimezone(eastern) if ((created_at >= date) and (created_at < date_plus_one)): f.write(unicode(json.dumps(tweet, ensure_ascii=False) + '\n'))

TwitterEthics Manifesto,

fair dealing as a spectrum

twarc.py --stream "#elxn42" > elxn42-stream.json

as we do with all source bases

Military historians will have access to the voices of soldiers, posting from overseas missions and their bases at home. And political historians will have a significant opportunity to see how people engaged with politicians and the political sphere, during both elections and between them. The scale boggles. Modern social movements, from the Canadian #IdleNoMore protest focusing on the situation of First Nations peoples to the global #Occupy movement that grew out of New York City, leave the sorts of records that would rarely, if ever, have been kept by previous generations

And maybe my desire to submerge myself in that sediment, to weave The Cloud into the timelines of railroad robber-barons and military R&D, emerges from the same anxiety that makes me go try to find these buildings in the first place: that maybe we have mistaken The Cloud's fiction of infinite storage capacity for history itself. It is a misunderstanding that hinges on a weird, sad, very human hope that history might actually end, or at least reach some kind of perfect equipoise in which nothing terrible could ever happen again. As though if we could only collate and collect and process and store enough data points, the world’s infinite vaporware of real-time data dashboards would align into some kind of ultimate sand mandala of total world knowledge, a proprietary data nirvana without terror or heartbreak or bankruptcy or death, heretofore only gestured towards in terrifying wall-to-wall Accenture and IBM advertisements at airports.

Voder

Isay,fuckit.

Fuck Nuance*

ó),Durkheimtheorizedlikeapigformostofhiscareer,snuœingthroughPhilosophyandAnthropologytoemerge,coveredindirt,withafewtruœe-likeideasthatherelentlesslypushedbecausetheyweresoempiricallyproductive.

Davis’s account is usefully dialogical. He has a convincing explanation of howinterestingnessisdependsontherelationshipbetweenthetheoreticalclaimbeingmade,thepositionofthepersonmakingit,andthecompositionoftheaudiencehearingit.esameideamaybeinterestingordulldependingontheserelationships.

historical memory is still in formation

There’s a neat side effect to having a part of your system that knows all of the possible actions. A new developer can come on the project, open up the action creator files and see the entire API — all of the possible state changes — that your system provides.

Contemporary literary and cultural theorists would take pains to deny any claim that linear perspective painting, photography, film, television, or computer graphics could achieve unmediated presentation. 27[End Page 325] For them the desire for immediacy through visual representation has become a somewhat embarrassing (because under-theorized) tradition. 28 Outside of the circles of theory, however, the discourse of the immediate has been and remains culturally compelling.

observers cannot distinguish these images from photographs.

The desktop metaphor, which has replaced the wholly textual command-line interface, is supposed to assimilate the computer to the physical desktop and materials (file folders, sheets of paper, in-box, trash basket, etc.) familiar to office workers.

First, it posts many more HITs than areactually required at any time because only a fraction will ac-tually be picked up within the first few minutes. These HITsare posted in batches, helping quikTurkit HITs stay near thetop. Finally, quikTurkit supports posting multiple HIT vari-ants at once with different titles or reward amounts to covermore of the first page of search results.

Why is a device iPod-like, but not an iPod?

If assistive devices mark users as ―other,‖ this may create social barriers to access even while such devices should help overcome them.

The movement rejected the idea of disability as a medical condition,

As researchers who do not have disabilities

Google Faculty Research Award

Finally, we aggregated the data based on videos rather than on individual users, an approach that could bias results toward users who had uploaded many videos

As such, there was little representation from users who cannot use a touchscreen at all.

Users had made them out of different materials to keep from hitting other buttons on the screen, but these materials were often not very sturdy (e.g., paper, cardboard).