Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary: This study proposes a novel role for ensheathing glia (EG) in a Pink1-model of Parkinson's disease and shows that this cell population exibits the highest number of DEG in a pre-symptomatic stage. In the olfactory system, there seems to be morphological changes in this cell-type that resembles an 'activated' state and the authors further show that the neuronal loss of Pink1 is responsible for this defect. The authors go on to show that manipulation of Pink1 in EG also leads to some defects in the visual system and in the dopaminergic neurons (DAN) that innervate the mushroom body (MB), and performed a screen based on the 'on-transient' defect of the ERG to identify potential genes that may modulate the function of EG in synaptic regulation. They focus on several genes related to Rab7/Vps13, and performed some additional experiments in the visual system and MB to propose the role of vesicle/lipid trafficking in EG as a important factor for PD pathogenesis.

Strengths: The study proposes functional and mechanistic connections between several genes that have been linked to PD (PINK1, VPS13A/C). I feel that the data presented in Figure 1 and Fig3A-C are performed with rigor and are convincing/novel. The selection of Drosophila to study the questions is also a strength and the lab has extensive experiences in this field and model organism.

Weaknesses: There is one fundamental concern I have with the genetic experiments performed in this paper (especially in Fig 3D and Fig4, see major issue #1), and I feel that there is a bit of a disconnect between the EG 'activation' phenotype the author show in the olfactory system and the other two neuronal systems (visual system, MB DAN) that the authors investigate see major issue #2). Also, there are quite a bit of information that is not provided in the manuscript (see major issues #3 and #4), which makes me difficult to judge the rigor and interpretation of several experiments.

Major Concern #1: A number of lines used in this study are referred to as "RNAi" lines but when I look at the actual genotypes of reagents listed in the table in the METHODS section, many are actually NOT RNAi lines. Quite a few lines, including lines that the authors use as RNAi against Ccz1, Rab7 and Mon1, are gRNA lines for the TKO (TRiP-CRISPR knockout) system. While these reagents can theoretically knock-out these genes in somatic cells if used in combination with UAS-Cas9, there is no mention that UAS-Cas9 was used in this work throughout the manuscript. Hence, when these lines are just crossed to GAL4 with or without the Pink1 mutant, they shouldn't be having any effects. Similarly, the strongest hit from their screen was a TOE (TRiP-CRISPR Over Expression) gRNA against PIG-A, which could allow overexpression of PIG-A if there is a UAS-dCas9::VP64. However, I also do not see any mention that such activator was introduced into the crossing scheme. Considering that 3 of the 4 'hits' from their screen are not RNAi lines, I am quite skeptical of the study. Similarly, except for Vps13, all reagents used in Fig4 are TKO gRNA lines. Therefore, if this experiment was conducted without an UAS-Cas9, most of the data shown here are problematic. Also, note that several of the 'RNAi' lines listed in the Table in the METHODS section are actually MiMIC alleles. While some MiMIC lines could function as strong LOF alleles (if they are inserted in the exon or in an intron of the gene in the same orientation as the gene), some of the lines are not expected to affect gene function (e.g. FASN2 and CG17712, MiMICs are in introns and face the opposite orientation). Hence, the rationale of including these reagents in the screen doesn't make much sense. The description of the modifier screen should be much more detailed in the RESULTS and METHODS section and if the UAS-Cas9/dCas9::VP64 transgenes were not introduced when the TKO/TOE reagents were utilized, what can be concluded?

In addition, for the 4 genes that the authors further study in Fig4, there are many other reagents that the authors can use, including mutant alleles, previously characterized RNAi lines (e.g. Vps13) and dominant negative/constitute active lines (e.g. especially for Rab7). The authors should validate their results with independent reagents to really convincingly show that the same conclusions can be drawn for the Vps13/Rab7 related genes since this is the key takeaway message of this paper.

Also, they do not show whether the manipulation of these genes in a wild-type background (they only show what happens in Pink1 mutants) affect ERG and MB DAN synapse morphology. If these manipulations alone dramatically affect these phenotypes, it would be very difficult to interpret their data.

Major Concern #2: In Figure 1, the authors show some morphological evidence that EG are 'activated' in Pink1 mutants, but whether the same phenomenon occurs in the visual system and in the MB is not shown. Since all of the studies in Fig3D and Fig4 are done in the visual system and MB, it is not clear whether the visual system and MB phenotypes are related to 'activation' of EG.

Also, in the RNA-seq data in Fig1A and Fig3C, is there any molecular evidence that EG are indeed 'activated'? The only evidence that the authors show to state that EG are 'activated' in young Pink1 null animals is based on increased CD8::GFP staining in the olfactory system.

The authors cannot draw a strong conclusion that indeed EG are 'activated' based on these data (e.g. perhaps the expression level of CD8::GFP is just increased). Additional evidence that the EG are 'activated' could be provided by looking at the increase in Draper intensity (as reported by Doherty et al. and MacDonald et al. that the authors cite), not only in the olfactory system, but also in the visual system and in the MB. It would also be informative if the authors can look at morphology of the EG in the visual system and MB to convincingly that the data shown in Fig4 is relevant to EG 'activation'.

Major Concern #3: In Fig3, there is no clear explanation why they focus on the ON transients and ignore the OFF transients, and also why the difference in the depolarization is not quantified in Fig4.

Major Concern #4: While the authors claim that mz709-GAL4 is a EG specific driver, do the authors know that this is indeed true in the tissues and stages that are studied here? The Ito et al,. paper that is cited in the METHOD section has only looked at the expression of this reporter in embryonic and larval stages. The authors need to that the authors should validate their findings with an additional EG specific driver and/or provide additional data that mz709-GAL4 is indeed specific to EG in the adult fly brain and eye. If mz709-GAL4 is expressed in other cell-types, the interpretation of many of the data in this paper becomes quite questionable. I believe the data in Fig3B is suggesting that mz709-GAL4 is indeed specific to glia cells and not expressed in neurons, but whether this driver is truly specific to EG (and not in other glial types), especially in the visual system (including the lamina as well as in the eye), is not obvious.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors assess the effectiveness of electroporating mRNA into male germ cells to rescue the expression of proteins required for spermatogenesis progression in individuals where these proteins are mutated or depleted. To set up the methodology, they first evaluated the expression of reporter proteins in wild-type mice, which showed expression in germ cells for over two weeks. Then, they attempted to recover fertility in a model of late spermatogenesis arrest that produces immotile sperm. By electroporating the mutated protein, the authors recovered the motility of ~5% of the sperm; although the sperm regenerated was not able to produce offspring using IVF, the embryos reached the 2-cell state (in contrast to controls that did not progress past the zygote state).

This is a comprehensive evaluation of the mRNA methodology with multiple strengths. First, the authors show that naked synthetic RNA, purchased from a commercial source or generated in the laboratory with simple methods, is enough to express exogenous proteins in testicular germ cells. The authors compared RNA to DNA electroporation and found that germ cells are efficiently electroporated with RNA, but not DNA. The differences between these constructs were evaluated using in vivo imaging to track the reporter signal in individual animals through time. To understand how the reporter proteins affect the results of the experiments, the authors used different reporters: two fluorescent (eGFP and mCherry) and one bioluminescent (Luciferase). Although they observed differences among reporters, in every case expression lasted for at least two weeks.

The authors used a relevant system to study the therapeutic potential of RNA electroporation. The ARMC2-deficient animals have impaired sperm motility phenotype that affects only the later stages of spermatogenesis. The authors showed that sperm motility was recovered to ~5%, which is remarkable due to the small fraction of germ cells electroporated with RNA with the current protocol. The sperm motility parameters were thoroughly assessed by CASA. The 3D reconstruction of an electroporated testis using state-of-the-art methods to show the electroporated regions is compelling.

The main weakness of the manuscript is that although the authors manage to recover motility in a small fraction of the sperm population, it is unclear whether the increased sperm quality is substantial to improve assisted reproduction outcomes. The authors found that the rescued sperm could be used to obtain 2-cell embryos via IVF, but no evidence for more advanced stages of embryo differentiation was provided. The motile rescued sperm was also successfully used to generate blastocyst by ICSI, but the statistical significance of the rate of blastocyst production compared to non-rescued sperm remains unclear. The title is thus an overstatement since fertility was never restored for IVF, and the mutant sperm was already able to produce blastocysts without the electroporation intervention.

Overall, the authors clearly show that electroporating mRNA can improve spermatogenesis as demonstrated by the generation of motile sperm in the ARMC2 KO mouse model.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

The authors inject, into the rete testes, mRNA and plasmids encoding mRNAs for GFP and then ARMC2 (into infertile Armc2 KO mice) in a gene therapy approach to express exogenous proteins in male germ cells. They do show GFP epifluorescence and ARMC2 protein in KO tissues, although the evidence presented is weak. Overall, the data do not necessarily make sense given the biology of spermatogenesis and more rigorous testing of this model is required to fully support the conclusions, that gene therapy can be used to rescue male infertility.

In this revision, the authors attempt to respond to the critiques from the first round of reviews. While they did address many of the minor concerns, there are still a number to be addressed. With that said, the data still do not support the conclusions of the manuscript.

(1) The authors have not satisfactorily provided an explanation for how a naked mRNA can persist and direct expression of GFP or luciferase for ~3 weeks. The most stable mRNAs in mammalian cells have half-lives of ~24-60 hours. The stability of the injected mRNAs should be evaluated and reported using cell lines. GFP protein's half-life is ~26 hours, and luciferase protein's half-life is ~2 hours.

(2) There is no convincing data shown in Figs. 1-8 that the GFP is even expressed in germ cells, which is obviously a prerequisite for the Armc2 KO rescue experiment shown in the later figures! In fact, to this reviewer the GFP appears to be in Sertoli cell cytoplasm, which spans the epithelium and surrounds germ cells - thus, it can be oft-confused with germ cells. In addition, if it is in germ cells, then the authors should be able to show, on subsequent days, that it is present in clones of germ cells that are maturing. Due to intracellular bridges, a molecule like GFP has been shown to diffuse readily and rapidly (in a matter of minutes) between adjacent germ cells. To clarify, the authors must generate single cell suspensions and immunostain for GFP using any of a number of excellent commercially-available antibodies to verify it is present in germ cells. It should also be present in sperm, if it is indeed in the germline.

Other comments:

70-1 This is an incorrect interpretation of the findings from Ref 5 - that review stated there were ~2,000 testis-enriched genes, but that does not mean "the whole process involves around two thousand of genes"

74 would specify 'male'

79-84 Are the concerns with ICSI due to the procedure itself, or the fact that it's often used when there is likely to be a genetic issue with the male whose sperm was used? This should be clarified if possible using references from the literature, as this reviewer imagines this could be a rather contentious issue with clinicians who routinely use this procedure, even in cases where IVF would very likely have worked

199 Codon optimization improvement of mRNA stability needs a reference; in one study using yeast transcripts, optimization improved RNA stability on the order of minutes (e.g., from ~5 minutes to ~17 minutes); is there some evidence that it could be increased dramatically to days or weeks?

472-3 The reported half-life of EGFP is ~36 hours - so, if the mRNA is unstable (and not measured, but certainly could be estimated by qRT-PCR detection of the transcript on subsequent days after injection) and EGFP is comparatively more stable (but still hours), how does EGFP persist for 21 days after injection of naked mRNA??

Curious why the authors were unable to get anti-GFP to work in immunostaining?

In Fig. 3-4, the GFP signals are unremarkable, in that they cannot be fairly attributed to any structure or cell type - they just look like blobs; and why, in Fig. 4D-E, why does the GFP signal appear stronger at 21 days than 15 days? And why is it completely gone by 28 days? This data is unconvincing. If the authors did a single cell suspension, what types or percentage of cells would be GFP+? Since germ cells are not adherent in culture, a simple experiment could be done whereby a single cell suspension could be made, cultured for 4-6 hours, and non-adherent cells "shaken off" and imaged vs adherent cells. Cells could also be fixed and immunostained for GFP, which has worked in many other labs using anti-GFP.

In Fig. 5, what is the half-life of luciferase? From this reviewer's search of the literature, it appears to be ~2-3 h in mammalian cells. With this said, how do the authors envision detectable protein for up to 20 days from a naked mRNA? The stability of the injected mRNAs should be shown in a mammalian cell line - perhaps this mRNA has an incredibly long half-life, which might help explain these results. However, even the most stable endogenous mRNAs (e.g., globin) are ~24-60 hrs.

527-8 The Sertoli cell cytoplasm is not just present along the basement membrane as stated, but also projects all the way to the lumina

529-30 This is incorrect, as round spermatids are never "localized between the spermatocytes and elongated spermatids" - if elongated spermatids are present, rounds are not - they are never coincident in the same testis section

Fig. 7 To this reviewer, all of the GFP appears to be in Sertoli cell cytoplasm

In Figs 1-8 there is no convincing evidence presented that GFP is expressed in germ cells! In fact, it appears to be in Sertoli cells

Fig. 9 - alpha-tubuline?

Fig. 11 - how was sperm morphology/motility not rescued on "days 3, 6, 10, 15, or 28 after surgery", but it was in some at 21 and 35? How does this make sense, given the known kinetics of male germ cell development?? And at least one of the sperm in the KO in Fig. B5 looks relatively normal, and the flagellum may be out-of-focus in the image? With only a few sperm for reviewers to see, how can we know these represent the population?

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors used a novel technique to treat male infertility. In a proof-of-concept study, the authors were able to rescue the phenotype of a knockout mouse model with immotile sperm using this technique. This could also be a promising treatment option for infertile men.

Strengths:

In their proof-of-concept study, the authors were able to show that the novel technique rescues the infertility phenotype of Armc2 knockout spermatozoa. In the revised version of the manuscript, the authors have added data on in vitro fertilisation experiments with Armc2 mRNA-rescued sperm. The authors show that Armc2 mRNA-rescued sperm can successfully fertilise oocytes that develop to the blastocyst stage. This adds another level of reliability to the data.

Weaknesses:

Some minor weaknesses identified in my previous report have already been fixed. The technique is new and may not yet be fully established for all issues. Nevertheless, the data presented in this manuscript opens the way for several approaches to immotile spermatozoa to ensure successful fertilisation of oocytes and subsequent appropriate embryo development.

[Editors' note: The images in Figure 12 do not support the authors' interpretation that 2-cell embryos resulted from in vitro fertilization. Instead, the cells shown appear to be fragmented, unfertilized eggs. Combined with the lack of further development, it seems highly unlikely that fertilization was successful.]

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This work presents an Interpretable protein-DNA Energy Associative (IDEA) model for predicting binding sites and affinities of DNA-binding proteins. Experimental results demonstrate that such an energy model can predict DNA recognition sites and their binding strengths across various protein families and can capture the absolute protein-DNA binding free energies.

Strengths:

(1) The IDEA model integrates both structural and sequence information, although such an integration is not completely original.

(2) The IDEA predictions seem to have agreement with experimental data such as ChIP-seq measurements.

Weaknesses:

(1) The authors claim that the binding free energy calculated by IDEA, trained using one MAX-DNA complex, correlates well with experimentally measured MAX-DNA binding free energy (Figure 2) based on the reported Pearson Correlation of 0.67. However, the scatter plot in Figure 2A exhibits distinct clustering of the points and thus the linear fit to the data (red line) may not be ideal. As such. the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient that measures linear correlation between two sets of data may not be appropriate and may provide misleading results for non-linear relationships.

(2) In the same vein, the linear Pearson Correlation analysis performed in Figure 5A and the conclusion drawn may be misleading.

(3) The authors included the sequences of the protein and DNA residues that form close contacts in the structure in the training dataset, whereas a series of synthetic decoy sequences were generated by randomizing the contacting residues in both the protein and DNA sequences. In particular, synthetic decoy binders were generated by randomizing either the DNA (1000 sequences) or protein sequences (10,000 sequences) from the strong binders. However, the justification for such randomization and how it might impact the model's generalizability and transferability remain unclear.

(4) The authors performed Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and reported the Area Under the Curve (AUC) scores in order to quantitate the successful identification of the strong binders by IDEA. It would be beneficial to analyze the precision-recall (PR) curve and report the PRAUC metric which could be more robust.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Zhang et al. present a methodology to model protein-DNA interactions via learning an optimizable energy model, taking into account a representative bound structure for the system and binding data. The methodology is sound and interesting. They apply this model for predicting binding affinity data and binding sites in vivo. However, the manuscript lacks discussion of/comparison with state-of-the-art and evidence of broad applicability. The interpretability aspect is weak, yet over-emphasized.

Strengths:

The manuscript is well organized with good visualizations and is easy to follow. The methodology is discussed in detail. The IDEA energy model seems like an interesting way to study a protein-DNA system in the context of a given structure and binding data. The authors show that an IDEA model trained on one system can be transferred to other structurally similar systems. The authors show good performance in discriminating between binding-vs-decoy sequences for various systems, and binding affinity prediction. The authors also show evidence of the ability to predict genome-wide binding sites.

Weaknesses:

An energy-based model that needs to be optimized for specific systems is inherently an uncomfortable idea. Is this kind of energy model superior to something like Rosetta-based energy models, which are generally applicable? Or is it superior to family-specific knowledge-based models? It is not clear.

Prediction of binding affinity is a well-studied domain and many competitors exist, some of which are well-used. However, no quantitative comparison to such methods is presented. To understand the scope of the presented method, IDEA, the authors should discuss/compare with such methods (e.g. PMID 35606422).

The term "interpretable" has been used lavishly in the manuscript while providing little evidence on the matter. The only evidence shown is the family-specific residue-nucleotide interaction/energy matrix and speculations on how these values are biologically sensible. Recent works already present more biophysical, fine-grained, and sometimes family-independent interpretability (e.g. PMID 39103447, 36656856, 38352411, etc.). The authors should put into context the scope of the interpretability of IDEA among such works.

The manuscript disregards subtle yet important differences in commonly used terminology in the field. For example, the authors use the term "specificity" and "affinity" almost interchangeably (for example, the caption for Figure 3A uses "specificity" although the Methods text describes the prediction as about "affinity"). If the authors are looking to predict specificity, IDEA needs to be put in the context of the corresponding state-of-the-art (PMID 36123148, 39103447, 38867914, 36124796, etc).

It is not clear how much the learned energy model is dependent on the structural model used for a specific system/family. It would be interesting to see the differences in learned model based on different representative PDB structures used. Similarly, the supplementary figures show a lack of discriminative power for proteins like PDX1 (homeodomain family), POU, etc. Can the authors shed some light on why such different performances?

It is also not clear if IDEA's prediction for reverse complement sequences is the same for a given sequence. If so, how is this property being modelled? Either this description is lacking or I missed it.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Protein-DNA interactions and sequence readout represent a challenging and rapidly evolving field of study. Recognizing the complexity of this task, the authors have developed a compact and elegant model. They have applied well-established approaches to address a difficult problem, effectively enhancing the information extracted from sparse contact maps by integrating artificial sequences decoy set and available experimental data. This has resulted in the creation of a practical tool that can be adapted for use with other proteins.

Strengths:

(1) The authors integrate sparse information with available experimental data to construct a model whose utility extends beyond the limited set of structures used for training.

(2) A comprehensive methods section is included, ensuring that the work can be reproduced. Additionally, the authors have shared their model as a GitHub project, reflecting their commitment to transparency of research.

Weaknesses:

(1) The coarse-graining procedure appears artificial, if not confusing, given that full-atom crystal structures provide more detailed information about residue-residue contacts. While the selection procedure for distance threshold values is explained, the overall motivation for adopting this approach remains unclear. Furthermore, since this model is later employed as an empirical potential for molecular modeling, the use of P and C5 atoms raises concerns, as the interactions in 3SPN are modeled between Cα and the nucleic base, represented by its center of mass rather than P or C5 atoms.

(2) Although the authors use a standard set of metrics to assess model quality and predictive power, some ΔΔG predictions compared to MITOMI-derived ΔΔG values appear nonlinear, which casts doubt on the interpretation of the correlation coefficient.

(3) The discussion section lacks information about the model's limitations and a comprehensive comparison with other models. Additionally, differences in model performance across various proteins and their respective predictive powers are not addressed.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study examined the functional organization of the mouse posterior parietal cortex (PPC) using meso-scale two-photon calcium imaging during visually-guided and history-guided tasks. The researchers found distinct functional modules within the medial PPC: area A, which integrates somatosensory and choice information, and area AM, which integrates visual and choice information. Area A also showed a robust representation of choice history and posture. The study further revealed distinct patterns of inter-area correlations for A and AM, suggesting different roles in cortical communication. These findings shed light on the functional architecture of the mouse PPC and its involvement in various sensorimotor and cognitive functions.

Strengths:

Overall, I find this manuscript excellent. It is very clearly written and built up logically. The subject is important, and the data supports the conclusions without overstating implications. Where the manuscript shines the most is the exceptionally thorough analysis of the data. The authors set a high bar for identifying the boundaries of the PPC subareas, where they combine both somatosensory and visual intrinsic imaging. There are many things to compliment the authors on, but one thing that should be applauded in particular is the analysis of the body movements of the mice in the tube. Anyone working with head-fixed mice knows that mice don't sit still but that almost invariable remains unanalyzed. Here the authors show that this indeed explained some of the variance in the data.

Weaknesses:

I see no major weaknesses and I only have minor comments.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been identified as an integrator of multiple sensory streams and guides decision-making. Hira et al observe that dissection of the functional specialization of PPC subregions requires simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity throughout these areas. To this end, they use wide-field calcium imaging to capture the activity of thousands of neurons across the PPC and surrounding areas. They begin by delineating the boundaries between the primary sensory and higher visual areas using intrinsic imaging and validate their mapping using calcium imaging. They then conduct imaging during a visually guided task to identify neurons that respond selectively to visual stimuli or choices. They find that vision and choice neurons intermingle primarily in the anterior medial (AM) area, and that AM uniquely encodes information regarding both the visual stimulus and the previous choice, positioning AM as the main site of integration of behavioral and visual information for this task.

Strengths:

There is an enormous amount of data and results reveal very interesting relationships between stimulus and choice coding across areas and how network dynamics relate to task coding.

Weaknesses:

The enormity of the data and the complexity of the analysis make the manuscript hard to follow. Sometimes it reads like a laundry list of results as opposed to a cohesive story.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This work from Hira et al leverages mesoscopic 2-photon imaging to study large neural populations in different higher visual areas, in particular areas A and AM of the parietal cortex. The focus of the study is to obtain a better understanding of the representation of different task-related parameters, such as choice formation and short-term history, as well as visual responses in large neural populations across different cortical regions to obtain a better understanding of the functional specialization of neural populations in each region as well as the interaction of neural populations across regions. The authors image a large number of neurons in animals that either perform visual discrimination or a history-dependent task to test how task demands affect neural responses and population dynamics. Furthermore, by including a behavioral perturbation of animal posture they aim to dissociate the neural representation of history signals from body posture. Lastly, they relate their functional findings to anatomical data from the Allen connectivity atlas and show a strong relation between functional correlations on anatomical connectivity patterns.

Strengths:

Overall, the study is very well done and tackles a problem that should be of high interest to the field by aiming to obtain a better understanding of the function and spatial structure of different regions in the parietal cortex. The experimental approach and analyses are sound and of high quality and the main conclusions are well supported by the results. Aside from the detailed analyses, a particular strength is the additional experimental perturbation of posture to isolate history-related activity which supports the conclusion that both posture and history signals are represented in different neurons within the same region.

Weaknesses:

The main point that I found hard to understand was the fairly strong language on functional clusters of neurons while also stating that neurons encoded combinations of different types of information and leveraging the encoding model to dissociate these contributions. Do the authors find mixed selectivity or rather functional segregation of neural tuning in their data? More details on this and some other points are below.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Kohno et al. examined whether the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 attenuates neuropathic pain by promoting the emergence of antinociceptive microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In two models of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury, intrathecal administration of IL-4 once a day for 3 days from day 14 to day 17 after injury, attenuates hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli in the hind paw ipsilateral to nerve injury. Such an antinociceptive effect correlates with a higher number of CD11c+microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord which is the termination area for primary afferent fibres injured in the periphery. Interestingly, CD11c+ microglia emerge spontaneously in the dorsal horn in concomitance with the resolution of pain in the spinal nerve model of pain, but not in the spared nerve injury model where pain does not resolve, confirming that this cluster of microglia is involved in resolution pain.

Based on existing evidence that the receptor for IL-4, namely IL-4R, is expressed by microglia, the authors suggest that IL-4R mediates IL-4 effect in microglia including up-regulation of Igf1 mRNA. They have previously reported that IGF-1 can attenuate pain neuron activity in the spinal cord.

Strengths:

This study includes cutting-edge techniques such as flow cytometry analysis of microglia and transgenic mouse models.

Weaknesses:

The conclusion of this paper is supported by data, but the interpretation of some data requires clarification.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors aimed to investigate how IL-4 modulates the reactive state of microglia in the context of neuropathic pain. Specifically, they sought to determine whether IL-4 drives an increase in CD11c+ microglial cells, a population associated with anti-inflammatory responses and whether this change is linked to the suppression of neuropathic pain. The study employs a combination of behavioral assays, pharmacogenetic manipulation of microglial populations, and characterization of microglial markers to address these questions.

Strengths:

The methodological approach in this study is robust, providing convincing evidence for the proposed mechanism of IL-4-mediated microglial regulation in neuropathic pain. The experimental design is well thought out, utilizing two distinct neuropathic pain models (SpNT and SNI), each yielding different outcomes. The SpNT model demonstrates spontaneous pain remission and an increase in the CD11c+ microglial population, which correlates with pain suppression. In contrast, the SNI model, which does not show spontaneous pain remission, lacks a significant increase in CD11c+ microglia, underscoring the specificity of the observed phenomenon. This design effectively highlights the role of the CD11c+ microglial population in pain modulation. The use of behavioral tests provides a clear functional assessment of IL-4 manipulation, and pharmacogenetic tools allow for precise control of microglial populations, minimizing off-target effects. Notably, the manipulation targets the CD11c promoter, which presumably reduces the risk of non-specific ablation of other microglial populations, strengthening the experimental precision. Moreover, the thorough characterization of microglial markers adds depth to the analysis, ensuring that the changes in microglial populations are accurately linked to the behavioral outcomes.

Weaknesses:

One potential limitation of the study is that the mechanistic details of how IL-4 induces the observed shift in microglial populations are not fully explored. While the study demonstrates a correlation between IL-4 and CD11c+ microglial cells, a deeper investigation into the specific signaling pathways and molecular processes driving this population shift would greatly strengthen the conclusions. Additionally, the paper does not clearly integrate the findings into the broader context of microglial reactive state regulation in neuropathic pain.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Tesmer and colleagues uses fiber photometry recordings, sophisticated analysis of movement, and deep learning algorithms to provide compelling evidence that activity in hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons (HONs) correlates with net body movement over multiple behaviors. By examining projection targets, the authors show that hypocretin/orexin release differs in projection targets to the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra, pars compacta. Ablation of HONs does not cause differences in the power spectra of movements. The movement-tracking ability of HONs is independent of HON activity that correlates with blood glucose levels. Finally, the authors show that body movement is not encoded to the same extent in other neural populations.

Strengths:

The major strengths of the study are the combination of fiber photometry recordings, analysis of movement in head-fixed mice, and sophisticated classification of movement using deep learning algorithms. The experiments seem to be well performed, and the data are well presented, visually. The data support the main conclusions of the manuscript.

Weaknesses:

The weaknesses are minor, mostly consisting of writing and data visualization throughout the manuscript. To some degree, it is already known that hypocretin/orexin neurons correlate with movement and arousal, although this manuscript studies this correlation with unprecedented sophistication and scale. It is also unfortunate that most of the experiments throughout the study were only performed in male mice.

Taken together, this study is likely to be impactful to the field and our understanding of HONs across behavioral states.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Despite several methodological strengths, the major and highly significant drawback is the confound of arousal with movement. This confound is not resolved, so the results could be explained by previously established relationships between orexin and arousal/wakefulness.

Strengths:

The authors show that orexin neuron activity is associated with body movement and that this information is conveyed irrespective of the fasted state. They also report differences in different orexin target brain regions for orexin release during movement.

This paper contains an impressive array of cutting-edge techniques to examine a very important brain system, the orexin-hypocretin system. The authors offer an original perspective on the function of this system. The authors showed that orexin neuron activity scales to some degree with the magnitude of body movement change; this is unaffected by a fasted state and seems to be somewhat unique to orexin neurons.

The investigation of other genetically-defined subcortical neuron populations to determine the specificity of findings is also a strength, as is the ability to quantify movement and use deep learning to classify specific behaviors adds sophistication to analysis. The authors also show heterogeneity in orexin projections to specific target nuclei, which is interesting.

The authors "speculate that narcolepsy-cataplexy, caused by HON loss-of-function, is perhaps explained by oscillations into unwanted sleep-states and motor programs due to impaired control loops for wakefulness and movement". This is quite an interesting aspect of their work, and deserving of further study.

Weaknesses:

Despite the strengths, there are several major and minor weaknesses that detract significantly from the study.

Weaknesses - Major

My main concern with this work is the confound of arousal with movement so that correlations with one might reflect a relationship instead with the other. The orexin system is well known to play an important role in arousal, with elevated activity of orexin neurons reported for waking and high arousal. Orexin signaling has also been strongly associated with motivation, which also is associated with arousal and movement. The authors offer no compelling evidence that the relationships they describe between different movements and orexin signaling do not simply reflect the known relationship between arousal and motivation.

The authors could address this concern by including classical arousal measurements, eg, cortical EEG recorded simultaneously with movements. Often, EEG arousal occurs independently of movement, so this could provide one approach to disentangling this confound. The idea that orexin signaling plays a role in arousal rather than movement is supported by their finding that orexin lesions using the orexin-DTR mouse model did not impact movements. In contrast, prior lesion and pharmacologic studies have found that decreased orexin signaling significantly decreases arousal and waking.

Another way they could test their idea would be to paralyze and respirate animals so that orexin activity could be recorded without movement. Alternatively, animals could be trained to remain motionless to receive a reward. Thus, there are several ways to test the overall hypothesis of this work that have not been examined here.

The authors propose that "a simple interpretation of their results is that, via HON movement tracking, the brain creates a "wake up" signal in proportion to movement". This seems to argue for the role of the orexin system in arousal and motivation rather than in movement per se.

There are several studies that have examined the effect of orexin antagonist treatment in rodents on locomotor and other motor activities. These studies have largely found no consistent effect of antagonizing orexin signaling, especially at the OxR1 receptor, on simple motor activity. These studies are not referenced here but should be taken into account in the authors' conclusions.

Figure 3, panel F: I understand HON-DTR is a validated model but a picture of HONs ablation is necessary, including pictures of HONs outputs ablation within the SNc and LC.

The discussion lacks a more extensive paragraph on the distinct signal and role of Ox->SNc and Ox-LC projections.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary

The study presents an investigation into how hypothalamic orexin neurons (HONs) track body movement with high precision. Using techniques including fiber photometry, video-based movement metrics, and empirical mode decomposition (EMD), the authors demonstrate that HONs encode net body movement consistently across a range of behaviors and metabolic states. They test the ability of HONs to track body movement to that of other subcortical neural populations, from which they distinguish HONs activity from other subcortical neural populations.

Strengths:

The study characterizes HONs activity as key indicators of movement and arousal, and this method may have potential implications for understanding sleep disorders, energy regulation, and brain-body coordination. Overall, I think this is a very interesting story, with novel findings and implications about sensorimotor systems in animals. The manuscript is clearly written and the evidence presented is rigorous. The conclusions are well supported by experimental data with clear statistical analyses.

Weaknesses/suggestions:

There are a couple of issues I think the authors could address to make the paper better and more complete:

(1) The study primarily focuses on steady-state behaviors. It would be interesting if the authors' current dataset allows analyses of HON dynamics during transitions between behavioral states (e.g., resting to running or grooming to sniffing). This could provide additional insights into how HONs adapt to rapid changes in body movement.

(2) Given the established role of HONs in arousal and wakefulness, the study could further investigate how movement-related HON dynamics interact with arousal states. For example, does HON encoding of movement differ during sleep versus wakefulness?

(3) Although HON ablation experiments suggest that HONs do not shape movement frequency profiles. It would be more compelling if the authors could investigate whether HONs contribute to specific types of movements (e.g., fine motor vs. gross motor movements) or modulate movement initiation thresholds.

(4) The heterogeneous movement-related orexin dynamics observed in the LC and SNc raise intriguing questions about the circuit-level mechanisms underlying these differences. Optogenetic or chemogenetic manipulation of these projections could validate the functional implications of these dynamics.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary, and Strengths:

The authors and their team have investigated the role of Vimentin Cysteine 328 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumorigenesis. Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament, and cysteine 328 is a crucial site for interactions between vimentin and actin. These interactions can significantly influence cell movement, proliferation, and invasion. The team has specifically examined how Vimentin Cysteine 328 affects cancer cell proliferation, the acquisition of stemness markers, and the upregulation of the non-coding RNA XIST. Additionally, functional assays were conducted using both wild-type (WT) and Vimentin Cysteine 328 mutant cells to demonstrate their effects on invasion, EMT, and cancer progression. Overall, the data supports the essential role of Vimentin Cysteine 328 in regulating EMT, cancer stemness, and tumor progression. Overall, the data and its interpretation are on point and support the hypothesis. I believe the manuscript has great potential.

Weaknesses:

Minor issues are related to the visibility and data representation in Figures 2E and 3 A-F.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

The aim of the investigation was to find out more about the mechanism(s) by which the structural protein vimentin can facilitate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells.

The authors focussed on a key amino acid of vimentin, C238, its role in the interaction between vimentin and actin microfilaments, and the downstream molecular and cellular consequences. They model the binding between vimentin and actin in silico to demonstrate the potential involvement of C238, but the outcome is described vaguely. The phenotype of a non-metastatic breast cancer cell line MCF7, which doesn't express vimentin, could be changed to a metastatic phenotype when mutant C238S vimentin, but not wild-type vimentin, was expressed in the cells. Expression of vimentin was confirmed at the level of mRNA, protein, and microscopically. Patterns of expression of vimentin and actin reflected the distinct morphology of the two cell lines. Phenotypic changes were assessed through assay of cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and morphology and were consistent with greater metastatic potential in the C238S MCF7 cells. Changes in the transcriptome of MCF7 cells expressing wild-type and C238S vimentins were compared and expression of Xist long ncRNA was found to be the transcript most markedly increased in the metastatic cells expressing C238S vimentin. Moreover changes in expression of many other genes in the C238S cells are consistent with an epithelial mesenchymal transition. Tumourigenic potential of MCF7 cells carrying C238S but not wild-type, vimentin was confirmed by inoculation of cells into nude mice. This assay is a measure of the stem-cell quality of the cells and not a measure of metastasis. It does demonstrate phenotypic changes that could be linked to metastasis.

shRNA was used to down-regulate vimentin or Xist in the MCF7 C238S cells. The description of the data is limited in parts and data sets require careful scrutiny to understand the full picture. Down-regulation of vimentin reversed the morphological changes to some degree, but down-regulation of Xist didn't. Conversely, down-regulation of Xist inhibited cell growth, a sign of reversing metastatic potential, but down-regulation of vimentin had no effect on growth. Down-regulation of either did inhibit cell migration, another sign of metastatic reversal. The interpretation of this type of experiment is handicapped when full reversal of expression is not achieved, as was the case in this study.

Overall the study describes an intriguing model of metastasis that is worthy of further investigation, especially at the molecular level to unravel the connection between vimentin and metastasis. The identification of a potential role for Xist in metastasis, beyond its normal role in female cells to inactivate one of the X chromosomes, corroborates the work of others demonstrating increased levels in a variety of tumours in women and even in some tumours in men. It would be of great interest to see where in metastatic cells Xist is expressed and what it binds to.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Hahn et al use bystander BRET, NanoBiT assays and APEX2 proteomics to investigate endosomal signaling of CCR7 by two agonists, CCL19 and CCL21. The authors suggest that CCR7 signals from early endosomes following internalisation. They use spatial proteomics to try to identify novel interacting partners that may facilitate this signaling and use this data to specifically enhance a Rac1 signaling pathway. The most novel findings are the APEX2 proteomics studies that provide new mechanisms.

Strengths:

(1) The APEX2 resource will be valuable to the GPCR and immunology community. It offers many opportunities to follow up on findings and discover new biology. The authors have used the resource to validate earlier findings in the current manuscript and in previous manuscripts.

(2) The results section is well written and can be followed very easily by the reader.

(3) Some findings verify previous studies (e.g. endomembrane signalling).

Weaknesses:

(1) The findings are interesting although the studies are almost all performed in HEK293 cells. I understand that these are commonly used in GPCR biology and current tools need to be improved in order to perform similar analyses in more relevant cell-lines. Future studies should focus on validating the findings of the current study in physiologically-relevant cell-lines.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript describes a comprehensive analysis of signalling downstream of the chemokine receptor CCR7. A comprehensive dataset supports the authors' hypothesis that G protein and beta arrestin signalling can occur simultaneously at CCR7 with implications for continued signalling following receptor endocytosis.

Strengths:

The experiments are well controlled and executed, employing a wide range of assay, using in the main, CCR7 transfectants. Data are well presented, with the authors claims supported by the data. The paper also has an excellent narrative which makes it relatively easy to follow. I think this would certainly be of interest to the readership of the journal.

Weaknesses:

The experiments are currently representative of signalling events in HEK293 transfectants and await verification in more relevant systems e.g. T-cells and dendritic cells.

Appraisal and Discussion

Overall, the authors appear to have achieved their experimental aims and provide substantial evidence that chemokine receptors can stimulate G proteins from within endosomes to regulate signalling pathways involved in cell migration. This builds upon earlier studies from the Legler group which showed that endocytosed CCR7 could activate Rac1 and influence lamellipodia formation. An unbiased mass spectrometry-based proteome profiling approach was used by the authors of this study to identify several candidate proteins which appear to play a role in receptor trafficking and signalling downstream of CCR7. These data may provide clues as to how other chemokine receptors are regulated post endocytosis in various leukocyte subsets.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

The authors investigate the gene expression variation in a rice diversity panel under normal and saline growth conditions to gain insight into the underlying molecular adaptive response to salinity. They present a convincing case to demonstrate that environment stress can induce selective pressure on gene expression, which is in agreement with their earlier study (Groen et al, 2020). The data seems to be a good fit for their study and overall the analytic approach is robust.

(1) The work started by investigating the effect of genotype and their interaction at each transcript level using 3'-end-biased mRNA sequencing, and detect a wide-spread GXE effect. Later, using the total filled grain number as a proxy of fitness, they estimated the strength of selection on each transcript and reported stronger selective pressure in saline environment. However, this current framework rely on precise estimation of fitness and, therefore can be sensitive to the choice of fitness proxy.

(2) Furthermore, the authors decomposed the genetic architecture of expression variation into cis- and trans-eQTL in each environment separately and reported more unique environment specific trans-eQTLs than cis-. The relative contribution of cis- and trans-eQTL depends on both the abundance and effect size. I wonder why the latter was not reported while comparing these two different genetic architectures. If the authors were to compare the variation explained by these two categories of eQTL instead of their frequency, would the inference that trans-eQTLs are primarily associated with expression variation still hold?

(3) Next, the authors investigated the relationship between cis- and trans-eQTLs at transcript level and revealed an excess of reinforcement over compensation pattern. Here, I struggle to understand the motivation for testing the relationship by comparing the effect of cis-QTL with the mean effect of all trans-eQTLs of a given transcript. My concern is that taking the mean can diminish the effect of small trans-eQTLs potentially biasing the relationship towards the large-effect eQTLs.

Comments on latest version:

After the revision, the article has improved substantially. The authors have addressed most of my concerns and suggestions, except for testing the eQTL reinforcement/compensation relationship in the context of genetic architecture. I understand the motivation for testing this relationship at the gene level to determine whether it arises from directional or stabilizing selection, rather than examining it in a cis-trans pairwise fashion. However, I find the definition of this relationship unclear. The authors state in line 824 that "Genes were defined as compensating and reinforcing if they had at least 60% of individuals with opposite and same cis-trans allelic configuration, respectively." In contrast, if I understood correctly, the response to reviewers describes the relationship as reinforcing if the cis-eQTL effect is in the same direction as the mean effect of all the detected trans-eQTLs. I would request that the authors clarify their method of defining this relationship. Also, one should be aware of the fact that this relationship can evolve neutrally. Since there was no formal test performed to say it is otherwise, the authors might need to interpret the relationship carefully.

While the authors explain the possible factors that could lead to the trend of observing widespread genotype-dependent plastic responsse without significant genotype-dependent plasticity for fitness (L142), it is also important to consider the time axis. While filled grain serves as a proxy for fitness over time, gene expression profiles provide only a snapshot at a given time point. Therefore, temporal GxE dynamics may also play a role here.

Also, I am a little surprised by not mentioning anything about the code availability in this manuscript. I would request the authors to incorporate that in the revised version.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

In this work, the authors conducted a large-scale field trial of 130 indica accessions in normal vs. moderate salt stress conditions. The experiment consists of 3 replicates for each accession in each treatment, making it 780 plants in total. Leaf transcriptome, plant traits, and final yield were collected. Starting from a quantitative genetics framework, the authors first dissected the heritability and selection forces acting on gene expression. After summarizing the selection force acting on gene expression (or plant traits) in each environment, the authors described the difference in gene expression correlation between environments. The final part consists of eQTL investigation and categorizing cis- and trans-effects acting on gene expression.

Building on the group's previous study and using a similar methodology (Groen et al. 2020, 2021), the unique aspect of this study is in incorporating large-scale empirical field works and combining gene expression data with plant traits. Unlike many systems biology studies, this study strongly emphasizes the quantitative genetics perspective and investigates the empirical fitness effects of gene expression data. The large amounts of RNAseq data (one sample for each plant individual) also allow heritability calculation. This study also utilizes the population genetics perspective to test for traces of selection around eQTL. As there are too many genes to fit in multiple regression (for selection analysis) and to construct the G-matrix (for breeder's equation), grouping genes into PCs is a very good idea.

In the previous review, three major points were mentioned. The manuscript was modified, and here I briefly summarize them as a reference for future works:

(1) The separate sections (selection analysis, transcript correlation structure change, and eQTL) could use better integration.<br /> (2) It would be worth considering joint analyses integrating the two environments together.<br /> (3) Whether gene expression PCs or unique expression modules should be used in selection analyses.

Regarding whether to use PCs or WGCNA eigengenes to summarize gene expression for selection analyses, the authors reported that only a few WGCNA eigengenes were under selection, citing this observation as the rationale for choosing PC over eigengenes. However, as the relative false positive-negative rates of these choices likely require another dedicated study to explore, at this stage, it might be premature to state which method is better based on which gives more positive results. On one hand, one could easily imagine that plants screwed up by salinity have erratic genomewide expression and become extreme data points on the PCs, making the PCs a good proxy to correlate with fitness. On the other, it remains to be discussed whether this genomewide screwed-up-ness is what we want to measure in this study or whether we should focus on more dedicated gene modules instead. I suggest the authors acknowledge both possibilities. In this revision, I do not see relevant WGCNA results (as mentioned in the previous response letter) reported.

Figure 4: The observation that chlorophyll a content is under negative selection under BOTH conditions is a bit counterintuitive. The manuscript only mentioned "consistent with the general trend for reduced photosynthesis under salinity stress" (line 329) but did not mention why this increased fitness, even in normal conditions.

Reviewer #4 (Public review):

The manuscript examines how patterns of selection on gene expression differ between a normal field environment and a field environment with elevated salinity based upon transcript abundances obtained from leaves of a diverse panel of rice germplasm. In addition, the manuscript also maps expression QTL (eQTL) that explains variation in each environment. One highlight from the mapping is that a small group of trans-mapping regulators explains some gene expression variation for large sets of transcripts in each environment.

The overall scope of the datasets is impressive, combining large field studies that capture information about fecundity, gene expression, and trait variation at multiple sites. The finding related to patterns indicating increased LD among eQTLs that have cis-trans compensatory or reinforcing effects in interesting in the context of other recent work finding patterns of epistatic selection. The authors have made some changes that address previous comments. However, some analyses in the manuscript remain less compelling or do not make the most from the value of collected data. Although the authors have made several improvements to the precision with which field-specific terminology is applied and to the language chosen when interpreting analytical findings, additional changes to improve these aspects of the manuscript remain necessary.

Selection of gene expression: One strength of the dataset is that gene expression and fecundity were measured for the same genotypes in multiple environments. However, the selection analyses are largely conducted within environments. Addition of phenotypic selection analyses that jointly analyze gene expression across environments and or selection on reaction norms would be worthwhile.

Gene expression trade-offs: The terminology and possibly methods involved in the section on gene expression trade-offs need amendment. I specifically recommend discontinuing reference to the analysis presented as an analysis of antagonistic pleiotropy (rather than more general as trade-offs) because pleiotropy is defined as a property of a genotype, not a phenotype. Gene expression levels are a molecular phenotype, influenced by both genotype and the environment. By conducting analyses of selection within environments as reported, the analysis does not account for the fact that the distribution of phenotypic values, the fitness surface, or both may differ across environments. Thus, this presents a very different situation than asking whether the genotypic effect of a QTL on fitness differs across environments, which is the context in which the contrasting terms antagonistic pleiotropy and conditional neutrality have been traditionally applied. The results reported do not persuasively support the assertion made in the response to reviewers that the terminology is reasonable due to strong coupling between genotype and phenotype. A more interesting analysis would be to examine whether the covariance of phenotype with fitness has truly changed between environments or whether the phenotypic distribution has just shifted to a different area of a static fitness surface.

Biological processes under selection / Decoherence: In the initial review, it was noted that PCA is likely not the most ideal way to cluster genes to generate consolidated metrics for a selection gradient analysis. Because individual genes will contribute to multiple PCs, the current fractional majority-rule method applied to determine whether a PC is under direct or indirect selection for increased or decreased expression comes across as arbitrary and with the potential for double-counting genes. A gene co-expression network analysis could be more appropriate, as genes only belong to one module and one can examine how selection is acting on the eigengene of a co-expression module. Building gene co-expression modules would also provide a complementary and more concrete framework for evaluating whether salinity stress induces "decoherence" and which functional groups of genes are most impacted. Although results of co-expression network analyses are now briefly discussed in the response to reviewers, the findings and their relationship to the PCA/"decoherence" analyses are not reported in the manuscript.

Selection of traits: Having paired organismal and molecular trait data is a strength of the manuscript, but the organismal trait data are underutilized. The manuscript as written only makes weak indirect inferences based on GO categories or assumed gene functions to connect selection at the organismal and molecular levels. After prompted by the initial reviews to test for correspondence between SNPs that explain organismal and gene expression trait variation or co-variance of co-expression module variation and trait variation, the response to reviewers indicates finding negative results. These findings should be included in the manuscript text and discussed.

Genetic architecture of gene expression variation: More descriptive statistics of the eQTL analysis have been included, although additional information about the variation in these measures within environments would be useful. The motivation for featuring patterns of cis-trans compensation specifically for the results obtained under high salinity conditions remains unclear to me. If the lines sampled have predominantly evolved under low salinity conditions, and the hypothesis being evaluated relates to historical experience of stabilizing selection, then evaluating the eQTL patterns under normal conditions provides the more relevant test of the hypothesis.

Lines 280-282: The revised sentence continues to read as an overstatement and merits additional revision with citations.

Lines 379-381: Following revision, it still remains unclear how the interpretation follows from the above analysis; the inference as written goes significantly beyond what may be specifically inferable from the result.

Reviewer #5 (Public review):

Summary:

The researchers examined selection across multiple levels, including gene expression, biological processes, and regulatory mechanisms, with a particular focus on comparing selection between different environmental conditions. They further explored potential evolutionary mechanisms. This is made possible with a comprehensive dataset comprising gene expression data from 130 accessions with three replicates collected in two environments in the field, genomic data from 125 genotypes, and associated physiological traits. The findings have significant implications for understanding the evolution of stress adaptation, and the identified possible genes and pathways for further investigation.

The researchers began by focusing on the selection of gene expression across two environments, comparing the number of genes under selection and the effect sizes, as well as examining how selection in each environment acts on the same individual genes. They then expanded their analysis to consider selection in biological processes, investigating the relationships between selection acting on individual genes within processes and selection acting among different processes.<br /> Additionally, they explored selection at the organismal level by examining traits.

The study further transitioned from analyzing individual gene expression to investigating gene-gene interactions. They briefly examined correlation variation among gene pairs between the two conditions, identifying pairs with rewired interactions that suggest potential selection on gene regulation or the effect of rewiring on tolerance. The researchers then delved into the genetic architecture underlying these patterns by mapping eQTLs. Their comparison of cis- and trans-eQTLs revealed that trans-eQTLs were more variable across conditions. Notably, they identified hotspots representing master regulators that possibly underlie the greater variability of trans-eQTLs across environments. They further discovered that trans-eQTLs are generally under purifying selection (particularly in salt conditions), while cis-eQTLs are under balancing selection, exhibiting higher nucleotide diversity. As for how cis- and trans-eQTL effects combine at the level of individual genes, more are found to be reinforced and the hypothesis of genetic fixation on cis- and trans-eQTL effects combination is further tested.

Strengths:

A key strength of this study is its comprehensive approach, extending beyond the analysis of gene expression to include gene-gene interactions, genetic architectures, and selections of genetic regulation factors. The exploration of gene expression selection through its connection with fitness, as introduced in the researchers' previous work, provides valuable insights into the role of gene expression in adaptation. The study investigates selection across multiple levels of biological responses, including individual gene expression, genes associated with biological processes, gene-gene interactions, and the underlying genetic architecture. The experimental design enables a direct comparison of selection between control and salinity conditions, which sheds light on the effects of stress on selection and the dynamics of adaptation to stress. Additionally, the manuscript is well-written, with a clear connection to current literature. The discussion effectively integrates findings with broader implications, making it a satisfying read.

Weaknesses:

The lack of formal testing for environment-specific selections (e.g., selection of gene expression specifically in salinity stress, PCs, or traits) is a major limitation, as previous reviewers have flagged. Explicit tests of eQTLs variation between conditions are introduced, so similar formal tests should also be introduced in selection sections. For example, a formal test of selections of gene expression might be helpful to solve variance/mean- standardization concerns between two environments.

Additionally, some aspects of the analysis appear somewhat arbitrary and could benefit from further sensitivity testing. Line 203: The concern about bias in detecting more CN than AP, as mentioned by the authors and previously flagged by reviewers, does not seem fully resolved with the current methods given the arbitrary cut-off. Incorporating additional tests suggesting the conclusion is insensitive to the cutoff would be very helpful. Similar is the classification of genes into compensatory and reinforcing categories based on 60% of individuals as a cutoff.

While this study focuses on gene regulation, its connection with the selection of gene expression and biological pathways is not well integrated. In particular, the discovery of eQTLs is not explicitly linked to gene expression selection or biological pathways, leaving this relationship underexplored. Suggestive comments: Currently the summarization of selection is based on eQTLs. It would be interesting to also summarize the selection patterns identified from previous sections based on genes being cis/trans-regulated. Moreover, it might be interesting to see if there is more loss or gain of eQTLs under salt stress and their functions. The current results mentioned variations of eQTLs but not clear if they are loss or gain. E.g., one way is to identify genes related to cis and trans-eQTLs and see their correlation changes with genes being regulated using CILP (also as a way to informatively narrow down gene pairs for CILP).

Similarly, the section on selection at the organismal trait level appears disconnected from the rest of the analysis (e.g., if it is not tested to be related to other features, mentioning why it might not be related would be helpful). Admittedly, the discussion of how biological processes discovered at different levels integrate together is helpful.

Other comments: given there is no comparison between loss of coherence (correlations) and gain of coherence under salinity stress to show the dominant role of decoherence, maybe need to also discuss the genes and processes related to the gain of coherence? This is because the understanding of activation (gain of coherence) of some regulations/processes under stress conditions could also be interesting. It is not clear if decoherence (e.g., lines 293-296) refers to significant correlation changes or just loss of the correlation in salinity stress.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The conserved AAA-ATPase PCH-2 has been shown in several organisms including C. elegans to remodel classes of HORMAD proteins that act in meiotic pairing and recombination. In some organisms the impact of PCH-2 mutations is subtle but becomes more apparent when other aspects of recombination are perturbed. Patel et al. performed a set of elegant experiments in C. elegans aimed at identifying conserved functions of PCH-2. Their work provides such an opportunity because in C. elegans meiotically expressed HORMADs localize to meiotic chromosomes independently of PCH-2. Work in C. elegans also allows the authors to focus on nuclear PCH-2 functions as opposed to cytoplasmic functions also seen for PCH-2 in other organisms.

The authors performed the following experiments:

(1) They constructed C. elegans animals with SNPs that enabled them to measure crossing over in intervals that cover most of four of the six chromosomes. They then showed that double-crossovers, which were common on most of the four chromosomes in wild-type, were absent in pch-2. They also noted shifts in crossover distribution in the four chromosomes.

(2) Based on the crossover analysis and previous studies they hypothesized that PCH-2 plays a role at an early stage in meiotic prophase to regulate how SPO-11 induced double-strand breaks are utilized to form crossovers. They tested their hypothesis by performing ionizing irradiation and depleting SPO-11 at different stages in meiotic prophase in wild-type and pch-2 mutant animals. The authors observed that irradiation of meiotic nuclei in zygotene resulted in pch-2 nuclei having a larger number of nuclei with 6 or greater crossovers (as measured by COSA-1 foci) compared to wildtype. Consistent with this observation, SPO11 depletion, starting roughly in zygotene, also resulted in pch-2 nuclei having an increase in 6 or more COSA-1 foci compared to wildtype. The increased number at this time point appeared beneficial because a significant decrease in univalents was observed.

(3) They then asked if the above phenotypes correlated with the localization of MSH-5, a factor that stabilizes crossover-specific DNA recombination intermediates. They observed that pch-2 mutants displayed an increase in MSH-5 foci at early times in meiotic prophase and an unexpectedly higher number at later times. They conclude based on the differences in early MSH-5 localization and the SPO-11 and irradiation studies that PCH-2 prevents early DSBs from becoming crossovers and early loading of MSH-5. By analyzing different HORMAD proteins that are defective in forming the closed conformation acted upon by PCH-2, they present evidence that MSH-5 loading was regulated by the HIM-3 HORMAD.

(4) They performed a crossover homeostasis experiment in which DSB levels were reduced. The goal of this experiment was to test if PCH-2 acts in crossover assurance. Interestingly, in this background PCH-2 negative nuclei displayed higher levels of COSA-1 foci compared to PCH-2 positive nuclei. This observation and a further test of the model suggested that "PCH-2's presence on the SC prevents crossover designation."

(5) Based on their observations indicating that early DSBS are prevented from becoming crossovers by PCH-2, the authors hypothesized that the DNA damage kinase CHK-2 and PCH-2 act to control how DSBs enter the crossover pathway. This hypothesis was developed based on their finding that PCH-2 prevents early DSBs from becoming crossovers and previous work showing that CHK-2 activity is modulated during meiotic recombination progression. They tested their hypothesis using a mutant synaptonemal complex component that maintains high CHK-2 activity that cannot be turned off to enable crossover designation. Their finding that the pch-2 mutation suppressed the crossover defect (as measured by COSA-1 foci) supports their hypothesis.

Based on these studies the authors provide convincing evidence that PCH-2 prevents early DSBs from becoming crossovers and controls the number and distribution of crossovers to promote a regulated mechanism that ensures the formation of obligate crossovers and crossover homeostasis. As the authors note, such a mechanism is consistent with earlier studies suggesting that early DSBs could serve as "scouts" to facilitate homolog pairing or to coordinate the DNA damage response with repair events that lead to crossing over. The detailed mechanistic insights provided in this work will certainly be used to better understand functions for PCH-2 in meiosis in other organisms.

Comments on revisions:

The authors responded very carefully to all of my concerns expressed in the first review, which were primarily aimed at improving the clarity of the manuscript.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper has some intriguing data regarding the different potential roles of Pch-2 in ensuring crossing over. In particular the alterations in crossover distribution and Msh-5 foci are compelling. My main issue is that some of the models are confusingly presented and would benefit from some reframing. The role of Pch-2 across organisms has been difficult to determine, the ability to separate pairing and synapsis roles in worms provides a great advantage for this paper.

Strengths:

Beautiful genetic data, clearly made figures. Great system for studying the role of Pch-2 in crossing over.

Comments on revisions: The authors have responded to all major and minor critiques.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript describes an in-depth analysis of the effect of the AAA+ ATPase PCH-2 on meiotic crossover formation in C. elegant. The authors reach several conclusions and attempt to synthesize a 'universal' framework for the role of this factor in eukaryotic meiosis.

Strengths:

The manuscript makes use of the advantages of the 'conveyor' belt system within the c.elegans reproductive tract, to enable a series of elegant genetic experiments

Weaknesses:

A weakness of this manuscript is that it heavily relies on certain genetic/cell biological assays that can report on distinct crossover outcomes, without clear and directed control over other aspects and variables that might also impact the final repair outcome. Such assays are currently out of reach in this model system.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This interesting manuscript first shows that human, murine, and feline sperm penetrate the zona pellucida (ZP) of bovine oocytes recovered directly from the ovary, although first cleavage rates are reduced. Similarly, bovine sperm can penetrate superovulated murine oocytes recovered directly from the ovary. However, bovine oocytes incubated with oviduct fluid (30 min) are generally impenetrable by human sperm.

Thereafter, the cytoplasm was aspirated from murine oocytes - obtained from the ovary or oviduct. Binding and penetration by bovine and human sperm was reduced in both groups relative to homologous (murine) sperm. However, heterologous (bovine and human) sperm penetration was further reduced in oviduct vs. ovary derived empty ZP. These data show that outer (ZP) not inner (cytoplasmic) oocyte alterations reduce heterologous sperm penetration as well as homologous sperm binding.

This was repeated using empty bovine ZP incubated, or not, with bovine oviduct fluid. Prior oviduct fluid exposure reduced non-homologous (human and murine) empty ZP penetration, polyspermy, and sperm binding. This demonstrates that species-specific oviduct fluid factors regulate ZP penetrability.

To test the hypothesis that OVGP1 is responsible, the authors obtained histidiine-tagged bovine and murine OVGP1 and DDK-tagged human OVGP1 proteins. Tagging was to enable purification following over-expression in BHK-21 or HEK293T cells. The authors confirm these recombinant OVGP1 proteins bound to both murine and bovine oocytes. Moreover, previous data using oviduct fluid was mirrored using bovine oocytes supplemented with homologous (bovine) recombinant OVGP1, or not. This confirms the hypothesis, at least in cattle.

Next, the authors exposed bovine and murine empty ZP to bovine, murine, and human recombinant OVGP1, in addition to bovine, murine, or human sperm. Interestingly, both species-specific ZP and OVGP1 seem to be required for optimal sperm binding and penetration.

Lastly, empty bovine and murine ZP were treated with neuraminidase, or not, with or without pre-treatment with homologous OVGP1. In each case, neuraminidase reduced sperm binding and penetration. This further demonstrates that both ZP and OVGP1 are required for optimal sperm binding and penetration.

In summary, the authors demonstrate that two mechanisms seem to underpin mammalian sperm recognition and penetration, the first being specific (ZP-mediated) and the second non-specific (OVGP1 mediated).

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In the manuscript de la Fuente et al analyze the species specificity of sperm-egg recognition by looking at sperm binding and penetration of zonae pellucidae from different mammalian species and find a role for the oviductal protein OVGP1 in determining species specificity.

Strengths:

By combining sperm, oocytes, zona pellucida (ZP), and oviductal fluid from different mammalian species, they elucidate the essential role of OVGP1 in conferring species-specific fertilization.

Weaknesses:

Mice with OVGP1 deletion are viable and fertile. It would be quite interesting to investigate the species-specificity of sperm-ZP binding in this model. That would indicate whether OVGP1 is the only glycoprotein involved in determining species-specificity. Alternatively, the authors could immunodeplete OVGP1 from oviductal fluid and then ascertain whether this depleted fluid retains the ability to impede cross-species fertilization.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors submitted a revised manuscript that reports findings from a series of experiments suggesting that bovine oviductal fluid and species-specific oviductal glycoprotein (OVGP1 or oviductin) from bovine, murine, or human sources modulate the species specificity of bovine and murine oocytes.

Strengths:

The study reported in the manuscript deals with an important topic of interest in reproductive biology.

Weaknesses:

The authors have submitted a revised manuscript with much improvement and have answered many of this reviewer's questions. However, some of the previous questions have been dealt with inadequately. There are still several issues that need to be dealt with. In particular, there are questions regarding the specificity and/or purity of the recombinant human and mouse OVGP1 which could be detrimental to the reliability of the recombinant human and mouse OVGP1s used in the study and the validity of the results presented. This Discussion should cover more broadly what has already been published in literature.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this study, a chromosome-level genome of the rose-grain aphid M. dirhodum was assembled with high quality, and A-to-I RNA-editing sites were systematically identified. The authors then demonstrated that: 1) Wing dimorphism induced by crowding in M. dirhodum is regulated by 20E (ecdysone signaling pathway); 2) an A-to-I RNA editing prevents the binding of miR-3036-5p to CYP18A1 (the enzyme required for 20E degradation), thus elevating CYP18A1 expression, decreasing 20E titer, and finally regulating the wing dimorphism of offspring.

Strengths:

The authors present both genome and A-to-I RNA editing data. An interesting finding is that a A-to-I RNA editing site in CYP18A1 ruin the miRNA binding site of miR-3036-5p. And loss of miR-3036-5p regulation lead to less 20E and winged offspring.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Summary:

Environmental influences on development are ubiquitous, affecting many phenotypes in organisms. However molecular genetic and cellular mechanisms transducing environmental signals are still only barely understood. This study examines part of one such intracellular mechanism in a polyphenic (or dimorphic) aphid.

Strengths:

While other published reports have linked phenotypic plasticity to RNA editing before, this study reports such an interaction in insects. The study uses a wide array of molecular tools to identify connections upstream and downstream of the RNA editing to elucidate the regulatory mechanism, which is illuminating.

Weaknesses:

While this system is intriguing, this report does not foster confidence in its conclusions. Many of the analyses seem based on very small sample sizes. It is itself problematic that sample sizes are not obvious in most figures, although based on Methods section covering RNAseq, they seem to be either 3, 6 or 9, depending on whether stages were pooled, but that point is not made clear. With such small sample sizes, statistical tests of any kind are unreliable. Besides the ambiguity on sample sizes, it's unclear what error bars or whiskers show in plots throughout this study. When sample sizes are small estimates of variance are not reliable. Student's t-test is not appropriate for comparisons with such small sample sizes. Presently, it is not possible to replicate the tests shown in Figures 3, 4 and 6. (Besides the HT-seq reads, other data should also be made publicly available, following the journal's recommendations.) Regardless, effect sizes in some comparisons (Fig 3J, 4A-C, 6E,H) are clearly not large, making confidence in conclusions low. The authors should be cautious about over-interpreting these data.

[Editors' note: The authors made a great effort to address the reviewers' concerns. The current manuscript is significantly improved with additional data and clarification.]

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This paper focuses on secondary structure and homodimers in the HIV genome. The authors introduce a new method called HiCapR which reveals secondary structure, homodimer, and long-range interactions in the HIV genome. The experimental design and data analysis are well-documented and statistically sound.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have addressed key questions and highlighted the advantages of HiCapR.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In the manuscript "Mapping HIV-1 RNA Structure, Homodimers, Long-Range Interactions and 1 persistent domains by HiCapR" Zhang et al report results from an omics-type approach to mapping RNA crosslinks within the HIV RNA genome under different conditions i.e. in infected cells and in virions. Reportedly, they used a previously published method which, in the present case, was improved for application to RNAs of low abundance.

Their claims include the detection of numerous long-range interactions, some of which differ between cellular and virion RNA. Further claims concern the detection and analysis of homodimers.

Strengths:

(1) The method developed here works with extremely little viral RNA input and allows for the comparison of RNA from infected cells versus virions.

(2) The findings, if validated properly, are certainly interesting to the community.

Weaknesses:

(1) On the communication level, the present version of the manuscript suffers from a number of shortcomings. I may be insufficiently familiar with habits in this community, but for RNA afficionados just a little bit outside of the viral-RNA-X-link community, the original method (reference 22) and the presumed improvement here are far too little explained, namely in something like three lines (98-100). This is not at all conducive to further reading.

(2) Experimentally, the manuscript seems to be based on a single biological replicate, so there is strong concern about reproducibility.

(3) The authors perform an extensive computational analysis from a limited number of datasets, which are in thorough need of experimental validation

Comments on revisions:

The authors have made cosmetic changes with regards to the problems I raised. 1 - Reproducibilty: the rebuttal letter says there are now 3 replicates, but there is only data for 2 in the supplement. The generation of biological replicates needs to be precisely stated, e.g. taken on different days, from separate cultures, or from neighbouring dishes on the same day etc. I think, the manuscript would greatly benefit from the comparison of at least 3 replicates that were not generated on the same day. Given that the authors report a r2 of 0.99 between the sets they have, this seems quite plausible.

The validation of the dimerisation sites is marginally better, but the authors should read up on significant digits and how precise Kd values can be determined.

The authors state that they want to make several of the experimeriments that would address my issues in the future in the context of another study. I find that disappointing, and correspondingly the present datasets insufficient for further endorsement.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors identified nanobodies that were specific for the trypanosomal enzyme pyruvate kinase in previous work seeking diagnostic tools. They have shown that a site involved in the allosteric regulation of the enzyme is targeted by the nanobody and using elegant structural approaches to pinpoint where binding occurs, opening the way to the design of small molecules that could also target this site.

Strengths:

The structural work shows the binding of a nanobody to a specific site on Trypanosoma congolense pyruvate kinase and provides a good explanation as to how binding inhibits enzyme activity. The authors go on to show that by expressing the nanobodies within the parasites they can get some inhibition of growth, which albeit rather weak, they provide a case on how this could point to targeting the same site with small molecules as potential trypanocidal drugs.

Weaknesses:

The impact on growth is rather marginal. Although explanations are offered on the reasons for that, including the high turnover rate of the expressed nanobody and the difficulty in achieving the high levels of inhibition of pyruvate kinase required to impact energy production sufficiently to kill parasites, this aspect of the work doesn't offer great support to developing small molecule inhibitors of the same site.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this work, the authors show that the camelid single-chain antibody sdAb42 selectivity inhibits Trypanosome pyruvate kinase (PYK) but not human PYK. Through the determination of the crystal structure and biophysical experiments, the authors show that the nanobody binds to the inactive T-state of the enzyme, and in silico analysis shows that the binding site coincides with an allosteric hotspot, suggesting that nanobody binding may affect the enzyme active site. Binding to the T-state of the enzyme is further supported by non-linear inhibition kinetics. PYK is an important enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, and inhibition is likely to have an impact on organisms such a trypanosomes, that heavily rely on glycolysis for their energy production. The nanobody was generated against Trypanosoma congolense PYK, but for technical reasons the authors progressed to testing its impact on cell viability in Trypanosoma brucei brucei. First, they show that sdA42 is able to inhibit Tbb PYK, albeit with lower potency. Cell-based experiments next show that expression of sdA42 has a modest, and dose-dependent effect on the growth rate of Tbb. The authors conclude that their data indicates that targeting this allosteric site affects cell growth and is a valuable new option for the development of new chemotherapeutics for trypanosomatid diseases.

Strengths:

The work clearly shows that sdA42A inhibits Trypanosome and Leishmania PYK selectively, with no inhibition of the human orthologue. The crystal structure clearly identifies the binding site of the nanobody, and the accompanying analysis supports that the antibody acts as an allosteric inhibitor of PYK, by locking the enzyme in its apo state (T-state).

Weaknesses:

(1) The most impactful claim of this work is that sdAb42-mediated inhibition of PYK negatively affects parasite growth and that this presents an opportunity to develop novel chemotherapeutics for trypanosomatid diseases. For the following reasons I think this claim is not sufficiently supported:

- The authors do not provide evidence of target-engagement in cells, i.e. they do not show that sdA42A binds to, or inhibits, Tbb PYK in cells and/or do not provide a functional output consistent with PYK inhibition (e.g. effect on ATP production). Measuring the extent of target engagement and inhibition is important to draw conclusions from the modest effect on growth.

- The authors do not explore the selectivity of sdA42A in cells. Potentially sdA42A may cross-react with other proteins in cells, which would confound interpretation of the results.

- sdA42A only affects minor growth inhibition in Tbb. The growth defect is used as the main evidence to support targeting this site with chemotherapeutics, however based on the very modest effect on the parasites, one could reasonably claim that PYK is actually not a good drug target. The strongest effect on growth is seen for the high expressor clone in Figure 4a, however here the uninduced cells show an unusual profile, with a sudden increase in growth rate after 4 days, something that is not seen for any of the other control plots. This unexplained observation accentuates the growth difference between induced and uninduced, and the growth differences seen in all other experiments, including those with the highest expressors (clones 54 and 55) are much more modest. The loss of expression of sdA42A over time is presented as a reason for the limited effect, and used to further support the hypothesis that targeting the allosteric site is a suitable avenue for the development of new drugs. However, strong evidence for this is missing.

- For chemotherapeutic interventions to be possible, a ligandable site is required. There is no analysis provided of the antibody binding site to indicate that small molecule binding is indeed feasible.

(2) The authors comment on the modest growth inhibition, and refer to the need to achieve over 88% reduction in Vmax of PYK to see a strong effect, something that may or may not be achieved in the cell-based model (no target-engagement or functional readout provided). The slow binding model and switch of species are also raised as potential explanations. While these may be plausible explanations, they are not tested which leaves us with limited evidence to support targeting the allosteric site on PYK.

(3) The evidence to support an allosteric mechanism is derived from structural studies, including the in silico allosteric network predictions. Unfortunately, standard enzyme kinetics mode of inhibition studies are missing. Such studies could distinguish uncompetitive from non-competitive behaviour and strengthen the claim that sdAb42 locks the enzyme complex in the apo form.

(4) As general comment, the graphical representation of the data could be improved in line with recent recommendations: https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128, https://elifesciences.org/inside-elife/5114d8e9/webinar-report-transforming-data-visualisation-to-improve-transparency-and-reproducibility.

- Bar-charts for potency are ideally presented as dot plots, showing the individual data points, or box plots with datapoints shown.

- Images in Figure 7 show significant heterogeneity of nanobody expression, but the extent of this can not be gleaned from Figure 7B. It would be much better to use box plots or violin plots for each cell line on this figure panel. The same applies to Figure 10.

Comments on revision:

The authors have reduced the emphasis on the potential drug discovery applications. They are now referring to opportunities using a so called "chemo-superior" approach. This is not a commonly used term, and the newly added text seems to indicate that "chemo-superiors" target sites exposed by antibody binding, whereas the paper that the authors refer to (Lawson, 2012), defines "chemo-superiors" as small-molecules that induce similar effects to antibodies. I suggest removing the term "chemo-superior" altogether, as it has not been used since being coined in 2012, and instead simply point out the examples where antibodies have successfully informed small molecule design.

Unfortunately, the authors were unable to carry out additional experiments. Any experimental data to support their hypotheses as to why the observed growth defect is only marginal, and how the effect on growth could be increased, would have been very useful. As such, the evidence to support embarking on a drug discovery campaign for this allosteric site remains very limited.

The authors do provide some evidence of a druggable allosteric pocket, that partially overlaps with the antibody binding site, which is useful. However, I also ran the APOP tool on TcoPYK and it reveals 217 potential allosteric pockets all over the protein. The authors should provide the rank and APOP confidence score for the pocket that they have selected, to show that this is a high confidence allosteric pocket.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Out of the 20 Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) highlighted by the WHO, three are caused by members of the trypanosomatids, namely Leishmanaisis, Trypanosomiasis, and Chagas disease. Trypanosomal glycolytic enzymes including pyruvate kinase (PyK) have long been recognised as potential targets. In this important study, single-chain camelid antibodies have been developed as novel and potent inhibitors of PyK from the T, congolense. To gain structural insight into the mode of action, binding was further characterised by biophysical and structural methods, including crystal structure determination of the enzyme-nanobody complex. The results revealed a novel allosteric mechanism/pathway with significant potential for the future development of novel drugs targeting allosteric and/or cryptic binding sites.

Strengths:

This paper covers an important area of science towards the development of novel therapies for three of the Neglected Tropical Diseases. The manuscript is very clearly written with excellent graphics making it accessible to a wide readership beyond experts. Particular strengths are the wide range of experimental and computational techniques applied to an important biological problem. The use of nanobodies in all areas from biophysical binding experiments and X-ray crystallography to in-vivo studies is particularly impressive. This is likely to inspire researchers from many areas to consider the use of nanobodies in their fields.

Weaknesses:

There is no particular weakness, but I think the computational analysis of allostery, which basically relies on a single server could have been more detailed.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Although the use of antimony has been discontinued in India, the observation that there are Leishmania parasites that are resistant to antimony in circulation has been cited as evidence that these resistant parasites are now a distinct strain with properties that ensure their transmission and persistence. It is of interest to determine what are the properties that favor the retention of their drug resistance phenotype even in the absence of the selective pressure that would otherwise be conferred by the drug. The hypothesis that these authors set out to test is that these parasites have developed a new capacity to acquire and utilize lipids, especially cholesterol which affords them the capacity to grow robustly in infected hosts.

Major issues:

There are several experiments for which they do not provide sufficient details, but proceed to make significant conclusions.

Experiments in section 5 are poorly described. They supposedly isolated PVs from infected cells. No details of their protocol for the isolation of PVs are provided. They reference a protocol for PV isolation that focused on the isolation of PVs after L. amazonensis infection. In the images of infection that they show, by 24 hrs, infected cells harbor a considerable number of parasites. Is it at the 24 hr time point that they recover PVs? What is the purity of PVs? The authors should provide evidence of the success of this protocol in their hands. Earlier, they mentioned that using imaging techniques, the PVs seem to have fused or interconnected somehow. Does this affect the capacity to recover PVs? If more membranes are recovered in the PV fraction, it may explain the higher cholesterol content.

In section 6 they evaluate the mechanism of LDL uptake in macrophages. Several approaches and endocytic pathway inhibitors are employed. The authors must be aware that the role of cytochalasin D in the disruption of fluid phase endocytosis is controversial. Although they reference a study that suggests that cytochalasin D has no effect on fluid-phase endocytosis, other studies have found the opposite (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058054). It wasn't readily evident what concentrations were used in their study. They should consider testing more than 1 concentration of the drug before they make their conclusions on their findings on fluid phase endocytosis.

In Figure 5 they present a blot that shows increased Lamp1 expression from as early as 4 hrs after infection with LD-R and by 12 hrs after infection of both LD-S and LD-R. Increased Lamp1 expression after Leishmania infection has not been reported by others. By what mechanism do they suggest is causing such a rapid increase (at 4hrs post-infection) in Lamp-1 protein? As they report, their RNA seq data did not show an increase in LAMP1 transcription (lines 432 - 434).

In Figure 6, amongst several assays, they reported on studies where SPC-1 is knocked down in PECs. They failed to provide any evidence of the success of the knockdown, but nonetheless showed greater LD-R after NPC-1 was knocked down. They should provide more details of such experiments.

Minor issues

There is an implication that parasite replication occurs well before 24hrs post-infection? Studies on Leishmania parasite replication have reported on the commencement of replication after 24hrs post-infection of macrophages (PMCID: PMC9642900). Is this dramatic increase in parasite numbers that they observed due to early parasite replication?

Several of the fluorescence images in the paper are difficult to see. It would be helpful if a blown-up (higher magnification image of images in Figure 1 (especially D) for example) is presented.

The times at which they choose to evaluate their infections seem arbitrary. It is not clear why they stopped analysis of their KC infections at 24 hrs. As mentioned above, several studies have shown that this is when intracellular amastigotes start replicating. They should consider extending their analyses to 48 or 72 hrs post-infection. Also, they stop in vitro infection of Apoe-/- mice at 11 days. Why? No explanation is given for why only 1 point after infection.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This study by Pradhan et al. offers critical insights into the mechanisms by which antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani (LD-R) parasites alter host cell lipid metabolism to facilitate their own growth and, in the process, acquire resistance to amphotericin B therapy. The authors illustrate that LD-R parasites enhance LDL uptake via fluid-phase endocytosis, resulting in the accumulation of neutral lipids in the form of lipid droplets that surround the intracellular amastigotes within the parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) that support their development and contribute to amphotericin B treatment resistance. The evidence provided by the authors supporting the main conclusions is compelling, presenting rigorous controls and multiple complementary approaches. The work represents an important advance in understanding how intracellular parasites can modify host metabolism to support their survival and escape drug treatment.

Strengths:

(1) The study utilizes clinical isolates of antimony-resistant L. donovani and provides interesting mechanistic information regarding the increased LD-R isolate virulence and emerging amphotericin B resistance.

(2) The authors have used a comprehensive experimental approach to provide a link between antimony-resistant isolates, lipid metabolism, parasite virulence, and amphotericin B resistance. They have combined the following approaches:<br /> (a) In vivo infection models involving BL/6 and Apoe-/- mice.<br /> (b) Ex-vivo infection models using primary Kupffer cells (KC) and peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEC) as physiologically relevant host cells.<br /> (c) Various complementary techniques to ascertain lipid metabolism including GC-MS, Raman spectroscopy, microscopy.<br /> (d) Applications of genetic and pharmacological tools to show the uptake and utilization of host lipids by the infected macrophage resident L. donovani amastigotes.

(3) The outcome of this study has clear clinical significance. Additionally, the authors have supported their work by including patient data showing a clear clinical significance and correlation between serum lipid profiles and treatment outcomes.

(4) The present study effectively connects the basic cellular biology of host-pathogen interactions with clinical observations of drug resistance.

(5) Major findings in the study are well-supported by the data:<br /> (a) Intracellular LD-R parasites induce fluid-phase endocytosis of LDL independent of LDL receptor (LDLr).<br /> (b) Enhanced fusion of LDL-containing vesicles with parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) containing LD-R parasites both within infected KCs and PECs cells.<br /> (c) Intracellular cholesterol transporter NPC1-mediated cholesterol efflux from parasitophorous vacuoles is suppressed by the LD-R parasites within infected cells.<br /> (d) Selective exclusion of inflammatory ox-LDL through MSR1 downregulation.<br /> (e) Accumulation of neutral lipid droplets contributing to amphotericin B resistance.

Weaknesses:

The weaknesses are minor:

(1) The authors do not show how they ascertain that they have a purified fraction of the PV post-density gradient centrifugation.

(2) The study could have benefited from a more detailed analysis of how lipid droplets physically interfere with amphotericin B access to parasites.

Impact and significance:

This work makes several fundamental advances:

(1) The authors were able to show the link between antimony resistance and enhanced parasite proliferation.

(2) They were also able to reveal how parasites can modify host cell metabolism to support their growth while avoiding inflammation.

(3) They were able to show a certain mechanistic basis for emerging amphotericin B resistance.

(4) They suggest therapeutic strategies combining lipid droplet inhibitors with current drugs.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This work by Ding et al uses agent-based simulations to explore the role of the structure of molecular motor myosin filaments in force generation in cytoskeletal structures. The focus of the study is on disordered actin bundles which can occur in the cell cytoskeleton and have also been investigated with in vitro purified protein experiments.

Strengths:

The key finding is that cooperative effects between multiple myosin filaments can enhance both total force and the efficiency of force generation (force per myosin). These trends were possible to obtain only because the detailed structure of the motor filaments with multiple heads is represented in the model.

Weaknesses:

It is not clearly described what scientific/biological questions about cellular force production the work answers. There should be more discussion of how their simulation results compare with existing experiments or can be tested in future experiments.

The model assumptions and scientific context need to be described better.

The network contractility seems to be a mere appendix to the bundle contractility which is presented in much more detail.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors use a mechanical model to investigate how the geometry and deformations of myosin II filaments influence their force generation. They introduce a force generation efficiency that is defined as the ratio of the total generated force and the maximal force that the motors can generate. By changing the architecture of the myosin II filaments, they study the force generation efficiency in different systems: two filaments, a disorganized bundle, and a 2D network. In the simple two-filament systems, they found that in the presence of actin cross-linking proteins motors cannot add up their force because of steric hindrances. In the disorganized bundle, the authors identified a critical overlap of motors for cooperative force generation. This overlap is also influenced by the arrangement of the motor on the filaments and influenced by the length of the bare zone between the motor heads.

Strengths:

The strength of the study is the identification of organizational principles in myosin II filaments that influence force generation. It provides a complementary mechanistic perspective on the operation of these motor filaments. The force generation efficiency and the cooperative overlap number are quantitative ways to characterize the force generation of molecular motors in clusters and between filaments. These quantities and their conceptual implications are most likely also applicable in other systems.

Weaknesses:

The detailed model that the authors present relies on over 20 numerical parameters that are listed in the supplement. Because of this vast amount of parameters, it is not clear how general the findings are. On the other hand, it was not obvious how specific the model is to myosin II, meaning how well it can describe experimental findings or make measurable predictions. The model seems to be quantitative, but the interpretation and connection to real experiments are rather qualitative in my point of view.

It was often difficult for me to follow what parameters were changed and what parameters were set to what numerical values when inspecting the curve shown in the figures. The manuscript could be more specific by explicitly giving numbers. For example, in the caption for Figure 6, instead of saying "is varied by changing the number of motor arms, the bare zone length, the spacing between motor arms", the authors could be more specific and give the ranges: ""is varied by changing the number of motor arms form ... to .., the bare zone length from .. to..., and the spacing between motor arms from .. to ..".

This unspecificity is also reflected in the text: "We ran simulations with a variation in either Lsp or Lbz" What is the range of this variation? "When LM was similar" similar to what? "despite different NM." What are the different values for NM? These are only a few examples that show that the text could be way more specific and quantitative instead of qualitative descriptions.

In the text, after equation (2) the authors discuss assumptions about the binding of the motor to the actin filament. I think these model-related assumptions and explanations should be discussed not in the results section but rather in the "model overview" section.

The lines with different colors in Figure 2A are not explained. What systems and parameters do they represent?

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, Frangos et al. used a transcriptomic and proteomic approach to characterise changes in HER2-driven mammary tumours compared to healthy mammary tissue in mice. They observed that mitochondrial genes, including OXPHOS regulators, were among the most down-regulated genes and proteins in their datasets. Surprisingly, these were associated with higher mitochondrial respiration, in response to a variety of carbon sources. In addition, there seems to be a reduction in mitochondrial fusion and an increase in fission in tumours compared to healthy tissues.

Strengths:

The data are clearly presented and described.

The author reported very similar trends in proteomic and transcriptomic data. Such approaches are essential to have a better understanding of the changes in cancer cell metabolism associated with tumourigenesis

Weaknesses:

This study, despite being a useful resource (assuming all the data will be publicly available and not only upon request) is mainly descriptive and correlative and lacks mechanistic links.

It would be important to determine the cellular composition of the tumour and healthy tissue used. Do the changes described here apply to cancer cells only or do other cell types contribute to this?

Are the changes in metabolic gene expression a consequence of HER2 signalling activation? Ex-vivo experiments could be performed to perturb this pathway and determine cause-effects.

The data of fission/fusion seem quite preliminary and the gene/protein expression changes are not so clear cut to be a convincing explanation that this is the main reason for the increased mitochondria respiration in tumours.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Frangos et al present a set of studies aiming to determine mechanisms underlying initiation and tumour progression. Overall, this work provides some useful insights into the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction during the cellular transformation process. This body of work could be improved in several possible directions to establish more mechanistic connections.

(1) The interesting point of the paper: the contrast between suppressed ETC components and activated OXPHOS function is perplexing and should be resolved. It is still unclear if activated mitochondrial function triggers gene down-regulation vs compensatory functional changes (as the title suggests). Have the authors considered reversing the HER2-derived signals e.g. with PI3K-AKT-MTOR or ERK inhibitors to potentially separate the expression vs. functional phenotypes? The root of the OXPHOS component down-regulation should also be traced further, e.g. by probing into levels of core mitochondrial biogenesis factors. Are transcript levels of factors encoded by mtDNA also decreased?

(2) The second interesting aspect of this study is the implication of mitochondrial activation in tumours, despite the downregulation of expression signatures, suggestive of a positive role for mitochondria in this tumour model. To address if this is correlative or causal, have the authors considered testing an OXPHOS inhibitor for suppression of tumorigenesis?

(3) A number of issues concerning animal/ tumour variability and further pathway dissection could be explored with in vitro approaches. Have the authors considered deriving tumour-derived cell cultures, which could enable further confirmations, mechanistic drug studies and additional imaging approaches? Culture systems would allow alternative assessment of mitochondrial function such as Seahorse or flow cytometry (mitochondrial potential and ROS levels).

(4) The study could be greatly improved with further confirmatory studies, eg immunoblotting for mitochondrial components with parallel blots for phospho-signalling in the same samples. It would be interesting if trends could be maintained in tumour-derived cell cultures. It is notable that OXPHOS protein/transcript changes are more consistent (Figure 5, Supplementary Figure 4) than mitochondrial dynamics /mitophagy factors (Figure 8). Core regulatory factors in these pathways should be confirmed by conventional immunoblotting.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

De Seze et al. investigated the role of guanine exchange factors (GEFs) in controlling cell protrusion and retraction. In order to causally link protein activities to the switch between the opposing cell phenotypes, they employed optogenetic versions of GEFs which can be recruited to the plasma membrane upon light exposure and activate their downstream effectors. Particularly the RhoGEF PRG could elicit both protruding and retracting phenotypes. Interestingly, the phenotype depended on the basal expression level of the optoPRG. By assessing the activity of RhoA and Cdc42, the downstream effectors of PRG, the mechanism of this switch was elucidated: at low PRG levels, RhoA is predominantly activated and leads to cell retraction, whereas at high PRG levels, both RhoA and Cdc42 are activated but PRG also sequesters the active RhoA, therefore Cdc42 dominates and triggers cell protrusion. Finally, they create a minimal model that captures the key dynamics of this protein interaction network and the switch in cell behavior.

The conclusions of this study are strongly supported by data, harnessing the power of modelling and optogenetic activation. The minimal model captures well the dynamics of RhoA and Cdc42 activation and predicts that by changing the frequency of optogenetic activation one can switch between protruding and retracting behaviour in the same cell of intermediate optoPRG level. The authors are indeed able to demonstrate this experimentally albeit with a very low number of cells. A major caveat of this study is that global changes due to PRG overexpression cannot be ruled out. Also, a quantification of absolute protein concentration, which is notoriously difficult, would be useful to put the level of overexpression here in perspective with endogenous levels. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether in cases of protein overexpression in vivo such as cancer, PRG or other GEFs can activate alternative migratory behaviours.

Previous work has implicated RhoA in both protrusion and retraction depending on the context. The mechanism uncovered here provides a convincing explanation for this conundrum. In addition to PRG, optogenetic versions of two other GEFs, LARG and GEF-H1, were used which produced either only one phenotype or less response than optoPRG, underscoring the functional diversity of RhoGEFs. The authors chose transient transfection to achieve a large range of concentration levels and, to find transfected cells at low cell density, developed a small software solution (Cell finder), which could be of interest for other researchers.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This manuscript builds from the interesting observation that local recruitment of the DHPH domain of the RhoGEF PRG can induce local retraction, protrusion, or neither. The authors convincingly show that these differential responses are tied to the level of expression of the PRG transgene. This response depends on the Rho-binding activity of the recruited PH domain and is associated with and requires (co?)-activation of Cdc42. This begs the question of why this switch in response occurs. They use a computational model to predict that the timing of protein recruitment can dictate the output of the response in cells expressing intermediate levels and found that, "While the majority of cells showed mixed phenotypes irrespectively of the activation pattern, in few cells (3 out of 90) we were able to alternate the phenotype between retraction and protrusion several times at different places of the cell by changing the frequency while keeping the same total integrated intensity (Figure 6F and Supp Movie)."

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

The resubmitted version of the paper by Yan et al. titled "Frequent intertrophic transmission of Wolbachia by parasitism but not predation" contains all the major flaws I found in the original submission. As far as I could see, the authors did not address my original concerns.

In short:

(1) A control of Portiera MUST be included in the FISH experiments, if the claim that Wolbachia is not only transferred from a parasitoid to the whitefly, but finds its way to the bacteriocytes. This is especially true for the Q, a biotype for which the pattern of Wolbachia distribution has been documented as scattered in naturally infected populations. The very strong signal in the whitefly bacteriocytes implies Portiera.

(2) In my original review I wrote: "The authors fail to discuss, or even acknowledge, a number of published studies that specifically show no horizontal transmission such as the one claimed to be detected in the study presented." In return the authors wrote in their rebuttal letter: "We have made corresponding modifications to the discussion section (Lines 256-271in the revised manuscript) and have discussed the published studies that report no evidence of horizontal transmission (Lines 260-263 in the revised manuscript)." However, the stated lines are concerned with a different subject. In addition, in their letter the authors write "Additionally, some experiments have found no evidence of horizontal transmission of Wolbachia (39- 42) (Lines 260-263 in the revised manuscript)." Beside the fact that the line numbers are wrong, the papers cited are entirely irrelevant as they do not discuss parasitoids.

(3) My original comment on the origin of sequences used for the phylogenetical analysis still stands. It is hard to claim a data-based search, when most of the data originate in the authors lab. The explanation of the confusion with the Qi et al. (2019) paper should at least be mentioned in the M&M. Apologies if it has been included and I missed it.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Ghone et al show that HIV-1 Vif causes a pseudo-metaphase arrest rather than a G2 arrest. The metaphase arrest correlates with misregulation of the kinetochore that could be explained by the loss of phosphatase functions that determine chromosome-microtubule interactions.

Strengths:

The single-cell imaging using different reporters of cell cycle progression is very elegant and the quantitation is convincing. The authors clearly show that what others have characterized as a G2 arrest by flow cytometry is somewhat later in metaphase and correlates with kinetocore misregulation.

Weaknesses:

(1) The major problem with the paper is trying to connect what is observed in tumor cell lines with actual infections in primary T cells. While all of the descriptive work in cell lines is convincing, none of these cells are relevant targets and tumor cells have different cell death and cell cycle regulation than primary T cells. Thus, while Vif might well do all of the things described in the manuscript, it is a stretch to connect any of it to what happens in vivo. In the revised version, the authors now acknowledge this caveat.

(2) Line 109 and elsewhere. The ability of Vif to cause cell cycle arrest and bind PP2A subunits is not a completely conserved feature. Rather, it is quite variable in different HIV-1 strains. (e.g. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.123 and https://elifesciences.org/articles/53036). Therefore, it is necessary for the authors to quite clearly use strain designations in the manuscript rather than a generic "Vif", and to more clearly describe the viruses being used. In the revised version, the authors now make this more clear.

(3) Figure 5: This figure shows disruption of PP2A-B56 at the kinetochores. However, is this specific to the kinetochores? Since Vif has been described to more broadly degrade PP2A-B56, could this not be a result of a more general decrease in PP2A activity throughout the cell? In the revised version, the authors now clarify this point.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary

The authors characterize the cell-cycle arrest induced by HIV-1 Vif in infected cells. They show this arrest is not at G2/M as previously thought but during metaphase. They show that the metaphase plate forms normally but progression to anaphase is massively delayed, and chromosome segregation is dysregulated in a manner consistent with impaired assembly of microtubules at the kinetochore. This correlates with the lack of recruitment of B56-subunits of PP2 phosphatase which are known degradation targets of Vif, suggesting that this weakens and unbalances the microtubule-mediated forces on the separating chromosomes.

Strengths

The authors present a very well-performed set of quantitative live cell imaging experiments that convincingly show a difference between Vif and Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrests. Through an in-depth characterization of the Vif-mediated block in metaphase, they make a strong case for this phenotype being tied to the degradation of PP2-B56 by Vif. Furthermore, it is important that they have performed most of these experiments with virally infected cells, meaning that their observations are observable at relevant viral expression levels of Vif.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have addressed the concerns and have discussed them accordingly. I hope they pursue the in vivo relevance in their future work

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study examines to what extent this phenomenon varies based on the visibility of the saccade target. Visibility is defined as the contrast level of the target with respect to the noise background, and it is related to the signal-to-noise ratio of the target. A more visible target facilitates the oculomotor behavior planning and execution, however, as speculated by the authors, it can also benefit foveal prediction even if the foveal stimulus visibility is maintained constant. Remarkably, the authors show that presenting a highly visible saccade target is beneficial for foveal vision as detection of stimuli with an orientation similar to that of the saccade target is improved, the lower is the saccade target visibility, the less prominent is this effect.

Strengths:

The results are convincing and the research methodology is technically sound.

Weaknesses:

It is still unclear why the pre-saccadic enhancement would oscillate for targets with higher opacity levels, and what would be the benefit of this oscillatory pattern. The authors do not speculate too much on this and loosely relate it to feedback processes, which are characterized by neural oscillations in a similar range.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the authors ran a dual task. Subjects monitored a peripheral location for a target onset (to generate a saccade to), and they also monitored a foveal location for a foveal probe. The foveal probe could be congruent or incongruent with the orientation of the peripheral target. In this study, the authors manipulated the conspicuity of the peripheral target, and they saw changes in performance in the foveal task. However, the changes were somewhat counterintuitive.

Strengths:

The authors use solid analysis methods and careful experimental design.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have addressed my previous comments.

One minor thing is that I am confused by their assertion that there was no smoothing in the manuscript (other than the newly added time course analysis). Figure 3A and Figure 6 seem to have smoothing to me.

Another minor comment is related to the comment of Reviewer 1 about oscillations. Another possible reason for what looks like oscillations is saccadic inhibition. when the foveal probe appears, it can reset the saccade generation process. when aligned to saccade onset, this appears like a characteristic change in different parameters that is time-locked to saccade onset (about a 100 ms earlier). So, maybe the apparent oscillation is a manifestation of such resetting and it's not really an oscillation. so, I agree with Reviewer 1 about removing the oscillation sentence from the abstract.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work, the authors investigate the functional difference between the most commonly expressed form of PTH, and a novel point mutation in PTH identified in a patient with chronic hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. The value of this mutant form of PTH as a potential anabolic agent for bone is investigated alongside PTH(1-84), which is a current anabolic therapy. The authors have achieved the aims of the study.

Strengths:

The work is novel, as it describes the function of a novel, naturally occurring, variant of PTH in terms of its ability to dimerise, to lead to cAMP activation, to increase serum calcium, and its pharmacological action compared to normal PTH.

[Editors' note: the original reviews are here, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.97579.1.sa1, and here, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.97579.2.sa1]

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The study describes the migration of epidermal keratinocytes through porous membranes and observes a unique size selection whereby only on 3-micron membrane are keratinocytes able to migrate and reform an intact epidermis. The authors propose that the model replicates three cell states of the intact epidermis, EMT, and MET. They also show that this response depends on the actin cytoskeleton and Piezo1, and the migration could be stimulated with TGFbeta ligands.

Strengths:

Strengths of the study include the establishment of a simple yet robust in vitro model that captures all three cell states, which could be useful for future investigation of wound healing or metastasis. There is also good characterisation of the pore size effects, providing some interesting observations about the physical regulation of keratinocyte migration. The images and presentation are clear.

Weaknesses:

(1) Some of the terminology would benefit from better definition or refinement. Triphasic suggests different physical behaviours (e.g. liquid-liquid phase separation) rather than cellular properties. Perhaps it would be better to refer to these as cell states or to describe the model more specifically as an invasion or EMT model. Likewise, the term 'reciprocating' implies two-way communication, but it is used to describe two-way migration or oscillating migration. Here, perhaps oscillatory would be clearer.

(2) The quantification and statistical analysis of key results could be improved. Notably, quantification of immunostaining in Figures 1 and 2 would strengthen core findings, and greater detail is needed on the sample sizes and number of experiments used for statistical analysis. These details are missing or only appear to N=1 in some places.

(3) There is an attempt to analyse the underlying molecular mechanisms, but these studies lack depth and detail. For example, it is not clear how actin, keratins, and piezo1 communicate to regulate cell migration. Are they acting directly on EMT genes such as SNAI1 or through changes in cell mechanics and cell-cell adhesions? Likewise, is TGF-beta signalling active in the system (e.g. nuclear pSMAD during cell migration)? As a result, the new biological insight is somewhat limited and confirms much of what is known about these pathways in keratinocyte migration.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Nohara et al. presents a novel 3D assay that allows for stratification of epithelia, active EMT through small pores, and active MET. They show that 3um pores allow for keratinocytes to sample the pore through filopodia and up-regulate EMT genes to transverse the pores to the other side of the membrane where EMT genes are downregulated as the cells re-establish stratified epithelia. The TGFbeta pathway and actin polymerization promote the movement of cells into the pores and Piezo1 and KRT6 actively block this movement. This work provides a novel 3D assay that is likely to become a benchmark to analyze these processes using a more complex system than other current culture-specific EMT and MET assays.

Strengths:

The strengths of the manuscript include the foundational analysis of the pathways involved in establishing the tri-phasic epithelium. The authors have incorporated live imaging, drug studies, KO analysis, and RNA sequencing to show the relevant pathways involved.

Weaknesses:

While the authors provide strong evidence that the tri-phasic epithelium represents the EMT process, the MET process is largely relegated to the absence of EMT genes. It would be interesting to know how the stratified MET epithelia submerged in the media is similar or different from the stratified epithelia at the air-liquid interface.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors established an experimental system that reproduced three-dimensional triphasic epithelia, i.e., the original epithelium, its EMT, and MET. Keratinocytes (KCs), skin epithelial cells, placed on a microporous membrane migrated through 3.0-um or larger micropores. The 3.0-um-pored membrane induced an epithelial structure with three states: stratified KCs above the membrane, KCs showing EMT within the micropores, and a new stratified epithelium under the membrane. The membrane with larger micropores failed to maintain this triphasic epithelium. Live imaging revealed that KCs moved in a reciprocating manner, with actin-rich filopodia-like KC structures extending into and out of the 3.0-um micropores, while the cells migrated unidirectionally into larger micropores. KO of Piezo1 and keratin 6 increased KC entry to and exit from the 3.0-um micropores. Their results demonstrate that benign keratinocytes migrate through confined spaces in a reciprocating manner, which might help form triphasic epithelia, recapitulating wound healing processes.

Strengths:

Careful observation of the behaviour of keratinocytes on the different-sized pores. CrispR-Cas9 gene editing to KO Piezo 1 and keratin 6 isoforms in HaCaT keratinocytes.

Weaknesses:

There is no analysis of the matrix produced by the keratinocytes on the different pore sizes as this may influence migration.

HaCaT cells are quite different from normal keratinocytes in terms of migration. Pilcher et al. PMID: 9182674

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Dixit, Noe, and Weikl apply coarse-grained and all-atom molecular dynamics to determine the response of the mechanosensitive proteins Piezo 1 and Piezo 2 proteins to tension. Cryo-EM structures in micelles show a high curvature of the protein whereas structures in lipid bilayers show lower curvature. Is the zero-stress state of the protein closer to the micelle structure or the bilayer structure? Moreover, while the tension sensitivity of channel function can be inferred from the experiment, molecular details are not clearly available. How much does the protein's height and effective area change in response to tension? With these in hand, a quantitative model of its function follows that can be related to the properties of the membrane and the effect of external forces.

Simulations indicate that in a bilayer the protein relaxes from the highly curved cryo-EM dome (Figure 1).

Under applied tension, the dome flattens (Figure 2) including the underlying lipid bilayer. The shape of the system is a combination of the membrane mechanical and protein conformational energies (Equation 1). The membrane's mechanical energy is well-characterized. It requires only the curvature and bending modulus as inputs. They determine membrane curvature and the local area metric (Equation 4) by averaging the height on a grid and computing second derivatives (Eqsuations 7, 8) consistent with known differential geometric formulas.

The bending energy can be limited to the nano dome but this implies that the noise in the membrane energy is significant. Where there is noise outside the dome there is noise inside the dome. At the least, they could characterize the noisy energy due to inadequate averaging of membrane shape.

My concern for this paper is that they are significantly overestimating the membrane deformation energy based on their numerical scheme, which in turn leads to a much stiffer model of the protein itself. Two things would address this:

(1) Report the membrane energy under different graining schemes (e.g., report schemes up to double the discretization grain).

(2) For a Gaussian bump with sigma=6 nm I obtained a bending energy of 0.6 kappa, so certainly in the ballpark with what they are reporting but significantly lower (compared to 2 kappa, Figure 5 lower left). It would be simpler to use the Gaussian approximation to their curves in Figure 3 - and I would argue more accurate, especially since they have not reported the variation of the membrane energy with respect to the discretization size and so I cannot judge the dependence of the energy on discretization. I view reporting the variation of the membrane energy with respect to discretization as being essential for the analysis if their goal is to provide a quantitative estimate for the force of Piezo. The Helfrich energy computed from an analytical model with a membrane shape closely resembling the simulated shapes would be very helpful. According to my intuition, finite-difference estimates of curvatures will tend to be overestimates of the true membrane deformation energy because white noise tends to lead to high curvature at short-length scales, which is strongly penalized by the bending energy.

The fitting of the system deformation to the inverse time appears to be incredibly ad hoc ... Nor is it clear that the quantified model will be substantially changed without extrapolation. The authors should either justify the extrapolation more clearly (sorry if I missed it!) or also report the unextrapolated numbers alongside the extrapolated ones.

In summary, this paper uses molecular dynamics simulations to quantify the force of the Piezo 1 and Piezo 2 proteins on a lipid bilayer using simulations under controlled tension, observing the membrane deformation, and using that data to infer protein mechanics. While much of the physical mechanism was previously known, the study itself is a valuable quantification. I identified one issue in the membrane deformation energy analysis that has large quantitative repercussions for the extracted model.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors suggest that the structure of Piezo2 in a tensionless simulation is flatter compared to the electron microscopy structure. This is an interesting observation and highlights the fact that the membrane environment is important for Piezo2 curvature. Additionally, the authors calculate the excess area of Piezo2 and Piezo1, suggesting that it is significantly smaller compared to the area calculated using the EM structure or simulations with restrained Piezo2. Finally, the authors propose an elastic model for Piezo proteins. Those are very important findings, which would be of interest to the mechanobiology field.

Whilst I like the suggestion that the membrane environment will change Piezo2 flatness, could this be happening because of the lower resolution of the MARTINI simulations? In other words, would it be possible that MARTINI is not able to model such curvature due to its lower resolution?

Related to my comment above, the authors say that they only restrained the secondary structure using an elastic network model. Whilst I understand why they did this, Piezo proteins are relatively large. How can the authors know that this type of elastic network model restrains, combined with the fact that MARTINI simulations are perhaps not very accurate in predicting protein conformations, can accurately represent the changes that happen within the Piezo channel during membrane tension?

Modelling or Piezo1, seems to be based on homology to Piezo2. However, the authors need to further evaluate their model, e.g. how it compares with an Alphafold model.

To calculate the tension-induced flattening of the Piezo channel, the authors "divide all simulation trajectories into 5 equal intervals and determine the nanodome shape in each interval by averaging over the conformations of all independent simulation runs in this interval.". However, probably the change in the flattening of Piezo channel happens very quickly during the simulations, possibly within the same interval. Is this the case? and if yes does this affect their calculations?

Finally, the authors use a specific lipid composition, which is asymmetric. Is it possible that the asymmetry of the membrane causes some of the changes in the curvature that they observe? Perhaps more controls, e.g. with a symmetric POPC bilayer are needed to identify whether membrane asymmetry plays a role in the membrane curvature they observe.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Strengths:

This work focuses on a problem of deep significance: quantifying the structure-tension relationship and underlying mechanism for the mechanosensitive Piezo 1 and 2 channels. This objective presents a few technical challenges for molecular dynamics simulations, due to the relatively large size of each membrane-protein system. Nonetheless, the technical approach chosen is based on the methodology that is, in principle, established and widely accessible. Therefore, another group of practitioners would likely be able to reproduce these findings with reasonable effort.

Weaknesses:

The two main results of this paper are (1) that both channels exhibit a flatter structure compared to cryo-EM measurements, and (2) their estimated force vs. displacement relationship. Although the former correlates at least quantitatively with prior experimental work, the latter relies exclusively on simulation results and model parameters.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors tried to identify the relationships among the gut microbiota, lipid metabolites, and the host in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) by using macaques that spontaneously develop T2DM, considered one of the best models of the human disease.

Strengths:

The authors comprehensively compared the gut microbiota and plasma fatty acids between macaques with spontaneous T2DM and control macaques and verified the results with macaques on a high-fat diet-fed mice model.

Weaknesses:

The observed multi-omics of the macaques can be done on humans, which weakens the impact of the conclusion of the manuscript.

In addition, the age and sex of the control macaque group did not necessarily match those of the T2DM group, leaving the possibility for compromising the analysis.

Regarding the metabolomic analysis, the authors did not include fecal samples which are important, considering the authors' claim about the importance of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM.

In the mouse experiments, the control group should be given a FMT from control macaques rather than just untreated SPF mice since the fecal microbiota composition is likely very different between macaques and mice. Additionally, the palmitic acid-containing diets fed to mice to induce a diabetes-like condition do not mimic spontaneous T2DM in macaques.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This study analyzes the interaction among the gut microbiota, lipid metabolism, and the host in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using rhesus macaques. The authors first identified 8 macaques with T2DM from 1698 individuals. Then, they observed in T2DM macaques: dysbiosis by 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis and shotgun sequencing, imbalanced tryptophan metabolism and fatty acid beta oxidization in the feces by metabolome analysis, increased plasma concentration of palmitic acid by MS analysis, and sn inflammatory gene signature of blood cells by transcriptomic analysis. Finally, they transplanted feces of T2DM macaques into mice and fed them with palmitic acid and showed that those mice became diabetic through increased absorption of palmitic acid in the ileum.

This study clearly shows the interaction among gut microbiota, lipid metabolism, and the host in T2DM. The experiments were well designed and performed, and the data are convincing. One point I would suggest is that in the experiments of mice with FMT, control mice should be those colonized with feces of healthy macaques, but not with no FMT.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

First, the authors confirm the up-regulation of the main genes involved in the three branches of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) system in diet-induced obese mice in AT, observations that have been extensively reported before. Not surprisingly, IRE1a inhibition with STF led to an amelioration of the obesity and insulin resistance of the animals. Moreover, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was also improved by the treatment. More novel are their results in terms of thermogenesis and energy expenditure, where IRE1a seems to act via activation of brown AT. Finally, mice treated with STF exhibited significantly fewer metabolically active and M1-like macrophages in the AT compared to those under vehicle conditions. Overall, the authors conclude that targeting IRE1a has therapeutical potential for treating obesity and insulin resistance.

The study has some strengths, such as the detailed characterization of the effect of STF in different fat depots and a thorough analysis of macrophage populations. However, the lack of novelty in the findings somewhat limits the study´s impact on the field.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Wu D. et al. explores an innovative approach in immunometabolism and obesity by investigating the potential of targeting macrophage Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) in cases of overnutrition. Their findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of IRE1α could influence key aspects such as adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, and thermogenesis. Notable discoveries include the identification of High-Fat Diet (HFD)-induced CD9+ Trem2+ macrophages and the reversal of metabolically active macrophages' activity with IRE1α inhibition using STF. These insights could significantly impact future obesity treatments.

Strengths:

The study's key strengths lie in its identification of specific macrophage subsets and the demonstration that inhibiting IRE1α can reverse the activity of these macrophages. This provides a potential new avenue for developing obesity treatments and contributes valuable knowledge to the field.

Weaknesses:

The research lacks an in-depth exploration of the broader metabolic mechanisms involved in controlling diet-induced obesity (DIO). Addressing this gap would strengthen the understanding of how targeting IRE1α might fit into the larger metabolic landscape.

Impact and Utility:

The findings have the potential to advance the field of obesity treatment by offering a novel target for intervention. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate the metabolic pathways involved and to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of this approach. The methods and data presented are useful, but additional context and exploration are required for broader application and understanding.

Comments on revisions:

The author has revised the manuscript and addressed the most relevant comments raised by the reviewers. The paper is now significantly improved, though two minor issues remain.

(1) Studies were limited to male mice; this should be mentioned in the paper's Title.<br /> (2) Please include the sample size (n=) in all provided tables in the main manuscript and supplementary tables.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript reports a comparison of microbial traits and host response traits in a laboratory model of infected granuloma using Mtb strains from different lineages. The authors report increased bacillary growth and granuloma formation, inversely associated with T cell activation that is characterized by CXCL9, granzyme B and TNF expression. They therefore infer that these T cell responses are likely to be host-protective and that the greater virulence of modern Mtb lineages may be driven by their ability to avoid triggering these responses.

Strengths:

The comparison of multiple Mtb lineages in a granuloma model that enables evaluation of the potential role of multiple host cells in Mtb control, offers a valuable experimental approach to study the biological mechanisms that underpin differential virulence of Mtb lineages that has been previously reported in clinical and epidemiological studies.

Weaknesses:

The study is rather limited to descriptive observations, and lacks experiments to test causal relationships between host and pathogen traits. Some of the presentation of the data are difficult to interpret, and some conclusions are not adequately supported by the data.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have addressed my previous comments with appropriate revisions and explanations.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Arbués and colleagues describe the impact of mycobacterial genetic diversity on host-infection phenotypes. The authors evaluate Mtb infection and contextualize host-responses, bacterial growth and metabolic transitioning in vitro using their previously established model of blood-derived, primary-human-cells cultured within a collagen/fibronectin matrix. They seek to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in determining mycobacterial strain specific granuloma-dependent host-pathogen interactions.

Understanding the way mycobacterial genetic diversity impacts granuloma biology in tuberculosis is an important goal. One of this works strengths is the use of primary human cells and two constituents of pulmonary extracellular matrix to model Mtb infection. The authors and others have previously shown that Mtb infected PBMC aggregates share important characteristics with early pulmonary TB granulomas. Use of multiple genetically distinct strains of Mtb defines this work and further bolsters it potential impact. However, the study is not comprehensive as lineages 6 and 7 are not tested. Experiments are primarily descriptive, and the methodologies are conventional. Correlative relationships are the manuscripts focus and effect sizes are generally small.

The main aim of this work is to extend an in vitro granuloma model to the study of a large collection of well characterized, genetically diverse representatives of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). I believe that they accomplish that aim. The work does investigate MTBC infection of aggregated PBMCs using three strains each of Mtb lineages 1-5 and H37Rv, which is not a trivial undertaking. The experimental aims are to show that MTBC genetic diversity impacts growth and dormancy of granuloma bound bacteria and, the host responses of granulomatous aggregation as well as macrophage apoptosis, lymphocyte activation and soluble mediator release within granulomas. The methodologies employed are sufficient to test most of these aims. The authors conclusions regarding their results are mostly supported by the data. The conclusion that lineage impacts growth within granulomas is likely true and the data as presented reflect such a relationship. Their conclusions regarding lineage's impact on dormancy are partially supported, as their findings demonstrate that assays for dormancy identify strain-specific metabolic changes in the bacteria consistent with a dormancy-like state but also identify replicating bacteria as being dormant. The data strongly supports the impact of mycobacterial genetic diversity on a spectrum of granulomatous responses in their model system. Those findings are a highlight of the publication. The data further supports the idea that strain diversity impacts macrophage apoptosis but a relationship of apoptosis to the granulomatous response is not effectively evaluated. The association of lymphocyte activation with reduced mycobacterial growth as an aspect of granulomas is well documented in the literature and a negative correlation between T cell activation and growth is supported by the authors results. Their data also support the conclusion that soluble mediator production by PBMCs is different based on the infecting strain of mycobacteria and that IL1b modulates aggregate phenotypes in their model.

The authors contribute some valuable insights, particularly in figure 3. Their model is higher echelon relative to others in the field, but I don't believe that it possesses all the components necessary to replicate formation of mycobacterial granulomas in vivo. That being said, their identification of donor-dependent aggregation phenotypes by mycobacterial strain has the potential to enable future investigations of human and mycobacterial genetic components that are involved in the formation of TB granulomas.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work Ritchie and colleagues explore functional consequences of neuronal over-expression or deletion of the MAP3K DLK that their labs and others have strongly implicated in both axon degeneration, neuronal cell death, and axon regeneration. Their recent work in eLife (Li, 2021) showed that inducible over-expression of DLK (or the related LZK) induces neuronal death in the cerebellum. Here, they extend this work to show that inducible over-expression in Vglut1+ neuron also kills excitatory neurons in hippocampal CA1, but not CA3. They complement this very interesting finding with translatomics to quantify genes whose mRNAs are differentially translated in the context of DLK over-expression or knockout, the latter manipulation having little to no effect on the phenotypes measured. The authors note that several genes and pathways are differentially regulated according to whether DLK is over-expressed or knocked out. They note DLK-dependent changes in genes related to synaptic function and to the cytoskeleton and ultimately relate this in cultured neurons to findings that DLK over-expression negatively impacts synapse number and changes microtubules and neurites, though with a less obvious correlation.

Strengths:

Where this work represents a conceptual advance is in defining DLK-dependent changes in translation. Moreover, the finding that DLK may differentially impact neuronal death will become the basis for future studies exploring whether DLK contributes to differential neuronal susceptibility to death, which is a broadly important topic.

Comments on the latest version:

The addition of the P10 data is an important advance. With this, the authors have satisfactorily addressed the concerns that I raised.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This manuscript describes the impact of deleting or enhancing the expression of the neuronal-specific kinase DLK in glutamatergic hippocampal neurons using clever genetic strategies, which demonstrates that DLK deletion had minimal effects while overexpression resulted in neurodegeneration in vivo. To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect, ribotag mice were used to determine changes in active translation which identified Jun and STMN4 as DLK-dependent genes that may contribute to this effect. Finally, experiments in cultured neurons were conducted to better understand the in vivo effects. These experiments demonstrated that DLK overexpression resulted in morphological and synaptic abnormalities.

Strengths:

This study provides interesting new insights into the role of DLK in the normal function of hippocampal neurons. Specifically, the study identifies:

(1) CA1 vs CA3 hippocampal neurons have differing sensitivity to increased DLK signaling.

(2) DLK-dependent signaling in these neurons is similar to but distinct from the downstream factors identified in other cell types, highlighted by the identification of STMN4 as a downstream signal.

(3) DLK overexpression in hippocampal neurons results in signaling that is similar to that induced by neuronal injury.

The study also provides confirmatory evidence that supports previously published work through orthogonal methods, which adds additional confidence to our understanding of DLK signaling in neurons. Taken together, this is a useful addition to our understanding of DLK function.

Comments on the latest version:

The authors have sufficiently addressed all issues raised with the initial manuscript.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The role of enteric glial cells in regulating intestinal mucosal functions at steady state has been a matter of debate in recent years. Enteric glial cell heterogeneity and related methodological differences likely underlie the contrasting findings obtained by different laboratories. Here, Prochera and colleagues used Plp1-CreERT2 driver mice to deplete the vast majority of enteric glia from the gut, and performed an elegant set of transcriptomic, microscopic and biochemical essays to examine the impact of enteric glia loss. It was found that enteric glia depletion has very limited effects on the transcriptome of gut cells 11 days after tamoxifen treatment (used to induce Diphtheria Toxin A expression in the majority of enteric glia including those present in the mucosa), and by extension - more specifically, has only minimal impact on cells of the intestinal mucosa. Interestingly, in the colon (where Paneth cells are not present) they did observe transcriptomic changes related to Paneth cell biology. Although no overt gene expression alterations were found in the small intestine - also not in Paneth cells - morphological, ultrastructural and functional changes were detected in the Paneth cells of enteric glia-depleted mice. In addition, and likely related to impaired Paneth cell secretory activity, enteric glia-depleted mice also show alterations in intestinal microbiota composition. This is an excellent study that convincingly demonstrates a role for enteric glia in supporting Paneth cells of the intestinal mucosa, suggesting that enteric glial cells shape host-microbiome interactions via the regulation of Paneth cell homeostasis.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

This is an excellent and timely study from the Rao lab investigating the interactions of enteric glia with the intestinal epithelium. Two early studies in the late 90's and early 2000's had previously suggested that enteric glia play a pivotal role in control of the intestinal epithelial barrier, as their ablation using mouse models resulted in severe and fatal intestinal inflammation. However, it was later identified that these inflammatory effects could have been an indirect product of the transgenic mouse models used, rather than due to the depletion of enteric glia. In previous studies from this lab, the authors had identified expression of PLP1 in enteric glia, and its use in CRE driver lines to label and ablate enteric glia.

In the current paper, the authors carefully examine the role of enteric glia by first identifying that PLP1-creERT2 is the most useful driver to direct enteric glial ablation, in terms of the quantity of glial cells targeted, their proximity to the intestinal epithelium, and the relevance for human studies (GFAP expression is rather limited in human samples in comparison). They examined gene expression changes in different regions of the intestine using bulk RNA-seq following ablation of enteric glia by driving expression of diptheria toxin A (PLP1-creERT2;Rosa26-DTA). Alterations in gene expression were observed in different regions of the gut, with specific effects in different regions. Interestingly, while there were gene expression changes in the epithelium, there were limited changes to the proportions of different epithelial cell types identified using immunohistochemistry in control vs glial-ablated mice. The authors then focused on investigation of Paneth cells in the ileum, identifying changes in the ultrastructural morphology and lysozyme activity. In addition, they identified alterations in gut microbiome diversity. As Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides, the authors conclude that the changes in gut microbiome are due to enteric glia-mediated impacts on Paneth cell activity.

Overall, the study is excellent and delves into the different possible mechanisms of action, including investigation of changes in enteric cholinergic neurons innervating the intestinal crypts. The use of different CRE-drivers to target enteric glial cells has led to varying results in the past, and the authors should be commended on how they address this in the Discussion.

Comments on the latest version:

Thanks to the authors for addressing my concerns. The additional stratification of male vs female microbiome data was very helpful.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The article by Piersma et al. aims to reduce the complex process of NK cell licensing to the action of a single inhibitory receptor for MHC class I. This is achieved using a mouse strain lacking all of the Ly49 receptors expressed by NK cells and inserting the Ly49a gene into the Ncr1 locus, leading to expression on all the majority of NK cells.

Strengths:

The mouse model used represents a precise deletion of all NK-expressed genes within the Ly49 cluster. Re-introduction of the Ly49a gene into the Ncr1 locus allows expression by most NK cells. Convincing effects of Ly49a expression on in vitro activation and in vivo killing assay are shown.

Weaknesses:

The choice of Ly49a provides a clear picture of H-2Dd recognition by this Ly49. It would be valuable to perform additional studies investigating Ly49c and Ly49i receptors for H-2b. This is of interest because there are reports indicating that Ly49c may not be a functional receptor in B6 mice due to strong cis interactions. Investigation of the Ly49c and Ly49i receptors in this model would be the basis of future studies that are beyond the scope of the current report.

This work generates an excellent mouse model for the study of NK cell licensing by inhibitory Ly49s that will be useful for the community. It provides a platform whereby the functional activity of a single Ly49 can be assessed.

Comments on revisions: No additional concerns

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Piersma et al. continue to work on deciphering the role and function of Ly49 NK cell receptors. This manuscript shows that a single inhibitory Ly49 receptor is sufficient to license NK cells and eliminate MHC-I-deficient target cells in mice. In short, they refined the mouse model ∆Ly49-1 (Parikh et al., 2020) into the Ly49KO model in which all Ly49 genes are disrupted. Using this model, they confirmed that NK cells from Ly49KO mice cannot be licensed, produce lower levels of IFN-gamma, and cannot reject MHC-I-deficient cells. To study the effect of a single Ly49 receptor in the function of NK cells, the authors backcrossed Ly49KO mice to H-2Dd transgenic KODO (D8-KODO) Ly49A knock-in mice in which a single inhibitory Ly49A receptor that recognizes H-2Dd ligands is expressed. By doing so, they demonstrate that a single inhibitory Ly49 receptor expressed by all NK cells is sufficient for licensing and missing-self killing.

While the results of the study are largely consistent with the conclusions, it is important to address some discrepancies. For instance, in the title of Figure 1, the authors state that NK cells in Ly49KO mice compared to WT mice have a less mature phenotype , which is not consistent with the corresponding text in the Results section (lines 170-171) that states there is no difference in maturation. These differences are not evident in Figure 1, panel D. It is crucial to acknowledge these inconsistencies to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the research findings.

In the legend of Figure 2. the text related to panel C indicates the use of dyes to label the splenocytes, and CFSE, CTV, and CTFR were mentioned. However, only CTV and CTFR are shown on the plots and mentioned in the corresponding text in the Results section. Similarly, in the legend of Figure 4, which is related to panel C, the authors write that splenocytes were differentially labeled with CFSE and CTV as indicated; however, in Figure 4, C and the Results section text, there is no mention of CFSE.

The authors should clarify why they assume that KLRG1 expression is influenced by the expression of inhibitory Ly49 receptors and not by manipulations on chromosome 6, where the genes for both KLRG1 and Ly49 receptors are located. However, a better explanation for the possible influence of other inhibitory NK cell receptors still needs to be included. In the study by Zhang et al. (doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13032-5 the authors showed the synergized regulation of NK cell education by the NKG2A receptor and the specific Ly49 family members. Although in this study, Piersma and colleagues show the control of MHC-I deficient cells by Ly49A+ NKG2A-NK cells in Figure 4., this receptor is not mentioned in the Results or in the Discussion section, so its role in this story needs to be clarified. Therefore, the reader would benefit from more information regarding NKG2A receptor and NKG2A+/- populations in their results.

Comments on revisions: The authors have successfully answered all my questions and edited the manuscript accordingly.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, Piersma et al. successfully generated a mouse model with all Ly49 genes knocked out, resulting in the complete absence of Ly49 receptor expression on the cell surface. The absence of Ly49 expression led to the loss of NK cell education/licensing and consequently, a failure in responsiveness against missing-self target cells. The authors demonstrate the restoration of NK cell licensing by knocking in a single Ly49 gene, Ly49A, in a mouse expressing the H-2Dd ligand for this receptor, which is a novel and important finding.

Strengths:

The authors established a novel mouse model enabling them to have a clean and thorough study on the function of Ly49 on NK cell licensing. Also, by knock in a single Ly49, they were able to investigate the function of a given Ly49 receptor excluding the "contamination" of co-expression any other Ly49 genes. The experiment designing and data interpretation were logically clear and the evidence was solid.

Weaknesses:

The mouse model was somehow genetically similar to a previous study. The experimental work and findings are partially overlapping with the previous work by Zhang et al. (2019), who also performed knockout of the entire Ly49 locus in mice and demonstrated that loss of NK responsiveness was due to the removal of inhibitory, and not activating Ly49 genes.

Potential achievements and discussions: The mouse model developed by the authors holds great potential for advancing NK cell functional studies, particularly regarding the regulation of NK cell functions through receptor-ligand interactions. Moreover, it provides a valuable tool for investigating NK cell education and the development of checkpoint inhibitors. These applications could significantly contribute to the broader research efforts in cancer therapy utilizing NK cells.

Comments on revisions: The authors have successfully addressed all the concerns raised in my previous feedback. They have significantly improved the logical structure, making it clearer and more coherent. Additionally, they have ensured consistency in the use of specific terminology throughout the manuscript. The substantial revisions and re-writing efforts are commendable and have greatly enhanced the overall quality of the manuscript.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Zanetti et al use biophysical and cellular assays to investigate the interaction of the birnavirus VP3 protein with the early endosome lipid PI3P. The major novel finding is that association of the VP3 protein with an anionic lipid (PI3P) appears to be important for viral replication, as evidenced through a cellular assay on FFUs.

Strengths:

Support previously published claims that VP3 associates with early endosome membrane, potentially through binding to PI3P. The finding that mutating a single residue (R200) critically affects early endosome binding and that the same mutation also inhibits viral replication suggests a very important role for this binding in the viral life cycle.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript is relatively narrowly focused: the specifics of the bi-molecular interaction between the VP3 of an unusual avian virus and a host cell lipid (PIP3). Further, the affinity of this interaction is low and its specificity relative to other PIPs is not tested, leading to questions about whether VP3-PI3P binding is relevant.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a birnavirus and an important avian pathogen. Interestingly, IBDV appears to be a unique dsRNA virus that uses early endosomes for RNA replication that is more common for +ssRNA viruses such as for example SARS-CoV-2.

This work builds on previous studies showing that IBDV VP3 interacts with PIP3 during virus replication. The authors provide further biophysical evidence for the interaction and map the interacting domain on VP3.

Strengths:

Detailed characterization of the interaction between VP3 and PIP3 identified R200D mutation as critical for the interaction. Cryo-EM data show that VP3 leads to membrane deformation.

Comments on revisions:

I have no further comments. The authors have addressed my questions and concerns. I congratulate the authors on their work!

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

When people help others is an important psychological and neuroscientific question. It has received much attention from the psychological side, but comparatively less from neuroscience. The paper translates some ideas from a social Psychology domain to neuroscience using a neuroeconomically oriented computational approach. In particular, the paper is concerned with the idea that people help others based on perceptions of merit/deservingness, but also because they require/need help. To this end, the authors conduct two experiments with an overlapping participant pool:

(1) A social perception task in which people see images of people that have previously been rated on merit and need scales by other participants. In a blockwise fashion, people decide to whether the depicted person a) deserves help, b) needs help, and c) whether the person uses both hands (== control condition)

(2) In an altruism task, people make costly helping decisions by deciding between giving a certain amount of money to themselves or another person. It is manipulated how much the other person needs and deserves the money.

The authors use sound and robust computational modelling approach for both tasks using evidence accumulation models. They analyse behavioural data for both tasks, showing that the behaviour is indeed influenced, as expected, by the deservingness and the need of the shown people. Neurally, the authors use a block-wise analysis approach to find differences in activity levels across conditions of the social perception task. The authors do find large activation clusters in areas related to theory of mind. Interestingly, they also find that activity in TPJ that relates to the deservingness condition correlates with people's deservingness ratings while they do the task, but also with computational parameters related to helping others in the second task, the one that was conducted many months later. Also some behavioural parameters correlate across the two tasks, suggesting that how deserving of help others are perceived reflects a relatively stable feature that translates into concrete helping decisions later-on.

The conclusions of the paper are overall well supported by the data.

(1) I found that the modelling was done very thoroughly for both tasks. Overall, I had the impression that the methods are very solid with many supplementary analyses. The computational modelling is done very well.

(2) A slight caveat, however, regarding this aspect, is that, in my view, the tasks are relatively simplistic, so that even the complex computational models do not as much as they can in the case of more complex paradigms. For example, the bias term in the model seems to correspond to the mean response rate in a very direct way (please correct me if I am wrong).

(3) Related to the simple tasks: The fMRI data is analysed in a simple block-fashion. This is in my view not appropriate to discern the more subtle neural substrates of merit/need-based decision making or person perception. Correspondingly, the neural activation patterns (merit > control, need > control) are relatively broad and unspecific. They do not seem to differ in the classic theory of mind regions, that are the focus of the analyses.

(4) However, the relationship between neural signal and behavioural merit sensitivity in TPJ is noteworthy.

(5) The latter is even more the case, as the neural signal and aspects of the behaviour are correlated across subjects with the second task that is conducted much later. Such a correlation is very impressive and suggests that the tasks are sensitive for important individual differences in helping perception/behaviour.

(6) That being said, the number of participants in the latter analyses are at the lower end of the number of participants that are these days used for across-participant correlations.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The paper aims at providing a neurocomputational account on how social perception translates in prosocial behaviors. Participants first completed a novel social perception task during fMRI scanning, in which were asked to judge the merit or need of people depicted in different situations. Second , a separate altruistic choice task was used to examine how the perception of merit and need influences the weights people place on themselves, others and fairness when deciding to provide help. Finally, a link between perception and action was drawn in those participants who completed both tasks.

Strengths:

The paper is overall very well written and presented, leaving the reader at ease when describing complex methods and results. The approach used by the author is very compelling, as it combines computational modeling of behavior and neuroimaging data analyses. Despite not being able to comment on the computational model, I find the approach used (to disentangle sensitivity and biases, for merit and need) very well described and derived from previous theoretical work. Results are also clearly described and interpreted.

Weaknesses:

In the social perception task, merit and need are evaluated by means of very different cues that rely on different cognitive processes (more abstract thinking for merit than need). Despite this limitation of the task, the authors were able to argue convincingly in the revised version about the solidity of their findings. Sample size is quite small for study 2, nevertheless the results provide convincing evidence.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Hua et al show how targeting amino acid metabolism can overcome Trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer.

Strengths:

The authors used metabolomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics approaches in vitro and in preclinical models to demonstrate how trastuzumab-resistant cells utilize cysteine metabolism.

Weaknesses:

However, there are some key aspects that needs to be addressed.

Major:

(1) Patient Samples for Transcriptomic Analysis: It is unclear from the text whether tumor tissues or blood samples were used for the transcriptomic analysis. This distinction is crucial, as these two sample types would yield vastly different inferences. The authors should clarify the source of these samples.

(2) The study only tested one trastuzumab-resistant and one trastuzumab-sensitive cell line. It is unclear whether these findings are applicable to other HER2-positive tumor cell lines, such as HCC1954. The authors should validate their results in additional cell lines to strengthen their conclusions.

(3) Relevance to Metastatic Disease: Trastuzumab resistance often arises in patients during disease recurrence, which is frequently associated with metastasis. However, the mouse experiments described in this paper were conducted only in the primary tumors. This article would have more impact if the authors could demonstrate that the combination of Erastin or cysteine starvation with trastuzumab can also improve outcomes in metastasis models.

Minor:

(1) The figures lack information about the specific statistical tests used. Including this information is essential to show the robustness of the results.

(2) Figure 3K Interpretation: The significance asterisks in Figure 3K do not specify the comparison being made. Are they relative to the DMSO control? This should be clarified.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

In this manuscript, Hua et al. proposed SLC7A11, a protein facilitating cellular cystine uptake, as a potential target for the treatment of trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer. If this claim holds true, the finding would be of significance and might be translated to clinical practice. Nevertheless, this reviewer finds that the conclusion was poorly supported by the data.

Notably, most of the data (Figures 2-6) were based on two cell lines - JIMT1 as a representative of trastuzumab-resistant cell line, and SKBR3 as a representative of trastuzumab sensitive cell line. As such, these findings could be cell-line specific while irrelevant to trastuzumab sensitivity at all. Furthermore, the authors claimed ferroptosis simply based on lipid peroxidation (Figure 3). Cell viability was not determined, and the rescuing effects of ferroptosis inhibitors were missing. The xenograft experiments were also suspicious (Figure 4). The description of how cysteine starvation was performed on xenograft tumors was lacking, and the compound (i.e., erastin) used by the authors is not suitable for in vivo experiments due to low solubility and low metabolic stability. Finally, it is confusing why the authors focused on epigenetic regulations (Figures 5 & 6), without measuring major transcription factors (e.g., NRF2, ATF4) which are known to regulate SLC7A11.

To sum up, this reviewer finds that the most valuable data in this manuscript is perhaps Figure 1, which provides unbiased information concerning the metabolic patterns in trastuzumab-sensitive and primary resistant HER2-positive breast cancer patients.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

In this manuscript, the authors report that GPR55 activation in presynaptic terminals of Purkinje cells decrease GABA release at the PC-DCN synapse. The authors use an impressive array of techniques (including highly challenging presynaptic recordings) to show that GPR55 activation reduces the readily releasable pool of vesicle without affecting presynaptic AP waveform and presynaptic Ca2+ influx. This is an interesting study, which is seemingly well-executed and proposes a novel mechanism for the control of neurotransmitter release. However, the authors' main conclusions are heavily, if not solely, based on pharmacological agents that most often than not demonstrate affinity at multiple targets. Below are points that the authors should consider in a revised version.

Major points:

(1) There is no clear evidence that GPR55 is specifically expressed in presynaptic terminals at the PC-DCN synapse. The authors cited Ryberg 2007 and Wu 2013 in the introduction, mentioning that GPR55 is potentially expressed in PCs. Ryberg (2007) offers no such evidence, and the expression in PC suggested by Wu (2013) does not necessarily correlate with presynaptic expression. The authors should perform additional experiments to demonstrate the presynaptic expression of GPR55 at PC-DCN synapse.

(2) The authors' conclusions rest heavily on pharmacological experiments, with compounds that are sometimes not selective for single targets. Genetic deletion of GPR55 would be a more appropriate control. The authors should also expand their experiments with occlusion experiments, showing if the effects of LPI are absent after AM251 or O-1602 treatment. In addition, the authors may want to consider AM281 as a CB1R antagonist without reported effects at GPR55.

(3) It is not clear how long the different drugs were applied, and at what time the recordings were performed during or following drug application. It appears that GPR55 agonists can have transient effects (Sylantyev, 2013; Rosenberg, 2023), possibly due to receptor internalization. The timeline of drug application should be reported, where IPSC amplitude is shown as a function of time and drug application windows are illustrated.

(4) A previous investigation on the role of GPR55 in the control of neurotransmitter release is not cited nor discussed Sylantyev et al., (2013, PNAS, Cannabinoid- and lysophosphatidylinositol-sensitive receptor GPR55 boosts neurotransmitter release at central synapses). Similarities and differences should be discussed.

Minor point:

(1) What is the source of LPI? What isoform was used? The multiple isoforms of LPI have different affinities for GPR55.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper investigates the mode of action of GPR55, a relatively understudied type of cannabinoid receptor, in presynaptic terminals of Purkinje cells. The authors use demanding techniques of patch clamp recording of the terminals, sometimes coupled with another recording of the postsynaptic cell. They find a lower release probability of synaptic vesicles after activation of GPR55 receptors, while presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium currents are unaffected. They propose that the size of a specific pool of synaptic vesicles supplying release sites is decreased upon activation of GPR55 receptors.

Strengths:

The paper uses cutting-edge techniques to shed light on a little-studied, potentially important type of cannabinoid receptor. The results are clearly presented, and the conclusions are for the most part sound.

Weaknesses:

The nature of the vesicular pool that is modified following activation of GPR55 is not definitively characterized.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Inoshita and Kawaguchi investigated the effects of GPR55 activation on synaptic transmission in vitro. To address this question, they performed direct patch-clamp recordings from axon terminals of cerebellar Purkinje cells and fluorescent imaging of vesicular exocytosis utilizing synapto-pHluorin. They found that exogenous activation of GPR55 suppresses GABA release at Purkinje cell to deep cerebellar nuclei (PC-DCN) synapses by reducing the readily releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles. This mechanism may also operate at other synapses.

Strengths:

The main strength of this study lies in combining patch-clamp recordings from axon terminals with imaging of presynaptic vesicular exocytosis to reveal a novel mechanism by which activation of GPR55 suppresses inhibitory synaptic strength. The results strongly suggest that GPR55 activation reduces the RRP size without altering presynaptic calcium influx.

Weaknesses:

The study relies on the exogenous application of GPR55 agonists. It remains unclear whether endogenous ligands released due to physiological or pathological activities would have similar effects. There is no information regarding the time course of the agonist-induced suppression. There is also little evidence that GPR55 is expressed in Purkinje cells. This study would benefit from using GPR55 knockout (KO) mice. The downstream mechanism by which GPR55 mediates the suppression of GABA release remains unknown.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

In their paper entitled "Combined transcriptomic, connectivity, and activity profiling of the medial amygdala using highly amplified multiplexed in situ hybridization (hamFISH)" Edwards et al. present a new method designated as hamFISH (highly amplified multiplexed in situ hybridization) that enables sequential detection of {less than or equal to}32 genes using multiplexed branched DNA amplification. As proof-of-principle, the authors apply the new technique - in conjunction with connectivity, and activity profiling - to the medial amygdala (MeA) of the mouse, which is a critical nucleus for innate social and defensive behaviors.

As mentioned by Edwards et al., hamFISH could prove beneficial as an affordable alternative to other in situ transcriptomic methods, including commercial platforms, that are resource-intensive and require complex analysis pipelines. Thus, the authors envision that the method they present could democratize in situ cell-type identification in individual laboratories.

The data presented by Edwards et al. is convincing. The authors use the appropriate and validated methodology in line with the current state-of-the-art. The paper makes a strong case for the benefits of hamFISH when combining transcriptomics studies with connectivity tracing and immediate early gene-based activity profiling. Notably, the authors also discuss the caveats and limitations of their study/approach in an open and transparent manner.

In its current state, the manuscript touches upon a number of most intriguing, yet rather preliminary findings. For example, the roles of inhibitory neuron cluster i3 or of the selective and apparently MeA neuron-specific projections (Figure 3 - Figure Supplement 2D) remain elusive. As it is the authors' prime intent to provide "a proof-of-principle example of overlaying transcriptomic types, projection, and activity in a behaviorally relevant manner and demonstrates the usefulness of hamFISH in multiplexed in situ gene expression profiling", such studies might be beyond the scope of the present manuscript. The absence of such more in-depth hypothesis-based analysis, however, prevents an even more enthusiastic overall assessment.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors describe the development and implementation of hamFISH, a sensitive multiplexed ISH method. They leverage a pre-existing scRNA-seq dataset for the MeA to design 32 probes that combinatorically represent MeA neuronal populations - ~80% of MeA neurons express three of these markers. Using these markers to assess the spatial organization of the MeA, the authors identify a novel population of Ndnf+ projection neurons and characterize their connectivity with anterograde and retrograde labeling. They additionally combine hamFISH with CTB labeling of three principal MeA projection sites to show that 75% of MeA neurons have only a single projection target. Finally, they engage adult male mice in encounters with other adult males (aggression), females (mating), and pups (infanticide), followed by hamFISH and c-fos labeling to relate cell identity to behavior. Their overall conclusion is that hamFISH-defined cell types are broadly active to multiple sensory stimuli. However, the data presented are not sufficient to conclude that no selectivity exists within the MeA. A weakness of the study is that the selected hamFISH genes contain only Lhx6 as a lineage-marking transcription factor. Instead, the authors predominately use neuropeptides as markers. Genes such as Tac1, Cartpt, Adcyap1, Calb1, and Gal are expressed throughout the MeA, and many other brain regions; they are not restricted to a single transcriptomic cell type and they do not denote any developmental origins. By design, the panel has low cell type specificity as all MeA neurons express at least three of the genes. Therefore, the authors' conclusions may not hold with a more stringent classification of cell type or cell identity.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, Edwards et al. describe hamFISH, a customizable and cost-efficient method for performing targeted spatial transcriptomics. hamFISH utilizes highly amplified multiplexed branched DNA amplification, and the authors extensively describe hamFISH development and its advantages over prior variants of this approach.

The authors then used hamFISH to investigate an important circuit in the mouse brain for social behavior, the medial amygdala (MeA). To develop a hamFISH probe set capable of distinguishing MeA neurons, the authors mined published single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets of the MeA, ultimately creating a panel of 32 hamFISH probes that mostly cover the identified MeA cell types. They evaluated over 600,000 MeA cells and classified neurons into 16 inhibitory and 10 excitatory types, many of which are spatially clustered. The authors combined hamFISH with viral and other circuit tracer injections to determine whether the identified MeA cell populations sent and/or received unique inputs from connected brain regions, finding evidence that several cell types had unique patterns of input and output. Finally, the authors performed hamFISH on the brains of male mice that were placed in behavioral conditions that elicit aggressive, infanticidal, or mating behaviors, finding that some cell populations are selectively activated (as assessed by c-fos mRNA expression) in specific social contexts.

Strengths:

(1) The authors developed an optimized tissue preparation protocol for hamFISH and implemented oligopools instead of individually synthesized oligonucleotides to reduce costs. The branched DNA amplification scheme improved smFISH signal compared to previous methods, and multiple variants provide additional improvements in signal intensity and specificity. Compared to other spatial transcriptomics methods, the pipeline for imaging and analysis is streamlined and is compatible with other techniques like fluorescence-based circuit tracing. This approach is cost-effective and has several advantages that make it a valuable addition to the list of spatial transcriptomics toolkits.

(2) Using 31 probes, hamFISH was able to detect 16 inhibitory and 10 excitatory neuron types in the MeA subregions, including the vast majority of cell types identified by other transcriptomics approaches. The authors quantified the distributions of these cell types along the anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral axes, finding spatial segregation among some, but not all, MeA excitatory and inhibitory cell types. The authors additionally identified a class of inhibitory neurons expressing Ndnf (and a subset of these that express Chrna7) that project multiple social chemosensory circuits.

(3) The authors combined hamFISH with MeA input and output mapping, finding cell-type biases in the projections to the MPOA, BNST, and VMHvl, and inputs from multiple regions.

(4) The authors identified excitatory and inhibitory cell types, and patterns of activity across cell types, that were selectively activated during various social behaviors, including aggression, mating, and infanticide, providing new insights and avenues for future research into MeA circuit function.

Weaknesses:

(1) Gene selection for hamFISH is likely to still be a limiting factor, even with the expanded (32-probe) capacity. This may have contributed to the lack of ability to identify sexually dimorphic cell types (Figure S2B). This is an expected tradeoff for a method that has major advantages in terms of cost and adaptability.

(2) Adaptation of hamFISH, for example, to adapt it to other brain regions or tissues, may require extensive optimization.

(3) Pairing this method with behavioral experiments is likely to require further optimization, as c-fos mRNA expression is an indirect and incomplete survey of neuronal activity (e.g. not all cell types upregulate c-fos when electrically active). As such, there is a risk of false negative results that limit its utility for understanding circuit function.

(4) The limited compatibility of hamFISH with thicker tissue samples and lack of optical sectioning introduce additional technical limitations. For example, it would be difficult to densely sample larger neural circuits using serial 20 micron sections. Also, because the imaging modality is not clear from the methods, it is difficult to know whether the analysis methods introduce the risk of misattributing gene expression to overlapping cells.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study experimentally examined diet-microbe-host interactions through a complex systems framework, centered on dietary oxalate. Multiple, independent molecular, animal, and in vitro experimental models were introduced into this research. The authors found that microbiome composition influenced multiple oxalate-microbe-host interfaces. Oxalobacter formigenes were only effective against a poor oxalate-degrading microbiota background and give critical new insights into why clinical intervention trials with this species exhibit variable outcomes. Data suggest that, while heterogeneity in the microbiome impacts multiple diet-host-microbe interfaces, metabolic redundancy among diverse microorganisms in specific diet-microbe axes is a critical variable that may impact the efficacy of bacteriotherapies, which can help guide patient and probiotic selection criteria in probiotic clinical trials.

Strengths:

The paper has made significant progress in both the depth and breadth of scientific research by systematically comparing multiple experimental methods across multiple dimensions. Particularly through in-depth analysis from the enzymatic perspective, it has not only successfully identified several key strains and redundant genes, which is of great significance for understanding the functions of enzymes, the characteristics of strains, and the mechanisms of genes in microbial communities, but also provided a valuable reference for subsequent experimental design and theoretical research.

More importantly, the establishment of a novel research approach to probiotics and gut microbiota in this paper represents a major contribution to the current research field. The proposal of this new approach not only breaks through the limitations of traditional research but also offers new perspectives and strategies for the screening, optimization of probiotics, and the regulation of gut microbiota balance. This holds potential significant value for improving human health and the prevention and treatment of related diseases.

Weaknesses:

While the study has excellently examined the overall changes in microbial community structure and the functions of individual bacteria, it lacks a focused investigation on the metabolic cross-feeding relationships between oxalate-degrading bacteria and related microorganisms, failing to provide a foundational microbial community or model for future research. Although this paper conducts a detailed study on oxalate metabolism, it would be beneficial to visually present the enrichment of different microbial community structures in metabolic pathways using graphical models.

Furthermore, the authors have done a commendable job in studying the roles of key bacteria. If the interactions and effects of upstream and downstream metabolically related bacteria could be integrated, it would provide readers with even more meaningful information. By illustrating how these bacteria interact within the metabolic network, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the complex ecological and functional relationships within microbial communities. Such an integrated approach would not only enhance the scientific value of the study but also facilitate future research in this area.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Using the well-studied oxalate-microbiome-host system, the authors propose a novel conceptual and experimental framework for developing targeted bacteriotherapies using a three-phase pre-clinical workflow. The third phase is based on a 'complex system theoretical approach' in which multi-omics technologies are combined in independent in vivo and in vitro models to successfully identify the most pertinent variables that influence specific phenotypes in diet-host-microbe systems. The innovation relies on the third phase since phase I and phase II are the dominant approaches everyone in the microbiome field uses.

Strengths:

The authors used a multidisciplinary approach which included:

(1) fecal transplant of two distinct microbial communities into Swiss-Webster mice (SWM) to characterize the host response (hepatic response-transcriptomics) and microbial activity (untargeted metabolomics of the stool samples) to different oxalate concentrations;

(2) longitudinal analysis of the N. albigulia gut microbiome composition in response to varying concentrations of oxalate by shotgun metagenomics, with deep bioinformatic analyses of the genomes assembled; and

(3) development of synthetic microbial communities around oxalate metabolisms and evaluation of these communities' activity in oxalate degradation in vivo.

Weaknesses:

However, I have concerns about the frame the authors tried to provide for a 'complex system theoretical approach' and how the data are interpreted within this frame. Several of the conclusions the authors provide do not seem to have sufficient data to support them.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This is a comprehensive study that clearly and deeply investigates the function of GATA6 in human early cardiac development.

Strengths:

This study combines hESC engineering, differentiation, detailed gene expression, genome occupancy, and and pathway modulation to elucidate the role of GATA6 in early cardiac differentiation. The work is carefully executed and the results support the conclusions. The use of publicly available data is well integrated throughout the manuscript. The RIME experiments are excellent.

Weaknesses:

Much has been known about GATA6 in mesendoderm development, and this is acknowledged by the authors.

Comments on revised version:

The authors have addressed my comments appropriately.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Bisson et al describes the role GATA6 to regulate cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) specification and cardiomyocyte (CM) generation using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The authors found that GATA6 loss-of-function hESC exhibit early defects in mesendoderm and lateral mesoderm patterning stages. Using RNA-seq and CUT&RUN assays the genes of the Wnt and BMP programs were found to be affected by the loss of GATA6 expression. Modulating Wnt and BMP during early cardiac differentiation can partially rescue CPC and CM defects in GATA6 hetero- and homozygous mutant hESCs.

Strengths:

The studies performed were rigorous and the rationale for the experimental designed were logical. The results obtained were clear and supports the conclusions that the authors made regarding the role of GATA6 on Wnt and BMP pathway gene expression.

Weaknesses:

Given the wealth of studies that have been performed in this research area previously, the amount of new information provided in this study is relatively modest. Nevertheless, the results and quite clear and should make a strong contribution to the field.

Comments on revised version:

The authors have addressed the prior request to assess genes expression representing each stage of development/differentiation from mesoderm to cardiac progenitor to cardiomyocytes and confirmed that the differentiation defect lies at the cardiac progenitor and cardiomyocyte stages and not in mesodermal differentiation. This work has significantly improved the robustness of the study.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

In this study, Bison et al. analyzed the role of the GATA6 transcription factor in patterning the early mesoderm and generating cardiomyocytes, using human embryonic stem cell differentiation assays and patient-derived hiPSCs with heart defects associated with mutations in the GATA6 gene. They identified a novel role for GATA6 in regulating genes involved in the WNT and BMP pathways. Modulation of the WNT and BMP pathways partially rescue early cardiac mesoderm defects in GATA6 mutant hESCs. These results provide significant insights into how GATA6 loss-of-function and heterozygous mutations contribute to heart defects.

Comments on revised version:

The authors have addressed all the concerns, using new data and modifications to the text to further strengthen the manuscript.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The study by Pudlowski et al. investigates how the intricate structure of centrioles is formed by studying the role of a complex formed by delta- and epsilon-tubulin and the TEDC1 and TEDC2 proteins. For this they employ knockout cell lines, EM and ultrastructure expansion microscopy as well as pull-downs. Previous work has indicated a role of delta- and epsilon-tubulin in triplet microtubule formation. Without triplet microtubules centriolar cylinders can still form, but are unstable, resulting is futile rounds of de novo centriole assembly during S phase and disassembly during mitosis. Here the authors show that all four proteins function as a complex and knockout of any of the four proteins results in the same phenotype. They further find that mutant centrioles lack inner scaffold proteins and contain an extended proximal end including markers such as SAS6 and CEP135, suggesting that triplet microtubule formation is linked to limiting proximal end extension and formation of the central region that contains the inner scaffold. Finally, they show that mutant centrioles seem to undergo elongation during early mitosis before disassembly, although it is not clear if this may also be due to prolonged mitotic duration in mutants.

Strengths:

Overall this is a well-performed study, well presented, with conclusions supported by convincing data based on knockout cell lines, rescue experiments, and detailed quantifications.

Weaknesses:

Most weaknesses have been addressed in the revised version. The precise mapping of TED complex proteins to centrioles remains challenging with the available tools but has been addressed through the use of several complementary super-resolution techniques.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this article, the authors study the function of TEDC1 and TEDC2, two proteins previously reported to interact with TUBD1 and TUBE1. Previous work by the same group had shown that TUBD1 and TUBE1 are required for centriole assembly and that human cells lacking these proteins form abnormal centrioles that only have singlet microtubules that disintegrate in mitosis. In this new work, the authors demonstrate that TEDC1 and TEDC2 depletion results in the same phenotype with abnormal centrioles that also disintegrate into mitosis. In addition, they were able to localize these proteins to the proximal end of the centriole, a result not previously achieved with TUBD1 and TUBE1, providing a better understanding of where and when the complex is involved in centriole growth.

Strengths:

The results are very convincing, particularly the phenotype, which is the same as previously observed for TUBD1 and TUBE1. The U-ExM localization is also convincing: despite a signal that's not very homogeneous, it's clear that the complex is in the proximal region of the centriole and procentriole. The phenotype observed in U-ExM on the elongation of the cartwheel is also spectacular and opens the question of the regulation of the size of this structure. The authors also report convincing results on direct interactions between TUBD1, TUBE1, TEDC1, and TEDC2, and an intriguing structural prediction suggesting that TEDC1 and TEDC2 form a heterodimer that interacts with the TUBD1- TUBE1 heterodimer.

Comments on revisions:

I would like to thank the authors for their work and for thoroughly addressing most of my questions. I extend my congratulations to the authors for this excellent and impactful article.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Human cells deficient in delta-tubulin or epsilon-tubulin form unstable centrioles, which lack triplet microtubules and undergo a futile formation and disintegration cycle. In this study, the authors show that human cells lacking the associated proteins TEDC1 or TEDC2 have these identical phenotypes. They use genetics to knockout TEDC1 or TEDC2 in p53-negative RPE-1 cells and expansion microscopy to structurally characterize mutant centrioles. Biochemical methods and AlphaFold-multimer prediction software are used to investigate interactions between tubulins and TEDC1 and TEDC2.

The study shows that mutant centrioles are built only of A tubules, which elongate and extend their proximal region, fail to incorporate structural components, and finally disintegrate in mitosis. In addition, they demonstrate that delta-tubulin or epsilon-tubulin and TEDC1 and TEDC2 form one complex and that TEDC1 TEDC2 can interact independently of tubulins. Finally, they show that localization of four proteins is mutually dependent.

Strengths:

The results presented here are convincing, exciting, and important, and the manuscript is well-written. The study shows that delta-tubulin, epsilon-tubulin, TEDC1, and TEDC2 function together to build a stable and functional centriole, significantly contributing to the field and our understanding of the centriole assembly process.

Weaknesses:

The ultrastructural characterization of TEDC1 and TEDC2 in centrosomes remains challenging. Nevertheless, it is evident that these proteins occupy growing centrioles and the proximal parts of mother centrioles.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have done a great job extending the original experiments and measurements and answering outstanding questions.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Gene transfer agent (GTA) from Bartonella is a fascinating chimeric GTA that evolved from the domestication of two phages. Not much is known about how the expression of the BaGTA is regulated. In this manuscript, Korotaev et al noted the structural similarity between BrrG (a protein encoded by the ror locus of BaGTA) to a well-known transcriptional anti-termination factor, 21Q, from phage P21. This sparked the investigation into the possibility that BaGTA cluster is also regulated by anti-termination. Using a suite of cell biology, genetics, and genome-wide techniques (ChIP-seq), Korotaev et al convincingly showed that this is most likely the case. The findings offer the first insight into the regulation of GTA cluster (and GTA-mediated gene transfer) particularly in this pathogen Bartonella. Note that anti-termination is a well-known/studied mechanism of transcriptional control. Anti-termination is a very common mechanism for gene expression control of prophages, phages, bacterial gene clusters, and other GTAs, so in this sense, the impact of the findings in this study here is limited to Bartonella.

Strengths:

Convincing results that overall support the main claim of the manuscript.

Weaknesses:

A few important controls are missing.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors identified and characterized a regulatory mechanism based on transcriptional anti-termination that connects the two gene clusters, capsid and run-off replication (ROR) locus, of the bipartite Bartonella gene transfer agent (GTA). Among genes essential for GTA functionality identified in a previous transposon sequencing project, they found a potential antiterminatior of phage origin within the ROR locus. They employed fluorescence reporter and gene transfer assays of overexpression and knockout strains in combination with ChiPSeq and promoter-fusions to convincingly show that this protein indeed acts as an antiterminator counteracting attenuation of the capsid gene cluster expression.

Impact on the field:

The results provide valuable insights into the evolution of the chimeric BaGTA, a unique example of phage co-domestication by bacteria. A similar system found in the other broadly studied Rhodobacterales/Caulobacterales GTA family suggests that antitermination could be a general mechanism for GTA control.

Strengths:

Results of the selected and carefully designed experiments support the main conclusions.

Weaknesses:

It remains open why overexpression of the antiterminator does not increase the gene transfer frequency.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work, Huang et al used SMRT sequencing to identify methylated nucleotides (6mA, 4mC, and 5mC) in Pseudomonas syringae genome. They show that the most abundant modification is 6mA and they identify the enzymes required for this modification as when they mutate HsdMSR they observe a decrease of 6mA. Interestingly, the mutant also displays phenotypes of change in pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and translation activity due to a change in gene expression likely linked to the loss of 6mA.

Overall, the paper represents an interesting set of new data that can bring forward the field of DNA modification in bacteria.

Comments on revisions:

Thank you for the additional work. The authors have now addressed all my concerns.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

In the present manuscript, Huang et.al. revealed the significant roles of the DNA methylome in regulating virulence and metabolism within Pseudomonas syringae, with a particular focus on the HsdMSR system in this model strain. The authors used SMRT-seq to profile the DNA methylation patterns (6mA, 5mC, and 4mC) in three P. syringae strains (Psph, Pss, and Psa) and displayed the conservation among them. They further identified the type I restriction-modification system (HsdMSR) in P. syringae, including its specific motif sequence. The HsdMAR participated in the process of metabolism and virulence (T3SS & Biofilm formation), as demonstrated through RNA-seq analyses. Additionally, the authors revealed the mechanisms of the transcriptional regulation by 6mA. Strictly from the point of view of the interest of the question and the work carried out, this is a worthy and timely study that uses third-generation sequencing technology to characterize the DNA methylation in P. syringae. The experimental approaches were solid, and the results obtained were interesting and provided new information on how epigenetics influences the transcription in P. syringae. The conclusions of this paper are mostly well supported by data.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have successfully addressed all the comments from the reviewers in their revised manuscript.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work, the authors use a theoretical model to study the potential impact of Horizontal Gene Transfer on the number of alternative stable states of microbial communities. For this, they use a modified version of the competitive Lotka Volterra model-which accounts for the effects of pairwise, competitive interactions on species growth-that incorporates terms for the effects of both an added death (dilution) rate acting on all species and the rates of horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements-which can, in turn, affect species growth rates. The authors analyze the impact of horizontal gene transfer in different scenarios--such as bistability between pairs of species and multistability in communities--over an extended range of parameter values. In almost all these cases, the authors report an increase in either the number of alternative stable states or the parameter region (e.g. growth rate values) in which they occur.

Understanding the origin of alternative stable states in microbial communities and how often they may occur is an important challenge in microbial ecology and evolution. Shifts between these alternative stable states can drive transitions between e.g. a healthy microbiome and dysbiosis. A better understanding of how horizontal gene transfer can drive multistability could help predict alternative stable states in microbial communities, as well as inspire novel treatments to steer communities towards the most desired (e.g. healthy) stable states. In my opinion, this manuscript is a solid theoretical approach to the subject.

Strengths:<br /> - Generality of the model: the work is based on a phenomenological model that has been extensively used to predict the dynamics of ecological communities in many different scenarios.<br /> - The question of how horizontal gene transfer can drive alternative stable states in microbial communities is important and there are very few studies addressing it.

Weaknesses:<br /> - In the revised version of the manuscript, the authors significantly extended the analyzed region of parameter values. Still, the model has many parameters and the analysis is typically done by changing one or two parameters at a time. Thus, the work shows how HGT can indeed promote multistability, but it remains hard to grasp whether it consistently does so across a large region of the parameter values space.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Hong et al. used a model they previously developed to study the impact of plasmid transfer on microbial multispecies communities. They investigated the effect of plasmid transfer on the existence of alternative stable states in a community. The model most closely resembles plasmid conjugation, where the transferred genes confer independent growth-related fitness effects and different plasmids do not affect each other's transfer or growth effects. For this process, the authors find that increasing the rate of plasmid transfer leads to an increasing number of stable states, as long as the model includes a constant death/dilution term.

This is an interesting and important topic, and I welcome the authors' efforts to explore these topics with mathematical modeling. The addition of sensitivity analyses also strengthens the usefulness for quantitative microbial ecologists. However, the additional sections have made the main text harder to read. Between the effect of the dilution rate, the increase in subpopulations with HGT, and the modulation of interspecies competition, the reviewers have suggested a number of factors that may explain the way plasmid transfer modulates multistability. I think it would be helpful if the authors could summarize some of these effects/interactions between different parameters in their model more. I personally continue to find the model very unintuitive, especially in the way it averages over subpopulations carrying more than one foreign plasmid. Additional sentences that give the reader intuition for the sensitivity analyses and how these interplay with the results would be good.

Specific points

(1) The model makes strong assumptions about the biology of HGT, that could be spelled out even more. Since the model is primarily applicable to HGT driven by the exchange of plasmids, I believe the abstract (and perhaps even the title of the paper) should be updated to reflect that.

(2) I am not surprised that a mechanism that creates diversity will lead to more alternative stable states. Specifically, the null model for the absence of HGT is to set gamma to zero, resulting in pij=0 for all subpopulations (line 454). This means that a model with N^2 classes is effectively reduced to N classes. It seems intuitive that an LV-model with many more species would also allow for more alternative stable states. For a fair comparison one would really want to initialize these subpopulations in the model (with the same growth rates - e.g. mu1(1+lambda2)) but without gene mobility.<br /> [Update:] It is good that it seems that initializing pij with non-zero abundance did not seem to affect the conclusion that higher amounts of HGT increases multi stability. However, rather than listing it as one control for a specific condition, I would argue that this is the appropriate null model across the board (where HGT rate is varied from 0 to a high value), including figures S9 and S10.

(3) The possibility that the same cell may be counted in different pij runs counter to all intuition that researchers coming from a background of compartmental /epidemiological modeling may have. The associated assumption that plasmids do not affect each other's dynamics or (growth/interaction) effects at all is also a very strong assumption. This should be signaled much earlier in the manuscript, possibly already in line 106 when the model is introduced.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The authors studied why the two more antigenic proteins of the influenza A virus, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are expressed later during the infection. They set an experimental approach consisting of a 2-hour-long infection at a multiplicity of infection of 2 with the viral strain WSN. They used cells from the lung carcinoma cell line A549. They used the FISH technique to detect the mRNAs in situ and developed an imaging-based assay for mathematically modeling and estimating the nuclear export rate of each of the eight viral segments. They propose that the delay in the expression of HA and NA is based on the retention of their mRNA within the nucleus.

Strength

The study of an unaddressed mechanism in influenza A virus infectious cycle, as is the late expression of HA and NA, by creating a work flow including mRNA detection (FISH) plus mathematical calculations to arrive at a model, which additionally could be useful for general biological processes where transcription occurs in a burst-like manner.

Weakness

The authors built on several assumptions regarding the viral infection to "quantify" the transcript' export rate lacking experimental support. It would greatly improve if more precise experiments could be performed and/or include demonstration of the assumptions made (i.e., empirically demonstrating that cRNA production does not occur within the first 2 hours of infection, and the late expression of HA and NA proteins).

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

In this study the authors developed a framework to investigate the export rates of Influenza viral RNAs translocating from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This model suggests that the influenza virus may control gene expression at the RNA export level, namely, the retention of certain transcripts in the nucleus for longer times, allows the generation of other viral encoded proteins that are exported regularly, and only later on do certain mRNAs get exported. These encode proteins that alert the cell to the presence of viral molecules, hence keeping their emergence to very end, might help the virus to avoid detection as late as possible in the infection cycle.

The study is of limited scope. The notion that some mRNAs are retained in the nucleus after transcription is concluded early on from the FISH data. The model does not contribute much to the understanding and is mostly confirming the FISH data. The export rate is an ambiguous number and this part is not elaborated upon. One is left with more questions since no mechanistic knowledge emerges, and no additional experimentation is attempted to try drive to a deeper understanding.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have implemented the comments that required textual rewriting, which does make the paper clearer. On the experimental side, very little was done. It is fine to answer that the suggested experiments are not relevant or feasible for one reason or another, but one would expect to see some effort in providing other experimental sets to address key comments, and not only to modify a sentence in the text. So in my mind this round of revision feels more like some kind of intellectual discussion, which is fine, but I would have expected more, particularly after so much time has passed. I am still not satisfied with the way the analysis is presented in Fig. 2B, and writing a line about what is not analyzed in the legend, does not seem clear enough.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This paper presents a model of the whole somatosensory non-barrel cortex of the rat, with 4.2 million morphologically and electrically detailed neurons, with many aspects of the model constrained by a variety of data. The paper focuses on simulation experiments, testing a range of observations. These experiments are aimed at understanding how multiscale organization of the cortical network shapes neural activity.

Strengths

• The model is very large and detailed. With 4.2 million neurons and 13.2 billion synapses, as well as the level of biophysical realism employed, it is a highly comprehensive computational representation of the cortical network.

• Large scope of work - the authors cover a variety of properties of the network structure and activity in this paper, from dendritic and synaptic physiology to multi-area neural activity.

• Direct comparisons with experiments, shown throughout the paper, are laudable.

• The authors make a number of observations, like describing how high-dimensional connectivity motifs shape patterns of neural activity, which can be useful for thinking about the relations between the structure and the function of the cortical network.

• Sharing the simulation tools and a "large subvolume of the model" is appreciated.

Weaknesses

• A substantial part of this paper - the first few figures - focuses on single-cell and single-synapse properties, with high similarity to what was shown in Markram et al., 2015. Details may differ, but overall it is quite similar.

• Although the paper is about the model of the whole non-barrel somatosensory cortex, out of all figures, only one deals with simulations of the whole non-barrel somatosensory cortex. Most figures focus on simulations that involve one or a few "microcolumns". Again, it is rather similar to what was done in Markram et al., 2015 and constitutes relatively incremental progress.

• With a model like this, one has an opportunity to investigate computations and interactions across an extensive cortical network in an in vivo-like context. However, the simulations presented are not addressing realistic specific situations corresponding to animals performing a task or perceiving a relevant somatosensory stimulus. This makes the insights into roles of cell types or connectivity architecture less interesting, as they are presented for relatively abstract situations. It is hard to see their relationship to important questions that the community would be excited about - theoretical concepts like predictive coding, biophysical mechanisms like dendritic nonlinearities, or circuit properties like feedforward, lateral, and feedback processing across interacting cortical areas. In other words, what do we learn from this work conceptually, especially, about the whole non-barrel somatosensory cortex?

• Most of comparisons with in vivo-like activity are done using experimental data for whisker deflection (plus some from the visual stimulation in V1). But this model is for the non-barrel somatosensory cortex, so exactly the part of the cortex that has less to do with whiskers (or vision). Is it not possible to find any in vivo neural activity data from non-barrel cortex?

• The authors almost do not show raw spike rasters or firing rates. I am sure most readers would want to decide for themselves whether the model makes sense, and for that the first thing to do is to look at raster plots and distributions of firing rates. Instead, the authors show comparisons with in vivo data using highly processed, normalized metrics.

• While the authors claim that their model with one set of parameters reproduces many experimentally established metrics, that is not entirely what one finds. Instead, they provide different levels of overall stimulation to their model (adjusting the target "P_FR" parameter, with values from 0 to 1, and other parameters), and that influences results. If I get this right (the figures could really be improved with better organization and labeling), simulations with P_FR closer to 1 provide more realistic firing rate levels for a few different cases, however, P_FR of 0.3 and possibly above tends to cause highly synchronized activity - what the authors call bursting, but which also could be called epileptic-like activity in the network.

• The authors mention that the model is available online, but the "Resource availability" section does not describe that in substantial detail. As they mention in the Abstract, it is only a subvolume that is available. That might be fine, but more detail in appropriate parts of the paper would be useful.

Comments on revisions:

The authors addressed all my comments by revising and adding text as well as revising and adding some figures and videos. The limitations described in my previous review (above) mostly remain, but they are much better acknowledged and described now. These limitations can be addressed in the future work, whereas the current paper represents a step forward relative to the state of the art and provides a useful resource for the community.

Two minor points about the new additions to the paper:

(1) Something does not seem right in the sentence, "Unlike the Markram et al. (2015) model, the new model can also be exploited by the community and has already been used in a number of follow up papers studying (Ecker et al., 2024a,b; ...)". Should the authors remove "studying"?

(2) It is great that the authors added more plots and videos of the firing rates, but most of them show maximum-normalized rates, which sort of defeats the purpose. No scale on the y-axis is shown (it can be useful even for normalized data). And it is impossible to see anything for inhibitory populations.

These are minor points that may not need to be addressed. Overall, it is a nice study that is certainly useful for the field.

A great improvement is that the model is made fully available to the public.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Giménez-Orenga et al. investigate the origin and pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM). Using RNA microarrays, the authors compare the expression profiles and evaluate the biomarker potential of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) in these two conditions. Altogether, the authors show that HERV expression is distinct between ME/CFS and FM patients, and HERV dysregulation is associated with higher symptom intensity in ME/CFS. HERV expression in ME/CFS patients is associated with impaired immune function and higher estimated levels of plasma cells and resting CD4 memory T cells. This work provides interesting insights into the pathophysiology of ME/CFS and FM, creating opportunities for several follow-up studies.

Strengths:

(1) Overall, the data is convincing and supports the authors' claims. The manuscript is clear and easy to understand, and the methods are generally well-detailed. It was quite enjoyable to read.

(2) The authors combined several unbiased approaches to analyse HERV expression in ME/CFS and FM. The tools, thresholds, and statistical models used all seem appropriate to answer their biological questions.

(3) The authors propose an interesting alternative to diagnosing these two conditions. Transcriptomic analysis of blood samples using an RNA microarray could allow a minimally invasive and reproducible way of diagnosing ME/CFS and FM.

Weaknesses:

(1) The cohort analysed in this study was phenotyped by a single clinician. As ME/CFS and FM are diagnosed based on unspecific symptoms and are frequently misdiagnosed, this raises the question of whether the results can be generalised to external cohorts.

(2) The analyses performed to unravel the causes and effects of HERV expression in ME/CFS and FM are solely based on sequencing data. Experimental approaches could be used to validate some of the transcriptomic observations.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Giménez-Orenga carried out this study to assess whether human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) could be used to improve the diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Fibromyalgia (FM). To this end, they used the HERV-V3 array developed previously, to characterize the genome-wide changes in the expression of HERVs in patients suffering from ME/CFS, FM, or both, compared to controls. In turn, they present a useful repertoire of HERVs that might characterize ME/CFS and FM. For the most part, the paper is written in a manner that allows a natural understanding of the workflow and analyses carried out, making it compelling. The figures and additional tables present solid support for the findings. However, some statements made by the authors seem incomplete and would benefit from a more thorough literature review. Overall, this work will be of interest to the medical community seeking in better understanding of the co-occurrence of these pathologies, hinting at a novel angle by integrating HERVs, which are often overlooked, into their assessment.

Strengths:

(1) The work is well-presented, allowing the reader to understand the overall workflow and how the specific aims contribute to filling the knowledge gap in the field.

(2) The analyses carried out to understand the potential impact on gene expression mediated by HERVs are in line with previous works, making it solid and robust in the context of this study.

Weaknesses:

(1) The authors claim to obtain genome-wide HERV expression profiles. However, the array used was developed using hg19, while the genomic analysis of this work are carried out using a liftover to hg38. It would improve the statement and findings to include a comparison of the differences in HERVs available in hg38, and how this could impact the "genome-wide" findings.

(2) The authors in some points are not thorough with the cited literature. Two examples are:<br /> a) Lines 396-397 the authors say "the MLT1, usually found enriched near DE genes (Bogdan et al., 2020)". I checked the work by Bogdan, and they studied bacterial infection. A single work in a specific topic is not sufficient to support the statement that MLT1 is "usually" in close vicinity to differentially expressed genes. More works are needed to support this.<br /> b) After the previous statement, the authors go on to mention "contributing to the coding of conserved lncRNAs (Ramsay et al., 2017)". First, lnc = long non-coding, so this doesn't make sense. Second, in the work by Ramsay they mention "that contributed a significant amount of sequence to primate lncRNAs whose expression was conserved", which is different from what the authors in this study are trying to convey. Again, additional work and a rephrasing might help to support this idea.

(3) When presenting the clusters, the authors overlook the fact that cluster 4 is clearly control-specific, and fail to discuss what this means. Could this subset of HERV be used as bona fide markers of healthy individuals in the context of these diseases? Are they associated with DE genes? What could be the impact of such associations?

Appraisals on aims:

The authors set specific questions and presented the results to successfully answer them. The evidence is solid, with some weaknesses discussed above that will methodologically strengthen the work.

Likely impact of work on the field:

This work will be of interest to the medical community looking for novel ways to improve clinical diagnosis. Although future works with a greater population size, and more robust techniques such as RNA-Seq, are needed, this is the first step in presenting a novel way to distinguish these pathologies.

It would be of great benefit to the community to provide a table/spreadsheet indicating the specific genomic locations of the HERVs specific to each condition. This will allow proper provenance for future researchers interested in expanding on this knowledge, as these genomic coordinates will be independent of the technique used (as was the array used here).

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

The authors find that HERV expression patterns can be used as new criteria for differential diagnosis of FM and ME/CFS and patient subtyping. The data are based on transcriptome analysis by microarray for HERVs using patient blood samples, followed by differential expression of ERVs and bioinformatic analyses. This is a standard and solid data processing pipeline, and the results are well presented and support the authors' claim.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In the paper, the authors investigate how the availability of genomic information and the timing of vaccine strain selection influence the accuracy of influenza A/H3N2 forecasting. The manuscript presents three key findings:

(1) Using real and simulated data, the authors demonstrate that shortening the forecasting horizon and reducing submission delays for sharing genomic data improve the accuracy of virus forecasting.

(2) Reducing submission delays also enhances estimates of current clade frequencies.

(3) Shorter forecasting horizons, for example, allowed by the proposed use of "faster" vaccine platforms such as mRNA, resulting in the most significant improvements in forecasting accuracy.

Strengths:

The authors present a robust analysis, using statistical methods based on previously published genetic-based techniques to forecast influenza evolution. Optimizing prediction methods is crucial from both scientific and public health perspectives. The use of simulated as well as real genetic data (collected between April 1, 2005, and October 1, 2019) to assess the effects of shorter forecasting horizons and reduced submission delays is valuable and provides a comprehensive dataset. Moreover, the accompanying code is openly available on GitHub and is well-documented.

Weaknesses:

While the study addresses a critical public health issue related to vaccine strain selection and explores potential improvements, its impact is somewhat constrained by its exclusive reliance on predictive methods using genomic information, without incorporating phenotypic data. The analysis remains at a high level, lacking a detailed exploration of factors such as the genetic distance of antigenic sites.

Another limitation is the subsampling of the available dataset, which reduces several tens of thousands of sequences to just 90 sequences per month with even sampling across regions. This approach, possibly due to computational constraints, might overlook potential effects of regional biases in clade distribution that could be significant. The effect of dataset sampling on presented findings remains unexplored. Although the authors acknowledge limitations in their discussion section, the depth of the analysis could be improved to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying dynamics and their effects.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors have examined the effects of two parameters that could improve their clade forecasting predictions for A(H3N2) seasonal influenza viruses based solely on analysis of haemagglutinin gene sequences deposited on the GISAID Epiflu database. Sequences were analysed from viruses collected between April 1, 2005 and October 1, 2019. The parameters they investigated were various lag periods (0, 1, 3 months) for sequences to be deposited in GISAID from the time the viruses were sequenced. The second parameter was the time the forecast was accurate over projecting forward (for 3,6,9,12 months). Their conclusion (not surprisingly) was that "the single most valuable intervention we could make to improve forecast accuracy would be to reduce the forecast horizon to 6 months or less through more rapid vaccine development". This is not practical using conventional influenza vaccine production and regulatory procedures. Nevertheless, this study does identify some practical steps that could improve the accuracy and utility of forecasting such as a few suggested modifications by the authors such as "..... changing the start and end times of our long-term forecasts. We could change our forecasting target from the middle of the next season to the beginning of the season, reducing the forecast horizon from 12 to 9 months.'

Strengths:

The authors are very familiar with the type of forecasting tools used in this analysis (LBI and mutational load models) and the processes used currently for influenza vaccine virus selection by the WHO committees having participated in a number of WHO Influenza Vaccine Consultation meetings for both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres.

Weaknesses:

The conclusion of limiting the forecasting to 6 months would only be achievable from the current influenza vaccine production platforms with mRNA. However, there are no currently approved mRNA influenza vaccines, and mRNA influenza vaccines have also yet to demonstrate their real-world efficacy, longevity, and cost-effectiveness and therefore are only a potential platform for a future influenza vaccine. Hence other avenues to improve the forecasting should be investigated.

While it is inevitable that more influenza HA sequences will become available over time a better understanding of where new influenza variants emerge would enable a higher weighting to be used for those countries rather than giving an equal weighting to all HA sequences.

Also, other groups are considering neuraminidase sequences and how these contribute to the emergence of new or potentially predominant clades.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors wanted to use AlphaFold-multimer (AFm) predictions to reduce the challenge of physics-based protein-protein docking.

Strengths:

They found two features of AFm predictions that are very useful. 1) pLLDT is predictive of flexible residues, which they could target for conformational sampling during docking; 2) the interface-pLLDT score is predictive of the quality of AFm predictions, which allows the authors to decide whether to do local or global docking.

Weaknesses:

(1) As admitted by the authors, the AFm predictions for the main dataset are undoubtedly biased because these structures were used for AFm training. Could the authors find a way to assess the extent of this bias?<br /> (2) For the CASP15 targets where this bias is absent, the presentation was very brief. In particular, I'm interested in seeing how AFm helped with the docking? They may even want to do a direct comparison with docking results w/o the help of AFm.

Comments on revisions:

This revision has addressed my previous comments.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In short, this paper uses a previously published method, ReplicaDock to improve predictions from AlphaFold-multimer. The method generated about 25% more acceptable predictions than AFm, but more important is improving an Antibody-antigen set, where more than 50% of the models become improved.

When looking at the results in more detail, it is clear that for the models where the AFm models are good, the improvement is modest (or not at all). See, for instance, the blue dots in Fig 6. However, in the cases where AFm fails, the improvement is substantial (red dots in Fig 6), but no models reach a very high accuracy (Fnat ~0.5 compared to 0.8 for the good AFm models). So the paper could be summarized by claiming, "We apply ReplicaDock when AFm fails", instead of trying to sell the paper as an utterly novel pipeline. I must also say that I am surprised by the excellent performance of ReplicaDock - it seems to be a significant step ahead of other (not AlphaFold) docking methods, and from reading the original paper, that was unclear. Having a better benchmark of it alone (without AFm) would be very interesting.

These results also highlight several questions I try to describe in the weakness section below. In short, they boil down to the fact that the authors must show how good/bad ReplicaDock is at all targets (not only the ones where AFm fails. In addition, I have several more technical comments.

Strengths:

Impressive increase in performance on AB-AG set (although a small set and no proteins ).

Weaknesses:

The presentation is a bit hard to follow. The authors mix several measures (Fnat, iRMS, RMSDbound, etc). In addition, it is not always clear what is shown. For instance, in Fig 1, is the RMSD calculated for a single chain or the entire protein? I would suggest that the author replace all these measures with two: TM-score when evaluating the quality of a single chain and DockQ when evaluating the results for docking. This would provide a clearer picture of the performance. This applies to most figures and tables. For instance, Fig 9 could be shown as a distribution of DockQ scores.

The improvements on the models where AFm is good are minimal (if at all), and it is unclear how global docking would perform on these targets, nor exactly why the plDDT<0.85 cutoff was chosen. To better understand the performance of ReplicaDock, the authors should therefore (i) run global and local docking on all targets and report the results, (ii) report the results if AlphaFold (not multimer) models of the chains were used as input to ReplicaDock (I would assume it is similar). These models can be downloaded from AlphaFoldDB.

Further, it would be interesting to see if ReplicaDock could be combined with AFsample (or any other model to generate structural diversity) to improve performance further.

The estimates of computing costs for the AFsample are incorrect (check what is presented in their paper). What are the computational costs for RepliaDock global docking?

It is unclear strictly what sequences were used as input to the modelling. The authors should use full-length UniProt sequences if that were not done.

The antibody-antigen dataset is small. It could easily be expanded to thousands of proteins. It would be interesting to know the performance of ReplicaDock on a more extensive set of Antibodies and nanobodies.

Using pLDDT on the interface region to identify good/bas models is likely suboptimal. It was acceptable (as a part of the score) for AlphaFold-2.0 (monomer), but AFm behaves differently. Here, AFm provides a direct score to evaluate the quality of the interaction (ipTM or Ranking Confidence). The authors should use these to separate good/bad models (for global/local docking), or at least show that these scores are less good than the one they used.

Comments on revisions:

The inclusion of the DockQ improved the paper. No further comments.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors sought to identify unknown factors involved in the repair of uracil in DNA through a CRISPR knockout screen.

Strengths:

The screen identified both known and unknown proteins involved in DNA repair resulting from uracil or modified uracil base incorporation into DNA. The conclusion is that the protein activity of METTL3, which converts A nucleotides to 6mA nucleotides, plays a role in the DNA damage/repair response. The importance of METTL3 in DNA repair, and its colocalization with a known DNA repair enzyme, UNG2, is well characterized.

Weaknesses:

This reviewer identified no major weaknesses in this study. The manuscript could be improved by tightening the text throughout, and more accurate and consistent word choice around the origin of U and 6mA in DNA. The dUTP nucleotide is misincorporated into DNA, and 6mA is formed by methylation of the A base present in DNA. Using words like 6mA "deposition in DNA" seems to imply it results from incorporation of a methylated dATP nucleotide during DNA synthesis.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work, the authors performed a CRISPR knockout screen in the presence of floxuridine, a chemotherapeutic agent that incorporates uracil and fluoro-uracil into DNA, and identified unexpected factors, such as the RNA m6A methyltransferase METTL3, as required to overcome floxuridine-driven cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Interestingly, the observed N6-methyladenosine was embedded in DNA, which has been reported as DNA 6mA in mammalian genomes and is currently confirmed with mass spectrometry in this model. Therefore, this work consolidated the functional role of mammalian genomic DNA 6mA, and supported with solid evidence to uncover the METTL3-6mA-UNG2 axis in response to DNA base damage.

Strengths:

In this work, the authors took an unbiased, genome-wide CRISPR approach to identify novel factors involved in uracil repair with potential clinical interest.

The authors designed elegant experiments to confirm the METTL3 works through genomic DNA, adding the methylation into DNA (6mA) but not the RNA (m6A), in this base damage repair context. The authors employ different enzymes, such as RNase A, RNase H, DNase, and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to validate that METTL3 deposits 6mA in DNA in response to agents that increase genomic uracil.

They also have the Mettl3-KO and the METTL3 inhibition results to support their conclusion.

Weaknesses:

Although this study demonstrates that METTL3-dependent 6mA deposition in DNA is functionally relevant to DNA damage repair in mammalian cells, there are still several concerns and issues that need to be improved to strengthen this research.

First, in the whole paper, the authors never claim or mention the mammalian cell lines contamination testing result, which is the fundamental assay that has to be done for the mammalian cell lines DNA 6mA study.

Second, in the whole work, the authors have not supplied any genomic sequencing data to support their conclusions. Although the sequencing of DNA 6mA in mammalian models is challenging, recent breakthroughs in sequencing techniques, such as DR-Seq or NT/NAME-seq, have lowered the bar and improved a lot in the 6mA sequencing assay. Therefore, the authors should consider employing the sequencing methods to further confirm the functional role of 6mA in base repair.

Third, the authors used the METTL3 inhibitor and Mettl3-KO to validate the METTL3-6mA-UNG2 functional roles. However, the catalytic mutant and rescue of Mettl3 may be the further experiments to confirm the conclusion.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors are showing evidence that they claim establishes the controversial epigenetic mark, DNA 6mA, as promoting genome stability.

Strengths:

The identification of a poorly understood protein, METTL3, and its subsequent characterization in DDR is of high quality and interesting.

Weaknesses:

(1) The very presence of 6mA (DNA) in mammalian DNA is still highly controversial and numerous studies have been conclusively shown to have reported the presence of 6mA due to technical artifacts and bacterial contamination. Thus, to my knowledge there is no clear evidence for 6mA as an epigenetic mark in mammals, and consequently, no evidence of writers and readers of 6mA. None of this is mentioned in the introduction. Much of the introduction can be reduced, but a paragraph clearly stating the controversy and lack of evidence for 6mA in mammals needs to be added, otherwise, the reader is given an entirely distorted view of the field.

These concerns must also be clearly in the limitations section and even in the results section which fails to nuance the authors' findings.

(2) What is the motivation for using HT-29 cells? Moreover, the materials and methods do not state how the authors controlled for bacterial contamination, which has been the most common cause of erroneous 6mA signals to date. Did the authors routinely check for mycoplasma?

(3) The single cell imaging of 6mA in various cells is nice. The results are confirmed by mass spec as an orthogonal approach. Another orthogonal and quantitative approach to assessing 6mA levels would be PacBio. Similarly, it is unclear why the authors have not performed dot-blots of 6mA for genomic DNA from the given cell lines.

(4) The results of Figure 3 need further investigation and validation. If the results are correct the authors are suggesting that the majority of 6mA in their cell lines is present in the DNA, and not the RNA, which is completely contrary to every other study of 6mA in mammalian cells that I am aware of. This could suggest that the antibody is not, in fact, binding to 6mA, but to unmodified adenine, which would explain why the signal disappears after DNAse treatment. Indeed, binding of 6mA to unmethylated DNA is a commonly known problem with most 6mA antibodies and is well described elsewhere.

(5) Given the lack of orthologous validation of the observed DNA 6mA and the lack of evidence supporting the presence of 6mA in mammalian DNA and consequently any functional role for 6mA in mammalian biology, the manuscript's conclusions need to be toned down significantly, and the inherent difficulty in assessing 6mA accurately in mammals acknowledged throughout.

Joint Public Review:

Summary:

The authors of the study investigated the generalization capabilities of a deep learning brain age model across different age groups within the Singaporean population, encompassing both elderly individuals aged 55 to 88 years and children aged 4 to 11 years. The model, originally trained on a dataset primarily consisting of Caucasian adults, demonstrated a varying degree of adaptability across these age groups. For the elderly, the authors observed that the model could be applied with minimal modifications, whereas for children, significant fine-tuning was necessary to achieve accurate predictions. Through their analysis, the authors established a correlation between changes in the brain age gap and future executive function performance across both demographics. Additionally, they identified distinct neuroanatomical predictors for brain age in each group: lateral ventricles and frontal areas were key in elderly participants, while white matter and posterior brain regions played a crucial role in children. These findings underscore the authors' conclusion that brain age models hold the potential for generalization across diverse populations, further emphasizing the significance of brain age progression as an indicator of cognitive development and aging processes.

Strengths:

(1) The study tackles a crucial research gap by exploring the adaptability of a brain age model across Asian demographics (Chinese, Malay, and Indian Singaporeans), enriching our knowledge of brain aging beyond Western populations.<br /> (2) It uncovers distinct anatomical predictors of brain aging between elderly and younger individuals, highlighting a significant finding in the understanding of age-related changes and ethnic differences.

In summary, this paper underscores the critical need to include diverse ethnicities in model testing and estimation.

Comments on revisions:

The previously mentioned weaknesses were addressed in the revision process. As stated earlier the paper tackles a crucial research gap by exploring the adaptability of a brain-age model across Asian demographics (Chinese, Malay, and Indian Singaporeans), enriching our knowledge of brain aging beyond Western populations.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The present paper by Redman et al. investigated the variability of grid cell properties in the MEC by analyzing publicly available large-scale neural recording data. Although previous studies have proposed that grid spacing and orientation are homogeneous within the same grid module, the authors found a small but robust variability in grid spacing and orientation across grid cells in the same module. The authors also showed, through model simulations, that such variability is useful for decoding spatial position.

Strengths:

The results of this study provide novel and intriguing insights into how grid cells compose the cognitive map in the axis of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. This study analyzes large data sets in an appropriate manner and the results are convincing.

Comments on revisions:

In the revised version of the manuscript, the authors have addressed all the concerns I raised.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper presents an interesting and useful analysis of grid cell heterogeneity, showing that the experimentally observed heterogeneity of spacing and orientation within a grid cell module can allow more accurate decoding of location from a single module.

Strengths:

(1) I found the statistical analysis of the grid cell variability to be very systematic and convincing. I also found the evidence for enhanced decoding of location based on between cell variability within a module to be convincing and important, supporting their conclusions.

(2) Theoreticians have developed models that focus on the use of grid cells that are highly regular in their parameters, and usually vary only in the spatial phase of cells within modules and the spacing and orientation between modules. This focus on consistency is partly to obtain the generalization of the grid cell code to a broad range of previously unvisited locations. In contrast, most experimentalists working with grid cells know that many if not most grid cells show high variability of firing fields, as demonstrated in the figures in experimental papers. The authors of this current paper have highlighted this discrepancy, and shown that the variability shown in the data could actually enhance decoding of location.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Redman and colleagues analyze grid cell data obtained from public databases. They show that there is significant variability in spacing and orientation within a module. They show that the difference in spacing and orientation for a pair of cells is larger than the one obtained for two independent maps of the same cell. They speculate that this variability could be useful to disambiguate the rat position if only information from a single module is used by a decoder.

Strengths:

The strengths of this work lie in its conciseness, clarity, and the potential significance of its findings for the grid cell community, which has largely overlooked this issue for the past two decades. Their hypothesis is well stated and the analyses are solid.

Weaknesses:

Major weaknesses identified in the original version have been addressed.

The authors have addressed all of our concerns, providing control analyses that strengthen their claim.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Hotinger et al. explore the population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice using genetically tagged bacteria. In addition to physiological observations, pathology assessments, and CFU measurements, the study emphasizes quantifying host bottleneck sizes that limit Salmonella colonization and dissemination. The authors also investigate the genetic distances between bacterial populations at various infection sites within the host.

Initially, the study confirms that pretreatment with the antibiotic streptomycin before inoculation via orogastric gavage increases the bacterial burden in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, leading to more severe symptoms and heightened fecal shedding of bacteria. This pretreatment also significantly reduces between-animal variation in bacterial burden and fecal shedding. The authors then calculate founding population sizes across different organs, discovering a severe bottleneck in the intestine, with founding populations reduced by approximately 10^6-fold compared to the inoculum size. Streptomycin pretreatment increases the founding population size and bacterial replication in the GI tract. Moreover, by calculating genetic distances between populations, the authors demonstrate that, in untreated mice, Salmonella populations within the GI tract are genetically dissimilar, suggesting limited exchange between colonization sites. In contrast, streptomycin pretreatment reduces genetic distances, indicating increased exchange.

In extraintestinal organs, the bacterial burden is generally not substantially increased by streptomycin pretreatment, with significant differences observed only in the mesenteric lymph nodes and bile. However, the founding population sizes in these organs are increased. By comparing genetic distances between organs, the authors provide evidence that subpopulations colonizing extraintestinal organs diverge early after infection from those in the GI tract. This hypothesis is further tested by measuring bacterial burden and founding population sizes in the liver and GI tract at 5 and 120 hours post-infection. Additionally, they compare orogastric gavage infection with the less injurious method of infection via drinking, finding similar results for CFUs, founding populations, and genetic distances. These results argue against injuries during gavage as a route of direct infection.

To bypass bottlenecks associated with the GI tract, the authors compare intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) routes of infection. They find approximately a 10-fold increase in bacterial burden and founding population size in immune-rich organs with IV/IP routes compared to orogastric gavage in streptomycin-pretreated animals. This difference is interpreted as a result of "extra steps required to reach systemic organs."

While IP and IV routes yield similar results in immune-rich organs, IP infections lead to higher bacterial burdens in nearby sites, such as the pancreas, adipose tissue, and intraperitoneal wash, as well as somewhat increased founding population sizes. The authors correlate these findings with the presence of white lesions in adipose tissue. Genetic distance comparisons reveal that, apart from the spleen and liver, IP infections lead to genetically distinct populations in infected organs, whereas IV infections generally result in higher genetic similarity.

Finally, the authors investigate GI tract reseeding, identifying two distinct routes. They observe that the GI tracts of IP/IV-infected mice are colonized either by a clonal or a diversely tagged bacterial population. In clonally reseeded animals, the genetic distance within the GI tract is very low (often zero) compared to the bile population, which is predominantly clonal or pauciclonal. These animals also display pathological signs, such as cloudy/hardened bile and increased bacterial burden, leading the authors to conclude that the GI tract was reseeded by bacteria from the gallbladder bile. In contrast, animals reseeded by more complex bacterial populations show that bile contributes only a minor fraction of the tags. Given the large founding population size in these animals' GI tracts, which is larger than in orogastrically infected animals, the authors suggest a highly permissive second reseeding route, largely independent of bile. They speculate that this route may involve a reversal of known mechanisms that the pathogen uses to escape from the intestine.

The manuscript presents a substantial body of work that offers a meticulously detailed understanding of the population dynamics of S. Typhimurium in mice. It quantifies the processes shaping the within-host dynamics of this pathogen and provides new insights into its spread, including previously unrecognized dissemination routes. The methodology is appropriate and carefully executed, and the manuscript is well-written, clearly presented, and concise. The authors' conclusions are well-supported by experimental results and thoroughly discussed. This work underscores the power of using highly diverse barcoded pathogens to uncover the within-host population dynamics of infections and will likely inspire further investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the bottlenecks and dissemination routes described here.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

In this paper, Hotinger et. al. propose an improved barcoded library system, called STAMPR, to study Salmonella population dynamics during infection. Using this system, the authors demonstrate significant diversity in the colonization of different Salmonella clones (defined by the presence of different barcodes) not only across different organs (liver, spleen, adipose tissues, pancreas and gall bladder) but also within different compartments of the same gastrointestinal tissue. Additionally, this system revealed that microbiota competition is the major bottleneck in Salmonella intestinal colonization, which can be mitigated by streptomycin treatment. However, this has been demonstrated previously in numerous publications. They also show that there was minimal sharing between populations found in the intestine and those in the other organs. Upon IV and IP infection to bypass the intestinal bottleneck, they were able to demonstrate, using this library, that Salmonella can renter the intestine through two possible routes. One route is essentially the reverse path used to escape the gut, leading to a diverse intestinal population; while the other, through the bile, typically results in a clonal population.

Comments on latest version:

The authors have addressed my concerns.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This is an interesting manuscript where the authors systematically measure rG4 levels in brain samples at different ages of patients affected by AD. To the best of my knowledge this is the first time that BG4 staining is used in this context and the authors provide compelling evidence to show an association with BG4 staining and age or AD progression, which interestingly indicates that such RNA structure might play a role in regulating protein homeostasis as previously speculated. The methods used and the results reported seems robust and reproducible.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

RNA guanine-rich G-quadruplexes (rG4s) are non-canonical higher order nucleic acid structures that can form under physiological conditions. Interestingly, cellular stress is positively correlated with rG4 induction.

In this study, the authors examined human hippocampal postmortem tissue for the formation ofrG4s in aging and Alzheimer Disease (AD). rG4 immunostaining strongly increased in the hippocampus with both age and with AD severity. 21 cases were used in this study (age range 30-92).

This immunostaining co-localized with hyper-phosphorylated tau immunostaining in neurons. The BG4 staining levels were also impacted by APOE status. rG4 structure was previously found to drive tau aggregation. Based on these observations, the authors propose a model of neurodegeneration in which chronic rG4 formation drives proteostasis collapse.

This model is interesting, and would explain different observations (e.g., RNA is present in AD aggregates and rG4s can enhance protein oligomerization and tau aggregation).

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript investigates lipid scrambling mechanisms across TMEM16 family members using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. While the study presents a statistically rigorous analysis of lipid scrambling events across multiple structures and conformations, several critical issues undermine its novelty, impact, and alignment with experimental observations.

Critical issues:

(1) Lack of Novelty:<br /> The phenomenon of lipid scrambling via an open hydrophilic groove is already well-established in the literature, including through atomistic MD simulations. The authors themselves acknowledge this fact in their introduction and discussion. By employing coarse-grained simulations, the study essentially reiterates previously known findings with limited additional mechanistic insight. The repeated observation of scrambling occurring predominantly via the groove does not offer significant advancement beyond prior work.

(2) Redundancy Across Systems:<br /> The manuscript explores multiple TMEM16 family members in activating and non-activating conformations, but the conclusions remain largely confirmatory. The extensive dataset generated through coarse-grained MD simulations primarily reinforces established mechanistic models rather than uncovering fundamentally new insights. The effort, while statistically robust, feels excessive given the incremental nature of the findings.

(3) Discrepancy with Experimental Observations:<br /> The use of coarse-grained simulations introduces inherent limitations in accurately representing lipid scrambling dynamics at the atomistic level. Experimental studies have highlighted nuances in lipid permeation that are not fully captured by coarse-grained models. This discrepancy raises questions about the biological relevance of the reported scrambling events, especially those occurring outside the canonical groove.

(4) Alternative Scrambling Sites:<br /> The manuscript reports scrambling events at the dimer-dimer interface as a novel mechanism. While this observation is intriguing, it is not explored in sufficient detail to establish its functional significance. Furthermore, the low frequency of these events (relative to groove-mediated scrambling) suggests they may be artifacts of the simulation model rather than biologically meaningful pathways.

Conclusion:

Overall, while the study is technically sound and presents a large dataset of lipid scrambling events across multiple TMEM16 structures, it falls short in terms of novelty and mechanistic advancement. The findings are largely confirmatory and do not bridge the gap between coarse-grained simulations and experimental observations. Future efforts should focus on resolving these limitations, possibly through atomistic simulations or experimental validation of the alternative scrambling pathways.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Stephens et al. present a comprehensive study of TMEM16-members via coarse-grained MD simulations (CGMD). They particularly focus on the scramblase ability of these proteins and aim to characterize the "energetics of scrambling". Through their simulations, the authors interestingly relate protein conformational states to the membrane's thickness and link those to the scrambling ability of TMEM members, measured as the trespassing tendency of lipids across leaflets. They validate their simulation with a direct qualitative comparison with Cryo-EM maps.

Strengths:

The study demonstrates an efficient use of CGMD simulations to explore lipid scrambling across various TMEM16 family members. By leveraging this approach, the authors are able to bypass some of the sampling limitations inherent in all-atom simulations, providing a more comprehensive and high-throughput analysis of lipid scrambling. Their comparison of different protein conformations, including open and closed groove states, presents a detailed exploration of how structural features influence scrambling activity, adding significant value to the field. A key contribution of this study is the finding that groove dilation plays a central role in lipid scrambling. The authors observe that for scrambling-competent TMEM16 structures, there is substantial membrane thinning and groove widening. The open Ca2+-bound nhTMEM16 structure (PDB ID 4WIS) was identified as the fastest scrambler in their simulations, with scrambling rates as high as 24.4 {plus minus} 5.2 events per μs. This structure also shows significant membrane thinning (up to 18 Å), which supports the hypothesis that groove dilation lowers the energetic barrier for lipid translocation, facilitating scrambling.

The study also establishes a correlation between structural features and scrambling competence, though analyses often lack statistical robustness and quantitative comparisons. The simulations differentiate between open and closed conformations of TMEM16 structures, with open-groove structures exhibiting increased scrambling activity, while closed-groove structures do not. This finding aligns with previous research suggesting that the structural dynamics of the groove are critical for scrambling. Furthermore, the authors explore how the physical dimensions of the groove qualitatively correlate with observed scrambling rates. For example, TMEM16K induces increased membrane thinning in its open form, suggesting that membrane properties, along with structural features, play a role in modulating scrambling activity.

Another significant finding is the concept of "out-of-the-groove" scrambling, where lipid translocation occurs outside the protein's groove. This observation introduces the possibility of alternate scrambling mechanisms that do not follow the traditional "credit-card model" of groove-mediated lipid scrambling. In their simulations, the authors note that these out-of-the-groove events predominantly occur at the dimer interface between TM3 and TM10, especially in mammalian TMEM16 structures. While these events were not observed in fungal TMEM16s, they may provide insight into Ca2+-independent scrambling mechanisms, as they do not require groove opening.

Weaknesses:

A significant challenge of the study is the discrepancy between the scrambling rates observed in CGMD simulations and those reported experimentally. Despite the authors' claim that the rates are in line experimentally, the observed differences can mean large energetic discrepancies in describing scrambling (larger than 1kT barrier in reality). For instance, the authors report scrambling rates of 10.7 events per μs for TMEM16F and 24.4 events per μs for nhTMEM16, which are several orders of magnitude faster than experimental rates. While the authors suggest that this discrepancy could be due to the Martini 3 force field's faster diffusion dynamics, this explanation does not fully account for the large difference in rates. A more thorough discussion on how the choice of force field and simulation parameters influence the results, and how these discrepancies can be reconciled with experimental data, would strengthen the conclusions. Likewise, rate calculations in the study are based on 10 μs simulations, while experimental scrambling rates occur over seconds. This timescale discrepancy limits the study's accuracy, as the simulations may not capture rare or slow scrambling events that are observed experimentally and therefore might underestimate the kinetics of scrambling. It's however important to recognize that it's hard (borderline unachievable) to pinpoint reasonable kinetics for systems like this using the currently available computational power and force field accuracy. The faster diffusion in simulations may lead to overestimated scrambling rates, making the simulation results less comparable to real-world observations. Thus, I would therefore read the findings qualitatively rather than quantitatively. An interesting observation is the asymmetry observed in the scrambling rates of the two monomers. Since MARTINI is known to be limited in correctly sampling protein dynamics, the authors - in order to preserve the fold - have applied a strong (500 kJ mol-1 nm-2) elastic network. However, I am wondering how the ENM applies across the dimer and if any asymmetry can be noticed in the application of restraints for each monomer and at the dimer interface. How can this have potentially biased the asymmetry in the scrambling rates observed between the monomers? Is this artificially obtained from restraining the initial structure, or is the asymmetry somehow gatekeeping the scrambling mechanism to occur majorly across a single monomer? Answering this question would have far-reaching implications to better describe the mechanism of scrambling.

Notably, the manuscript does not explore the impact of membrane composition on scrambling rates. While the authors use a specific lipid composition (DOPC) in their simulations, they acknowledge that membrane composition can influence scrambling activity. However, the study does not explore how different lipids or membrane environments or varying membrane curvature and tension, could alter scrambling behaviour. I appreciate that this might have been beyond the scope of this particular paper and the authors plan to further chase these questions, as this work sets a strong protocol for this study. Contextualizing scrambling in the context of membrane composition is particularly relevant since the authors note that TMEM16K's scrambling rate increases tenfold in thinner membranes, suggesting that lipid-specific or membrane-thickness-dependent effects could play a role.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The paper investigates the TMEM16 family of membrane proteins, which play roles in lipid scrambling and ion transport. A total of 27 experimental structures from five TMEM16 family members were analyzed, including mammalian and fungal homologs (e.g., TMEM16A, TMEM16F, TMEM16K, nhTMEM16, afTMEM16). The identified structures were in both Ca²⁺-bound (open) and Ca²⁺-free (closed) states to compare conformations and were preprocessed (e.g., modeling missing loops) and equilibrated. Coarse-grain simulations were performed in DOPC membranes for 10 microseconds to capture the scrambling events. These events were identified by tracking lipids transitioning between the two membrane leaflets and they analysed the correlation between scrambling rates, in addition, structural properties such as groove dilation and membrane thinning were calculated. They report 700 scrambling events across structures and Figure 2 elaborates on how open structures show higher activity, also as expected. The authors also address how structures may require open grooves, this and other mechanisms around scrambling are a bit controversial in the field.

Strengths:

The strength of this study emerges from a comparative analysis of multiple structural starting points and understanding global/local motions of the protein with respect to lipid movement. Although the protein is well-studied, both experimentally and computationally, the understanding of conformational events in different family members, especially membrane thickness less compared to fungal scramblases offers good insights.

Weaknesses:

The weakness of the work is to fully reconcile with experimental evidence of Ca²⁺-independent scrambling rates observed in prior studies, but this part is also challenging using coarse-grain molecular simulations. Previous reports have identified lipid crossing, packing defects, and other associated events, so it is difficult to place this paper in that context. However, the absence of validation leaves certain claims, like alternative scrambling pathways, speculative.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This experiment sought to determine what effect congenital/early-onset hearing loss (and associated delay in language onset) has on the degree of inter-individual variability in functional connectivity to the auditory cortex. Looking at differences in variability rather than group differences in mean connectivity itself represents an interesting addition to the existing literature. The sample of deaf individuals was large, and quite homogeneous in terms of age of hearing loss onset, which are considerable strengths of the work. The experiment appears well conducted and the results are certainly of interest.

Comment from Reviewing Editor: In the revised manuscript, the authors have addressed all concerns previously identified by reviewer 1.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This study focuses on changes in brain organization associated with congenital deafness. The authors investigate differences in functional connectivity (FC) and differences in the variability of FC. By comparing congenitally deaf individuals to individuals with normal hearing, and by further separating congenitally deaf individuals into groups of early and late signers, the authors can distinguish between changes in FC due to auditory deprivation and changes in FC due to late language acquisition. They find larger FC variability in deaf than normal-hearing individuals in temporal, frontal, parietal, and midline brain structures, and that FC variability is largely driven by auditory deprivation. They suggest that the regions that show a greater FC difference between groups also show greater FC variability.

Strengths:

The manuscript is well-written, and the methods are clearly described and appropriate. Including the three different groups enables the critical contrasts distinguishing between different causes of FC variability changes. The results are interesting and novel.

Weaknesses:

Analyses were conducted for task-based data rather than resting-state data. The authors report behavioral differences between groups and include behavioral performance as a nuisance regressor in their analysis. This is a good approach to account for behavioral task differences, given the data. Nevertheless, additional work using resting-state functional connectivity could remove the potential confound fully.

Comment from Reviewing Editor: In the revised manuscript, the authors have addressed all concerns previously identified by reviewer 3, and the eLife assessment statement reflects the point by reviewer 3 that using resting-state functional connectivity in the future could further strengthen the results.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The study aimed to investigate the significant impact of criterion placement on the validity of neural measures of consciousness, examining how different standards for classifying a stimulus as 'seen' or 'unseen' can influence the interpretation of neural data. They conducted simulations and EEG experiments to demonstrate that the Perceptual Awareness Scale, a widely used tool in consciousness research, may not effectively mitigate criterion-related confounds, suggesting that even with the PAS, neural measures can be compromised by how criteria are set. Their study challenged existing paradigms by showing that the construct validity of neural measures of conscious and unconscious processing is threatened by criterion placement, and they provided practical recommendations for improving experimental designs in the field. The authors' work contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of conscious and unconscious processing and addresses methodological concerns by exploring the pervasive influence of criterion placement on neural measures of consciousness and discussing alternative paradigms that might offer solutions to the criterion problem.

The study effectively demonstrates that the placement of criteria for determining whether a stimulus is 'seen' or 'unseen' significantly impacts the validity of neural measures of consciousness. The authors found that conservative criteria tend to inflate effect sizes, while liberal criteria reduce them, leading to potentially misleading conclusions about conscious and unconscious processing. The authors employed robust simulations and EEG experiments to demonstrate the effects of criterion placement, ensuring that the findings are well-supported by empirical evidence. The results from both experiments confirm the predicted confounding effects of criterion placement on neural measures of unconscious and conscious processing.

The results are consistent with their hypotheses and contribute meaningfully to the field of consciousness research.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The study investigates the potential influence of the response criterion on neural decoding accuracy in consciousness and unconsciousness, utilizing either simulated data or reanalyzing experimental data with post-hoc sorting data.

Strengths:

When comparing the neural decoding performance of Target versus NonTarget with or without post-hoc sorting based on subject reports, it is evident that response criterion can influence the results. This was observed in simulated data as well as in two experiments that manipulated subject response criterion to be either more liberal or more conservative. One experiment involved a two-level response (seen vs unseen), while the other included a more detailed four-level response (ranging from 0 for no experience to 3 for a clear experience). The findings consistently indicated that adopting a more conservative response criterion could enhance neural decoding performance, whether in conscious or unconscious states, depending on the sensitivity or overall response threshold.

Weaknesses:

(1) In the realm of research methodology, conducting post-hoc sorting based on subject reports raises an issue. This operation leads to an imbalance in the number of trials between the two conditions (Target and NonTarget) during the decoding process. Such trial number disparity introduces bias during decoding, likely contributing to fluctuations in neural decoding performance. This potential confounding factor significantly impacts the interpretation of research findings. The trial number imbalance may cause models to exhibit a bias towards the category with more trials during the learning process, leading to misjudgments of neural signal differences between the two conditions and failing to accurately reflect the distinctions in brain neural activity between target and non-target states. Therefore, it is recommended that the authors extensively discuss this confounding factor in their paper. They should analyze in detail how this factor could influence the interpretation of results, such as potentially exaggerating or diminishing certain effects, and whether measures are necessary to correct the bias induced by this imbalance to ensure the reliability and validity of the research conclusions.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Fahrenfort et al. investigate how liberal or conservative criterion placement in a detection task affects the construct validity of neural measures of unconscious cognition and conscious processing. Participants identified instances of "seen" or "unseen" in a detection task, a method known as post hoc sorting. Simulation data convincingly demonstrate that, counterintuitively, a conservative criterion inflates effect sizes of neural measures compared to a liberal criterion. While the impact of criterion shifts on effect size is suggested by signal detection theory, this study is the first to address this explicitly within the consciousness literature. Decoding analysis of data from two EEG experiments further shows that different criteria lead to differential effects on classifier performance in post hoc sorting. The findings underscore the pervasive influence of experimental design and participant reports on neural measures of consciousness, revealing that criterion placement poses a critical challenge for researchers.

Strengths and Weaknesses

One of the strengths of this study is the inclusion of the Perceptual Awareness Scale (PAS), which allows participants to provide more nuanced responses regarding their perceptual experiences. This approach ensures that responses at the lowest awareness level (selection 0) are made only when trials are genuinely unseen. This methodological choice is important as it helps prevent the overestimation of unconscious processing, enhancing the validity of the findings.<br /> The authors also do a commendable job in the discussion by addressing alternative paradigms, such as wagering paradigms, as a possible remedy to the criterion problem (Peters & Lau, 2015; Dienes & Seth, 2010). Their consideration of these alternatives provides a balanced view and strengthens the overall discussion.

Our initial review identified a lack of measures of variance as one potential weakness of this work. However we agree with the authors' response that plotting individual datapoints for each condition is indeed a good visualization of variance within a dataset.

Impact of the Work:

This study effectively demonstrates a phenomenon that, while understood within the context of signal detection theory, has been largely unexplored within the consciousness literature. Subjective measures may not reliably capture the construct they aim to measure due to criterion confounds. Future research on neural measures of consciousness should account for this issue, and no-report measures may be necessary until the criterion problem is resolved.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Tubert C. et al. investigated the role of dopamine D5 receptors (D5R) and their downstream potassium channel, Kv1, in the striatal cholinergic neuron pause response induced by thalamic excitatory input. Using slice electrophysiological analysis combined with pharmacological approaches, the authors tested which receptors and channels contribute to the cholinergic interneuron pause response in both control and dyskinetic mice (in the L-DOPA off state). They found that activation of Kv1 was necessary for the pause response, while activation of D5R blocked the pause response in control mice. Furthermore, in the L-DOPA off state of dyskinetic mice, the absence of the pause response was restored by the application of clozapine. The authors claimed that 1) the D5R-Kv1 pathway contributes to the cholinergic interneuron pause response in a phasic dopamine concentration-dependent manner, and 2) clozapine inhibits D5R in the L-DOPA off state, which restores the pause response.

Strengths

The electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches used in this study are powerful tools for testing channel properties and functions. The authors' group has well-established these methodologies and analysis pipelines. Indeed, the data presented were robust and reliable.

Weaknesses:

Although the paper has strengths in its methodological approaches, there is a significant gap between the presented data and the authors' claims.

The authors answered the most of concerns I raised. However, the critical issue remains unresolved.

I am still not convinced by the results presented in Fig. 6 and their interpretation. Since Clozapine acts as an agonist in the absence of an endogenous agonist, it may stimulate the D5R-cAMP-Kv1 pathway. Stimulation of this pathway should abolish the pause response mediated by thalamic stimulation in SCINs, rather than restoring the pause response. Clarification is needed regarding how Clozapine reduces D5R-ligand-independent activity in the absence of dopamine (the endogenous agonist). In addition, the author's argued that D5R antagonist does not work in the absence of dopamine, therefore solely D5R antagonist didn't restore the pause response. However, if D5R-cAMP-Kv1 pathway is already active in L-DOPA off state, why D5R antagonist didn't contribute to inhibition of D5R pathway?<br /> Since Clozapine is not D5 specific and Clozapine experiments were not concrete, I recommend testing whether other receptors, such as the D2 receptor, contribute to the Clozapine-induced pause response in the L-DOPA-off state.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript by Tubert et al. presents the role of D5 receptors (D5R) in regulating the striatal cholinergic interneuron (CIN) pause response through D5R-cAMP-Kv1 inhibitory signaling. Their findings provide a compelling model explaining the "on/off" switch of the CIN pause, driven by the distinct dopamine affinities of D2R and D5R. This mechanism, coupled with varying dopamine states, is likely critical for modulating synaptic plasticity in cortico-striatal circuits during motor learning and execution. Furthermore, the study bridges their previous finding of CIN hyperexcitability (Paz et al., Movement Disorder 2022) with the loss of the pause response in LID mice and demonstrates the restore of the pause through D1/D5 inverse agonism.

Strengths:

The study presents solid findings, and the writing is logically structured and easy to follow. The experiments are well-designed, properly combining ex vivo electrophysiology recording, optogenetics, and pharmacological treatment to dissect / rule out most, if not all, alternative mechanisms in their model.

Weaknesses:

While the manuscript is overall satisfying, one conceptual gap needs to be further addressed or discussed: the potential "imbalance" between D2R and D5R signaling due to the ligand-independent activity of D5R in LID. Given that D2R and D5R oppositely regulate CIN pause responses through cAMP signaling, investigating the role of D2R under LID off L-DOPA (e.g., by applying D2 agonists or antagonists, even together with intracellular cAMP analogs or inhibitors) could provide critical insights. Addressing this aspect would strengthen the manuscript in understanding CIN pause loss under pathological conditions.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Tubert et al. investigate the mechanisms underlying the pause response in striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCINs). The authors demonstrate that optogenetic activation of thalamic axons in the striatum induces burst activity in SCINs, followed by a brief pause in firing. They show that the duration of this pause correlates with the number of elicited action potentials, suggesting a burst-dependent pause mechanism. The authors demonstrated this burst-dependent pause relied on Kv1 channels. The pause is blocked by a SKF81297 and partially by sulpiride and mecamylamine, implicating D1/D5 receptor involvement. The study also shows that the ZD7288 does not reduce the duration of the pause, and that lesioning dopamine neurons abolishes this response, which can be restored by clozapine.

Weaknesses:

While this study presents an interesting mechanism for SCIN pausing after burst activity, there are several major concerns that should be addressed:

(1) Scope of the Mechanism: It is important to clarify that the proposed mechanism may apply specifically to the pause in SCINs following burst activity. The manuscript does not provide clear evidence that this mechanism contributes to the pause response observed in behavioral animals. While the thalamus is crucial for SCIN pauses in behavioral contexts, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Activating thalamic input triggers burst activity in SCINs, leading to a subsequent pause, but this mechanism may not be generalizable across different scenarios. For instance, approximately half of TANs do not exhibit initial excitation but still pause during behavior, suggesting that the burst-dependent pause mechanism is unlikely to explain this phenomenon. Furthermore, in behavioral animals, the duration of the pause seems consistent, whereas the proposed mechanism suggests it depends on the prior burst, which is not aligned with in vivo observations. Additionally, many in vivo recordings show that the pause response is a reduction in firing rate, not complete silence, which the mechanism described here does not explain. Please address these in the manuscript.

(2) Terminology: The use of "pause response" throughout the manuscript is misleading. The pause induced by thalamic input in brain slices is distinct from the pause observed in behavioral animals. Given the lack of a clear link between these two phenomena in the manuscript, it is essential to use more precise terminology throughout, including in the title, bullet points, and body of the manuscript.

(3) Kv1 Blocker Specificity: It is unclear how the authors ruled out the possibility that the Kv1 blocker did not act directly on SCINs. Could there be an indirect effect contributing to the burst-dependent pause? Clarification on this point would strengthen the interpretation of the results.

(4) Role of D1 Receptors: While it is well-established that activating thalamic input to SCINs triggers dopamine release, contributing to SCIN pausing (as shown in Figure 3), it would be helpful to assess the extent to which D1 receptors contribute to this burst-dependent pause. This could be achieved by applying the D1 agonist SKF81297 after blocking nAChRs and D2 receptors.

(5) Clozapine's Mechanism of Action: The restoration of the burst-dependent pause by clozapine following dopamine neuron lesioning is interesting, but clozapine acts on multiple receptors beyond D1 and D5. Although it may be challenging to find a specific D5 antagonist or inverse agonist, it would be more accurate to state that clozapine restores the burst-dependent pause without conclusively attributing this effect to D5 receptors.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have addressed many of my concerns. However, I remain unconvinced that adding an 'ex vivo' experiment fully resolves the fundamental differences between the burst-dependent pause observed in slices - defined by the duration of a single AHP - and the pause response in CHINs observed in vivo, which may involve contributions from more than one prolonged AHP. In vivo, neurons can still fire action potentials during the pause, albeit at a lower frequency. Moreover, in behaving animals, pause duration does not vary with or without initial excitation. The mechanism proposed demonstrates that the pause duration, defined by the length of a single AHP, is positively correlated with preceding burst activity.

To improve clarity, I recommend using the term 'SCIN pause' to describe the ex vivo findings, distinguishing them more explicitly from the 'pause response' observed in behaving animals. This distinction would help contextualize the ex vivo findings as potentially contributing to, but not fully representing, the pause response in vivo.

Again, it would be helpful to present raw data for pause durations rather than relying solely on ratios. This approach would provide the audience with a clearer understanding of the absolute duration of the burst-dependent pause and allow for better comparison to the ~200 ms pause observed in behaving animals.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Cell intrinsic signaling pathways controlling the function of macrophages in inflammatory processes, including in response to infection, injury or in the resolution of inflammation are incompletely understood. In this study, Rosell et al. investigate the contribution of RAS-p110α signaling to macrophage activity. p110α is a ubiquitously expressed catalytic subunit of PI3K with previously described roles in multiple biological processes including in epithelial cell growth and survival, and carcinogenesis. While previous studies have already suggested a role for RAS-p110α signaling in macrophage function, the cell intrinsic impact of disrupting the interaction between RAS and p110α in this central myeloid cell subset is not known.

Strengths:

Exploiting a sound previously described genetically engineered mouse model that allows tamoxifen-inducible disruption of the RAS-p110α pathway and using different readouts of macrophage activity in vitro and in vivo, the authors provide data consistent with their conclusion that alteration in RAS-p110α signaling impairs various but selective aspects of macrophage function in a cell-intrinsic manner.

Weaknesses:

My main concern is that for various readouts, the difference between wild-type and mutant macrophages in vitro or between wild-type and Pik3caRBD mice in vivo is modest, even if statistically significant. To further substantiate the extent of macrophage function alteration upon disruption of RAS-p110α signaling and its impact on the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses, the manuscript would benefit from a more extensive assessment of macrophage activity and inflammatory responses in vivo.

In the in vivo model, all cells have disrupted RAS-p100α signaling, not only macrophages. Given that other myeloid cells besides macrophages contribute to the orchestration of inflammatory responses, it remains unclear whether the phenotype described in vivo results from impaired RAS-p100α signaling within macrophages or from defects in other haematopoietic cells such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, etc.

Inclusion of information on the absolute number of macrophages, and total immune cells (e.g. for the spleen analysis) would help determine if the reduced frequency of macrophages represents an actual difference in their total number or rather reflects a relative decrease due to an increase in the number of other/s immune cell/s.

Comments on revisions:

I thank the authors for addressing my comments.<br /> - I believe that additional in vivo experiments, or the inclusion of controls for the specificity of the inhibitor, which the authors argue are beyond the scope of the current study, are essential to address the weaknesses and limitations stated in my current evaluation.<br /> - While the neutrophil depletion suggests neutrophils are not required for the phenotype, there are multiple other myeloid cells, in addition to macrophages, that could be contributing or accounting for the in vivo phenotype observed in the mutant strain (not macrophage specific).<br /> - Inclusion of absolute cell numbers (in addition to the %) is essential. I do not understand why the authors are not including these data. Have they not counted the cells?<br /> - Lastly, inclusion of representatives staining and gating strategies for all immune profiling measurements carried out by flow cytometry is important. This point has not been addressed, not even in writing.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors sought to identify unknown factors involved in the repair of uracil in DNA through a CRISPR knockout screen.

Strengths:

The screen identified both known and unknown proteins involved in DNA repair resulting from uracil or modified uracil base incorporation into DNA. The conclusion is that the protein activity of METTL3, which converts A nucleotides to 6mA nucleotides, plays a role in the DNA damage/repair response. The importance of METTL3 in DNA repair, and its colocalization with a known DNA repair enzyme, UNG2, is well characterized.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work, the authors performed a CRISPR knockout screen in the presence of floxuridine, a chemotherapeutic agent that incorporates uracil and fluoro-uracil into DNA, and identified unexpected factors, such as the RNA m6A methyltransferase METTL3, as required to overcome floxuridine-driven cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Interestingly, the observed N6-methyladenosine was embedded in DNA, which has been reported as DNA 6mA in mammalian genomes and is currently confirmed with mass spectrometry in this model. Therefore, this work consolidated the functional role of mammalian genomic DNA 6mA, and supported with solid evidence to uncover the METTL3-6mA-UNG2 axis in response to DNA base damage.

Strengths:

In this work, the authors took an unbiased, genome-wide CRISPR approach to identify novel factors involved in uracil repair with potential clinical interest.

The authors designed elegant experiments to confirm the METTL3 works through genomic DNA, adding the methylation into DNA (6mA) but not the RNA (m6A), in this base damage repair context. The authors employ different enzymes, such as RNase A, RNase H, DNase, and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to validate that METTL3 deposits 6mA in DNA in response to agents that increase genomic uracil.

They also have the Mettl3-KO and the METTL3 inhibition results to support their conclusion.

Weaknesses:

The authors used the METTL3 inhibitor and Mettl3-KO to validate the METTL3-6mA-UNG2 functional roles. While not an outright weakness, rescue experiments of the KO line with wild type and the METTL3 catalytic mutant would have further strengthened the evidence.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary

Behavioural adjustments to different sources of uncertainty remain a hot topic in many fields including reinforcement learning. The authors present valuable findings suggesting that human participants integrate prior beliefs with sensory evidence to improve their predictions in dynamically changing environments involving perceptual decision-making, pinpointing to hallmarks of Bayesian inference. Fitting of a reduced Bayesian model to participant choice behaviour reveals that decision-makers overestimate environmental volatility, but were reasonably accurate in terms of tracking environmental noise.

Strengths

Using a perceptual decision-making task in which participants were presented with sequences of noisy observation in environments with constant volatility and variable noise, the authors demonstrate solid evidence in favour of reduced Bayesian models that can account for participant choice behaviour when its generative parameters are fitted freely. The work nicely complements recent work demonstrating the fitting of a full Bayesian model to human reinforcement learning. The authors' approach to the fitting of the model in a principled/factorial manner that is exhaustive performs the model comparison and highlights the need for further work in evaluating the model's performance in environments outside of its generative parameters. Overall the work further highlights the utility of using perceptual decision-making for Bayesian inference questions.

Weaknesses

Although data sharing and reanalysis of data are extremely welcome, particularly considering their utility for open science, the small sample size (N= 29) of the original dataset somewhat restricts the authors' ability to show more conclusive findings when it comes to deciphering the optimal memory capacity of the fitted models. It is likely that the relatively small sample size also contributes to certain key hypotheses not being confirmed intuitively, for example, the expected negative relationship between hazard rates and log (noise). The notion that the participants rely on priors to a greater extent in low noise environments relative to high noise may also indicate that they might misattribute noise as volatility, as higher noise in the environment usually obscures the information content of outcomes, and in the case of pure random/noisy sequences, it should increase reliance to priors as new sensory evidence becomes unreliable.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Meijer et al reanalyze behavioral data from a task in which people made predictions about the next in a sequence of localized sounds with the goal of understanding the computations through which people combine sensory experiences into a prior used for perception. The authors combine basic analyses of experimental data with model simulations and development and fitting of a factorial model set that includes a prominent model of change-point detection that has previously been shown to approximate Bayesian inference at a reduced computational cost and provide a good match to human prediction data (reduced Bayesian model). The authors present a number of findings, including a demonstration of key qualitative markers for Bayesian change-point detection, a tendency in humans to over-rely on recent observations, a lack of an inverse relationship between fit values of hazard rate and fit values of noise, support for a number of assumptions in the reduced Bayesian model, and a lack of evidence for reliance on memory systems beyond the extremely minimal requirements of that model.

Strengths:

The paper asks an important question and takes a number of useful steps toward answering it. In particular, the factorial model set constructed to examine a number of explicit assumptions in the models typically fit to change-point predictive inference task data was a very useful innovation, and in some cases showed clearly that assumptions in the model are necessary or at least better than the proposed alternatives. In particular, the paper develops a notion of memory capacity that allows for a continuum of models differing in their tradeoffs between computational cost and predictive precision. Another strength of the paper is that it relies on data that avoids sequential biases that can contaminate reported beliefs in more standard predictive inference tasks.

Weaknesses:

The primary weakness of the paper is that most of the definitive findings reported within it have already been reported elsewhere. That humans increase the influence of surprising outcomes indicative of change points, or to say this another way, decrease their reliance on prior information in such cases, has been fairly well established, as has the discovery that humans tend to overuse recent outcomes when making predictions. The most novel aspect of the paper, the exploration of reductions of the Bayesian ideal observer that rely on differing memory capacities, yielded results that are somewhat difficult to interpret, particularly because it is not clear that the task analyzed is diagnostic of the memory capacity term in the model, or if so, what the qualitative hallmarks of a high/low memory capacity model reduction might be.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the authors derive a mean-field model for a network of Hodgkin-Huxley neurons retaining the equations for ion exchange between the intracellular and extracellular space.

The mean-field model derived in this work relies on approximations and heuristic arguments that, on the one hand, allow a closed-form derivation of the mean-field equations, and on the other hand restrict its validity to a limited regime of activity corresponding to quasi-synchronous neuronal populations. Therefore, rather than an exact mean-field representation, the model provides a description of a mesoscopic population of connected neurons driven by ion exchange dynamics.

Strengths:

The idea of deriving a mean-field model that relates the slow-timescale biophysical mechanism of ion exchange and transportation in the brain to the fast-timescale electrical activities of large neuronal ensembles.

Weaknesses:

The idea underlying this work is not completely implemented in practice.

The derived mean field model does not show a one-to-one correspondence with the neural network simulations, except in strongly synchronous regimes. The agreement with the in vitro experiment is hardly evident, both for the mean-field model and for the network model. The assumptions made to derive the closed-form equations of the mean-field model have not been justified by any biological reason, they just allow for the mathematical derivation. The final form of the mean-field equations does not clarify whether or not microscopic variables are used together with macroscopic variables in an inconsistent mixture.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors aim to develop a neural mass model characterized by a few collective variables mimicking the dynamics of a network of Hodgkin - Huxley neurons encompassing ion-exchange mechanisms. They describe in detail the derivation of the mean-field model, then they compare experimental results obtained for the hippocampus of a mouse with the neural network simulations and the mean-field results. Furthermore, they report a bifurcation analysis of the developed model and simulation of a small network containing various coupled neural masses, somehow moving towards the simulation of an entire connectome.

Strengths:

The author attempts to develop a mean-field model for a globally coupled network of heterogeneous Hodgkin-Huxley neurons with an explicit ion exchange mechanism between the cell interior and exterior.

Weaknesses:

(1) It seems that the reduction methodology that is employed is not the most suitable one for the single-neuron model they are considering.<br /> (2) The authors' derivation of the neural mass model is based on several assumptions, and not all well justified.<br /> (3) The formulation of the mean-field derivation is unnecessarily complicated. It could be heavily simplified by following previously published approaches to derive biologically realistic neural masses.<br /> (4) The model seems to work only for highly synchronized situations and not for the standard asynchronous evolution usually observed in neural circuits.

General Statements:

The authors honestly declared the many limitations of their approach. It is assumed that the results of the mean-field are somehow inconsistent with the neural network simulations as expected.

The authors suggest employing this model for the simulations on the whole connectome to follow seizure propagation, however, I believe that the Epileptor remains superior in this respect to this model. That indeed includes biophysical parameters but their correspondence with the ones employed in the network dynamics remains elusive, due to the many assumptions required to derive this mean-field model. Furthermore, it is more complicated than the Epileptor, I do not think that the present model will be largely employed by the community.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This is a study that used 7T diffusion MRI in subjects from a Human Connectome Project dataset to characterize the zona incerta, an area of gray matter whose involvement has been demonstrated in a broad range of behavioral and physiologic functions. The authors employ tractography to model white matter tracts that involve connections with the ZI and use clustering techniques to segment the ZI into distinct subregions based on similar patterns of connectivity. The authors report a rostral-caudal organization of the ZI's streamlines where rostrally-projecting tracts are rostrally-positioned in the ZI and caudally-projecting tracts are caudally-positioned in the ZI.

Strengths:

The paper presents robust findings that demonstrate subregions of the human ZI that appear to be structurally distinct using a combination of spectral clustering and diffusion map embedding methods. The results of this work can contribute to our understanding of the anatomy and structural connectivity of the ZI, allowing us to further explore its role as a neuromodulatory target for various neurological disorders.

Weaknesses:

There should be further discussion of the clustering methods employed and why they are appropriate for the pertinent data. Additionally, the limitations of analyzing solely the cortical connections of the zona incerta should be addressed, as anatomical studies of the ZI have shown significant involvement of the ZI in tracts projecting to deep brain regions.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Haast et al. investigated the organization of the zona incerta (ZI) in the human brain based on its structural connectivity to the neocortex. They found that the ZI is organized according to a primary rostro-caudal gradient, where the rostral ZI is more strongly connected to the prefrontal cortex and the caudal ZI to the sensorimotor cortex. They also found that the central region of the ZI is differently connected to the neocortex compared with the rostral and caudal regions, and could be important as a deep brain stimulation target for the treatment of essential tremors.

Strengths:

I think the overall quality of this work is great, and the results are presented in a very clear and organized manner. I particularly appreciate the effort that the authors put into validating the results using 7T and 3T data, as well as test-retest data.

Weaknesses:

That being said, I was left with a couple of concerns after reading the paper.

(1) Although the authors discussed animal evidence for a dorsal-ventral organization of the ZI, I thought that the evidence they presented for it in this paper was not so convincing. In Figure S5, the second gradient (G2) shows a clear dorsoventral pattern, but this pattern seems to primarily separate the ZI and H fields rather than show an internal topology of the ZI. This is more likely the case given that there are two bands (superior and inferior) of high G2 values surrounding a single band (middle) of low G2 values. The evidence for the rostrocaudal gradient, on the other hand, is quite convincing.

(2) HCP data is still too advanced for clinical translation. Although 3T is becoming more and more prevalent for presurgical planning, the HCP 3T dataset is acquired with a voxel size of 1.25mm, which is a far higher resolution than the typical clinical scan. It would be very useful for clinical readers to see what individual subject replicability looks like if the data were acquired at the more typical voxel size of 2mm. This could be achieved by replicating the analysis on a downsampled version of the HCP data that more closely resembles clinical data. This is understandably a large undertaking, so it could be left to future validation work.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this research, Soni and Frank investigate the network mechanisms underlying capacity limitations in working memory from a new perspective, with a focus on Visual Working Memory (VWM). The authors have advanced beyond the classical neural network model, which incorporates the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia (PBWM), by introducing an adaptive chunking variant. This model is trained using a biologically-plausible, dopaminergic reinforcement learning framework. The adaptive chunking mechanism is particularly well-suited to the VWM tasks involving continuous stimuli and elegantly integrates the 'slot' and 'resource' theories of working memory constraints. The chunk-augmented PBWM operates as a slot-like system with resource-like limitations.

Through numerical simulations under various conditions, Soni and Frank demonstrate the performance of the chunk-augmented PBWM model surpass the no-chunk control model. The improvements are evident in enhanced effective capacity, optimized resource management, and reduced error rates. The retention of these benefits, even with increased capacity allocation, suggests that working memory limitations are due to a combination of factors, including the efficient credit assignment that are learned flexibly through reinforcement learning. In essence, this work addresses fundamental questions related to a computational working memory limitation using a biologically-inspired neural network, thus has implications for conditions such as Parkinson's disease, ADHD and schizophrenia.

Strengths:

The integration of mechanistic flexibility, reconciling two theories for WM capacity into a single unified model, results in a neural network that is both more adaptive and human-like. Building on the PBWM framework ensures the robustness of the findings. The addition of the chunking mechanism tailors the original model for continuous visual stimuli. Chunk-stripe mechanisms contribute to the 'resource' aspect, while input-stripes contribute to the 'slot' aspect. This combined network architecture enables flexible and diverse computational functions, enhancing performance beyond that of the classical model.

Moreover, unlike previous studies that design networks for specific task demands, the proposed network model can dynamically adapt to varying task demands by optimizing the chunking gating policy through RL.

The implementation of a dopaminergic reinforcement learning protocol, as opposed to a hard-wired design, leads to the emergence of strategic gating mechanisms that enhance the network's computational flexibility and adaptability. These gating strategies are vital for VWM tasks and are developed in a manner consistent with ecological and evolutionary learning held by human. Further examination of how reward prediction error signals, both positive and negative, collaborate to refine gating strategies reveals the crucial role of reward feedback in fine-tuning the working memory computations and the model's behavior, aligning with the current neuroscientific understanding that reward matters.

Assessing the impact of a healthy balance of dopaminergic RPE signals on information manipulation holds implications for patients with altered striatal dopaminergic signaling.

Comments on revisions:

In the revised version, the authors have thoroughly addressed all the questions raised in my previous review. They have clarified the model architecture, provided detailed explanations of the training process, and elaborated on the convergence of the optimization.

Additionally, Reviewer 2 made a very constructive suggestion: Can related cognitive functions or phenomena emerge from the model? The newly added analysis and results highlighting the recency effect directly address this question and significantly strengthen the paper.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper utilizes a neural network model to investigate how the brain employs an adaptive chunking strategy to effectively enhance working memory capacity, which is a classical and significant question in cognitive neuroscience. By integrating perspectives from both the 'slot model' and 'limited resource models,' the authors adopted a neural network model encompassing the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia, introduced an adaptive chunking strategy, and proposed a novel hybrid model. The study demonstrates that the brain can adaptively bind various visual stimuli into a single chunk based on the similarity of color features (a continuous variable) among items in visual working memory, thereby improving working memory efficiency. Additionally, it suggests that the limited capacity of working memory arises from the computational characteristics of the neural system, rather than anatomical constraints.

Strengths:

The neural network model utilized in this paper effectively integrates perspectives from both slot models and resource models (i.e., resource-like constraints within a slot-like system). This methodological innovation provides a better explanation for the limited capacity of working memory. By simulating the neural networks of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia, the model demonstrates how to optimize working memory storage and retrieval strategies through reinforcement learning (i.e., the efficient management of access to and from working memory). This biological simulation offers a novel perspective on human working memory and provides new explanations for the working memory difficulties observed in patients with Parkinson's disease and other disorders. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the model has been validated through computational simulation experiments, yielding reliable and robust predictions.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have already answered all my questions.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary,

The paper aimed to examine the effect of co-ablating Substance P and CGRPα peptides on pain using Tac1 and Calca double knockout (DKO) mice. The authors observed no significant changes in acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. These results suggest that Substance P and CGRPα peptides do not play a major role in mediating pain in mice. Moreover, they reveal that the lack of behavioral phenotype cannot be explained by the redundancy between the two peptides, which are often co-expressed in the same neuron

Strengths,

The paper uses a straightforward approach to address a significant question in the field. The authors confirm the absence of Substance P and CGRPα peptides at the levels of DRG, spinal cord, and midbrain. Subsequently, they employ a comprehensive battery of behavioral tests to examine pain phenotypes, including acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. Additionally, they evaluate neurogenic inflammation by measuring edema and extravasation, revealing no changes in DKO mice. The data are compelling, and the study's conclusions are well-supported by the results. The manuscript is succinct and well-presented.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

In this study, the authors aimed to determine the role of a global double knockout (DKO) of substance P and CGRPα in modulating acute and chronic pain transmission. After successfully generating and validating the DKO mouse model, they conducted a series of behavioral pain assessments to evaluate the role of these neuropeptides in acute and chronic pain. Despite the well-established involvement of substance P and CGRPα in chronic pain, their findings revealed that the global loss of both neuropeptides did not affect the transmission of either acute or chronic pain.

A major strength of the paper is that they validated their double knockout mouse model before using a comprehensive array of both acute and chronic pain tests to reach their conclusions. One minor weakness is that their n numbers for some of the studies conducted are low.

The conclusions made by the authors are largely supported by their results and the authors successfully achieved their aim of investigating the role of simultaneous inhibition of substance P and CGRPα in pain transmission.

This study offers valuable insights into our understanding of the pain pathways. Both Substance P and CGRPα neuropeptides and their receptors were considered key players in pain signaling due to their high expression in pain-responsive neurons. However, targeting these peptides in clinical trials has not been successful. By investigating the simultaneous inhibition of substance P and CGRPα through the generation of Tac1 and Calca double knockout (DKO) mice, the authors addressed an important gap in the field. Their comprehensive assessment of pain behaviors across a range of acute and chronic pain models revealed an unexpected outcome: the absence of both neuropeptides did not significantly alter pain responses. This finding is pivotal, as it challenges the hypothesis that these peptides are essential for pain transmission, even when targeted together.

Comments on revisions:

All my previous concerns have been addressed.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The manuscript by Rios et al. investigates the potential of GSK3 inhibition to reprogram human macrophages, exploring its therapeutic implications in conditions like severe COVID-19. The authors present convincing evidence that GSK3 inhibition shifts macrophage phenotypes from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory states, thus highlighting the GSK3-MAFB axis as a potential therapeutic target. Using both GM-CSF- and M-CSF-dependent monocyte-derived macrophages as model systems, the study provides extensive transcriptional, phenotypic, and functional characterizations of these reprogrammed cells. The authors further extend their findings to human alveolar macrophages derived from patient samples, demonstrating the clinical relevance of GSK3 inhibition in macrophage biology.

The experimental design is sound, leveraging techniques such as RNA-seq, flow cytometry, and bioenergetic profiling to generate a comprehensive dataset. The study's integration of multiple model systems and human samples strengthens its impact and relevance. The findings not only offer insights into macrophage plasticity but also propose novel therapeutic strategies for macrophage reprogramming in inflammatory diseases.

Strengths:

(1) Robust Experimental Design: The use of both in vitro and ex vivo models adds depth to the findings, making the conclusions applicable to both experimental and clinical settings.<br /> (2) Thorough Data Analysis: The extensive use of RNA-seq and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) provides a clear transcriptional signature of the reprogrammed macrophages.<br /> (3) Relevance to Severe COVID-19: The study's focus on macrophage reprogramming in the context of severe COVID-19 adds clinical significance, especially given the relevance of macrophage-driven inflammation in this disease.

Weaknesses:

There are no significant weaknesses in the study.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The study by Rios and colleagues provides the scientific community with a compelling exploration of macrophage plasticity and its potential as a therapeutic target. By focusing on the GSK3-MAFB axis, the authors present a strong case for macrophage reprogramming as a strategy to combat inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, including severe COVID-19. Using a robust and comprehensive methodology, in this study it is conducted a broad transcriptomic and functional analyses and offers valuable mechanistic insights while highlighting its clinical relevance

Strengths:

Well performed and analyzed

Weaknesses:

Additional analyses, including mechanistic studies, would increase the value of the study.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The study examines human biases in a regime-change task, in which participants have to report the probability of a regime change in the face of noisy data. The behavioral results indicate that humans display systematic biases, in particular, overreaction in stable but noisy environments and underreaction in volatile settings with more certain signals. fMRI results suggest that a frontoparietal brain network is selectively involved in representing subjective sensitivity to noise, while the vmPFC selectively represents sensitivity to the rate of change.

Strengths:

(1) The study relies on a task that measures regime-change detection primarily based on descriptive information about the noisiness and rate of change. This distinguishes the study from prior work using reversal-learning or change-point tasks in which participants are required to learn these parameters from experiences. The authors discuss these differences comprehensively.

(2) The study uses a simple Bayes-optimal model combined with model fitting, which seems to describe the data well.

(3) The authors apply model-based fMRI analyses that provide a close link to behavioral results, offering an elegant way to examine individual biases.

Weaknesses:

My major concern is about the correlational analysis in the section "Under- and overreactions are associated with selectivity and sensitivity of neural responses to system parameters", shown in Figures 5c and d (and similarly in Figure 6). The authors argue that a frontoparietal network selectively represents sensitivity to signal diagnosticity, while the vmPFC selectively represents transition probabilities. This claim is based on separate correlational analyses for red and blue across different brain areas. The authors interpret the finding of a significant correlation in one case (blue) and an insignificant correlation (red) as evidence of a difference in correlations (between blue and red) but don't test this directly. This has been referred to as the "interaction fallacy" (Niewenhuis et al., 2011; Makin & Orban de Xivry 2019). Not directly testing the difference in correlations (but only the differences to zero for each case) can lead to wrong conclusions. For example, in Figure 5c, the correlation for red is r = 0.32 (not significantly different from zero) and r = 0.48 (different from zero). However, the difference between the two is 0.1, and it is likely that this difference itself is not significant. From a statistical perspective, this corresponds to an interaction effect that has to be tested directly. It is my understanding that analyses in Figure 6 follow the same approach.

Relevant literature on this point is:

Nieuwenhuis, S, Forstmann, B & Wagenmakers, EJ (2011). Erroneous analyses of interactions in neuroscience: a problem of significance. Nat Neurosci 14, 1105-1107. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2886

Makin TR, Orban de Xivry, JJ (2019). Science Forum: Ten common statistical mistakes to watch out for when writing or reviewing a manuscript. eLife 8:e48175. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.48175

There is also a blog post on simulation-based comparisons, which the authors could check out: https://garstats.wordpress.com/2017/03/01/comp2dcorr/

I recommend that the authors carefully consider what approach works best for their purposes. It is sometimes recommended to directly compare correlations based on Monte-Carlo simulations (cf Makin & Orban). It might also be appropriate to run a regression with the dependent variable brain activity (Y) and predictors brain area (X) and the model-based term of interest (Z). In this case, they could include an interaction term in the model:

Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \cdot X + \beta_2 \cdot Z + \beta_3 \cdot X \cdot Z

The interaction term reflects if the relationship between the model term Z and brain activity Y is conditional on the brain area of interest X.

Another potential concern is that some important details about the parameter estimation for the system-neglect model are missing. In the respective section in the methods, the authors mention a nonlinear regression using Matlab's "fitnlm" function, but it remains unclear how the model was parameterized exactly. In particular, what are the properties of this nonlinear function, and what are the assumptions about the subject's motor noise? I could imagine that by using the inbuild function, the assumption was that residuals are Gaussian and homoscedastic, but it is possible that the assumption of homoscedasticity is violated, and residuals are systematically larger around p=0.5 compared to p=0 and p=1.

Relatedly, in the parameter recovery analyses, the authors assume different levels of motor noise. Are these values representative of empirical values?

The main study is based on N=30 subjects, as are the two control studies. Since this work is about individual differences (in particular w.r.t. to neural representations of noise and transition probabilities in the frontoparietal network and the vmPFC), I'm wondering how robust the results are. Is it likely that the results would replicate with a larger number of subjects? Can the two control studies be leveraged to address this concern to some extent?

It seems that the authors have not counterbalanced the colors and that subjects always reported the probability of the blue regime. If so, I'm wondering why this was not counterbalanced.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper focuses on understanding the behavioral and neural basis of regime shift detection, a common yet hard problem that people encounter in an uncertain world. Using a regime-shift task, the authors examined cognitive factors influencing belief updates by manipulating signal diagnosticity and environmental volatility. Behaviorally, they have found that people demonstrate both over and under-reaction to changes given different combinations of task parameters, which can be explained by a unified system-neglect account. Neurally, the authors have found that the vmPFC-striatum network represents current belief as well as belief revision unique to the regime detection task. Meanwhile, the frontoparietal network represents cognitive factors influencing regime detection i.e., the strength of the evidence in support of the regime shift and the intertemporal belief probability. The authors further link behavioral signatures of system neglect with neural signals and have found dissociable patterns, with the frontoparietal network representing sensitivity to signal diagnosticity when the observation is consistent with regime shift and vmPFC representing environmental volatility, respectively. Together, these results shed light on the neural basis of regime shift detection especially the neural correlates of bias in belief update that can be observed behaviorally.

Strengths:

(1) The regime-shift detection task offers a solid ground to examine regime-shift detection without the potential confounding impact of learning and reward. Relatedly, the system-neglect modeling framework provides a unified account for both over or under-reacting to environmental changes, allowing researchers to extract a single parameter reflecting people's sensitivity to changes in decision variables and making it desirable for neuroimaging analysis to locate corresponding neural signals.

(2) The analysis for locating brain regions related to belief revision is solid. Within the current task, the authors look for brain regions whose activation covary with both current belief and belief change. Furthermore, the authors have ruled out the possibility of representing mere current belief or motor signal by comparing the current study results with two other studies. This set of analyses is very convincing.

(3) The section on using neuroimaging findings (i.e., the frontoparietal network is sensitive to evidence that signals regime shift) to reveal nuances in behavioral data (i.e., belief revision is more sensitive to evidence consistent with change) is very intriguing. I like how the authors structure the flow of the results, offering this as an extra piece of behavioral findings instead of ad-hoc implanting that into the computational modeling.

Weaknesses:

(1) The authors have presented two sets of neuroimaging results, and it is unclear to me how to reason between these two sets of results, especially for the frontoparietal network. On one hand, the frontoparietal network represents belief revision but not variables influencing belief revision (i.e., signal diagnosticity and environmental volatility). On the other hand, when it comes to understanding individual differences in regime detection, the frontoparietal network is associated with sensitivity to change and consistent evidence strength. I understand that belief revision correlates with sensitivity to signals, but it can probably benefit from formally discussing and connecting these two sets of results in discussion. Relatedly, the whole section on behavioral vs. neural slope results was not sufficiently discussed and connected to the existing literature in the discussion section. For example, the authors could provide more context to reason through the finding that striatum (but not vmPFC) is not sensitive to volatility.

(2) More details are needed for behavioral modeling under the system-neglect framework, particularly results on model comparison. I understand that this model has been validated in previous publications, but it is unclear to me whether it provides a superior model fit in the current dataset compared to other models (e.g., a model without \alpha or \beta). Relatedly, I wonder whether the final result section can be incorporated into modeling as well - i.e., the authors could test a variant of the model with two \betas depending on whether the observation is consistent with a regime shift and conduct model comparison.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Insects and their relatives are commonly infected with microbes that are transmitted from mothers to their offspring. A number of these microbes have independently evolved the ability to kill the sons of infected females very early in their development; this male killing strategy has evolved because males are transmission dead-ends for the microbe. A major question in the field has been to identify the genes that cause male killing and to understand how they work. This has been especially challenging because most male-killing microbes cannot be genetically manipulated. This study focuses on a male-killing bacterium called Wolbachia. Different Wolbachia strains kill male embryos in beetles, flies, moths, and other arthropods. This is remarkable because how sex is determined differs widely in these hosts. Two Wolbachia genes have been previously implicated in male-killing by Wolbachia: oscar (in moth male-killing) and wmk (in fly male-killing). The genomes of some male-killing Wolbachia contain both of these genes, so it is a challenge to disentangle the two.

This paper provides strong evidence that oscar is responsible for male-killing in moths. Here, the authors study a strain of Wolbachia that kills males in a pest of tea, Homona magnanima. Overexpressing oscar, but not wmk, kills male moth embryos. This is because oscar interferes with masculinizer, the master gene that controls sex determination in moths and butterflies. Interfering with the masculinizer gene in this way leads the (male) embryo down a path of female development, which causes problems in regulating the expression of genes that are found on the sex chromosomes.

Strengths:

The authors use a broad number of approaches to implicate oscar, and to dissect its mechanism of male lethality. These approaches include: a) overexpressing oscar (and wmk) by injecting RNA into moth eggs, b) determining the sex of embryos by staining female sex chromosomes, c) determining the consequences of oscar expression by assaying sex-specific splice variants of doublesex, a key sex determination gene, and by quantifying gene expression and dosage of sex chromosomes, using RNASeq, and d) expressing oscar along with masculinizer from various moth and butterfly species, in a silkmoth cell line. This extends recently published studies implicating oscar in male-killing by Wolbachia in Ostrinia corn borer moths, although the Homona and Ostrinia oscar proteins are quite divergent. Combined with other studies, there is now broad support for oscar as the male-killing gene in moths and butterflies (i.e. order Lepidoptera). So an outstanding question is to understand the role of wmk. Is it the master male-killing gene in insects other than Lepidoptera and if so, how does it operate?

Weaknesses:

I found the transfection assays of oscar and masculinizer in the silkworm cell line (Figure 4) to be difficult to follow. There are also places in the text where more explanation would be helpful for non-experts.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Wolbachia are maternally transmitted bacteria that can manipulate host reproduction in various ways. Some Wolbachia induce male killing (MK), where the sons of infected mothers are killed during development. Several MK-associated genes have been identified in Homona magnanima, including Hm-oscar and wmk-1-4, but the mechanistic links between these Wolbachia genes and MK in the native host are still unclear.

In this manuscript, Arai et al. show that Hm-oscar is the gene responsible for Wolbachia-induced MK in Homona magnanima. They provide evidence that Hm-Oscar functions through interactions with the sex determination system. They also found that Hm-Oscar disrupts sex determination in male embryos by inducing female-type dsx splicing and impairing dosage compensation. Additionally, Hm-Oscar suppresses the function of Masc. The manuscript is well-written and presents intriguing findings. The results support their conclusions regarding the diversity and commonality of MK mechanisms, contributing to our understanding of the mechanisms and evolutionary aspects of Wolbachia-induced MK.

Comments on revisions:

The authors have already addressed the reviewer's concerns.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Overall, this is a clearly written manuscript with nice hypothesis testing in a non-model organism that addresses the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated male killing. The authors aim to determine how five previously identified male-killing genes (encoded in the prophage region of the wHm Wolbachia strain) impact the native host, Homona magnanima moths. This work builds on the authors' previous studies in which<br /> (1) they tested the impact of these same wHm genes via heterologous expression in Drosophila melanogaster<br /> (2) also examined the activity of other male-killing genes (e.g., from the wFur Wolbachia strain in its native host: Ostrinia furnacalis moths).

Advances here include identifying which wHm gene most strongly recapitulates the male-killing phenotype in the native host (rather than in Drosophila), and the finding that the Hm-Oscar protein has the potential for male-killing in a diverse set of lepidopterans, as inferred by the cell-culture assays.

Strengths:

Strengths of the manuscript include the reverse genetics approaches to dissect the impact of specific male-killing loci, and use of a "masculinization" assay in Lepidopteran cell lines to determine the impact of interactions between specific masc and oscar homologs.

Weaknesses:

It is clear from Figure 1 that the combinations of wmk homologs do not cause male killing on their own here. While I largely agree with the author's conclusions that oscar is the primary MK factor in this system, I don't think we can yet rule out that wmk(s) may work synergistically or interactively with oscar in vivo. This might be worth a small note in the discussion. (eg at line 294 'indicating that wmk likely targets factors other than masc." - this could be downstream of the impacts of oscar; perhaps dependent on oscar-mediated impacts on masc first).

Regarding the perceived male-bias in Figure 2a: I think readers might be interpreting "unhatched" as "total before hatching". You could eliminate ambiguity by perhaps splitting the bars into male and female, and then within a bar, coloring by hatched versus unhatched. But this is a minor point, and I think the updated text helps clarify this.

The new Figure 4b looks to be largely redundant with the oscar information in Figure 1a.

Updated statistical comparisons for the RNA-seq analysis are helpful. However these analyses are based on single libraries (albeit each a pool of many individuals), so this is still a weaker aspect of the manuscript.

The new information on masc similarity is useful (Fig 4d) - if the authors could please include a heatmap legend for the colors, that would be helpful. Also, please avoid green and red in the same figure when key for interpretation.

Figure 1A "helix-turn-helix" is misspelled. ("tern").

Joint Public Review:

Solitary Fibrous Tumors (SFTs) are a rare malignancy defined by NAB2-STAT6 fusions. Because the molecular understanding of the disease is largely lacking, there are currently no targeted treatment approaches. Using primary tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples and cells inducibly expressing NAB2-STAT6, Hill et al. perform a detailed characterization of the transcriptomic and epigenomic NAB2-STAT6 SFT signatures. They identify enrichment or EGR1/NAB2 (but not STAT6) sites bound by the fusion protein and increased expression of EGR1 targets. Their studies indicate that NAB2-STAT6 fusion may direct the nuclear translocation of NAB2 and EGR1 proteins and potentially NAB1. Transcriptionally, NAB2-STAT6 SFTs most closely resemble neuroendocrine tumors.

This pioneering study provides critical insight into the molecular pathogenesis of SFTs, pivotal for the future development of mechanistically informed treatment approaches. The study is rigorously executed and well-written. This new knowledge is an important addition to the field.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The paper by Auer et. makes several contributions:

(1) The study developed a novel approach to map the microstructural organization of the human amygdala by applying radiomics and dimensionality reduction techniques to high-resolution histological data from the BigBrain dataset.

(2) The method identified two main axes of microstructural variation in the amygdala, which could be translated to in vivo 7 Tesla MRI data in individual subjects.

(3) Functional connectivity analysis using resting-state fMRI suggests that microstructurally defined amygdala subregions had distinct patterns of functional connectivity to cortical networks, particularly the limbic, frontoparietal, and default mode networks.

(4) Meta-analytic decoding was used to suggest that the superior amygdala subregion's connectivity is associated with autobiographical memory, while the inferior subregion was linked to emotional face processing.

(5) Overall, the data-driven, multimodal approach provides an account of amygdala microstructure and possibly function that can be applied at the individual subject level, potentially advancing research on amygdala organization.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This study bridges a micro- to macroscale understanding of the organization of the amygdala. First, using a data-driven approach, the authors identify structural clusters in the human amygdala from high-resolution post-mortem histological data. Next, multimodal imaging data to identify structural subunits of the amygdala and the functional networks in which they are involved. This approach is exciting because it permits the identification of both structural amygdalar subunits, and their functional implications, in individual subjects. There are, however, some differences in the macro and microscale levels of organization that should be addressed.

Strengths:

The use of data-driven parcellation on a structure that is important for human emotion and cognition, and the combination of this with high-resolution individual imaging-based parcellation, is a powerful and exciting approach, addressing both the need for a template-level understanding of organization as well as a parcellation that is valid for individuals. The functional decoding of rsfMRI permits valuable insight into the functional role of structural subunits. Overall, the combination of micro to macro, structure, and function, and general organization to individual relevance is an impressive holistic approach to brain mapping.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Nio and colleagues address an important question about how the cerebellum and ventral tegmental area (VTA) contribute to the extinction learning of conditioned fear associations. This work tackles a critical gap in the existing literature and provides new insights into this question in humans through the use of high-field neuroimaging with robust methodology. The presented results are novel and will broadly interest both the extinction learning and cerebellar research communities. As such, this is a very timely and impactful manuscript. However, there are several points that could be addressed during the review process to strengthen the claims and enhance their value for readers and the broader scientific community.

Points to Address:

(1) Reward Interpretation and Skin Conductance Responses (SCR):<br /> A central premise of the manuscript is that 'unexpected omissions of expected aversive events' are rewarding, which plays a critical role in extinction learning. The authors also suggest that the cerebellum is involved in reward processing. However, it is unclear how this conclusion can be directly drawn from their task, which does not explicitly model 'reward.' Instead, the interpretation relies on SCR, which seems more indicative of association or prediction rather than reward per se. Is SCR a valid metric of reward experienced during the extinction of feared associations? Or could these findings reflect processes tied more closely to predictive learning? Please, discuss.

(2) Reinforcement Agent and SCR Modeling:<br /> The modeling approach with the deep reinforcement agent treats SCR as a personalized expectation of shock for a given trial. However, this interpretation seems misaligned with participants' actual experience - they are aware of the shock but exhibit evolving responses to it over time. Why is this operationalization useful or valid? It would benefit the manuscript to provide a clearer justification for this approach.

(3) Clarity and Visualization of Results:<br /> The results section is challenging to follow, and the visualization and quantification of findings could be significantly improved. Terms like 'trending' appear frequently - what does this mean, and is it worth reporting? Adding clear statistical quantifications alongside additional visualizations (e.g., bar or violin plots of group means within specific subregions within the cerebellum, or grouped mean activity in VTA and DCN) would enhance clarity and allow readers to better assess the distribution and systematicity of effects. Furthermore, the figures are overly complex and difficult to read due to the heavy use of abbreviations. Consider splitting figures by either phase of the experiment or regions, and move some details to the supplemental material for improved readability.

(4) Theoretical Context for Paradigm Phases:<br /> The manuscript benefits from the comprehensive experimental paradigm, which includes multiple phases (acquisition, extinction, recall, reacquisition, re-extinction). This design has great potential for providing a more holistic view of conditioned fear learning and extinction. However, the manuscript lacks clarity on what insights can be drawn from these distinct phases. What theoretical framework underpins the different stages, and how should the results be interpreted in this context? At present, the findings seem like a display of similar patterns across phases without sufficient interpretation. Providing a stronger theoretical rationale and reorganizing the results by experimental phase could significantly improve readability and impact.

(5) Cerebellum-VTA Connectivity Analysis:<br /> The authors argue that the cerebellum modulates VTA activity, yet they perform the PPI analysis in the reverse direction. Why does this make sense? In their DCM analysis, they found a bidirectional relationship (both cerebellum - VTA and VTA-cerebellum), yet the discussion focused on connectivity from the cerebellum to VTA. A more careful interpretation of the connectivity findings would be useful - especially the strong claims in the discussion on the cerebellum providing the reward signal to the VTA should be tempered.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Building upon the group's previous work, this study used a 3-day threat acquisition, extinction, recall, reextinction, and reacquisition paradigm with 7T imaging to probe the mechanism by which the cerebellum contributes to fear extinction learning. The authors hypothesise this may be via its connection to the VTA, a known modulator of fear extinction due to its role in reward processing. Using complementary analysis methods, the authors demonstrate that activity with the cerebellum, DNC, and VTA is modulated by predictions about the occurrence of the US, which shows regional specificity. They show trend-level evidence that there is increased functional connectivity between the cerebellum and VTA during all phases of the paradigm with unexpected omissions. They also present a DCM which indicates that the cerebellum could positively modulate VTA activity during extinction learning. This study adds to a growing literature supporting the role of the historically overlooked cerebellum in the control of emotions and suggests that an interaction between the cerebellum and VTA should be considered in the existing model of the fear extinction network.

Strengths:

The authors address their research question using a number of complementary methods, including parametric modulation by model-derived expectation parameters, PPI, and DCM, in a logical and easily understood way. I feel the authors provide a balanced interpretation of their findings, presenting numerous interpretations and offering insight with regard to reward vs attention or unsigned prediction errors and the directionality of the interaction they identify. The manuscript is a timely addition to growing literature highlighting the role of the cerebellum in fear conditioning, and emotion generation and regulation more generally.

Weaknesses:

Subjective and skin conductance responses do not completely support the success of the learning paradigm. For example, CS+/CS- differentiation in both domains persisted after extinction training. I do not feel that this negates the findings of this manuscript, though it raises questions about the parametric modulators used, and the interpretation of the neural mechanisms proposed if they do not strongly relate to updated subjective appraisals (the goal of extinction therapy). My interpretation of the manuscript suggests there are some key results based upon contrasts that have as few as three events; I am a little unsure about the power and reliability of these effects, though I await author clarification on this matter. There are a number of unaddressed deviations from the pre-registered protocol that I have asked the authors to elaborate upon.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

Identifying drugs that target specific disease phenotypes remains a persistent challenge. Many current methods are only applicable to well-characterized small molecules, such as those with known structures. In contrast, methods based on transcriptional responses offer broader applicability because they do not require prior information about small molecules. Additionally, they can be rapidly applied to new small molecules. One of the most promising strategies involves the use of "drug response signatures"-specific sets of genes whose differential expression can serve as markers for the response to a small molecule. By comparing drug response signatures with expression profiles characteristic of a disease, it is possible to identify drugs that modulate the disease profile, indicating a potential therapeutic connection.

This study aims to prioritize potential drug candidates and to forecast novel drug combinations that may be effective in treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Large consortia, such as the LINCS-L1000 project, offer transcriptional signatures across various time points after exposing numerous cell lines to hundreds of compounds at different concentrations. While this data is highly valuable, its direct applicability to pathophysiological contexts is constrained by the challenges in extracting consistent drug response profiles from these extensive datasets. The authors use their method to create drug response profiles for three different TNBC cell lines from LINCS.

To create a more precise, cancer-specific disease profile, the authors highlight the use of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. They focus on TNBC epithelial cells collected from 26 diseased individuals compared to epithelial cells collected from 10 healthy volunteers. The authors are further leveraging drug response data to develop inhibitor combinations.

Strengths:

The authors of this study contribute to an ongoing effort to develop automated, robust approaches that leverage gene expression similarities across various cell lines and different treatment regimens, aiming to predict drug response signatures more accurately. The authors are trying to address the gap that remains in computational methods for inferring drug responses at the cell subpopulation level.

Weaknesses:

One weakness is that the authors do not compare their method to previous studies. The authors develop a drug response profile by summarizing the time points, concentrations, and cell lines. The computational challenge of creating a single gene list that represents the transcriptional response to a drug across different cell lines and treatment protocols has been previously addressed. The Prototype Ranked List (PRL) procedure, developed by Iorio and co-authors (PNAS, 2010, doi:10.1073/pnas.1000138107), uses a hierarchical majority-voting scheme to rank genes. This method generates a list of genes that are consistently overexpressed or downregulated across individual conditions, which then hold top positions in the PRL. The PRL methodology was used by Aissa and co-authors (Nature Comm 2021, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21884-z) to analyze drug effects on selective cell populations using scRNA-seq datasets. They combined PRL with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), a method that compares a ranked list of genes like PRL against a specific set of genes of interest. GSEA calculates a Normalized Enrichment Score (NES), which indicates how well the genes of interest are represented among the top genes in the PRL. Compared to the method described in the current manuscript, the PRL method allows for the identification of both upregulated and downregulated transcriptional signatures relevant to the drug's effects. It also gives equal weight to each cell line's contribution to the drug's overall response signature.

The authors performed experimental validation of the top two identified drugs; however, the effect was modest. In addition, the effect on TNBC cell lines was cell-line specific as the identified drugs were effective against BT20, whose transcriptional signatures from LINCS were used for drug identification, but not against the other two cell lines analyzed. An incorrect choice of genes for the signature may result in capturing similarities tied to experimental conditions (e.g., the same cell line) rather than the drug's actual effects. This reflects the challenges faced by drug response signature methods in both selecting the appropriate subset of genes that make up the signature and in managing the multiple expression profiles generated by treating different cell lines with the same drug.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In their study, Osorio and colleagues present 'retriever,' an innovative computational tool designed to extract disease-specific transcriptional drug response profiles from the LINCS-L1000 project. This tool has been effectively applied to TNBC, leveraging single-cell RNA sequencing data to predict drug combinations that may effectively target the disease. The public review highlights the significant integration of extensive pharmacological data with high-resolution transcriptomic information, which enhances the potential for personalized therapeutic applications.

Strengths:

A key finding of the study is the prediction and validation of the drug combination QL-XII-47 and GSK-690693 for the treatment of TNBC. The methodology employed is robust, with a clear pathway from data analysis to experimental confirmation.

Weaknesses:

However, several issues need to be addressed. The predictive accuracy of 'retriever' is contingent upon the quality and comprehensiveness of the LINCS-L1000 and single-cell datasets utilized, which is an important caveat as these datasets may not fully capture the heterogeneity of patient responses to treatment. While the in vitro validation of the drug combinations is promising, further in vivo studies and clinical trials are necessary to establish their efficacy and safety. The applicability of these findings to other cancer types also warrants additional investigation. Expanding the application of 'retriever' to a broader range of cancer types and integrating it with clinical data will be crucial for realizing its potential in personalized medicine. Furthermore, as the study primarily focuses on kinase inhibitors, it remains to be seen how well these findings translate to other drug classes.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This study investigates the role of norepinephrine (NE) signaling in the hippocampus during event transitions, positing that NE release serves as a mechanism for marking event boundaries to facilitate episodic memory segmentation. The authors use a genetically encoded fluorescent indicator (GRABNE) to measure NE release with high temporal precision, correlating these signals with changes in hippocampal firing dynamics. By integrating photometry data, behavioral analyses, and analysis of neuronal activity from publicly available datasets, the work addresses fundamental questions about the relationship between neuromodulatory signals and memory encoding.

Strengths:

The authors present a compelling framework linking NE signaling to event boundaries, offering insight into how episodic memory segmentation may occur in the brain. The writing is clear and the data are well-described. It is easy to follow. The pharmacological validation of the GRABNE sensor enhances confidence in their NE measurements, an important methodological strength given the potential limitations of fluorescence-based neuromodulatory indicators. Moreover, the authors carefully disentangle NE signals from confounding behavioral variables, providing evidence that NE release is time-locked to event boundaries rather than movement or arousal-related behaviors. This level of analytical rigor strengthens their central claims. Additionally, the observation of NE signal dynamics that decay over hundreds of seconds is interesting, as it aligns with timescales relevant to hippocampal plasticity reported in prior literature.

Weaknesses:

While the authors establish correlations between NE signaling and hippocampal activity changes, causation is not demonstrated. Future studies using perturbative approaches (e.g., optogenetic or chemogenetic manipulation of NE release) would be necessary to establish a direct causal link. Furthermore, the persistence of NE signals over long timescales (hundreds of seconds) raises questions about its role in encoding rapid event boundaries, as it is unclear how this prolonged signaling might affect memory encoding for closely spaced events. The lack of a discussion about how NE dynamics would operate in such scenarios weakens the proposed framework. Finally, while the authors acknowledge the limitations of the GRABNE sensor, a more detailed exploration of how sensor sensitivity might influence their results would enhance the interpretation of their findings.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors use a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor, GRABNE, to measure NE dynamics in the dorsal hippocampus of mice in response to multiple behavioral manipulations. A non-linear model and regression were used to quantitatively assess the contribution of multiple behavioral covariates to changes in NE signaling, with the result that NE signal dynamics were best predicted by time from event transitions, with the signal exponentially decaying over a period of seconds to minutes after transitions. Event transitions were implemented as a transfer from a home cage to a novel arena, a transfer to a familiar linear track, and the introduction of novel objects. Additional experiments showed that spatial context transitions dominate NE signaling over novel object presentations, and experience accelerates the decay of the NE signal after spatial context transitions. Correspondingly, the hippocampal CA1 spatial code takes minutes to stabilize after context transition in both novel and familiar spaces.

Strengths:

A strength of the study is the use of the NE sensor with sub-second resolution, non-linear modeling, and regression to identify the prominent variable of interest as time from event transition, and multiple behavioral controls. The use of multiple behavioral designs to investigate the effect of familiarity, experience, and interaction of spatial context transitions and novel object introduction is a strength. Relating the dynamics of NE signal decay to the rate of CA1 spatial code changes is also a strength.

Weaknesses:

A minor weakness is that the concept of an event boundary needs to be more broadly discussed. The manuscript uses event transitions such as spatial context changes and novel object introduction to implement an event boundary. However, especially in episodic memory studies in humans, event structure and boundaries have also been shown to occur through the automatic segmentation of experiences into discrete events (Baldassano et al., Neuron, 2017; Radvansky and Zacks, Curr. Opi. Behav. Sci, 2017). The rodent experiments in the current manuscript explicitly introduce event boundaries through changes in context or objects, which can potentially be conflated with novelty. A discussion of these differences, and whether NE can also have a role in event boundary transitions based on automatic segmentation of experiences, will add to the impact of the manuscript.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary

The manuscript investigates the role of norepinephrine (NE) release in the rodent hippocampus during event boundaries, such as transitions between spatial contexts and the introduction of novel objects. It also explores how NE release is altered by experience and how novelty drives the amplitude and decay times of extracellular NE. By utilizing the GRABNE sensor for sub-second resolution measurement of NE, the authors demonstrate that NE release is driven primarily by the time elapsed since an event boundary and is independent of behaviors like movement or reward. The study further explores how hippocampal neural representations are altered over time, showing that these representations stabilize shortly after event transitions, potentially linking NE release to episodic memory encoding.

Strengths

Overall, the work provides novel insights into the interplay between NE signaling and hippocampal activity and presents an intriguing hypothesis on how NE release may help push hippocampal activity into unique attractor states to encode novel experiences. The experiments are well-controlled, and the analysis is well-presented, with a detailed and engaging discussion that points towards several new and exciting research directions. The use of several behavioral paradigms to demonstrate the strongest predictor of NE release is a strength, as well as the regression analysis to disambiguate the contribution of other correlated variables. The suggestion that NE does not select ensembles for subsequent replay is also an interesting result.

Weaknesses

The authors have not convincingly established a link between hippocampal neural activity and NE release, showing qualitative rather than quantitative correlations. Therefore, at this stage, the role of NE on hippocampal function remains speculative.

Another general concern is that the smoothing/ kinetics of the sensor impacts the regression analyses. Most of the other variables, such as speed, acceleration, and even reward time points are highly dynamic and it is possible that the limitations of the sensor decorrelate the signal from (potentially) causal variables, therefore resulting in the time since the event start having the most explanatory power for most of the analyses.

More broadly, the figure legends should be expanded to better describe error bounds, mean vs median, sample sizes, and averaging choices for plots.

There are also some concerns regarding the nearest neighbor analysis and the reported differences in the rate of reactivations after familiar and novel environments, as outlined below.

(1) Lines 657-658. How far away in time can the top three nearest neighbor time points be? Must they lie in different trials, or can they also be within the same trial? Is there a systematic difference in the average time lags for the nearest neighbors over the course of the session?

The authors should only allow nearest neighbors to be in a different lap because systematic changes in behavior (running fast initially) might force earlier time bins in a certain location to match with a different trial, while the later time bins can be from within the same trial if the mice are moving slower and stay in the same spatial bin location longer. The authors should also provide information on how the averaging is performed because there are several axes of variability - spatial bin locations, sessions, different environments, and animals.

(2) Figure 8: These results are very interesting. However, I am confused by the differences between Figure 8B and D because the significant reactivations in A and C are very similar. The 1-minute and 10-minute windows seem somewhat arbitrary and prone to noise and variability. Perhaps the authors should fit a slope for the curves on A and C and compare whether the slope/ intercept are significantly different between the novel and familiar environments.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

It is known that neuronal activity in several brain regions encodes interval time. However, how interval time is encoded across distributed brain regions remains unclear. By simultaneously recording neuronal activity from the hippocampal CA1, dorsal striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex during a temporal bisection task, the authors showed that elapsed time during the interval period is encoded similarly across these regions and that the neuronal activity of time cells across these regions tends to be synchronized within 100 ms. Using Bayesian decoding, they demonstrated that the interval time decoded from the firing activity of time cells in these regions correlated with the rats' decisions and that the times decoded from the neuronal activity of different brain regions were correlated. The sound experiments and analyses support most of the main conclusions of this paper.

Strengths:

They used a temporal bisection task in which the effects of time and distance can be dissociated. The test trials successfully revealed the relationship between the interval time estimated by Bayesian decoding and the animal's judgment of long versus short interval times. Simultaneous recording of neuronal activity from the hippocampal CA1, dorsal striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex, which is technically challenging, allowed comparison of interval time encoding across brain regions and the degree of synchrony between neurons from different brain regions.

Weaknesses:

Some analyses were not explained in detail, making it difficult to assess whether their results support the authors' conclusions.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this work, the authors examined how neural activity related to temporal information is distributed and coordinated throughout the hippocampus, dorsal striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex. Rats were forced to run for fixed time intervals on a treadmill and make a decision based on whether the interval was long (10s) or short (5s). Under these conditions time cells were observed across all examined brain regions. The primary finding of the authors is that synchronized activity between time cells across brain regions is entrained into the theta cycle. This observation is used to support the central claim that the sharing of temporal information is mediated by the theta oscillation.

Strengths:

By simultaneously recording several brain regions in an interval discrimination task, the authors provide a valuable dataset for understanding how temporal information is processed and distributed throughout relevant networks.

Weaknesses:

Several methodological concerns should be addressed and a more focused analysis should be performed to strengthen the central claims of this work.

Major Concerns

(1) The restriction to only use time cells to understand temporal information processing. Other mechanisms of encoding time, like population clocks and ramping, have been characterized in the striatum and frontal cortex, and these dynamics might contain more temporal information than the subset of cells that meet the statistical criteria for being a time cell. Furthermore, time cells in the OFC, and DS in particular, appear to be heavily biased towards the beginning of treadmill running. This raises the question of whether temporal information can be encoded by neurons other than time cells in these two regions.

(2) The results of the Bayesian decoding analysis should be expanded on. In particular, the performance of each decoder above the chance level is not quantified. Comparing the performance of decoders trained on all cells to the performance of decoders trained on time cells alone would partially address the question of whether or not time cells are the only cells that can encode temporal information in the DS and OFC.

(3) The decoding results for the test trials appear different from the results in the authors' previous publication (Shimbo et. al., 2021). There, differences in decoded time between the selected-long and selected-short trials emerged after 5s, the duration of the short trials. This was to be expected given the following two reasons. First, from the task design, it is unclear that the animal can distinguish trial types (long, short, or test) until after the first 5 seconds of treadmill running, making it logical for differences in decoded time to emerge only after this point. Second, time cell activity was identical in the first 5s of the long and short trials as shown in Figure 2A. Here, however, the differences in decoded time during the selected-long and selected-short test trials emerge within the first 2s of treadmill running. Could the authors explain this discrepancy?

Furthermore, in Figure 6B, at 3 seconds of running time, the decoded time for selected-long and selected-short trials shows a difference of nearly 2 seconds, with no further increase as running time progresses. In contrast, at 2 seconds of running time, there is no significant difference in decoded time for DS and OFC, while CA1 shows a slight increase in the decoded time for selected-long trials. This pattern suggests a sudden jump in the encoded time for selected-long trials between 2 and 3 seconds. However, without explicitly showing the raw data, it is difficult to interpret this result and other results from the decoding analysis.

Minor Concerns

(1) It is not clear how the Bayes decoder was trained. Does the training data come entirely from the long trials?

(2) For Figure 5D, even if only one of two neurons in a pair has its spike rate modulated by theta, wouldn't the expectation be that synchronous spike events between these two neurons would be modulated by theta as well? This analysis might benefit from shuffling methods to determine if the mean resultant length of synchronous spike events is larger than the chance level.

(3) In Figure 5A, the authors suggest that 'the synchronization of time cells was modulated by theta oscillation.' However, it is unclear whether the population exhibits a preferred theta phase or the phase preference only occurs at the individual cell level. If there is no preference on the population level, how would the authors interpret this result?

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This study examines neural activity recorded simultaneously in the hippocampus, dorsal striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex as rats performed an interval timing task. The analyses primarily focus on the activity of "time cells" which are neurons that fire at specific moments during the intervals. In this experiment, the intervals consist of periods when animals are running on a treadmill before selecting the arm associated with the interval duration. The results show that the theta oscillations induced by this running behavior were observed across the three regions and that this strong oscillation modulated the activity of neurons across regions. While these findings are correlative in nature, they provide an important characterization of activity patterns across regions during complex behavior. However, more research is needed to determine whether these activity patterns specifically contribute to temporal coding.

Strengths:

(1) Overall, the paper is very well written. Although I have specific concerns about the review of the relevant literature and the interpretation of the results (see below), I do want to commend the authors for their efforts toward presenting this complex work in an accessible manner.

(2) The study is well designed and the quality of the electrophysiological data collected from multiple brain regions in such a challenging behavioral experiment is impressive. This work is a technical tour de force.

(3) The analyses are very thorough, statistically rigorous, and clearly explained and visualized. The authors provide a thoughtful mixture of example data (at the level of individual cells or animals) and aggregated data (at the group or session level) to properly explain and quantify the activity patterns of interest.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This study examined the effect of blood pressure variability on brain microvascular function and cognitive performance. By implementing a model of blood pressure variability using an intermittent infusion of AngII for 25 days, the authors examined different cardiovascular variables, cerebral blood flow, and cognitive function during midlife (12-15-month-old mice). Key findings from this study demonstrate that blood pressure variability impairs baroreceptor reflex and impairs myogenic tone in brain arterioles, particularly at higher blood pressure. They also provide evidence that blood pressure variability blunts functional hyperemia and impairs cognitive function and activity. Simultaneous monitoring of cardiovascular parameters, in vivo imaging recordings, and the combination of physiological and behavioral studies reflect rigor in addressing the hypothesis. The experiments are well-designed, and the data generated are clear. I list below a number of suggestions to enhance this important work:

(1) Figure 1B: It is surprising that the BP circadian rhythm is not distinguishable in either group. Figure 2, however, shows differences in circadian rhythm at different timepoints during infusion. Could the authors explain the lack of circadian effect in the 24-h traces?

(2) While saline infusion does not result in elevation of BP when compared to Ang II, there is an evident "and huge" BP variability in the saline group, at least 40mmHg within 1 hour. This is a significant physiological effect to take into consideration, and therefore it warrants discussion.

(3) The decrease in DBP in the BPV group is very interesting. It is known that chronic Ang II increases cardiac hypertrophy, are there any changes to heart morphology, mass, and/or function during BPV? Can the the decrease in DBP in BPV be attributed to preload dysfunction? This observation should be discussed.

(4) Examining the baroreceptor reflex during the early and late phases of BPV is quite compelling. Figures 3D and 3E clearly delineate the differences between the two phases. For clarity, I would recommend plotting the data as is shown in panels D and E, rather than showing the mathematical ratio. Alternatively, plotting the correlation of ∆HR to ∆SBP and analyzing the slopes might be more digestible to the reader. The impairment in baroreceptor reflex in the BPV during high BP is clear, is there any indication whether this response might be due to loss of sympathetic or gain of parasympathetic response based on the model used?

(5) Figure 3B shows a drop in HR when the pump is ON irrespective of treatment (i.e., independent of BP changes). What is the underlying mechanism?

(6) The correlation of ∆diameter vs MAP during low and high BP is compelling, and the shift in the cerebral autoregulation curve is also a good observation. I would strongly recommend that the authors include a schematic showing the working hypothesis that depicts the shift of the curve during BPV.

(7) Functional hyperemia impairment in the BPV group is clear and well-described. Pairing this response with the kinetics of the recovery phase is an interesting observation. I suggest elaborating on why BPV group exerts lower responses and how this links to the rapid decline during recovery.

(8) The experimental design for the cognitive/behavioral assessment is clear and it is a reasonable experiment based on previous results. However, the discussion associated with these results falls short. I recommend that the authors describe the rationale to assess recognition memory, short-term spatial memory, and mice activity, and explain why these outcomes are relevant in the BPV context. Are there other studies that support these findings? The authors discussed that no changes in alternation might be due to the age of the mice, which could already exhibit cognitive deficits. In this line of thought, what is the primary contributor to behavioral impairment? I think that this sentence weakens the conclusion on BPV impairing cognitive function and might even imply that age per se might be the factor that modulates the various physiological outcomes observed here. I recommend clarifying this section in the discussion.

(9) Why were only male mice used?

(10) In the results for Figure 3: "Ang II evoked significant increases in SBP in both control and BPV groups;...". Also, in the figure legend: "B. Five-minute average HR when the pump is OFF or ON (infusing Ang II) for control and BPV groups...." The authors should clarify this as the methods do not state a control group that receives Ang II.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Blood pressure variability has been identified as an important risk factor for dementia. However, there are no established animal models to study the molecular mechanisms of increased blood pressure variability. In this manuscript, the authors present a novel mouse model of elevated BPV produced by pulsatile infusions of high-dose angiotensin II (3.1ug/hour) in middle-aged male mice. Using elegant methodology, including direct blood pressure measurement by telemetry, programmable infusion pumps, in vivo two-photon microscopy, and neurobehavioral tests, the authors show that this BPV model resulted in a blunted bradycardic response and cognitive deficits, enhanced myogenic response in parenchymal arterioles, and a loss of the pressure-evoked increase in functional hyperemia to whisker stimulation.

Strengths:

As the presentation of the first model of increased blood pressure variability, this manuscript establishes a method for assessing molecular mechanisms. The state-of-the-art methodology and robust data analysis provide convincing evidence that increased blood pressure variability impacts brain health.

Weaknesses:

One major drawback is that there is no comparison with another pressor agent (such as phenylephrine); therefore, it is not possible to conclude whether the observed effects are a result of increased blood pressure variability or caused by direct actions of Ang II. Ang II is known to have direct actions on cerebrovascular reactivity, neuronal function, and learning and memory. Given that Ang II is increased in only 15% of human hypertensive patients (and an even lower percentage of non-hypertensive), the clinical relevance is diminished. Nonetheless, this is an important study establishing the first mouse model of increased BPV.