We did not see any instances of pinch-to-zoom or other multitouch gestures in the videos. The built-in accessibility feature on iOS devices called AssistiveTouch could support these interactions. However, this feature was not used in a single video and only 3 survey respondents had ever used it.

6 users who responded to our survey had never heard of the iOS feature known as AssistiveTouch

Category of application(s) used

were the user from thevideo themselves, while the other 9 were caregivers or relatives answering for the main user.

Video Purpose

the iPad dominated the videos in the dataset

The diversity of our dataset also highlights that YouTube can be a rich source of data for similar work.

The survey included 20 questions

Following the coding, we qualitatively analyzed subsets ofvideos identified by the codes as being interesting in someway, such as showing a particular type of interaction.

Finally, one researcher coded all remaining videos using the refined coding scheme.

21 dimensions

and a third researcher computed inter-rater reliability on this “spot-check” set using Cohen’s kappa.

We generated a list of disability-related search terms (60) and a list of technology-related search terms (8), then exhaustively searched for every combination of terms from the two lists (Table 1). This resulted in 480 unique searches.

To complement the videos themselves, we also invited the video uploaders to complete a survey on their opinions and use of touchscreen technology in their daily lives.

relatively few participants

Nelson observes that science fiction, regardless of what department the class is in, fosters among students a compelling kind of intellectual re-mixing—what she calls for her own work “South Central LA meets genetics”—that empowers them to connect their studies in in English, sociology, engineering, law, and elsewhere with activism.

I didn’t know I was allowed to do this, to be creative in this way.

You can’t be an outsider hero without the hero. From Lauren Olamina, Butler’s hyper-empathic heroine in Parable of the Sower, to George Orwell’s Winston Smith, sci-fi’s outsider heroes interrogate systems of power.

Above all, the model allows us to see preservation as active and continuing: managing change to data rather than trying to prevent it, while viewing data as a living resource for the future rather than a relic of the past.

emulators to run emulators, ad infinitum.

Of course, there’s always the option of migrating data from old to new media. But migration isn’t as simple as copying files — it’s more like translating from Japanese to Hungarian. Information is invariably lost; do it enough times and the result will be like the garbled message at the end of a game of telephone.

We have to stop thinking about how to save data only after it’s no longer needed, as when an author donates her papers to an archive. Instead, we must look for ways to continuously maintain and improve it. In other words, we must stop preserving digital material and start curating it.

The players expand upon the Puppet Master’s narrative by collectively creating a second set of stories.

Stories and storytelling

Under these circumstances, it is difficult for new and creative solutions to thrive, and employees face greater risks in exposing their thought processesbefore concepts are fully formed.

information is ambiguous

Instead, the Puppet Masters scatter ambiguous information across a variety of online and offline locationsacross many months.

Team members need not take educated guesses of the end game based upon their collective experiences andknowledge of their organization

Although members of the group have some capability to leveragecollective influence to sway goals, the set of tasks are largely structured and pre-defined in order to ensure that they arrive at the result that was determined at the outset of team formation

no formal mechanisms existed to direct particular users towards the activities that required their expertise

Therefore, the determination of necessary tasks wascommonly interwoven with theories and speculation about the eventual goal of the game and the intentions of the Puppet Masters

his paperdraws an initial comparison between ARGs and more traditional collaborative systems used within workplace settings across the themes of group formation, task management, information discovery and management, and collective storytelling. These themes emerged as areas of interestfrom our open coding of the ILoveBees (ILB) ARG

Our preliminary analysis was based ontheopen content coding of thirty episodes by five researchers, followingthe tenets of GroundedTheory

It was designed to provide an interactive bridge between the worlds of Halo 1 and Halo 2, two popular, genre-defining collaborative first-person shooter style Xbox games

Designers strive to confound players with ever more challenging tasks, yet the players’ focused, collective power leads to rapid, self-governing collaborative problem solving [4] that would be the envy of many organizations

we hopeto be able to unlock a number of national collections and develop newinterfaces to provide broader access and opportunities for new forms ofdigital scholarshi

The primary purpose of this feature extraction work on historical maps is topromote the development of novel research interfaces that allow historicalcontent to be searchable and linkable.

The processing methodology we used involved supervised image clas-sification using ArcGIS’s ArcScan softwar

wil

These documents were never intended to be shared with the public,even though they profoundly influenced the fate of inner-city neighbor-hoods and the growth of racially segregated suburbs for decades

Our methodology isbased on supervised, classification image processing techniques

create counterfactual, playable extensions from gaps in existing historical records or scientific knowledge(Bonsignore et al., 2012).

protagonist by proxy

Students earned badges for every mission they completed, and a final certification badge when they completed all three missions for a specifi

2) to develop design-based theories about their integration into immersive learning experiences like ARG

databased

ulti-method case study framework

the “This is Not a Game” (TINAG) principle by ARG designers, it can be the primary apparatus for prompting critical, counterfactual thinking and information literacy practices, because players are responsible for distinguishing “truth” from fiction

The majority are bystanders or “lurkers” who do not participate in the story except at a minimal level, such as passively experiencing it through the latest story updates from a player community website. To mitigate this uneven active participation ratio and to realize more fully the potential of ARGs in education-based contexts, we are investigating ways to incorporate cooperative learning constructs (e.g., Johnson et al., 1994) into their design

In a very real sense, the story of the game is undetermined at its outset.

The adaptable, controlling puppetmaster role has emerged

In this sense, ARGs always have a centralized team of storytellers who controls the release of clues and facts.

assemble

rather than conforming to older production models

In this paper, we consider ARGs as an example of digital social experiences

At heart, all people love stories and seek to interpret the world through comprehensible narratives ranging from the intensely personal to the future of the species.

older production models

In this paper, we consider ARGs as an example of digital social experiences.

At heart, all people love stories and seek to interpret the world through comprehensible narratives ranging from the intensely personal to the future of the species

Maybe I wanted to find more rigorous ways of thinking.

Book of the Dead, The American Book of the Dead, Life-Savers, Blacksmith, Germantown, The Dead Motel, Dylar, Point Omega, Flying Saucers, Nyodene, Maladyne, The Blacksmith Book, The Art of Dying, The Power of Night, A Guide to Dying, Reno Amusements, Particle Smashing, Falling Bodies, White Noise, Donald Duck, Ultrasonic, Mein Kamp, Sirens, Doomsday, The Doomsday Book, Dying Words, Atlantic & Pacific, Escape, Simuvac, Superstition, Deathless, Eternity, Darkness, Necropolis, All Souls, Megabyte, Penny Dreadful, Psychic Data, Panasonic, Ultrasound, Matshushita, Panasonic Way, Air Waves, Secaucus (DeLillo, Notebook)

I have dedicated my entire professional life to helping people make their lives better.

 These are human beings, talking about other human beings.

I could write a whole separate post about how students don’t even seem to exist.

Whatever may be the limitations which trammel inquiry elsewhere we believe the great state University of Wisconsin should ever encourage that continual and fearless sifting and winnowing by which alone the truth can be found.

“Today we stand before you,” they said to Hutchins. “If we come to you tomorrow without tenure, we will not be standing. We’ll be on our knees.”

And let us not forget the growing ”trigger warning” movement that requires college instructors to warn students before they hear or read anything that might be traumatizing or even slightly discomforting. A student at Rutgers University recently recommended that discussions of The Great Gatsby be prefaced by a trigger warning. Now that’s a joke for Jerry Seinfeld.

Our country’s most gifted comedians won’t preform at our nation’s universities for fear of—or disdain at—being jeered, rebuked, threatened or simply misunderstood. Just ask Jerry Seinfeld, who recently told ESPN that college students are intolerant of genuine comedy, which is by necessity often politically incorrect. “They just want to use these words: ‘That’s racist;’ That’s sexist;’ ‘That’s prejudice.’ They don’t know what the hell they’re talking about.” In other words: Don’t laugh. It isn’t funny!

But the budget bill’s new wording would at least introduce the potential to allow the dismissal of whole departments, programs and classes of faculty

We harbor strong concerns about Walker’s proposed tenure revisions. Without tenure protections, professors like us who fight for free speech and liberty—values Walker himself espouses—could be even more at risk of being targeted on college campuses for our beliefs.

In discussions about climate change, for example, ‘think tanks’ like Wisconsin’s Heartland Institute use their well-financed public relations machines to create the impression that the scientific evidence for human-caused climate change is still debated.

This reasoning is impossible when the institutions and people charged with conducting it must be more concerned with currying political favor than searching for truth

In late 2014 the Republican-controlled House of Representatives passed a bill preventing the staff of the Environmental Protection Agency from consulting with outside experts in their fields.

Incredibly, despite this story garnering front page stories in newspapers around the state and across the country, Walker is now arguing that records showing how the Wisconsin Idea changes were developed should be withheld, because there is "limited" public interest in these records.

deliberative process privilege

Basic to every purpose of the system is the search for truth

The borders of the university are the borders of the state." In short, the Wisconsin Idea is a notion of public service, including the system’s contributions to state government as well as "research directed at solving problems that are important" to citizens.

Yes, professors do collaborate on projects with one another, but they often carve out distinct pieces and then work with their own students on each piece. Moreover, the incentives in academia drive everyone to build up their own personal portfolios, so long-term collaborations between peers are rare.

That what I can do, is try to be the best whole person that I can be. And that is *not* a compromise. That *is* me giving it my very best

I also do one "special" thing per year that might be time consuming, e.g. being on a conference senior program committee, or being on an NSF/DARPA panel, or being on a junior faculty search committee. But only 1 per year. As soon as I sign up for that one, all present and future opportunities are an automatic no (Makes you think a lot before you say "yes", no?).

Not long after I joined Harvard in 2004, the then President Larry Summers publicly told the world his opinion of why women do not seem to succeed to the top. One of the several hypotheses he put forth was that they weren't willing to put in the 80 hours/week that was expected of faculty.

They deliver you this list without annotation, a list which no single person could ever accomplish.

I work fixed hours and in fixed amounts.

But what is definitely true, is that we rarely talk about what we actually do behind the scenes to cope with life. Revealing that is the scariest thing of all.

Additionally, he said, it may be saying something about the overall trend in higher education toward inter- or transdisciplinarity. "While faculty may be shifting toward engaging in work with colleagues across disciplinary lines, they appear to be engaging in a majority of that work in isolation."

“Being a faculty member appears to be a lonely occupation,” Ziker says.

Just 3 percent of the work-week day was spent on primary research and 2 percent was spent on manuscript writing.

So combined, he says, 30 percent of faculty time “was spent on activities that are not traditionally thought of as part of the life of an academic.

On average, faculty participants reported working 61 hours per week – more than 50 percent over the traditional 40-hour work week.

service and administrative duties

“The ivory tower is a beacon — not a One World Trade Center, but an ancient reflection of a bygone era — a quasar,

“I’m worried every day about what the Russians may be doing,” said Rear Adm. Frederick J. Roegge, commander of the Navy’s submarine fleet in the Pacific, who would not answer questions about possible Russian plans for cutting the undersea cables.

The problem is that any researcher running a lab today is training far more people than there will ever be labs to run. Often these supremely well-educated trainees are simply cheap laborers, not learning skills for the careers where they are more likely to find jobs — teaching, industry, government or nonprofit jobs, or consulting.

But he uses none of his formal training and thinks there should be more conversations, earlier, about future careers so that people don’t spend as long honing research skills that may not prove relevant.

a worrisome, hypercompetitive atmosphere in science and its dependence on postdocs and graduate students.

Petsko said he is the “poster child” for how the system can go wrong, by building a laboratory that leaned heavily on efficient, smart postdocs who could do science productively, rather than emphasizing their training

The game is changed, and what should be a wonderful time in people’s lives is, in many cases, a time of great, great anxiety and unhappiness.

She would like to run a lab small enough that she can do science, while helping prepare postdocs for their next jobs.

However, for the most part, neither the faculty nor the students are well enough informed about such careers. Nor are there clear pathways for entry.

to gradually reduce the number of entrants into PhD training

Nevertheless, we strongly believe that increased funding would have great benefits in both the short and long run, that the remarkable opportunities in biomedical science justify enlarged budgets, and that vigorous arguments for such increases should be made.

It is no surprise that extraordinarily well-trained and successful young scientists are opting out of academic science in greater and greater numbers; not because they find other opportunities so much more attractive, but because they are discouraged by the nature of their future life in academia.

spending far too much of their time writing and revising grant applications and far too little thinking about science and conducting experiments

hypercompetition for the resources and positions that are required to conduct science suppresses the creativity, cooperation, risk-taking, and original thinking required to make fundamental discoveries.

The great majority of biomedical research is conducted by aspiring trainees: by graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. As a result, most successful biomedical scientists train far more scientists than are needed to replace him- or herself; in the aggregate, the training pipeline produces more scientists than relevant positions in academia, government, and the private sector are capable of absorbing.

The idea that the research enterprise would expand forever was adopted after World War II, as the numbers and sizes of universities grew to meet the economy’s need for more graduates and as the tenets of Vannevar Bush’s “Science: The Endless Frontier”

A central flaw is the long-held assumption that the enterprise will constantly expand

The board helps relate the institution to its chief community: for example, the community college to serve the educational needs of a defined population area or group, the church-controlled college to be cognizant of the announced position of its denomination, and the comprehensive university to discharge the many duties and to accept the appropriate new challenges which are its concern at the several levels of higher education.

The president should have the confidence of the board and the faculty.

The function of each component in budgetary matters should be understood by all; the allocation of authority will determine the flow of information and the scope of participation in decisions.

The channels of communication should be established and maintained by joint endeavor. Distinction should be observed between the institutional system of communication and the system of responsibility for the making of decisions.

finger-oriented literature (fingers are "digits')

For developers, the taxonomy can function as a checklist of elements to consider when creating new analysis tools.

but if they are not “data-aware,” then they may become meaningless in the face of operations such as filtering or aggregation

Finally, histories also provide a means to study analysts and model analytic processes

Interactive histories can also capture a repeatable sequence of operations that can be named and saved as a reusable macro

share results and discuss with colleagues

replay the history of view construction

Though comparing multiple visualizations requires viewers to orchestrate their attention and mentally integrate patterns among views, this process is often more effective than cluttering a single visualization with too many dimensions.

A legal analyst researching for an upcoming trial may be wise to forego an overview of the entire history of U.S. court decisions.

Common forms of selection within visualizations include mouse hover, mouse click, region selections (e.g., rectangular and elliptical regions, or free-form “lassos”), and area cursors (e.g., “brushes”4 or dynamic selectors such as the bubble cursor,18 which selects the item currently closest to the mouse pointer).

dashboards

While analysts can derive new values prior to importing data for visual analysis, the overhead of moving between tools stymies fluid, iterative exploration. As a result, visual analytics tools should include facilities for deriving new data from input data.

On the left, a matrix plot of a social network conveys little structure when the rows and columns (representing people) are sorted alphabetically. Interactively reordering the matrix by node degree reveals more structure (center). Seriating the matrix by network connectivity reveals underlying clusters of communities (right).

While systems based on formal grammars are both fluent and expressive, users need to understand the underlying generative model, which imposes a steeper learning curve than the more familiar chart typology.

The Web dwells in a never-ending present. It is—elementally—ethereal, ephemeral, unstable, and unreliable.

Brügger, 2009: 122–125

So a major challengefor future research is to investigate the use of task analysis techniques in context, assessing theefficiency and effectiveness of these techniques for particular tasks, situations, design problems and organizational structures

Empirical evidence is crucial here, but this research is still nascent, as many techniques have been proposed with littleempirical evaluation.

Usability engineers already rely on simple techniques such as cognitive walkthroughs andheuristic evaluation,but these approaches sacrifice the richness of true task analysis

toolittle is beingsaid about the use of cognitive task analysis products in discussions of cognitive task analysis

For task analysis to realize itspotential, researchers must improve its usabilityand degree ofintegration.

HCI research has evolvedover the past fifty years from focusingon technical (ergonomic) aspects, to conceptual (information-processing) models, towork-process (contextual) models (Kuutti and Bannon, 1991; Grudin, 1990).

Activity theory anticipates and can help to model contemporary ecological approaches to cognitive psychology, such asdistributed cognition(Hollan et al., 2000)

ctivities are not seen in isolation. They are under continuous development, so their historyaccumulates and serves to inform their evolution. This is possible because of the presence of artifacts. Artifacts carry culturein the form of “historical residue,” delivering the lessonsof the past to the future, mediatingbetween different elements of an activity, and enabling the coordinationof complex actions.

Compared toHTA or cognitive modeling,CTA has increasedunderstanding of many important cognitive aspects ofmodern task environments. However, it is unclear how effective CTA techniques are in representing these aspects in a systematic and usefulway (Shepherd, 2001).

CTA requires “making explicit theimplicit knowledge and cognitive-processing requirements ofjobs” (Dubois and Shalin, 2000:42)

GOMS analysis produces a descriptionof a task, often in the form of a hierarchical plan similar to those produced byHTA. However,while HTA generally describes high-level activity, GOMS typically works at the keystroke level. This low-levelfocus arises fromthe requirement that the lowest-level operators in a taskhaverigorousestimates of execution time.

HTA recognizes the responsibility of the operator (user) to planthe use of available resources to attain a given goal, but ittreats the operator’s cognitive processes as a black box: “howbehavior is actually organized is a question for cognitive psychology” (Shepherd 2001:16).

The strengths and weaknesses of HTA flow from its strong system-centric stance

HTAbreaks tasks into subtasks and operationsor actions

Task analysis nowincludes a range of techniques aimed at obtaining descriptions of what people do, representing those descriptions, predictingdifficulties, and evaluatingsystems against functional requirements(Jordan, 1998)

failed to fully integrate technology with user needs to improve the tasks being performed

analyzing the movement of individuals or material, theinteraction between human and machine, and body movement

oncluded that performance was influencedmore strongly by the attention givento workers during the studies thanbyenvironmental effects such as lighting

Bodystorming therefore seems usefulfor the design of context-sensitive computing applica-tions.

Bodystorming sessions were considered, however, morememorable and inspiring.

Secondly, it was hypothesized that body-storming would provide more accurate understanding ofcontextual factor

We hypothesised, first, thatbeing physically present in the ‘real’ environment savestime from the design group in studying user data.

partici-pants were different

Enacting activitiesis known to facilitate later recall [23].

interactional plausibility

In contrast to the bodystorming sessions,however, design questions were not given, but partici-pants themselves had to find interesting patterns fromthe stories.

This time, however, storieswere not enclosed with questions. Only two designquestions were included in this session.

o practice acting in the guidance of aprofessional actor. Participants also felt that the methodof ‘forced innovation’ (requiring participants to come upwith new technological solutions) was exhausting,especially when it required imagining some aspects ofour world as unexisting.

The editorial office was, however, not accessible to agroup of 12 outsiders.

Data were collected in a series of focus groups,photo diary review sessions, interviews, and participa-tory observations conducted during summer 2001. Allobservations were documented in astory format(fol-lowing Erickson [20])

Within these mod-els, the quality of design ideas crucially depends uponthe quality of the documents

Data collectionmethods typically draw from anthropological and eth-nographic research orientations (e.g. Emerson et al [9]),whereas documentation methods can range from story-like descriptions of actions (e.g. Cooper [7]) to system-atic turn-by-turn ethnographic transcriptions of theevent (e.g. Hutchby and Wooffitt [10]) to box-and-arrowdiagrams depicting different aspects of the activity (e.g.Beyer and Holtzblatt [5]

Emerson RM, Fretz RM, Shaw LL. Writing EthnographicFieldnotes. University of Chicago Press, 1995

Second,we considered the paper’s 10th-percentilezscore.The left tail allows us to characterize the paper’smore unusual combinations, where novelty mayreside.

First, to characterizethe central tendency of a paper’s combinations, weconsidered the paper’smedianzscore

Zscoresbelow zero indicate pairs that appear less oftenin the observed WOS than expected by chance,indicating relatively atypical or“novel”pair-ings.

In this study, we examined 17.9 million re-search articles in the Web of Science (WOS) tosee how prior work is combined. We present factsthat indicate (i) the extent to which scientific pa-pers reference novel versus conventional combi-nations of prior work, (ii) the relative impact ofpapers based on the combinations they drawupon, and (iii) how (i) and (ii) are associated withcollaboration

In hisPrincipia,Newton presented his laws of gravitation usingaccepted geometry rather than his newly de-veloped calculus, despite the latter’s impor-tance in developing his insights (22)

The highest-impact science is primarily grounded in exceptionallyconventional combinations of prior work yet simultaneously features an intrusion of unusualcombinations

I share that bizarre thought with you because it underlines how difficult it is to decode imagery createdbya vanished culture.

Attempting to read even the most seemingly obvious of these signs can lead us astray.

So, how can yougroup the symbols of a culture that no longer exists?

We, however, can change rapidly, through invention,discovery, and communication

#0847175

They are also, however, the field’s key site of novelty and invention. Some of these emerge as elements of voice and style: for example, where new jazz styliststurn to standards to demonstrate thenovelty and valueof a ‘new sou

An outside example of this may be found in thesignificantlydifferent relationship between standardsand innovation to be found in the interactive systemof jazz

Reflective consideration of the numerous tweaks, breakdowns, and departures from standards (including in the systems we build) may support a more thoughtful, creative, and resilient engagement with standards over time

New and perhaps especially integrative design efforts must negotiate with what may be very old standards that structure work and interaction in the settings they cover and in part constru

constant work needed to update, maintain, and work around the problems and gaps that standards, as practiced in this domain, inevitably leave

changes which can thenbe incorporated into the living body of the

Humans can be flexible, contextually aware, and creative, applying discretionary judgment in appropriate and science-saving ways when breakdowns and unexpected situationsarise

a great deal of the standards actionat Northern Station resides in training and apprenticeship: periods of collaboration, teaching, and practice in the field through which procedures are taught and corrected, discretionary skill and judgment is built, and basic understandings of standards and the broader objectives behind them are share

do. This structure is designed to pull out similarities and differences in problems of standardizationand design ininteractive systemsdevelopment at scales both local and global in nature

an 2000 pages of transcript d

Since 2010, we have interviewed over 150 ecologists and conducted participant observationsacross more than a dozen centers of ecological researc

standards are a key mechanism by which problems and questions at the margins of systems can be made to disappea

and its tendency to ‘reappear’ (or return to conscious reflection) upon breakdown [4,34].

hed [30]. Separate work by Star and Griesemer [33]and Star and Strauss [35]identify standards as integrally connected to the sorts of “boundary objects” and “articulation work”that supportcollaboration across complex and heterogeneous landscape

allowingcomplex interactive systems to learn, grow, and change over

how actors work across the gaps that standards leave to produce more effective forms of practice and desi

12 different PhDs on a faculty of 21

In the parlance of interdisciplinary advocates, universities are organized around disciplines; problems are not.

pressing intellectual problems by their nature will cross existing disciplinary boundaries

To be an iSchool is to place greater emphasis on broader human activities over these concerns with the specific agency or organizational form wherein the information practices occur.

concern that technology was just being treated as a tool for demonstrating academic relevance rather than as a genuine basis for disciplinary identity

More importantly, by placing emphasis on human activities mediated by information and technology, this articulation shifts the field's focus from agencies of collection such as libraries or archives, which more typically are invoked when describing subject coverage in schools of library and information science, to the contexts in which people, information and technology interact

the term information was taken to represent either a greater emphasis on people (in the case of computer science) or on technology (in the case of librarianship)

I argue that iSchools are distinctive from other LIS programs less for their subject emphasis or methodological approaches than for their orientation to the study of information beyond agencies, their commitment to multidisciplinary work, and a formal emphasis on research productivity.

Texas

The crisis we face is less to make research more relevantto local concerns of practitioners, or to revamp once more a set of coreclasses or accreditation standards, but to demonstrate our authority as aprofession in dealing with information issues at both theoretical and practi-cal levels, within academia and beyond.

overly concerned with influencing professionals ratherthan other faculty

This lack of attention to quality considerations runs deeper than manywould admit.

While accreditation is considered the bulwarkfor ensuring standards, there exist significant discrepancies between thequality of research and educational experiences offered across accreditedprograms. Similarly, there exist considerable discrepancies in quality ofstudents admitted to and graduated from LIS programs. It is difficult toquantify these issues, however, since discussions of quality and admissionsstandards are among the most divisive topics raised in faculty deliberationsor practitioner discourse, and there is almost no vehicle for their formaltreatment in the literature and conferences of the field.