specific issues faced by women during war, such as rape, military prostitution, and civilian casualties.

simplistic views of women as victims

individual insecurity, for marginalized and disempowered individuals.

that conflict impacts individuals differently based on gender, making women more vulnerable to security threats.

eminist security studies focus on how insecurities are created and how individuals respond to them within structures of violence and oppression

security language

human security, shifting the focus from states to individuals.

In international relations, high politics focuses on security, while low politics includes economics and social issues.

concept

COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of care and calls for a change in how it is valued and prioritized

s-subsidization from more productive parts of the economy and public investment in the care sector

"asset-based approaches," which view communities and individuals as having valuable skills and abilities that can contribute to the community.

"co-production" in social care, which involves involving different stakeholders in the production of care outcomes

Advice given to healthcare workers focused on self-care,

Social care workers had higher mortality rates than healthcare workers.

Black and minority ethnic groups had higher infection and mortality rates due to underlying health conditions, lack of healthcare access, living conditions, and being essential workers.

Care workers received little support during the pandemic and are dealing with increased stress and exhaustion.

e crisis highlighted the importance of essential workers like supermarket cashiers and care workers, but these workers are often undervalued, especially those who are women or people of color.

exploitation of domestic workers and the need for fair pay and working conditions.Many nannies lost their jobs and housing

structural changes to address the housing crisis, such as banning real estate speculation and building more affordable housing.

The social structures and inequalities in society determine who is most vulnerable to the virus.

concept of interdependence

The focus on profit-making and cost-efficiency meant that there were no reserves or adequate supplies of protective equipment.

hlighting issues such as underfunding, lack of protective equipment, and the increase in unpaid carers. It also mentions the impact on refuge vacancies, food distribution, and the lack of occupational sick pay.

It mentions the disproportionate impact on disabled individuals and minority ethnic groups.

Self-care can involve setting up supportive networks and making connections between personal experiences and broader social structures.Taking care of oneself is an act of resistance against societal messages that devalue certain lives.

demands of work and personal life are becoming blurred

sure comes from a fear of job insecurity and a lack of support from welfare systems.

neoliberal regime that values productivity and growth.

complex needs behind

the pursuit of a "reliable body" in an uncertain world.

orthorexia, an eating disorder characterized by an obsession with healthy eating.

arguing that care is often subordinated to the demands of capitalism.

t financialisation, the process of allocating resources through financial instruments, can worsen inequality and social issues.

Disadvantaged young people, for example, face institutionalized racism, poverty, and precarious job markets, but these factors are not considered in this approach.

cerns that easy targets are prioritized over more challenging cases, and the costs of implementing and scaling these projects may outweigh any potential savings

Critics argue that this system allows private investors to profit from cost savings that should benefit society.

social impact investing, where investors provide funding for projects that have a social impact.

o reduce staff costs by 30 per cent through wage reductions, changes to bank holiday pay or reductions in staffing level

er 80 per cent of adult social care workers are women.23

Personal budgets create extra work and potential exploitation for care recipients who become employers when hiring personal assistants.

improve communication and support for those in need of care, but it has economic implications, such as charging fees or relying on volunteers.

Decisions about technology in care are influenced by politics, economics, and cultural contexts.

more severe in social care due to its lower status compared to healthcare.

The adult social care system is facing a perfect storm of increased demand, workforce shortages, and funding gaps.

assroots social movements and self-help groups can often provide better care than professional services, while creating alternative structures that promote mutual aid and reduce reliance on expensive commodities.

"landscapes of care" in everyday places where people gather, such as homes, cafes, community centers, and parks.

quality and safety of services provided by untrained volunteers.

Household work is often invisible and paid domestic work is characterized by informality and lack of social protection.

better care than a market equivalent.

This could result in women paying more for childcare than they earned working and facing discrimination at work.

The text discusses various aspects of care work, including the impact of contracts on unpaid care, the gendered effects of these contracts, the increase in unpaid care work, the rise of informal carers, the financial struggles of carers, the rise of young carers, the reliance on volunteers in the care sector, the dilution of the nuclear family, and the need for collective care that challenges structural inequalities.

The Institute for Fiscal Studies has reported that a 30 per cent reduction to social care spending for people over the age of sixty-five, between 2009 and 2016, led to a significant rise in visits to A&E by the same cohort, signalling increased costs for hospital emergency departments.

policies undermine social cohesion and exacerbate social divisions.The text discusses how negative stereotypes and stigmatization of welfare recipients have been perpetuated by government campaigns and media portrayals.

The United Nations has criticized the British government's austerity measures, calling them punitive and mean-spirited.

Black and Minority Ethnic women and people with disabilities have been disproportionately impacted by the cuts.

cuts in social services and benefits, affecting the most vulnerable populations.

care

A survey carried out across EU countries in 2016 found that among respondents, 44 per cent of women and 30 per cent of men found it difficult to combine paid work with caring responsibilities.8

Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath, with austerity measures disproportionately affecting certain groups

ideas of deserving and undeserving poor.

certain groups of people were excluded from the welfare state, such as women, people of color, migrants, LGBTQIA communities, and those with mental health or disability issues.

The lens of social reproduction helps to identify the unpaid work that is necessary for the production of economic value in a capitalist economy.

Care can be provided for free or bought and sold as a commodity, but it is best understood as a configuration of social relationships that are politically and economically conditioned

The experiences and access to power of women, people of color, and colonized peoples are different and must be taken into account.

Feminist activists and scholars have sought to challenge this by politicizing these tasks and highlighting their importance for the functioning of the economy.

Sue feels isolated and wishes she had more support in her life.

consumer culture

unpaid care work compared to men, which includes household chores, personal care, and volunteering.This imbalance in care work can lead to economic disadvantages for women, such as lower earnings and limited job opportunities.

interdependence of our lives

desire to have professional help in the future rather than relying on family members.

The welfare state has played a role in the provision of care, but certain groups have been excluded. Care work is deeply intertwined with power dynamics, and feminist movements have challenged traditional gender roles.

he welfare state has played a role in the provision of care, but certain groups have been excluded. Care work is deeply intertwined with power dynamics, and feminist movements have challenged traditional gender roles.

ecorded 20 per cent increase in female labour-force participation in OECD countries over the last thirty years.31

reports by the charity organisation Age UK and the Care Quality Commission, the public body that inspects and regulates health and social care in Britain, one in seven older people (1.4 million) were not receiving the care they needed in 2018.5 The Care Quality Commission also reported in 2019 that the number of children with mental health disorders accessing social services had increased by 50 per cent in four years.6

non-academic audience and aims to contribute to the political debate on the topic.

Migrant women from the Global South and Eastern Europe have filled care gaps in the Global North, taking up positions as domestic workers or health and social care workers.

Migration plays a role in care debates, with migrant workers often scapegoated despite their contributions to the economy and care sector.

shifted the cost of care onto individuals and communities, leading to a greater reliance on informal support and charity.

but without a change in the division of unpaid care work, many women are left doing multiple shifts of caring for others.

important role of women in providing unpaid care work and criticizes the invisibility and undervaluation of this labor.

criticizes the neoliberal ideology that promotes individual responsibility and privatization of care, arguing that caring for others should be a collective and public responsibility.

nequal impact of the coronavirus crisis on different groups, such as precarious workers and marginalized communities.

crisis of care is influenced by material conditions, ideological assumptions, and inequality

lobal crisis of care, where a growing number of people are unable to access the care and support they need.

Privatization of health and social care services has led to financial difficulties and debts for care home providers.

Access to care is becoming more dependent on financial ability,

f elderly people not receiving necessary care is increasing, and there has been a significant rise in children with mental health disorders accessing social services.

issues such as the lack of care facilities for an aging population, reduced mental health services, cuts to disability care budgets, and overworked doctors and nurses

Hangzhou fell to the Taiping rebels in 1861 he lost some eighteen of his relatives, including his mother.

in every case suggesting the failure of o cially sanctioned structures to requite loss, restore order, address human feeling, and commemorate the dead.

He de ed the absolute moral clarity of o cial narratives, absorbing the rhetoric of virtue into an account that privileged loss and emotion

It explained how her life had ended, virtuously, and it enabled her family to include her in their application for state honors along with the other relatives who died in 1861

In this vein, Zhang describes an encounter with the spirit of his beloved oldest sister, Xingzhu.

their spirit tablets are enshrined at the provincial shrine to honor the Loyal and Righteous.Wood and words provide ritual prosthetic,

Zhang Guanglie situates his e orts to locate and ritually honor the dead in relation to family cult and state honors—themselves important symbols of restoration.

ctionate description of physical detail and emotional connection—cleft by a moment of extreme violence.Zhang provides snapshot views of a woman whose loss occasioned profound personal pain—an image composed of intimate moments that reveal her a ection for her children, her personal habits, and those idiosyncrasies that capture her humanity

uthenticity of his grief through references to tears, physical pain, wailing, and other uncontrolled responses, which contrast neatly with hierarchical and orderly commemorative arrangements within established ritual settings.

Zhang Guanglie presents himself as the embodiment of his own bereavement.

shrine for the Loyal and Righteous in Hangzhou, an essay by one of Zhang’s acquaintances narrating the family’s tragedy, the table of contents of a collection of poems by Zhang about his deceased mother, and a record of a garden that he built as a monument to her

omposed the preface to A Record of 1861 (Xinyou ji), a compilation of materials honoring his mother, Zhang Yao shi, whose murder at the hands of a Taiping soldier he had witnessed as a child of eight sui nearly two decades earlier

how the spirit of a deceased sister reassured her family.

isionary leader of the rebellion and his religious ideology.

nderlying causes for the rebellion, including government incompetence, economic problems, and natural disasters.

Taiping forces occupied Nanjing and attempted to establish a new system of government and land ownership

e time portrayed the dead as martyrs and used morally charged language to give their deaths political meaning.

remains relatively unknown outside of China.

Locke even grants absolute power to the master over them

Indeed, he says, ‘these two powers, political and paternal, are ... perfectly distinct and separate, are built on ... different foundations, and are given to ... different ends’

The law of nature allows us to regulate our own action, but also allows each to regulate others: if some people violate this natural law, each and every one of us can put ourselves in the position of a judge and punish the offender

He argued against hereditary servitude, but the laws governing slavery in the New World allowed for it.

t mentions that Locke strongly opposes slavery, he was involved in forming a colony where owning slaves was allowed.

ut certain groups like the poor, non-Europeans, and the physically and mentally disabled may lack the conditions to develop rationality.

critics argue that human beings act based on their passions and desires rather than reason.

rationality in liberal theory and how it can create hierarchies

This portrayal made them enemies of mankind and justified wars against them.

He argued that colonization of America provided a solution to this problem, as it was seen as "free" land available for European settlers.

xcludes women from the political sphere and confines them to the private sphere.

division between the private and political spheres in liberalism, arguing that it allows for hierarchies and domination to go unregulated.

property means that the interests of servants and other propertyless individuals may not be represented in the rules of the contract.

t there is a hierarchical order where some people become property owners while others must work for them.

individuals own themselves and their bodies, which gives them freedom.

the laws of nature, which forbid us from harming others or their property, provide a form of order in the state of nature.

humans are essentially rational beings and can live in peace with each other without a strong government.

It is important to note that Locke's theory only included certain individuals, propertied European men

Locke believed that humans could live peacefully with each other and regulate themselves according to natural laws, even without a governing power

colonization in America was important for Locke's conceptualization of the state of nature and his defense of enclosure. Indigenous Americans were portrayed as hunter-gatherers, and only enclosed lands were seen as producing value.

political actors and dynamics, not vague forces of development, are the central factor producing and mitigating inequalities in representation

option to pursue positive action in candidate selection.

ausal heterogeneity and the interaction of different factors.

International norms and organizations play a role in promoting quotas for women.

Quotas tend to emerge during periods of democratic innovation, as a way to establish the legitimacy of the new political system.

quotas for women are often seen as an extension of guarantees given to other groups based on factors like language, religion, and race.

Quotas can be seen as compatible with ideas of equality and fair access, and left-wing parties are generally more open to implementing them.

Some see them as a way to achieve justice and promote women's interests, while others adopt them strategically to compete with rival parties or maintain control within their own party.

egrees of dependence between women elected through quotas and the parties and elected officials who make their election possible.

Quotas can increase women's representation even without social and economic prerequisites. The adoption of quotas highlights the role of political elites in recruitment practices and the production and mitigation of inequalities in representation

including the mobilization of women's groups and the calculations of political elites

Women MPs face additional scrutiny and criticism compared to their male counterparts.

Parliament are based on traditional gender roles, where women are expected to be in supportive roles rather than as legislators

f Chinese modernity would not exist without the process of turning Summer Palace loot into art and commodities

In Beijing and Shanghai, new art complexes have been built following European and American standards, showing that they are considered global standards

Victoria and Albert Museum and the Summer Palace Museum in Beijing.

he Chinese government's efforts to repatriate looted objects and the refiguring of the Summer Palace as a people's park and memorial to imperialism

commodities in the capitalist market exchange.

"curiosities," which had historical significance as unique and unclassifiable objects.

British army had specific procedures for legalizing plunder

Plunder was seen as a natural part of war, and it was managed by categorizing it as "prize"

no laws

evelopment of a field of art history on China. The objects had various meanings, representing the British army, the humiliation of the Chinese emperor, and the global discourse on non-European curiosities. The sell-off of imperial art in East Asia was influenced by war and revolution. Recently, mainland Chinese companies intervened to repatriate some of the plundered objects.

displayed in museums, or kept by the conquering armies.

The Western powers believed they were bringing superior culture and trade opportunities to China, while the Chinese valued their own history and traditions

This text describes a violent incident that occurred in an orphanage in China in 1870.

nd some even called for armed invasion by Western countries.

This hindered China's industrialization efforts and prevented them from entering the capitalist era.

treaties signed with foreign countries took away China's ability to control its own tariffs and rivers.

missionaries in China used force, such as gunboats, to gain access and privileges for themselves and their converts.

treaties allowed foreigners to have control over certain areas in Chinese cities, where they collected taxes and enforced their own laws.

Manchu policy of opening up more ports for trade and foreign residence was seen as weak by the Han Chinese

ifferent groups within the Chinese government who had different opinions

Treaty of Nanjing, which gave Hong Kong Island to Britain, was the first of many unequal treaties between China and foreign nations.

Lin, a Chinese official, tried to stop the importation by demanding that foreigners turn over their opium stocks, but they refused.

economic crisis,

The British were benefiting economically from the opium trade, while the Chinese were becoming addicted to the drug.

The Chinese often made generalizations about Westerners based on their physical appearance and cultural practices.Some Westerners held negative views of the Chinese, due to trade disputes and cultural differences.

Catholic orders criticized the Jesuits for allowing converts to participate in Confucian rituals.

conquer territory and expand

hina and Western nations granted various rights and privileges to the foreigners, including extraterritoriality and the practice of Christianity

our consent or the legitimacy that this confers on the state that are important but instead the question of who (we believe) is able and willing to protect us

rights are not politically salient in the face of overwhelm­ ing sovereign power

importance of consent and the right to rebel against the sovereign under certain condition

humans need a sovereign ruler to overcome their natural tendencies towards suspicion and competition.

politics is shaped by conflict and competing interests.

Hobbes's contemporaries even suggested that his work justified rebelling against one's sovereign

duties of the sovereign and the potential for rebellion if the sovereign fails to properly regulate doctrine or deliver equitable criminal justice.

obligation towards our sovereign is because they provide us with security,

This rights transfer is not absolute, as subjects retain a right to self-preservation.Some scholars disagree about how impactful this retained right is.

argued that states can come about through conquest or agreement, and both forms of government are legitimate.

representation is a legal relationship

king or ruler must share characteristics with the people they represent.

eligious symbolism, such as comparing the government to a god-like creature called Leviathan,

create unity and prevent conflicts.

state is necessary for individuals to secure their own self-preservation.

While sovereigns have no direct obligations to their subjects, they have a duty to maintain peace and stability

self-interest and security in the political relationship

selectively in ways that reinforce the biases against disadvantaged subgroups.

which can result in less activity on disadvantaged-subgroup issues if they believe other organizations are responsible for those issues

advantaged subgroups, who have more resources and influence, receive disproportionately higher levels of attention.

Concern for disadvantaged-subgroup issues is generally lower than for majority or advantaged-subgroup issues.

frame their debates in ways that align with politically dominant views.

organizations frame advantaged-subgroup issues as if they affect more members than they do, while framing disadvantaged-subgroup issues as affecting a smaller portion of their membership.

political opportunities and threats, as well as public support and controversy, can impact advocacy organizations' levels of activity on policy issues

intersectional approach recognizes that marginalized groups face multiple forms of disadvantage and that their interests are not always addressed by single-issue organizations.

identity-based organizations may neglect the concerns of low-income and working-class people.

liberal advocacy groups

Organizations tend to prioritize issues that align with their previous work and that are recognizable as their own, while neglecting issues that cross boundaries

potential benefits, in terms of building a body of knowledge, of developing new indicators and perspectives and of honing existing ones, and of increasing our confidence about strategic and policy recommendations for women’s movement

rganized themselves across various venues and adapted their strategies to create and shape political opportunities.They have been able to constrain the choices available to politically active men and advocate for their own rights and interests

times of constitutional reform, changes in power between political parties, or revolutionary periods

women's movements have historically advanced their interests by taking advantage of certain political opportunities.