Vmax has a low-level natural resistance to kanamycin but is more susceptible to other antibiotics. When selecting on Kan plates, Vmax with KanR will simply grow faster than Vmax without KanR. Larger colonies=KanR. Other antibiotics select against Vmax but must have a dosage change compared to E. coli.

and for P. putida, Ap, Sill" Su, or Nal at 200 j.tg/ml, Cm at400 j.tg/ml, and Km or Tc at 25 j.tg/ml

Antibiotics, according to strain sensitivity, were used at the following concentrations: tetracycline 2 μg/ml for Rm1021, BM7, BM299 and BM300, 4 μg/ml for LMG18864, 10 μg/ml for other Sinorhizobium strains and for E. coli; streptomycin 600 μg/ml and kanamycin 200 μg/ml were used for Rm1021; kanamycin for E. coli S17.1 was used at 40 μg/ml; gentamicin was used at 20 μg/ml for all strains

Antibiotic concentrations used for plasmid selection in V. natriegens: ampicillin–carbenicillin 100 µg ml−1, kanamycin 75 µg ml−1, chloramphenicol 5 µg ml−1, spectinomycin 100 µg ml−1. E. coli experiments were performed in standard LB and M9 media.

After all, the rise in antibiotic resistance doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t have invented antibiotics at all.

indicate that even low concentrations of just a single type of antibiotic leads to resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics.

Overall, the low contamination level of antibiotics and high absolute abundance of ARGs indicated that ARGs previously introduced to an environment can self-amplify and persist in the environment

suggesting that STPs have become an important source of contamination for their receiving rivers

Additionally, the concentrations of antibiotics and the abundance of ARGs might increase after the sewage treatment process.

The stability of susceptibility patterns allowed the antibiograms to be used as aids in the preliminary differentiation of these organisms.

wastewater treatment plants are hotspots for the release of antibiotics, and transmission of diverse antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) as well as ARGs into various environments

Recent findings have indicated that most ARGs could not be efficiently removed by traditional anaerobic digestion treatment

diagnosis of antibiotic interference in the major biosynthetic pathways of bacteria: the biosynthesis of DNA by the yorB promoter, of RNA by the yvgS promoter, of proteins by the yheI promoter, of the cell wall by the ypuA promoter, and of fatty acids by the fabHB promoter.

introduction of Cu to agricultural soil selects for Cu resistance, but also indirectly selects for antibiotic resistance in the Cu‐resistant bacteria