705 Matching Annotations
- May 2019
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shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in12_chapter 2.pdf102
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Serumimmunoglobulin
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Theheadkidneywasusedasasourceofphagocytesforchemiluminescence (CL)andmigrationassays.Cellsfromthehomogenizedheadkidneywereseparatedwithatwo-stepPercollgradient.Granulocyteswerecollectedatthe1.070-1.090g/cm3interfaceandafterwashingwithrHBSSresuspendedinphenolred-freerRPMl.
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Headkidney
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Thespleenswereremovedandhomogenisedindividuallythroughanylonnet(80mesh).Forisolationoflymphocytes,thetissuehomogenatewaslayeredonatwo-stepPercolldensitygradientandcentrifugedfor30minat400xg.Thelymphocyteswerecollectedatthe1.040-1.080g/cm3interface,washedtwice(400xg,10min)withrHbss,andresuspendedin2mlrRPMl.Cellswerecountedbytrypanblueexclusioninahaemocytometer(viability>95%)andthenumberoflymphocytesfrombloodandspleenwereadjustedto2x106/ml
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Spleen
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Abloodsamplewastakenfromthecaudalveinofeachfishwitha1mlheparinisedsyringeand24-gaugeneedle.Thebloodwascentrifuged(400xg,5min)fortheseparationofplasma.Plasmawasstoredfrozen(-70°C)forthedeterminationoftheimmunologicalparameters
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Collectionofplasma
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Immunologicalanalysis
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ultrapureHNO3andtissuesamplesweredissolvedin70%HNO3;microwavedfor5minat90W,180W,270Wand360W,untiltotaldigestionhadoccurredandthendilutedwithMilli-Qgradewater(Millipore,Acton,Massachusetts,U.S.A)
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Totalsodium,potassiumandcalciumconcentrationsweredeterminedwithatomicabsorptionspectrophotometry.Tothispurpose,plasmasamplesweredilutedwith1%
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Ionconcentrations
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Plasmaosmolalitywasmeasuredin10pisampleswithavaporpressure osmometer(Wescor,5500,Utah,U.S.A)andexpressedasmmol/kg
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Plasmaosmolality
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Forclinicalanalysis,thecontrolandexperimentalfishesweregentlyandrapidly anaesthetizedusingMS222(ethyl-m-aminobenzoatemethanesulphonate)atthedoseof60mgl'1.Thefisheswereimmobilizedwithin1minofapplication.Bloodwascollected fromthecaudalarteryusing1mlsyringefilledwith24Gneedleandinsomefishesbycaudalpedunclecut.Heparinwasusedastheanticoagulant.Immediatelyaftercollection,bloodwascentrifugedfor5minat3000rpmandtheplasmawasseparatedoutandeither usedforanalysisimmediatelyorstoredat20°Cforanalysislater.Samplingprocedureofnetting,anesthesiaandplasmastoringwascompletedwithin10mintoavoidinfluenceofnettingcombinedwithanesthesiaonthebasalcortisollevels(Tancketal.,2000).
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Plasmaseparation
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ClinicalAnalyses
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phosphoricacidformedisreducedbytheadditionof1-amino2napthol~4-sulphonicacid(ANSA)reagenttoproducethebluecolor.Theactivityofthebluecolorwasreadat680nmagainstreagentblankusingaU.V.Spectrophotometer.Suitablestandardswererunthrougheachbatchofassays.Theenzymeactivitywasexpressedintermsofpgofinorganicphosphorusformedhr'1mg'1protein.
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Aftereffluentexposure,thecontrolandeffluentexposedfishtissueswereremovedandplacedinabeakercontainingice-coldSEIbuffer(300mMsucrose,200mMNa2EDTA,50mMimidazole,pH7.23)foranalysisofNa+-K+ATPaseactivity.ThetissueswereimmediatelyfrozeninliquidN2andstoredat-80°Cuntilanalyzed. Thespecificactivitiesofsodium,potassium,magnesiumandcalciumdependentATPaseswereassayedaccordingtothemethodsdescribedbyWatsonandBeamish(1980)and Boeseetal.(1982).AdenosinetriphosphatasecatalysestheconversionofATPandADP.Duringthisconversion,onemolecule ofphosphorusisliberated.ATPaseAdenosinetriphosphate^...^Adenosinediphosphate+PTheinorganicphosphorusliberatedwasassayedaccordingtothemethodofFiskeandSubbarow(1925).Inthismethodtheproteinisprecipitatedwithtrichloroaceticacid.Theproteinfreefiltrateistreatedwithaceticacidmolybdatesolutionandthe
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Na+K+ATPase,Mg2+ATPaseandCa2+ATPase
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Thereactionproduction,p-nitrophenolinacidphosphatewasmeasuredspectrophotometricallyat415nmagainstreagentblank.Theenzymeactivitywascalculatedfromthestandardcurveandexpressedasmicromolesofp-nitrophenolformedperhourpermilligramprotein.Therateofhydrolysisofp-nitrophenolphophateisproportionaltotheenzymepresentinthetissue.p-nitrophenylphosphate+NaoH—phosphat?-—>p -nitrophenol+phosphateThecolordevelopedinalkalinephosphataseactivitywasreadat410nmagainstreagentblankspectrophotometrically.Theactivityoftheenzymewasexpressedaspmolphenolformedmin'1mg'1protein
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ThealkalinephosphataseactivitywasestimatedbythemethodofMorton(1955)usingp-nitrophenylphosphatesocolorlessinsolutionbutuponhydrolysis,thephosphategroupliberatesp-nitrophenylwhichishighlycoloredinalkalinesolution
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Alkalinephosphatase(AKP:ortho-phosphoricmonoester-phosphohydrolase;E.C.3.1.3.1)
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AcidphosphatasewasassayedfollowingtheprocedureofMorton(1955).Theactivityoftheenzymewasexpressedaspmolphenolformedmin'1mg'1protein.
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Acidphosphatase(ACP:acidorthophosphoricphosphohydrolase)(EC3.1.3.2)
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LDHisthekeyenzymeinvolvedinglycolysis,andisresponsiblefortheanaerobicconversionofpyruvicacidtolacticacid,theterminalstageintheEmbden-Meyerhofpathway.Theenzymeactivitywasdeterminedinthecontrolandeffluentexposedfishbrain,gill,muscle,liver,heart,kidneyandair-breathingorgansfollowingSrikantanandKrishnamurthi(1955).TheopticaldensitiesweremeasuredinaUVSpectrophotometerusing340 nmfilterandtheresultsare expressedaspmolesofformazanmg'1proteinhr’1
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Lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)(L-LactateNADoxidoreductase)(EC1.1.1.27)
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Thesupernatant(0.5mlcontaining50mgtissue)wasassayedforSDH.Thereactionwasinitiatedbytheadditionof0.5mlofthesupernatant.Controlsreceived0.5mlsucroseinplaceoftheenzymeextract.Afterincubationfor30minat37°C,thereactionwasstoppedbytheadditionof5mlglacialaceticacidandthederivedformazanwasextractedinto5mloftoluene.Afterkeepingitovernightincold,thecolorwasmeasuredinUV-Spectrophotometerat495mMusingsilicacuvettes.Enzymeactivitieswereexpressedaspmolesofformazanmg'1proteinhr'1
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Thisisanimportantenzymeinvolvedinthecitricacidcycle.Thehomogenatesofcontrolandeffluentexposedtissueswerepreparedin0.25MicecoldsucroseusingPotterElvehjemtypeglasshomogenizerandcentrifugedat3000rpmfor15min
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Succinicdehydrogenase(SDH)(E.C.1.3.99.1
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Theacetylcholineconcentrationinthetissueswasestimatedspectrophotometricallyat540nmbythemethodofHestrin(1949)usingformicacid-acetonemixture(0.15mformicacidacetone,3:17V/V)astheextractionmediumAchconcentrationwascalculatedintermsofnmolAch/mgtissue
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Acetylcholine(Ach)
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Aftereffluentexposure,thetissuesweredissectedout,weighedandhomogenizedin0.25Msucrose.Thehomogenateswerecentrifugedat10,000rev/minatatemperaturebelow8°C.AcetylcholinesteraseactivityofthesampleswasdeterminedatpH7.0usingafinalhomogenateconcentrationof25mgmf1at10°CwithmMacetylcholineiodideassubstrate and0.001or0.002NsodiumhydroxideastitrantfollowingHestron’smethodasgivenbyMetcalf(1951).ProteindeterminationsforalltheChEanalyseswereconductedonaliquotsofthehomogenatesusingamodificationoftheLowryetal.(1951)method.AchEactivityisexpressedinpmolesofacetylcholinechloridehydrolysedmgtissue'1hr'1
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Acetylcholinesterase(AchE
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0.89%salinesolutioninaTejElon-glasshomogenizerat4°C.Thehomogenatewascentrifugedat4000rpm(3500xg)at4°Cfor20minutes.Theclearsupernatant(organextract)wasusedforestimationofenzymes
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Aftereffluentexposure,thecontrolandexperimentalfisheswerekilledbyhammeringonheadanddissectedimmediately.Excisedbrain,gill,muscle,liver,heart,kidneyandair-breathingorganswereweighed(about20mg)andhomogenizedin2mlof
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Collectionoftissues
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Enzymologicalanalyses
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Immediatelyafterisolation,thetissueswereweighedandsubjectedtolipidextractionthatwascarriedoutinduplicateaccordingtoFolchetal.(1957)
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Totallipids
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Salineextracts(0.89%)oftissueswerepreparedinTeflonglasshomogenizer.ThecarbohydratecontentoftheextractwasdoneaccordingtothemethodofShibkoetal.(1967)
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Carbohydrates
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TotalproteincontentwasdeterminedbytheFolin-CiocalteaumethodofLowryetal.(1951)asmodifiedbyZakandCohen(1961).Bovinecrystallinealbuminwasusedasa referencestandard
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Totalproteins
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Aftereffluentexposure,thecontrolandexperimentalfisheswerekilledbyhammeringonheadanddissectedimmediately.Excisedbrain,liver,muscle,gill,kidneyandair-breathingorgans werepooled incoldcondition andusedforbiochemicalestimations.
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BiochemicalAnalysis
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Thegillandmuscleswereisolatedfromcontrolandeffluentexposed(7%)fishes.Physiologicalsalinesolution(0.75%NaCl)wasusedtorinseandcleanthetissues.Theywerethenimmediatelystudiedandphotographed.
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Aftertheperiodofexposure,thecaudalfinwasseveredtogetthebloodforsmearing.BufferedLeishman'sstainofpH6.8gaveexcellentresults.Theworkreportedhereisbasedontheanalysisofslidesoffishestreatedwith7%effluentconcentrationsastheobservedchangesaremaximuminthesefishes.
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Bloodandorganstudies
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Bloodsampleswereobtainedbycuttingthecaudalpeduncleandanalysedforlacticacidusinganenzymatictechnique(SigmaCo,1974)MeasurementsweremadeinQuartzcuvettesat340nmwithaBeckmanAVSpectrophotometer.Standardcurvesweremadeonthedaythebloodlacticaciddeterminationsweremade.
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Bloodlacticacid
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BloodglucosewasestimatedbyFolin-Wumethod(KlontzandSmith,1968).Glucoseonboilingwithalkalinecoppersolution,reducescopperfromthecuprictothecuprousstate(cuprousoxide).Thecuprousoxidesoformedreducesphosphomolybdicacidtothebluecoloredmolybdenumblue,whichismeasuredcolorimeterically.TheintensityofthebluecolorisproportionaltoglucoseconcentrationanditiscolorimetricallydeterminedinaBoschandLombSpectrophotometerat620nm
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Bloodglucose
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TheO2carryingcapacity(Vol%)ofbloodwascalculatedby multiplyingtheHbcontentwith1.25O2combiningpowerofHb/g(Johansen,1970).
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TheO2carryingcapacity
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ThebloodbicarbonatewasestimatedbythemanometricmethodofVanslykeandCullen(1969).
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StandardBicarbonates
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Meancorpuscularhaemoglobinconcentration(MCHC)istheaverageHbconcentrationperunitvolume(100)ofpackedredcells(W/V).Henceitisexpresseding/1whichisthesameaspercent(%).ItiscalculatedbythefollowingformulaHbMCHC=—......x100(g/dl)PCV
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MCHC
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MeancellVolume(MCV).Itisexpressedinfentolitres(1fentolitreorflisequivalentto10'151)andcalculatedby thefollowingformula:PCVMCV=.....................x10(fl)RBC8.10.6.2.MCHMeancellhaemoglobin(MCH)=AverageweightofHbinanerythrocyte.Itisexpressedinpicograms(pg)whichisequivalentto10"12g.Itiscalculatedbythefollowingformula:HbMCH=-----------------x10(ppg)RBC
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MCV
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RedBloodcellsindices
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micro-haematocrittubewasfilledto100mmwithanticoagulatedblood.Oneendofthetubewassealedwithsealingwaxandthetubewasthenkeptinaverticalpositioninaglassbeakerstuffedwithcotton.Afteronehour,lengthoftheplasmacolumnwasmeasuredwitha rulergraduatedin0.5mm.
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ESRwasdeterminedbythemicromethodbecausethequantityofbloodavailablefromindividualfishwasinsufficienttoadoptanymacromethod.Anon-heparinised
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ErythrocytesedimentationRate(ESR)
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BloodwascollectedfromtheheartbycardiacpunctureusinganRBCpipette.ItwasdilutedwithHayem’sfluidintheratioof1:200.Thecontentswereshakenwell.AdropofthedilutedbloodwasplacedinaNeubauerdoublehaemocytometer(Germany)countingchamberandtheredbloodcellcountpercubicmmwascalculated
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Redbloodcellcount(RBC
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Thepackedcellvolumeorhaematocritisthevolumeoccupiedbythepackedredcells,afteravolumeofanticoagulatedvenousbloodisfullycentrifuged.Thevolumeofpackedcellisexpressedasapercentageoftheoriginalvolumeoftheblood.ThePCVisusedtoestimatehaematologicalindices,includingthemeancellhaemoglobinconcentration(MCHC)andmeancorpuscularvolume(MCV).PCVdetermination followedthemethodsofBlaxhallandDaisley(1973).Thehaematocritvaluewasdeterminedbycentrifuging(3000rpm)aknownvolume ofincoagulantbloodkeptinWintrobe’stubes
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PackedCellVolume(PCV)orHaematocrit(Ht)
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HaemoglobinwasdeterminedbySahlimethod.HaemoglobinisconvertedtoacidhaematinbytheactionofHC1.Theacidhaematinsolutionisfurtherdilutedwiththeaciduntilitscolormatchesexactlythatofthepermanentstandardofthecomparatorblock.TheHbconcentrationisreaddirectlyfromthecalibrationcurve.
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Haemoglobin(Hb)determination
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BloodwastakenbyheartpunctureusingMS222astheanaesthetic.Nofishwasusedmorethanonce.
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CollectionofBlood
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HaematologicalAnalysis
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TheO2consumptionofthetissueswasmeasuredbymanometrictechniquesinaWarburgconstantvolumerespirometer(Gallenkemp,England)aspertheproceduresgivenbyUmbreitetal.(1959).Thecontrolandeffluentexposedfisheswerekilledandthebrain,gill,muscle,liver,heart,kidneyandair-breathingorganswereisolated.ThetissueswereslicedandplacedinWarburgflasks(60-80mgtissuesflask)containing2.5mloffishringersolutionwithphosphatebufferatpH7.5asthesuspensionmediumforthetissuesand0.2ml15%KOH.Temperaturewas28°CduringO2uptakedetermination.Inordertocomparedatafromthedifferentseriesoftreatment,arespiratoryindexwascalculatedusingthefollowingformula:KO2treated-KO2controlr=100-------------------------------------x100KO2controlWhere,K=O2consumptioninpi/100mgwettissue/hrThisindexindicatespercentrespirationoftreatedtissuesrelatedtothecontrolvalues ofthesameseries.
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TissueRespiration
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ThecircadianrhythmofbimodalO2uptakeofcontrolandeffluenttreatedfisheswerestudiedseparatelyat28°±1°C.TheamountsofO2extractedfromwaterandairwereseparatelydeterminedforadayatregularintervalsof3hreach.TotalO2uptakeateachtimewasobtainedbysummingupthevaluesforaquaticandaerialrespirationobtainedatthecorrespondingtime.Throughoutthepresentstudy,theinitialO2contentofthewaterwaskeptconstant(6±0.5mgF1)
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CircadianrhythmofbimodalO2uptake
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Forstudyingtheaerialrespirationoffishesinair,respirometersweredesignedinvolvingtheprinciplesofmonometrictechniques.Thesetup(Figure10and11)consistsofarespiratorychamberconnectedtoagraduated‘U’tubecontainingBrodie’sfluid.KOHisusedasCO2absorbent.Thedifferenceinthelevelofthefluidinthemanometerforagiventimeisusedinthefollowingequationandthegasutilizediscalculated.VixhV=-...........-10,000Where,‘V’isthevolumeofthegasutilized‘Vi’isthevolume ofgasintherespiratorychamber‘h’isthedifferenceintheleveloftheBrodie’sfluidinthemanometerand10,000isthepressureofmanometricfluid(Brodie’sfluid)inmm
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AerialRespiration
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Theexperimentalsetup(Figure8and9)forthedeterminationofO2uptakesimultaneouslyfromairandwaterwassimilartothatusedearlierbyNatarajan(1972),Rani(1994)andVijayalakshmi(1996).Aclosedglassrespirometerof5litrecapacitywasfilledwith3.5litrefreshtapwater.Athermocolfloatwithasemicircularholeatitsperipherywasplacedoverthewater,whichseparatedtheair-waterinterphaseoftherespirometer.Theair-phaseoftherespirometerwasattachedtoafluidmanometer.Asthefishcomestothewatersurfaceandtakesair-gulp,thereisapressurechangeintheair-phasecausinganimbalanceinthemanometricfluid.AgraduatedsyringefilledwithpureO2(takenfrommedicalO2cylinder)isusedtorestoretheimbalanceofthemanometricfluid.TheamountthusneededshowstheaerialO2uptakeofthefish.TheexpiredCO2wasabsorbedbythepelletsofKOHinthepetridishoverthemanometricfluid.Theconcentrationofdissolvedoxygenoftheambientwaterwasestimatedbefore andaftertheexperimenttomeasuretheaquaticO2uptakebythefish.ThedifferenceintheDOandtheamountofwaterindicatestheactualaquaticO2uptake.Winkler’svolumetricmethod(Welch,1948)wasusedtoestimatetoDOofthewatersamples.Darkenedrespiratorychamberswereusedwithdimensionsthatwereclosetothoseofthefishinorderthatthefishshouldremaininmoreorlessthesamepositionbut havesufficientroomtomoveitsopercula.Theflowofwaterthroughtherespirometer wasregulatedandmeasuredbymeansofaflowmeter.APhilipsO2electrode(PI1056)waskeptinawaterjacketmaintainedatthesametemperatureastheclosedcirculation.SamplesoftheinflowandoverflowwatercouldalsobeledovertheO2electrode
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Bimodalrespiration
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Theexperimentalfishwasacclimatedtoglassrespirometersforabout24hrandtheywerenotgivenanyfoodduringthisperiod.TheeffluentexposedfishesalongwiththecontrolsweresubjectedtoO2consumptionseparately.Theexperimentswereperformedinaninsulatedroombetween8to10AMwithlightson.TherateoftotalO2uptakethroughgillsfromflowingwaters(DO=7.2mg021'1)wasmeasuredinfishesofdifferent body weights.Forthis,acylindricalglassrespirometerof2litrecapacitywasused.Thefishwasintroducedintherespirometerwhichwasconnectedtoalargeconstantlevelwatertanktomaintaintheflowofwaterunderconstanthydrostaticpressure.Thewaterenteredtherespirometeratonesideanditsflowperminutewasmeasuredasitlefttheotherside.Theflowwasadjustedaccordingtothesizeofthefish.Thefishwasacclimatizedtotherespirometeratleast12hrbeforereadingswere taken.ConcentrationofdissolvedoxygeninthesampleswasmeasuredbyWinkler’svolumetricmethod(Welch,1948).ThedifferenceinO?levelsbetweentheambientwaterandthatsuppliedtotherespirometeraswellaswiththerateofwaterflowandtheweightofthefishwasusedtocalculatetherateof O2uptakeintermsoftime(ml02hr'1)withthehelpoftheequation:V02=Vw(Ci02CE02)Where,VO2=02uptake(ml02hr'1)Vw=water(mlm'1)andCi02-CE02respectivelythe02concentrationofinletandoutletwaters.Arespirometercontainingnoanimalsservedasacontrolforadjustingcalculationsfor02uptakeinthewater.Uponremoval,fisheswereblottedwithpapertoweling, andweighed
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Aquaticrespiration
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Theeffectof2%,5%and7%effluentexposureontheoxygenuptakewasmeasuredatexperimentalconditions,viz.,(a)whenaccesstoairwasprevented(aquaticconsumption),(b)whenitwasallowed(bimodalrespiration)and(c)underaerialconditions(aerialrespiration)
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Effectofeffluentexposureontheoxygenconsumption
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Respirationstudies
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SamplesofC.punctataweretakenfromtheacclimationtanksandslightlyblottedonpapertowelstoremoveexcesswater.TheywereplacedindividuallyonaWhatmanfilterpaperinaonelitreglassbeaker.Theindividualswereimmediatelytransferredtobigglassdesiccatorscontaining250mlofthefollowingsolutionsfordesiredhumiditylevelsusinggradedsolutionsofKOHasdescribedbySolomon(1951).Watergiving95to97%relativehumidity(RH),mean95%;sodiumchloridegiving72to76%relativehumidity,mean75%;calciumchloridegiving28to31%relativehumidity,mean35%.Thedesiccatorswereplacedinanincubatorataconstanttemperatureof28°±1°Cwithdeterminationsofsurvivalandbodyweightatregularintervals.Thecontainerswereweighedatintervalstothenearest0.1mgandweightlosswasassumedtoequalwater loss
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Survivaloutofwater
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Thefishessurvivedwithoutanymortalityintheeffluentconcentration ofnominalvalues2%,5%and7%.The30,60,90and120dayschronicexposurewith20fishaddedrandomlytoeachof60by40by240cmplastictankswasbegunwithfishfromthesameoriginastheseandintheinitialacutebioassays.Flowratesmaintainedtothetanksallowedfor twovolumesturnovers24hr.
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Thefisheswereexposedtodifferentconcentrationsofeffluentandthenumberoffishineachconcentrationwasrecorded.Thedataweresubjectedtoprobitanalysis(Finney,1964)andDragstedtandBehven’sequation(Carpenter,1975)todetermineLC50values.Apresumableharmlessconcentration(C)oftheeffluentwasalsocalculatedbyusingthesafefactororapplicationfactor(Sprague,1971)employingtheformulaC=Where,48hrLC50xAS24 hrLC50S= -------------------48hr LC50A=0.3(constant)Thesafeconcentrationisausefulunitofmeasurementofacceptableamountoftheeffluent,whichhasnolethalityandstresstotheanimalexposed.Approximately1/3ofLCsoofvalueofeffluentwasselectedassublethalconcentrationinthepresentstudy.Fishesweredividedinto4groupsandkeptin401glassaquariacontaining wellwaterofpH7.2.GroupI,IIandIDwerekeptin2%,5%and7%ofeffluents(Figure7)respectivelyandexposedto24,48and72(short-term)periods.Allacutelethalitytestswereconductedaccordingtothe methodsofthe AmericanPublicHealthAssociation(1985).GroupIVservedascontrol.
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Bioassay
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experiments.Chemicalcharacterizationoftheeffluent(Table1)wascarriedoutbyusingstandardmethods(APHA,1985)
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ThecementfactoryeffluentobtainedfromtheACCcementfactory,Madukkarai(Figure6)in101blackpolyethylenecontainerswerekeptinarefrigeratoruntilusedfor
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EffluentCollection
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Thetapwaterusedforacclimationandexperimentationhadthefollowingaveragecharacteristics:temperature(28°-30°C),pH(7.2-7.4),dissolvedoxygen(7.8-8.0ppm),CO2(2.08mll'1),salinity(0.190gF1)hardness(154ppmasCaCCF?),alkalinity(68ppmasCaC03)andconductivity(0.56mMhos).
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Physico-chemicalcharacteristicsoftapwater
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Thefisheswerefedadlibitumwithboiledhen’seggsontwodaysinaweekandearthwormsontheremainingdays.Feedingwasstopped24hrpriortoexperimentation.Noprophylactictreatmentforanydiseaseproblemwasnecessaryatanytimeduring acclimationandtest
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Feeding
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Theywereheld(28°±0.5°C;naturalphotoperiod)in240litretapwatertanks(1x1x0.3m)andacclimatedtothelaboratoryconditionsforaweekbeforeexperimentation.Agentlecontinuouswaterflowwasmaintainedthroughtheaquariaforconstantwaterrenewal.
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Holdingtanks
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Channapunctata(Family:Channidae)(15-20g;10-15cm)usedinthisinvestigationwerewildcaughtandbroughttothelaboratoryinplasticbuckets.
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Collectionoffish
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Annotators
URL
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shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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GOVERNMENTARTSCOLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS)COIMBATORE-641018TAMILNADU,INDIA
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N.BHUVANESHWARI
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CEMENTFACTORYEFFLUENTINDUCEDCHANGESINTHEBIMODALRESPIRATION,HAEMATOLOGYANDIMMUNOLOGYINTHEFRESHWATERAIR-BREATHINGFISHCHANNAPUNCTATA(BLOCH,1793)
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