After World War II, when the United States’ embrace of the anti­fascist struggle raised the possibility that its own apartheid system would be the next target, a vanguard of white nationalists and Nazi sympathizers rallied around a private philanthropy called the Pioneer Fund, which had been established shortly before the war. The fund’s grants helped ensure that scientists who shared the founders’ enthusiasm for the Third Reich’s “selective breeding” policies could pursue their work under an all-­American aegis.