How can we identify gerrymandered maps if not by sight? Numerical metrics such as the Polsby–Popper test attempt to measure the “compactness” of an electoral district (the ratio of its area to the square of its perimeter), while the efficiency gap calculates the number of “wasted” votes by computing the proportion of votes that are not used to elect a winner.

Kuhn provided examples of major and minor revolutions, showing that the strict falsifiability suggested in Karl Popper’s theory does not play a role.

Should we build an A.G.I. that loves the Proud Boys, the spam artists, the Russian troll farms, the QAnon fabulists?

More important, perhaps, than the history of psychoanalytic ideas is the history of the problems that motivated them.

Vulnerable users increasingly felt the effects of Karl Popper's Paradox of Tolerance, that if we include in a more tolerant discussion those who are less tolerant, they will prevent the discussion from being fully open. (Thus, in Popper's view, some level of "intolerance towards intolerance" must be exercised even by the tolerant.)