Dave Snowden? It’s a sense-making framework as well, but there’s a part where Dave talks about aporia: a state of puzzlement or disorientation, until you finally get to the point where you actually understand what you don’t know. First, you don’t even know what you don’t know, because everything is confusing. And then, through exploration, you get to a certain point where you think, “Okay, I don’t understand this, now I’ve got to learn about that.” So, I actually know what I don’t know, and now I can go into it and take some action. That’s where the actionable part comes. And part of that, too, is being comfortable with being disoriented.

Socrates is turned into a systematic set of psycho-technologies that you internalise into your metacognition. So, what became crucial for Plato, as we saw, was argumentation. But for Antisthenes the actual confrontation with Socrates was more important. Both Plato and Antisthenes are interested in the transformation that Socrates is affording.Plato sees this happening through argumentation. Antesthenes sees it as happening through confrontation because... And you can see how they're both right, because in Socratic elenchus, Socrates comes up and he argues with you. But of course he's also confronting you. We talked about how he was sort of slamming the Axial revolution into your face! So, Antesthenes has a follower, Diogenes, and Diogenes epitomizes this: This confrontation. And by looking at the kinds of confrontation we can start to see what the followers of Antesthenes are doing. So Diogenes basically does something analogous to provocative performance art. He gets in your face in a way that tries to provoke you to realizations. Those kinds of insights that will challenge you. He tries to basically create aporia in you, that shocked experience that you had when confronting Socrates that challenges you to radically transform your life. But instead of using argumentation and discussion, as Socrates did and Plato picked up on, they were really trying to hone in on how to try to be as provocative as possible.