eLife assessment

This study presents important findings that homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity outside of the window at which a weak associative fear memory is formed can transform this memory into a stronger one, and can produce fear memory even when stimuli were not paired. This work therefore expands our views on the role of time- and input-specificity of plasticity in learning processes. The evidence, based on state-of-the-art in vivo manipulations and activity recordings in behaving mice, supporting the conclusions is solid, although further validation of the methods used is required in order to reaffirm the authors' conclusion. Once resolved, the work will be of broad interest to neuroscientists interested in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and associative memory.

eLife assessment

This study enhances our understanding of the relationship between cortico-hippocampal interactions and behavioral performance. Using an inter-areal coherence metric to gate trial initiation in real time, the authors provide solid evidence that links high hippocampal-prefrontal theta coherence to correct performance on spatial working memory and cue-guided decision-making tasks. Although reviewers agreed that the results do not demonstrate causality between hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony and behavioral performance, the findings are viewed as important given their potential implications for brain-machine interface applications in humans.

eLife assessment

Host cell death is an effective strategy to protect against infection, and is believed to function primarily by the elimination of the intracellular niche for pathogen replication. Abele and colleagues address an important question: does the mode of cell death affect its effectiveness in pathogen clearance? Consistent with prior observations, the authors provide compelling new evidence that the answer can depend on the cell type and/or tissue involved.

eLife assessment

This study describes CLEVER, an improved method for fast and efficient rescue and mutagenesis of SARS-CoV2. While the principle of this method is not new, this work significantly improves upon existing protocols, providing an important advancement in the field of viral infectious clones. Convincing proof-of-concept experiments were performed that demonstrate the utility and efficiency of the method.

eLife assessment

This manuscript provides fundamental findings on the association between sleep regularity and mortality in the UK Biobank, which is a popular topic in recent sleep and circadian research in population-based studies. The study is based on a large accelerometer study with validated follow-up of incident diseases and deaths, and the data quality and large sample size are convincing and strengthen the credibility of the conclusion. This will be of wide interest to researchers in the sleep study field, epidemiologists, practicing clinicians and the general public.

eLife assessment

This small-sized clinical trial comparing nebulized dornase-alfa to the best available care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia is valuable, but in its present form the paper is incomplete.

eLife assessment

This important study unravels the interaction between effort cost, pupil-indexed brain state, and movement (saccadic) vigor during foraging decisions in marmoset monkeys. Based on a normative computational model, the authors derive the prediction that anticipated effort should affect both decisions and movement vigor during foraging; and then provide solid behavioural and pupillometric evidence for this prediction in a foraging task. This paper will be of interest to decision and motor neuroscience as well as to all researchers studying animal behavior.

eLife assessment

This study presents valuable observations indicating that the electrophysiological excitability of cultured sympathetic motor neurons progressively increase during aging, and are inversely correlated with the magnitude of KCNQ currents. The alterations in membrane excitability are broadly relevant for those interested in understanding how the nervous system changes during aging. While the data as a whole are solid in showing that the excitability of sympathetic neurons increases in neurons cultured from older mice, the mechanism of the underlying changes and in vivo relevance is incomplete.

eLife assessment

In Drosophila melanogaster, the Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channel, Orai, is required for the development of flight-promoting dopaminergic neurons. Here, Mitra et al. determine that expression of a loss-of-function Orai1 mutant during the 72-96 hour window of pupal development impairs gene expression in dopaminergic flight neurons in part through the expression of Set2, a histone methyltransferase. The authors identify a large number of genes that are controlled by Set2, and show that Set2 is controlled by the Trl/GAF transcription factor. Although the findings reported here are important, the evidence supporting some of the claims is incomplete.

eLife assessment

This study provides useful insights into the mechanisms of electron transport in STEAP proteins, consistent with current models. The work strengthens and supports previously published biochemical and structural data, and the experimental results are of solid technical quality. The manuscript will be of interest to colleagues who work on STEAP proteins and related electron transfer systems.

eLife assessment

This study presents useful insights into core genome mutations that could have contributed to the emergence of the Staphylococcus aureus lineage USA300, a frequent cause of community-acquired infections. The solid approach used is innovative in combining genome-wide association studies and RNA-expression analyses, both applied to extensive publicly available datasets. This strategy reduces the rate of false positives attributed to high genome-wide linkage disequilibrium. It is noted that this method cannot be used for most phenotype-genotype studies, especially those requiring essential population structure correction, and it can therefore not be readily replicated in different datasets.

eLife assessment

Understanding how genomic regulatory elements interact to control spatiotemporal gene expression is essential to explaining cell type diversification, function, and delineating genetic variation and disease. In this important study, the authors provide solid evidence showing that, in general, enhancers influence gene expression in an additive way. The findings contribute to ongoing discussions about the selectivity and combination of regulatory elements. Improved clarity regarding the statistical analysis, computational methods, and definitions used would strengthen the conclusions.

eLife assessment

This manuscript describes an important NMR investigation of allosteric interactions within Abl kinase. The authors identify helix I as a major element that couples the Abl active site with the myristate-binding pocket. The convincing findings have implications for understanding Abl kinase activation and how to target Abl kinase in diseases.

eLife assessment

This study provides a valuable resource that documents the protein-protein interactions (PPI) network for alpha-arrestins in both human and Drosophila based on affinity purification/mass spectrometry and the SAINTexpress method followed by a series of bioinformatic and functional assessments. Through these, the authors confirmed the roles of known and novel interactions, including proteins involved in RNA splicing and helicase, GTPase-activating proteins, and ATP synthase. This study represents a convincing example of how to adopt comparative molecular interactions and how to interpret the functional implications.

eLife assessment

In this study, the authors (1) build a detailed model of the process whereby visual information is stored in neuronal activity from the moment that a stimulus is presented until some time later when such information needs to be recalled, and (2) test numerous mechanistic assumptions by fitting the model to rich psychophysical experiments performed by human participants. The evidence supporting the claims is convincing, utilizing detailed model comparison to evaluate potential mechanisms. Overall, the results represent a valuable advance in our understanding of how sensory representations are encoded in and then recalled from, working memory.

eLife assessment

This is a fundamental work that significantly advances our understanding of the role of mossy cells in the dentate gyrus in Fragile X Syndrome. Carefully designed experiments provide evidence that changes in their excitability occur due to up-regulation of Kv7 currents. While the evidence supporting the authors' conclusions is solid, some of their claims did not consider other potential factors and explanations. The work will be of interest to neuroscientists working on unveiling the mechanisms of Fragile X pathology.

eLife assessment

This study presents useful findings from a large sample of participants from the UK Biobank on the relationship between menopause (including status, type, and age of onset), cognition, neuroanatomical measures derived from magnetic resonance imaging, and Alzheimer's disease. The strength of evidence is incomplete, and the study would benefit from clearer methodological descriptions, more careful consideration of potential confounds, and better theoretical integration with prior work in the field. This paper will be of interest to people working in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, endocrinology, and dementia.

eLife assessment

This manuscript describes valuable findings on the expression pattern of orexin receptors in the midbrain and how manipulating this system influences several behaviors, such as context-induced locomotor activity and exploration. The overall strength of evidence - which includes anatomical, viral manipulation studies, and brain imaging - is solid and broadly supports claims in the paper, however, there are several areas in which the conclusions are only partially supported by the data provided. These results have implications for understanding the neural underpinnings of reward and will be of interest to neuroscientists and cognitive scientists with an interest in the neurobiology of reward.

eLife assessment

In this important study, the authors integrated genetic and genomic datasets from humans and mice to unveil shared networks and pathways associated with coronary artery disease. Their compelling analysis led to the identification of new regulatory genes and pathways in vascular tissues and in the liver, allowing for a more in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.

eLife assessment

This study and associated data is compelling, novel, important, and well-carried out. The study demonstrates a novel finding that different chemotherapeutic agents can induce nucleolar stress, which manifests with varying cellular and molecular characteristics. The study also proposes a mechanism for how a novel type of nucleolar stress driven by CDK inhibitors may be regulated. The study sheds light on the importance of nucleolar stress in defining the on-target and off-target effects of chemotherapy in normal and cancer cells.

eLife assessment

This study reports that neural activity in the auditory cortex (field L) of singing male songbirds can be modulated by social context. These potentially important findings indicate that the presence of a female conspecific alters the response of auditory cortical neurons to the male bird's own song and to perturbations of auditory feedback that the bird has been trained to expect. While they extend recent work showing that the activity of dopaminergic neurons in songbirds is also affected by an audience, the evidence presented is incomplete since it is unclear how much of the apparent modulation of cortical neurons may be due to other factors, such as changes in the recorded neurons or their properties over time, which will require additional analyses to work out.

eLife assessment

This important study discovered DBT as a novel gene implicated in the resistance to MG132-mediated cytotoxicity and potentially also in the pathogenesis of ALS and FTD, two fatal neurodegenerative diseases. The authors provided solid evidence to support a mechanism by which loss of DBT suppresses MG132-mediated toxicity. While activation of autophagy is shown to be associated with DBT knockdown, it remains unclear if this is the underlying mechanism driving improved survival.

eLife assessment

This fundamental study provides an unprecedented understanding of the roles of different combinations of NaV channel isoforms in nociceptors' excitability, with relevance for the design of better strategies targeting NaV channels to treat pain. Although the experimental combination of electrophysiological, modeling, imaging, molecular biology, and behavioral data is convincing and supports the major claims of the work, some conclusions need to be strengthened by further evidence or discussion. The work may be of broad interest to scientists working on pain, drug development, neuronal excitability, and ion channels.

eLife assessment

This useful study summarises the effect of optical stimulation of the A13 region on locomotion in healthy mice and experimental Parkinsonism and could potentially be of interest to basic and clinical neuroscientists. Behavioural analyses and evidence for pro-locomotor effects of stimulation are solid. However, anatomical analyses are incomplete and do not yield mechanistic insights due to various issues with specificity, sample size, statistical analysis, and data presentation in the present form of the study.

eLife assessment

This study provides valuable insights into how researchers can use perceptual metamers to formally explore the limits of visual representations at different processing stages. While the study is overall convincing in terms of approach and results, issues were identified with respect to novelty, sample size, incomplete psychophysical methodology, and better motivation of the models tested.

eLife assessment

This is a valuable study of Eph-Ephrin signaling mechanisms generating pathological changes in amyotropic lateral sclerosis. There are exciting findings bearing on the role of glial cells in this pathology. The study emerges with solid evidence for a novel astrocyte-mediated mechanism for disease propagation. It may help identify potential therapeutic targets.

eLife assessment

This paper provides a fundamental expansion of vestibular compensation into transient and partial dysfunction, as well as insights into the adaptation of visual reflexes in this process. The conclusions are convincingly supported with paired histological and behavioral measurements, which are additionally modeled for further interpretation. This work would be of interest to neuroscientists working in multisensory integration and recovery mechanisms.

eLife assessment

This study provides valuable findings about pre-saccadic foveal prediction and the extent to which it is influenced by the visibility of the saccade target relative to its background. The results and research methodology are technically solid, but there are questions about the interpretation of data which if addressed, would benefit our understanding of this phenomenon. This work should be of broad interest to visual neuroscientists, as well as those interested in understanding perception in the context of eye movements and in modeling visually guided actions.

eLife assessment

In this study, the authors develop a useful strategy for fluorophore-tagging endogenous proteins in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using a split mNeonGreen approach. Experimentally, the methods are solid, and the data presented support the author's conclusions. Overall, these methodologies should be useful to a wide audience of cell biologists who want to study protein localization and dynamics at endogenous levels in iPSCs.

eLife assessment

This study describes a method to track MHC class II binding peptides on dendritic cell (DC) surfaces using a tetracystein tag and a thiol-reactive dye, which can then be investigated in vitro and in vivo. This is a valuable study for the impact on immunology and potentially other areas where the detection of cell-associated peptides is required. The methods are convincing based on the use of MHC class I/II deficient mice that have significantly reduced signal, but the non-zero background is detected, and it is not clear that this is lower than if the peptides were directly labelled with fluorophores.

eLife assessment

This study presents a valuable finding on the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The data were collected and analyzed using solid and validated methodology and can be used as a starting point for functional studies of the development of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis. This paper would be of interest to cell biologists and biophysicists working on the potential pharmacological treatments for glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis.

eLife assessment

The authors have shown a valuable tumor suppressive function of the non-core regions of RAG1/2 recombinases, by using a set of animal models. The work is solid and the conclusions are supported by their data. Some areas of mechanistic work can be improved.

eLife assessment

The authors studied key characteristics of MYC-driven cancers: dysregulated pre-mRNA splicing and altered metabolism. The reviewers agree that this is an interesting study and that the findings are important. Overall the data was considered solid although the paper would benefit from revisions. The manuscript has the potential to be of broad interest to cancer biologists due to its therapeutic implications.

eLife assessment

The study provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying ulcerative colitis, a chronic and debilitating gastrointestinal condition. The article provides solid evidence of the role of the vesicular trafficking protein Rab7 in regulating the colonic mucus system and its implications in ulcerative colitis.

eLife assessment

The findings of this valuable manuscript advance our understanding of the significance of Bestrophin isoform 4 (BEST4) in suppressing colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. The authors used appropriate and validated methodology, such as the knockout of BEST4 using CRISPR/Cas9 in CRC cells, to provide a solid foundation for elucidating the potential link between BEST4 and CRC progression.

eLife assessment

This paper proposes a valuable new method for the assessment of the mean kurtosis for diffusional kurtosis imaging by utilizing a recently introduced sub-diffusion model. The evidence supporting the claims that this technique is robust and accurate in brain imaging is incomplete. The work could be of interest in the research and clinical arena.

eLife assessment

This important study uses a range of technical approaches to investigate the responses of zona incerta neurons to movement and sensory stimuli. The majority of neurons exhibited movement related activity but only a small proportion were modulated by whisker deflections. The major conclusion of the study is that the zona incerta distributes a general motor signal. The evidence supporting this claim is solid, although the study would be improved by greater transparency and discussion of experimental methods and histological verification of recording sites, viral spread, and which territories of the zona incerta were investigated. The work will be of interest to behavioral and physiological neuroscientists.

eLife assessment

This study presents an important open-source resource for high-throughput behavioral screening. The protocols employ inexpensive, off the shelf hardware, and allow real-time analysis of hundreds of behaving flies. Although these protocols were developed using Drosophila melanogaster, they could easily be applied to other models. The evidence in support of the conclusions is solid and the revisions carried out by the authors go a long way towards providing the user with an integrated system that is also more user-friendly.

eLife assessment

This paper presents an important contribution to the field of hippocampal registration by introducing a novel surface-based approach that utilizes the topological and morphological features of the hippocampus for anatomical registration across individuals, rather than volumetric-based methods commonly used in the literature. The study provides compelling evidence for the efficacy of this approach using histological samples from three different datasets and offers validation of the method through comparison with traditional volumetric registration. This is significant work given the large number of studies that examine hippocampal shape, thickness, and function in large cohorts, providing strong support for the use of hippocampal unfolding methods in future studies.

eLife assessment

This manuscript aims to identify the pacemaker cells in the lymphatic collecting vessels - the cells that initiate the autonomous action potentials and contractions needed to drive lymphatic pumping. Through the exemplary use of existing approaches (genetic deletions and cytosolic calcium detection in multiple cell types), the authors convincingly determine that lymphatic muscle cells are the origin of the action potential that triggers lymphatic contraction. This fundamental discovery establishes a new standard for the field of lymphatic physiology.

eLife assessment

This study presents valuable findings on the presence of 6mA in the Drosophila genome and challenges previous findings regarding the role of TET in 6mA modification. The evidence supporting the claims is solid, and the paper has the potential to stimulate re-evaluations of the significance and regulatory mechanisms of 6mA DNA modifications in Drosophila.

eLife assessment

This fundamental study advances our understanding of how Notch signaling activates transcription by analyzing the dynamics of the Mastermind transcriptional co-activator and its role in the activation complex. The evidence is compelling with precise quantitative measurements. The evidence presented by the authors features methods, data, and analyses that are currently state-of-the-art but have not previously been applied to how transcription is regulated in the Notch pathway.

eLife assessment

This valuable work on the paleovegetation history of Iceland has implications for the field of paleoecology, and the deglaciation history of Iceland and additional localities in Northern America and Europe via woody shrub colonization. The study uses a sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding approach to study this historic process. The strength of evidence is solid, with the methods (analysis of sedimentary DNA) and data analyses broadly supporting the claims.

eLife assessment

This study presents initial findings in the generation of 3D cell constructs from endometrial cell mixtures seeded in Matrigel scaffold and treated with hormones as a proof of concept. While the study findings are valuable, functional validation to demonstrate its robustness is lacking, and therefore the strength of evidence is incomplete. The term organoids might not be appropriate to describe this in vitro model.

eLife assessment

The current manuscript presents a cryo-EM structure of a tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter that contributes to Haemophilus influenzae virulence. Convincing biophysical and cryo-EM experiments yield a valuable molecular model, but evidence to support some of the mechanistic conclusions is currently incomplete.

eLife assessment

This valuable paper examines gene expression differences between male and female individuals over the course of flower development in the dioecious angiosperm Trichosantes pilosa. The authors show that male-biased genes evolve faster than female-biased and unbiased genes. This is frequently observed in animals, but this is the first report of such a pattern in plants. In spite of the limited sample size, the evidence is mostly solid and the methods appropriate for a non-model organism. The resources produced will be used by researchers working in the Cucurbitaceae, and the results obtained advance our understanding of the mechanisms of plant sexual reproduction and its evolutionary implications: as such they will broadly appeal to evolutionary biologists and plant biologists.

eLife assessment

This important study combines in vitro experiments with simulations to identify the mechanisms governing modulation of microtubule dynamics by GTP hydrolysis. The authors introduce a convincing new approach by using a mixed GDP/GMPCPP lattice and varying GDP concentration to reveal that the nucleotide at the interface of two tubulin dimers determines the strength of the interaction between two dimers. Overall, the findings will be of interest to biophysicists and cell biologists, especially in the field of microtubule biology.

eLife assessment

This important study uses CRISPRi to silence multiple effectors in the pathogen, Legionella pneumophila. It provides a technique that will allow researchers to address functional redundancy amongst effectors, a problem that has persisted even after decades of study. The methodology used is convincing, and further improvement (such as using multiple guides per gene) can lead to the identification of novel virulence factors.

eLife assessment

One of the most promising strategies in development of drugs targeting kinases is provided by using allosteric control that allows specific regulation and study of kinase function without directly targeting the active site. This important paper reviews convincingly the current repertoire of tools for regulating the activity of protein kinases with the ultimate goal of developing novel approaches in treating diseases associated with signal dysregulation.

eLife assessment

One of the most promising strategies in development of drugs targeting kinases is provided by using allosteric control that allows specific regulation and study of kinase function without directly targeting the active site. This important manuscript provides a convincing review of the current repertoire of tools for regulating the activity of protein kinases with the ultimate goal of developing novel approaches in treating diseases associated with signal dysregulation.

eLife assessment

This valuable study provides convincing evidence that acute experimental pain induces changes of cortical excitability. Although the modality specificity of the findings is not fully clear, the findings will be of interest to researchers interested in the brain mechanisms of pain.

eLife assessment

This study provides the fundamental insight that TGN46, a single-pass membrane protein, acts as a cargo receptor for proteins at the Trans-Golgi Network that are destined for secretion. Compelling evidence shows that the luminal domain of TGN46 is crucial for the incorporation of the soluble secretory protein PAUF into CARTS. The clear effect but partial block of secretion after depletion of TGN46 points to the need for further exploration of the process.

eLife assessment

This valuable study of Iceland's paleovegetation history has implications for the field of paleoecology, as well as shrubification in the Arctic. It presents solid evidence that postglacial colonisation by birch was later than willow in Iceland and nearby areas, based on a new analysis with multiple lines of existing evidence, including one new site with sedimentary ancient DNA. The study would benefit from a clearer description of key methods and results, and more critical reflection on the assessment of colonisation lags and the predictive use of paleo datasets.

eLife assessment

The OpenApePose database presented in this manuscript will be important for many applications within primatology and the behavioural sciences, and a beneficial resource for developing additional tools using computer-vision based methods. The authors have rigorously tested the utility of this database to clearly demonstrate its convincing potential, especially in relation to current alternatives. The transparent and open nature of this work will surely be beneficial to advancing automated methods for pose estimation both in captive and wild settings, and for image and video processing.

eLife assessment

This manuscript used the sci-Plex system for screening compounds to improve the Ascl1-induced reprogramming from Müller glia to bipolar neurons in vitro, followed by in vivo characterization of two promising compounds in mice. The findings are valuable for future studies to develop cell replacement strategies for treatment of retinal degeneration. The strength of evidence is solid, featuring a scalable drug screening design, albeit with limited mechanistic insights.

eLife assessment

This study shows that unlike prior reports, cortical spreading depression does not lead to spontaneous activity in the majority of meningeal afferent sensory neurons but that it increases sensitivity to mechanical deformation of the meninges. This has important implications for headache disorders like migraine where cortical spreading depression is thought to contribute to the pathology, but how this occurs is unclear. The current work uses convincing methods in awake and freely moving animals compared to prior studies of this nature that used recordings in anesthetized animals.

eLife assessment

The findings of this study are valuable as they provide new insights into the role of acetylcholine in modulating sensory processing in the auditory cortex. This paper reports a systematic measurement of cell activity in the auditory cortex before and after applying ACh during an oddball and cascade sequence of auditory stimuli in anesthetized rats. The results presented are solid given the rigorous experimental design and statistical analysis. The conclusions are provocative and will interest researchers in auditory neuroscience and neuromodulation, as well as clinicians and individuals with auditory processing disorders. However, the findings support multiple interpretations, beyond that offered by the authors.

eLife assessment

This manuscript reports a useful computational study of the effects of axon de-myelination and re-myelination on models of working memory, with potential applications implications in disorders such as multiple sclerosis. In its present form, the provided evidence is partly incomplete due to certain modeling choices and lack of clarity on model details, but these shortcomings could be addressed.

eLife assessment

Building on their own prior work, the authors present valuable findings that add to our understanding of cortical astrocytes, which respond to synaptic activity with calcium release in subcellular domains that can proceed to larger calcium waves. The proposed concept of a spatial "threshold" is based on solid evidence from in vivo and ex vivo imaging data and the use of mutant mice. However, details of the specific threshold should be taken with caution and appear incomplete unless supported by additional experiments with higher resolution in space and time.

eLife assessment

Schnell et al report important differences between the strategies used by rodents and humans when discriminating different visual objects. The evidence supporting these findings is convincing, showing that rat performance was influenced far more by low-level cues compared to humans. It is, however, unclear to what extent these differences can be explained by the lower visual acuity of rats. This work will be of general interest to vision and cognition researchers, particularly those studying object vision.

eLife assessment

This study provides a valuable contribution to the study of eye-movements in reading, revealing that attention-weights from a deep neural network show a statistically reliable fit to the word-level reading patterns of humans. Its evidence is convincing and strengthens a line of research arguing that attention in reading reflects task optimization. The work would be of interest to psychologists, neuroscientists, and machine learning researchers.

eLife assessment

The authors provide an important series of metabolic measurements characterizing group dynamics in fish, rationalizing that schooling behavior presents several benefits. The strength of evidence supporting this conclusion is solid, but the methodological and analytical approaches taken could be strengthened. Similarly, numerous test-based clarifications and improved statistical analyses could significantly strengthen the study and underlying interpretations.

eLife assessment

This valuable study reports comprehensive multi-omic data on the changes induced in young and aged male mouse tail fibroblasts after treatment with chemical reprogramming factors. The authors claim that chemical reprogramming factors induce changes consistent with a reduction of cellular 'biological' age (e.g., correlations with established aging markers in whole tissues). However, the study relies on previously identified aging markers (instead of aging in the tail fibroblast system itself), and thus, at this stage, the evidence in support of the observed molecular changes truly reflecting changes in biological age in the study system is still incomplete.

eLife assessment

This valuable study investigates evolutionary aspects around a single amino acid polymorphism in an immune peptide of Drosophila melanogaster,. This polymorphism is known to be under long-term balancing selection. Using alleles with different substitutions, the investigators found that one allele provides better survival after systemic infections by a bacterial pathogen, but that the alternative allele endows its carriers with a longer lifespan under certain conditions. The authors suggest that these contrasting fitness effects of the two alleles contribute to balancing their long-term evolutionary fate. The strength of the provided evidence is still incomplete and would benefit from more rigorous approaches.

eLife assessment

This study presents valuable finding regarding the role of life history differences in determining population size and demography. The evidence for the claims is still partially incomplete, with concerns about generation times and population structure. Nonetheless, the work will be of considerable interest to biologists thinking about the evolutionary consequences of life history changes.

eLife assessment

This is a fundamental study addressing a long-standing mystery in splicing regulation. The authors provide compelling evidence that splicing can occur post-transcriptionally. The work will be of broad interest to anyone studying gene regulation.

eLife assessment

This important study reports the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a multi-protein complex that recognizes the 5'-end cap of mRNAs and plays a critical role in mRNA export. The structural analyses and biochemical assays in this study provide convincing evidence to support the major claims of the authors, although the inclusion of more functional characterizations in cell-based systems would have strengthened the study. This paper would be of interest to structural biologists and RNA biologists working on mRNA metabolism.

eLife assessment

This work presents the application of protein language models in combination with current methods for the detection of distant evolutionary relationships. While the results are important, they are supported by incomplete, preliminary evidence. A more comprehensive benchmark and clarification of technical details may turn this exploratory study into an algorithm ready for wide use.

eLife assessment

This study presents important findings on a transcription-independent component of the early recovery of proteasome activity from a short pulse of proteasome inhibitor treatment. While the evidence supporting this conclusion is solid, experimental support forthe proposal of an alternative regulatory process operative at the level of proteasome assembly, is incomplete. Lacking is experimental quantification of the effect of proteasome inhibition on the rate at which newly synthesized subunits are assembled into proteasomes.

eLife assessment

This is a valuable study that convincingly demonstrates that quantification of EpCAM+/CD24+/Vimentin+ cells in the stroma of human oral cancers followed by machine learning algorithms can be used as a prognostic indicator of metastasis.

eLife assessment

This fundamental work substantially advances our understanding of how cells can tightly modulate small GTPase activity to build and maintain neighboring cytoskeletal structures, in this case microvilli. The evidence supporting these claims is compelling and is supported by both protein-protein interaction assays as well as cell biological studies. The work will be of interest to cell biologist studying the cytoskeleton as well as those interested in G-protein mediated regulation.

eLife assessment

The study is an important advancement to the consideration of antimalarial drug resistance: the authors make use of both modelling results and supporting empirical evidence to demonstrate the role of malaria strain diversity in explaining biogeographic patterns of drug resistance. The theoretical methods and the corresponding results are convincing, with the novel model presented moving beyond existing models to incorporate malaria strain diversity and antigen-specific immunity. This work is likely to be interesting to malaria researchers and others working with antigenically diverse infectious diseases.

eLife assessment

This study presents potentially valuable results on glutamine-rich motifs in relation to protein expression and alternative genetic codes. The author's interpretation of the results is so far only supported by incomplete evidence, due to a lack of acknowledgment of alternative explanations, missing controls and statistical analysis and writing unclear to non experts in the field. These shortcomings could be at least partially overcome by additional experiments, thorough rewriting, or both.

eLife assessment

BTK, a TEC-family tyrosine kinase activated by the B-cell antigen receptor, contains a variety of regulatory domains and it is subject to complex regulation by membrane phospholipids, protein ligands, phosphorylation, and dimerization. This study presents convincing evidence, utilizing various biophysical techniques, to support a model for BTK activation that will be valuable for the field. Overall, the study enhances the understanding of BTK's activation mechanism, autoinhibition, and allosteric control, challenging previous assumptions about BTK.

eLife assessment

This study is valuable as it sheds light on the pivotal role played by alterations in glycan metabolism within chondrocytes in the onset of cartilage degeneration and early onset of osteoarthritis (OA) through the process of hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, giving insights into the identification of nascent markers for early-stage OA. Although the methods, data, and analyses broadly support the claims, the data shown by the authors are incomplete because the mechanism by which cartilage degeneration induced by changes in glycometabolism occurs has not been fully elucidated. The authors' deductions stand to gain further credence through undertaking additional experiments aimed at analyzing the mechanisms underlying the changes in glycometabolism in cartilage, such as the meticulous identification of the target glycan molecules bearing core fucose and analysis of endochondral ossification in cartilage-specific Fut8 KO mice.

eLife assessment

This useful work provides insight into the formation of associations between the nucleolus and Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). The work showed that these associations depend on both the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and the impaired RNA Polymerase I transcription, and also is modulated by the homologous recombination. The evidence supporting the claims is incomplete and the paper needs more experimental support on the dynamics of the association and mechanistic insight into the signaling for its formation.

eLife assessment

This useful study could potentially represent a step forward towards personalized medicine by combining cell-based data and a prior-knowledge network to derive Boolean-based predictive logic models to uncover altered protein/signaling networks within cancer cells. However, the level of evidence supporting the conclusions is inadequate, and further validation of the reported approach is required. If properly validated, these findings could be of interest to medical biologists working in the field of cancer and would inform drug development and treatment choices in the field of oncology.

eLife assessment

This is an important study that characterizes a surprising interaction between two different cytokine/hormone receptors using nanoscale resolution (dSTORM) microscopy. The study provides solid evidence that the interaction is ligand-dependent, and is mediated by the receptor-associated intracellular signalling molecule JAK2. While at present limited to growth hormone and prolactin receptors in a limited number of cell lines, there are potentially broad implications for cytokine signalling, as such JAK2-mediated interactions could occur between a range of different cytokines. Moreover, the specific hormone interactions shown in the manuscript may have important implications for understanding how these hormones can have differential effects in breast cancer, under different conditions.

eLife assessment

This is a useful study that uses a microfluidic method to evaluate the ability of single human white blood cells to produce combinations of cytokines. The evidence that this takes place is solid. The paper highlights polyfunctionality using similar data to a prior work from the same group.

eLife assessment

This study presents a valuable finding on the putative molecular patterns underlying characteristic morphological regions observed in colorectal cancer (CRC). The authors provide a morphological framework through which clinicians might improve the performance of molecular signatures and consequently predict the clinical response of patients with better accuracy. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid. The work will be of interest to clinicians and cancer biologists working in the field of CRC.

eLife assessment

This paper presents valuable findings that shed light on the mental organisation of knowledge about real-world objects. It provides diverse if incomplete evidence from behaviour, brain, and large language models that this knowledge is divided categorically between relatively small objects that are at the relevant scale for direct manipulation and larger objects that are outside the typical scope of human affordances for action.

eLife assessment

This important study offers new and convincing support for the idea that about a third of mouse liver DNAse hypersensitivity sites (DHS) showing male-biased chromatin opening are sex-biased because of the male-specific cyclic action of growth hormone pulses to alter chromatin accessibility, as compared to the relative ineffectiveness of the more static pattern of growth hormone secretion in females. Supporting evidence is found in the impact of hypophysectomy and growth hormone treatment on chromatin accessibility, and the binding of specific transcription factors and epigenetic marks at STAT5-sensitive sites. This work uncovers mechanisms that impact sex differences in liver function and will be of broad interest to endocrinologists and hepatologists.

eLife assessment

This useful study addresses epilepsy caused by the loss of a molecule called Pten, resulting in hyperactivity of the mTOR pathway. The findings suggest that inhibiting two molecules called mTORC1 and mTORC2 can reduce epilepsy symptoms but there is much less effect when inhibited separately. The evidence supporting the conclusions is currently incomplete, but could be strengthened after additional experiments.

eLife assessment

This study presents important findings linking structural and functional changes in frontotemporal dementia to underlying neurotransmitter systems. The evidence to support the claims is solid, however, relationships are relatively modest and there are limitations regarding the neurotransmitter data. This study will appeal to clinicians and neuroscientists who are interested in the potential effects of certain neurotransmitter systems on clinical features of frontotemporal dementia.

eLife assessment

The authors present a valuable work suggesting that the superficial, retinorecipient layers of the mouse superior colliculus (SC) may participate in figure-ground segregation and object recognition. These data are based largely on optogenetic perturbations of SC but the strength of evidence is currently incomplete: although the effects are statistically significant, there are significant technical limitations that are not adequately addressed via controls.

eLife assessment

This is a valuable report that describes that ACE2 expression is upregulated by SARS-CoV-2 infection via activation of transcription factor Sp1 and inhibition of HNF4α through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Inhibition of Sp1 reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in an animal model. This work is solid and will be of interest to those interested in ACE2 biology and its impact in COVID-19.

eLife assessment

The ExA-SPIM methodology developed will be important to the field of light sheet microscopy as the new technology provides an impressive field of view making it possible to image the entire expanded mouse brain at cellular and subcellular resolution. The authors provide solid evidence that mostly supports the conclusions. Certain statements were deemed to be overstating the method's capabilities, in particular, the claim of "near isotropic resolution" is not supported by the data as there is a large discrepancy between the x/y and z-resolution. Improved characterization of the new technology and a more expanded discussion of prior work would also be beneficial to the reader.

eLife assessment

This important study enhances our understanding of the brain circuitry responsible for fear conditioning and provides evidence for an under-appreciated role of dopaminergic output projection from the Locus Coeruleus to the dorsal hippocampus in this fear learning. The evidence supporting the conclusion is convincing, although a direct test of dopamine release in the dorsal hippocampus from Locus Coeruleus projections during fear conditioning would strengthen the study. If done, this would likely raise the strength of the evidence to compelling. This paper is of interest to behavioural and neuroscience researchers studying learning, memory, and neural networks.

eLife assessment

This study is a useful analysis of the organization of synaptic proteins of a developing synapse in the binocular path visual system and how it is impacted by manipulations in activity. The original images collected by STORM microscopy are state-of-the-art in terms of the high-resolution view of the protein components of a synapse in intact tissue. However, the analysis is incomplete and does not fully support several of the conclusions of the study.

eLife assessment

This fundamental study has the potential to substantially advance our understanding of human locomotion in complex real-world settings. The evidence supporting the conclusions is solid, although the quantitative analysis and presentation of results lack clarity. The work will be of interest to neuroscientists, kinesiologists, computer scientists, and engineers working on human locomotion.

eLife assessment

This important work shows compelling evidence that Chandelier cells in the visual cortex receive inputs most prominently from local layer 5 pyramidal neurons, only mildly inhibit L2/3 pyramidal neurons, and respond massively to visuomotor mismatch. It also indicates that visual experience in the virtual tunnel activates a plasticity mechanism in Chandelier cells which could be due to the particular visuo-motor coupling experienced in this setting, although a specific control is lacking for this conclusion. This study will be of interest to neuroscientists involved in cortical circuits, visual processing, and predictive coding research.

eLife assessment

This study provides useful findings on how phonetic properties of words, i.e., their difficulty and prior knowledge, influence the outcome of targeted memory reactivation (TMR) during sleep. Unfortunately, the small sample size together with a between-subject design, renders the evidence incomplete, thus warranting future work to shed further light on the impact of TMR in language learning.

eLife assessment

This potentially important study used single-cell whole-brain imaging of the immediate early gene Fos to identify the brain areas recruited by two anesthetics, ketamine and isoflurane. The utilization of a custom software package to align and analyze brain images for c-Fos positive cells stands out as an impressive component of the approach. The results suggest these anesthetics might induce anesthesia via different brain regions and pathways, and raw fos showed shared and distinct activation patterns after ketamine- v. isoflurane- vs. based anesthesia. However, the support for the primary conclusions is incomplete owing largely to concerns with the data transformation. The results could also be influenced by differences in route of administration between the drugs and depth of anesthesia. With these issues addressed, this paper would be of interest to preclinical and clinical scientists working with anesthetic and dissociative drugs.

eLife assessment

This important study advances our understanding of the machinery that couples DNA synthesis with the deposition of histone proteins onto newly synthesized DNA. A solid array of experiments combines NMR, protein biochemistry, and in vivo analyses of Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 of fission yeast. The work is of interest to researchers in the field of chromosome/chromatin biology as well as epigenetics.

eLife assessment

This paper reports useful findings regarding gut bacteria that metabolize dietary flavonoids, which can enhance, reduce, or otherwise alter the flavonoid bioactivities. With a newly developed bioinformatics tool, the authors predict bacterial species that can metabolize parts of the flavonoid tilianin. Formal proof of concept is missing, but if experimentally confirmed, the study will change the way we think about metabolism of flavonoids and would be of broad interest regarding gut bacterial metabolism. Most of the analyses are compelling, but others require further inquiry.

eLife assessment

This study uses a multi-pronged empirical and theoretical approach to advance our understanding of how differences in learning relate to differences in the ways that male versus female animals cope with urban environments, and more generally how reversal learning may benefit animals in urban habitats. The work makes an important contribution and parts of the data and analyses are solid, although several of the main claims are only partially supported or overstated and require additional support.

eLife assessment:

This study adds a fundamental new perspective to a long-standing question: What controls the repair of photosystem II (PSII), a key process in maintaining and optimizing photosynthesis? The work supports a role for chemical modification in the recognition and subsequent degradation of a key protein subunit of PSII by a bacterial-type protease, suggesting that tryptophan oxidation of components of the photosynthetic apparatus after high light stress plays a critical role in initiating the PSII repair system. The evidence supporting the authors' conclusions is solid.

eLife assessment

This important study makes use of AlphaFold2 to predict the models of tens of cohesin subcomplexes from different species. The models, which are in most cases consistent with published cohesin variants with compromised in vitro and in vivo cohesin activity, provide convincing evidence that leads to testable hypotheses of cohesin dynamics and regulation. More broadly, this study serves as an example of how to use AlphaFold2 to build models of protein complexes that involve the docking of flexible regions to globular domains.

eLife assessment

This study presents useful findings regarding the impact of forest cover and fragmentation on the prevalence of malaria in non-human primates. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is, however, incomplete, as the sampling design cannot adequately address the geospatial issues that this study focuses on.

eLife assessment

This study presents a potentially valuable investigation of water coordination in a specific kinase family with a focus on the regulation of osmosensing protein kinases. X-ray crystallographic approaches combined with functional assays are used to address the hypothesis that bound water participates in the osmosensing mechanism as an allosteric kinase inhibitor. Evidence for changes in kinase conformation and space group of the crystal as a function of added low molecular weight polyethylene glycol is solid, but there alternative interpretations for much of the other data cannot be excluded and the work thus remains incomplete. With stronger evidence and/or alternative explanations explored, the work would be of considerable interest to the kinase field as well as colleagues studying allosteric regulation of protein function.

eLife assessment

This paper seeks to understand how the presentation of peptides by medullary thymic epithelial cells may be regulated by the MHCII peptide loading modulator, H2-O, and how this may affect the selection of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Further work is needed to ensure that the findings are robust: currently the analysis of data is inadequate and inconsistencies in the reported findings are not placed in context with results from other groups. The current version does not provide sufficient support for the claims regarding the effects on Treg cell selection.

eLife assessment

This important study reveals ELF3 as a putative candidate driver of luminal progenitor (LP) transformation. Up-regulation of ELF3 during replicative stress conditions and in BRCA1 deficient cells may permit cell proliferation by suppressing genome instability. While the hypothesis is compelling, the experimental support is still incomplete, as it does not adequately demonstrate the role of ELF3 in LP cells per se. The mechanistic underpinnings by which ELF3 promotes cell tolerance to DNA damage were not fully explored either. With improvements, the work has the potential to enhance our understanding of how BRCA1 deficiency fuels LP transformation and thereby breast tumorigenesis.

eLife assessment

This is a fundamental study into human spinal neurulation, which substantially advances our understanding of human neural tube closure. Crucial unanswered questions in the field currently rely on model systems, not faithful to human development. The evidence provided is convincing, with a large number of specimens and the use of state-of-the-art methodology providing robustness. The work will be of broad interest to developmental biologists, embryologists, and medical professionals working on neural tube defects, and will act as a precious reference resource for future studies.

eLife assessment

The reviewers believe that this study provides valuable insights into understanding bone fragility in T2D patients through the use of human samples, laying the groundwork for future research. The employed methods were solid, demonstrating the feasibility of studying human samples. However, reviewers identified some minor weaknesses in the form of a limited number of subjects and a relatively small set of genes included in the analysis.

eLife assessment

This study investigated the regulatory role of Mecp2 in quiescence exit during cell cycle progression. The study is significant since it provided fundamental insights into the mechanism controlling the cell cycle process. The evidence is convincing since the authors have presented experimental data from in vitro cell culture and in vivo injury-induced liver regeneration to support their conclusion.

eLife assessment

The study's results offer a fundamental insight into how ACC1-mediated fatty-acid synthesis affects the survival and pathogenicity of iNKT cells in allergic asthma. The inclusion of mouse models, involving genetic adjustments and reconstitution experiments, along with the disparities found in iNKT cells between allergic asthma patients and control subjects in human studies, adds compelling evidence that substantiates these findings.

eLife assessment

The strength of this important study is that it provides compelling evidence in several biological models, including Xenopus embryos, that Wnt3a increases macropinocytosis and that PMA increases this cellular response. This novel link between Wnt, focal adhesions, lysosomes, and macropinocytosis will be very interesting for cell and tumor biologists. In future work, it will be good to identify the underlying mechanism, i.e., the molecular node whereby this interaction occurs.

eLife assessment

Drosophila is a powerful model organism for understanding the molecular and neural regulation of sleep. However, methodological limitations exist that would appear to limit the relevance of work done in the fly to our understanding of mammalian sleep. In this important work, the authors provide physiological, behavioral, and molecular evidence for the existence of two potential sleep stages in Drosophila. The experiments are generally well conducted and the authors' interpretations of their results are solid overall. Although technically innovative and conceptually provocative, there are aspects of the approaches used and results obtained that leave the central conclusions open to interpretation.

eLife assessment

This behavioral modeling study investigates how humans make decisions on the difficulty of perceptual categorization tasks. The study finds that such judgments are best described by an evidence-accumulation model that includes a dynamic comparison of difficulty-related evidence, which terminates when the difference in evidence between two tasks reaches a predetermined bound – a valuable finding for research in perceptual decision-making. The paper provides compelling behavioral evidence for the proposed model through: 1) quantitative model selection/validation procedures, and 2) qualitative analyses of the relation between the optimal model of the task and the human data (and the proposed model).

eLife assessment

This study provides valuable insights into the role of two under-researched sperm-specific proteins (Cylicin 1 and Cylicin 2). The authors provide convincing evidence that they have an essential role in sperm head structure during spermatogenesis, and that their loss leads to subfertility or infertility, with a dose-dependent phenotype. Importantly, the authors identify infertile males with mutations in both Cylicin1 and Cylicin2. Thus, the findings from the mouse models might be applicable to understanding human male infertility with similar structural defects.

eLife assessment

This work presents H3-OPT, a deep learning method that effectively combines existing techniques for the prediction of antibody structure. This work is important because the method can aid the design of antibodies, which are key tools in many research and industrial applications. The experiments for validation are solid, although several points remain partially unclear, such as (1) which examples constitute proper validation, (2) what the relevance of the molecular dynamics calculations as performed is, (3) the statistics for some of the comparisons, and (4) the lack of comparison with other existing methods.

eLife assessment

This important study provides an example of integrating computational and experimental approaches that lead to new insights into the energy landscape of a model kinase. Compelling use of molecular dynamics simulations and NMR spectroscopy provide a conformational description of active and excited states of the kinase; one of which has not been captured in previously solved crystal structures. Overall, this comprehensive study expands our understanding of the architecture and allosteric features of the conserved bilobal kinase domain structure.

eLife assessment

Tissue phenotyping is central to nearly all areas of biology. In this study, the authors use an advanced form of micro-CT (X-ray histotomography) in zebrafish to phenotype blood cells in the intact animal. These approaches build upon prior work from this group and others showing this is a scalable imaging method that could readily be applied to other cell types, and provide an excellent complement to histological analysis of tissues. This is important work, as it demonstrates that the method can provide an approach that is orthogonal to conventional histology. The strength of the presented data is compelling, with description of both the hardware and software needed to implement the protocol, which will make it accessible to other researchers in the field.

eLife assessment

This paper will be of significant interest to the research community working on cytoplasmic transport and microtubule motors, offering important insights into the structural arrangement of autoinhibited Kinesin-1. The paper reports a structural model of full-length kinesin-1 describing its autoinhibitory mechanism using cryo-EM, Alphafold structural predictions, cross-linking, and mass spectrometry. The data are of high quality and together offer a compelling model for how Kinesin-1 is autoinhibited, indicating that auto-inhibition does not rely on the IAK motif alone but on a more extensive intramolecular interface.

eLife assessment

This is a valuable contribution to our understanding of how some bacteria can transport sterols from the cytoplasm to the outer membrane. Though much remains to be tested and explored, the data and analyses presented here provide solid evidence for the genetic and physical interaction of BstA/B/C with bacterially-produced sterols. The manuscript will be of interest to scientists focusing on the characterization of novel bacterial proteins and those studying lipid transport and acquisition in bacterial pathogens.

eLife assessment

This valuable study informs whether diminishing BDNF expression or alterations in the activity of BDNF-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contributes to metabolic alterations in individuals with reduced RAI1 function, including those afflicted with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS). The evidence supporting the conclusions is compelling in that RAI1 deficits in BDNF-containing neurons partly contribute, with prominent effects on glycemic control and modest effects on feeding and body weight regulation. This study would be of interest to neuroscientists and medical biologists working on metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, as the findings in this study further links SMS-associated obesity with reduced Bdnf gene expression in the PVH and shed light on the role of the Rai1 gene in the PVH Bdnf neurons and offer a basis for future therapeutic strategies for managing obesity in SMS.

eLife assessment

This useful study reports an investigation of ZC3H11A as a cause of high myopia through the analysis of human data and experiments with genetic knockout of Zc3h11a in mice, providing a model of myopia. The evidence supporting the conclusions is currently incomplete. It could be strengthened by a more thorough genetic analysis, fuller presentation of human phenotypic data, and more explanation for the reasons why there was no increased axial length in mice with myopia. The work will be of interest to ophthalmologists and researchers working on myopia.