The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The color coding is quite effective for skimming; the alignment also helps and is flexible enough to accommodate different situations.

The Posi-tional Diction Clustering (PDC) algorithm identified analogous sentences across many LLM responses, which were reified both as color-coordinated cross-document analogous text highlighting (like ParaLib) and in a novel ‘interleaved’ view where analogous sen-tences across documents were rendered in adjacent rows to enable more easy comparison [18].

The Semantic Reader project [43] supports features that bring information from related papers into the focal paper’s reading environment. For example, Relatedly [54], part of the Semantic Reader project, highlights unexplored dissimilar information in related work sections of unread papers while low-lighting previously seen information.

Scim [15] helps readers skim academic papers by using colored highlights to guide attention to predefined content types, such as “Objective” and “Method.”

For example, GP-TSM [24] helps readers read more efficiently by modulating text saliency while preserving grammar. Varifocal- Reader [36] supports skimming by presenting abstract summaries alongside the source document, with machine-learned annotations highlighting key sentence segments in different colors.

The Positional Diction Clustering (PDC) algorithm identified analogous sentences across many LLM responses, which were reified both as color-coordinated cross-document analogous text highlighting (like ParaLib) and in a novel ‘interleaved’ view where analogous sentences across documents were rendered in adjacent rows to enable more easy comparison [18].

ParaLib [69] used color-coordinated role highlights to reveal cross-example commonalities and distinctions.

AbstractExplorer instantiates new minimally lossy2 SMT-informed techniques for skimming, reading, and reasoning about a corpus of similarly structured short documents: phrase-level role classification that drives sentence ordering, highlighting, and spatial alignment.

This SMT-informed approach, which AbstractExplorer shares, tries to give this mental machinery “a leg up,” letting users perhaps skip some steps by accepting reified cross-document relationships identified by the computer.

SMT posits that visual alignment helps people perceive relational similarities and differences more clearly, thereby improving their ability to make meaningful comparisons and understand underlying patterns.

The prior SMT-informed tools in Section 2.3 for both code and natural language corpora suggest that the cognitive process of comparing texts may be no exception to the cognitive processes SMT predicts.

SMT provides a framework for understanding how humans compare two or more objects by finding common structural alignments between objects.

Structural Mapping Theory (SMT) is a long-standing well-vetted theory from Cognitive Science that describes how humans attend to and try to compare objects by finding mental representations of them that can be structurally mapped to each other (analogies).

Theory (SMT) to facilitate seeing both the overview and the details at the same time, facilitating abstraction without losing context.

AbstractExplorer’s features have enabled some users to see more of both the overview and the details at the same time, facilitating abstraction without losing context.

AbstractExplorer specifically leverages the shared structure in scientific abstracts to facilitate abstract corpus skimming and comparative reading at scale.

In the context of close reading of research paper abstracts at scale, our findings suggest AbstractExplorer enabled participants to scale up the number of papers they could review through efficient skimming and find common patterns and outliers through sentence comparison, resulting in a rich synthesis of ideas and connections to foster deeper engagement with scholarly articles.

We extend existing approaches through automated role annotation, establishing alignments using grammatical chunk boundaries, and preserving sentences in their entirety, instead of relying on abstract meta-data.

We demonstrate how slicing sentences according to roles and visually aligning them can help readers perceive cross-document relationships in a coherent manner.

In this work, we introduce a new paradigm for exploring a large corpus of small documents by identifying roles at the phrasal and sentence levels, then slice on, reify, group, and/or align the text itself on those roles, with sentences left intact.

The front-end React app allows users to view partially loaded custom aspects while they are being generated.

Custom aspects are generated dynamically via API calls to a FastAPI back-end, which prompts an LLM to check whether each sentence in the filtered subset matches the aspect description—either in terms of overall content or a matching token—and extracts the most relevant chunk of that sentence to highlight.

All the chunks and corresponding labels are pre-computed and stored as JSON files, ensuring responsiveness and low latency of the web application.

After obtaining an expanded set of high-level chunk labels, we assign them to each of the sentence chunks by using LLMs in a multi-class classification few-shot learning task, with the initial labels and assignment as examples.

After identifying chunk boundaries, we again prompt an LLM to generate labels for chunks in a human-in-the-loop approach: starting from an initial set of labels for chunk roles, when a new label is generated, a researcher from the research team examines the new label and merges it with existing labels if appropriate, controlling for the total number of labels.

Then, we segment sentences within each aspect into grammar-preserving chunks.

Classification is performed by prompting an LLM with the sentence and its full abstract.

In the first stage, Sentence Segmentation and Categorization, abstracts are split into individual sentences using the NLTK package, and each sentence is classified into one of the five pre-defined aspects as listed in Section 4.1.1.

We process this data in a three-stage pipeline (Figure 6).

From this pane, users can toggle and view highlighted sentence chunks, click to scroll to the relevant abstract for each sentence, or remove bookmarks from the list.

When users click on a bookmark icon to the left of any specific sentence in the Cross-Sentences Relationships Pane, that sentence is added to a bookmark list that can be viewed in the Bookmarked Sentences alternate pane.

Our user studies on 24 participants demonstrate the usability of our proposed virtu.

Sentence bookmarking helps users keep track of papers to revisit later.

To address this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 56 papers p.

Users can enter a search term into the search bar and only papers that include that exact term will appear in the Cross-Sentence Relationships pane.

Through two user studies, we found that with an accompanying size-ch.

Filtering enables users to narrow their focus to a subset of the corpus while still benefiting from features that help them recognize cross-sentence relationships within the remaining abstracts.

Through a VR experiment (N=31) and a following online survey (N=142).

The Abstracts panel can be customized by users to display the full abstract text, an abstract “TLDR” (a shorter abstractive summary generated by an LLM), or both at the same time.

To allow users to contextualize individual sentences within their respective abstracts, we link the Cross-Sentence Relationship and Abstract panels: when users click on any sentence in the Cross-Sentence Relationships pane, the corresponding full abstract is automatically highlighted and scrolled into view in the Abstracts panel, offering additional context when needed.

methods, we conducted a controlled experiment (N=24) to assess the user performance, experience and VR sickness.

Together, the vertical and horizontal juxtapositions are designed to help users identify both high-level commonalities and nuanced variations across structurally similar sentences.

ryday life, we ran three co-design workshops (N=69).

If users prefer, sentences can be toggled to a left-justified view to facilitate conventional reading and skimming.

In our mixed-method study with 21 participants, we evaluated the usability and effectiveness.

This may effectively decrease context switching and lead to more robust mental models without requiring more cognitive load.

These alignment options are intended to enable users to more easily read analogous chunks across sentences from different abstracts, ignoring details serving other roles within the sentence.

ucted on eight-month longitudinal user study with 12 older adults aged 60 years and above to demonstrate the eff.

By default, sentences are vertically aligned by the middle of their shared structure tuple, but users can freely switch between the three alignment options using the button group atop the Cross-Sentence Relationship pane.

In a study (N=18), we compared our multimodal technique with pseudo-haptics al.

AbstractExplorer also aligns the sentences in three different ways, as illustrated in Figure 5: vertical alignment by the middle of the structure tuple (second element), vertical alignment by the left of the structure tuple (first element), and left-justified alignment (horizontal juxtapositions).

Through a study with 30 participants, we show that the system enables users to perc.

This ordering prioritizes dominant structural patterns (largest groups first) while exposing fine-grained variations (via length-sorted triplets), mirroring how humans compare sentences, if SMT is an accurate description in this domain of comparative close reading.

ploratory and a confirmatory factor analysis with a total of 159 participants.

Within each of those groups, sentences are arranged by increasing length.

We conducted an experiment with 24 participants using a real vehicle along a route with known.

Sentences are recursively grouped by sequences of three chunk roles, with groups ordered by decreasing size.

We conducted a study involving 32 participants organized in teams of two.

AbstractExplorer orders sentences within each structure group based on the sequential pattern of chunk roles (vertical juxtapositions).

In a within-subjects study (20 participant pairs), we examined the effects of vibrotactile hap.

One illustration is using menus, instructions, graphical user interfaces (GUI), or virtual reality to access any particular computer's features.

An appealing alternative to conventional text-based interfaces through graphical user interfaces is the direct use of hands as an input device to provide natural human-computer interaction.

A more thorough description of the current tools and techniques for interacting with computers as well as recent developments in the subject is provided in the next section.

The evolving multi-modal and Graphical user interfaces (GUI) enable humans to interact with embodied character agents in a way that is not possible with other interface paradigms.

The widely used graphical user interfaces (GUI) of today are found in desktop applications, internet browsers, mobile computers, and computer kiosks.

and the narrowing of the medullary cavity of tubular bones (C) (diaphyseal stenosis).