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because hunger is a problem

It has shown so far that they are not against their religion, is there something that has not been shown which causes him to hide his prayer? Different groups of Natives = different ideas? Again, how reliable is Mary as a narrator

Wonder how bear tastes. I don’t like eating meat but like you never really hear that

Again, adapting to their food, in contrast to when she refused to even try their meat. She’s basically trading here, services for food.

Is Pagan meaning the same thing that I might currently think of in this text? Why is she SO amazed, is it good or bad?

She’s finally accustomed to their food, buying horse meat on purpose. Nice of her master to allow her to keep the shilling. She sees them as heartless, but never looks deeper.

Still seems kind of offensive but doesn’t seem as harsh as a previous description she created. Maybe she is getting used to it and not seeing it as crazy and barbaric

Whether she would smoke “it”???? This is like that whole baby IT thing, what is it, tobacco or something else

Assumption vs reality. Don’t assume the worst and you may be helped. Assume the worst and you may be pleasantly surprised.

Why is she crying only now in front of them? Finally too much to bear? Must be a significance in it being NOW and now when her child died, being hurt, or any other moment in her captivity

She’s seeing the human (in her view) in them

Preserving in the wilderness (with the Natives) and believing he will eventually bring them back to safety (English men)

You always leave the world the way you come into the world?

This life vs past life vs future life?

Reading something like this is sometimes so difficult because I know very little religious references so before I saw the bible quote and guessed what it was, I was very confused when I saw the word “job”

Oh hello Joseph? Where is he coming from and is he “free”

Not just business work related, but still similar as it being a group of people with a purpose

Where does Boy Scouts come from

Is she going alone or with people? If she is alone what is stopping her from leaving? Not knowing her surroundings?

what interesting sentence structure here

They’re meeting with King Philip like in person???/

Connecticut lowkey sucks. Anyway this is like in the winter and in New England so how did that hold

being able to persuade someone with images can be good or bad depending on what message they are trying to communicate.

eLife Assessment

This important study shows that self-supervised pretraining on related fungal genomes can substantially improve sequence-to-expression prediction in budding yeast. The evidence for the main conclusion is convincing, with careful comparisons to models trained from random initialization and clear gains on held-out expression data. The broader claims about the optimal evolutionary scope and transfer of regulatory grammar are less fully supported.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors ask whether self-supervised pretraining on related fungal genomes gives a useful prior for predicting gene expression in S. cerevisiae, where the compact ~12 Mb genome supplies too few independent windows to train a large supervised model from scratch. They pretrain a BERT-style masked DNA language model on a corpus of fungal genomes and fine-tune it to predict RNA-seq gene expression. They found a surprisingly (to me) large improvement in performance: 0.78 prediction Pearson R versus 0.67 for a randomly initialized model.

The manuscript also presents a new experimental resource: 3,053 RNA-seq data sets with perturbations using the YETI experimental platform to upregulate specific genes.

Strengths:

(1) Overall, the manuscript is well-written and is likely to be impactful.

(2) The protocol handles the train/test split of orthologous sequences well, which is nontrivial.

(3) The authors did a good job "steelman-ing" Shorkie_Random_Init: it received its own learning-rate sweep, and the authors tested two reduced-capacity from-scratch architectures to rule out some overparameterization issues.

(4) The public codebase is unusually well-organized.

Weaknesses:

I have a number of comments, none of which significantly impact the main findings.

Two analyses appear missing from the MPRA section: (1) Does self-supervised pre-training improve MPRA models such as DREAM-RNN? and (2) Is Shorkie better than Shorkie_Random_Init at the MPRA task? The language about "correlative, non-causal" associations makes me think the authors tried this and got poor results; it would be informative to include these as a supplementary negative result. (There is also (3): Does MPRA pre-training improve genomic models? But this is clearly out of scope for this paper.)

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Chao et al. study whether multi-species self-supervised pretraining learns sequence representations that can be transferred to improve downstream expression prediction in budding yeast. The rationale is that the budding yeast genome is relatively small and compact, which may not provide enough sequence variation for standard reference-genome-based supervised learning.

This paper has two stages. They first train U-Net-style DNA language models on collections of fungal genomes with increasing phylogenetic breadth using a BERT-style masked language modeling (MLM) objective. The model with the best sequence reconstruction (i.e., lowest perplexity) on held-out budding yeast sequences is called Shorkie LM. They then use Shorkie LM's weights to initialize Shorkie, a supervised model for predicting functional genomic tracks (RNA-seq, ChIP-exo, ChIP-MNase) in budding yeast. Compared with a randomly initialized model with the same architecture, Shorkie clearly performs better on held-out expression prediction and outperforms the randomly initialized model on all three variant effect benchmarks. This is good evidence that the pretraining is beneficial. For Shorkie LM and Shorkie, the authors also use interpretation methods to analyze motifs captured across a range of loci, and the results seem to be consistent with known yeast biology.

Overall, the experiments are well thought out and controlled, and most claims are supported with sufficient evidence. While the idea that pretraining can be beneficial for budding yeast has been reported previously (for scalar expression prediction) [1], this paper's exploration of optimal evolutionary scope and genomic language model pretraining in general still holds practical value for the field. The Shorkie model itself is also a useful resource and ranks first on many tasks in a recent public benchmark for fungal sequence-to-expression models [2]. I only have some minor concerns/suggestions.

Strengths:

(1) The authors put considerable effort into evaluating their modeling choices. For the pretraining corpora, they compare four phylogenetic scopes (a species, strain, order, kingdom). Each corpus is evaluated across multiple model architectures/capacities. Extra care is taken with homology filtering between training and held-out data. For supervised transfer, several candidate language models are carried forward to test whether their ranking by language model selection criterion (perplexity) predicts their ranking on the downstream task. In addition, the same-architecture randomly initialized baseline for Shorkie is itself optimized for learning rate, with additional randomly initialized CNN and U-Net models included as additional controls, giving some strong nulls to compare against.

(2) The experimental dataset generated in this study is also a valuable resource. Using the ministat array, the authors generated ~3,000 time-resolved RNA-seq profiles following transcriptional regulator inductions. Such data are important for understanding transient regulatory events and how they shape the transcriptome over time.

(3) Several figures include schematic panels that make the whole workflow easy to understand.

Weaknesses:

(1) As acknowledged by the authors, the current evolutionary "sweet spot" at 165 Saccharomycetales genomes is potentially confounded by factors like corpus size, annotation quality, and optimization difficulties. I agree that it would be hard to disentangle these factors, but a relatively simple control appears to be missing. Although unlikely, it is still possible that the "sweet spot" is driven partly by the amount of data rather than the phylogenetic scope. One simple control would be to sample 165 genomes from the broader fungal corpus and match the total number of training windows to the Saccharomycetales dataset.

(2) L148, "These results demonstrate that Shorkie LM captures conserved regulatory grammar." The evidence presented in this section is mainly about recovery of known fungal/yeast sequence motifs, which are more like words than grammar. The latter is usually understood as relationships between motifs such as their spacing, multiplicity, and arrangement. So I suggest the authors either tone down the claim or provide additional analyses that directly test this. One possibility would be to generate nucleotide dependency maps [3] for a handful of loci with well-characterized regulatory syntax.

(3) Figure 2E. The interpretation of t-SNE clusters might be confounded by the length of genomic elements. The five classes of elements shown in the plot have very different length distributions, but they are extracted and zero-padded to the same input length, and their embeddings are mean-pooled across the full padded sequence. As a result, the fraction of real sequence entering the mean embedding differs substantially across genomic element classes, which could contribute to observed separation independently of learned regulatory features.

(4) Lines 216-218, "transfer learning from pan-fungal self-supervised pretraining yields generalizable representations of exon-intron structure and regulatory grammar, substantially improving in expression prediction." Similar to point 2, I think this statement is somewhat stronger than what the current evidence supports. The results clearly show that pretraining improves downstream expression prediction, but it is less clear that this improvement can be specifically attributed to the transfer of regulatory grammar and gene structure, rather than motif representations or more general learned inductive biases acquired during pretraining. This is itself an interesting question. It might be possible to get at it by selectively reinitializing the convolution layers vs the transformer blocks while keeping the rest of the Shorkie LM weights, although this could still be hard to interpret if the relevant information is distributed across the model.

(5) The ISM for Figures 4 and 5 seems to correspond to the summed predicted coverage across all output bins (Methods, Equation 17). I was unclear about the intended goal here. For example, when mutating the ATG42 promoter in Figure 5, is the goal to quantify the predicted effect on ATG42 expression specifically? If so, should the ISM instead be computed by summing only the bins covering the target gene? Otherwise, predicted coverage from neighboring genes could also contribute to the ISM score and affect the comparison across induction time points.

References:

[1] Wang Y, Cai Z, Zeng Q, Gao Y, Ouyang J, Xu Y, et al. Genomic Touchstone: benchmarking genomic language models in the context of the central dogma. bioRxiv. Preprint posted online June 30, 2025. doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661622

[2] Schneider T. ybench: a benchmark for fungal sequence-to-expression models. GitHub. Accessed August 18, 2026. https://github.com/Tom-Ellis-Lab/yeast-seq2expression-benchmark

[3] Tomaz da Silva P, Karollus A, Hingerl J, et al. Nucleotide dependency analysis of genomic language models detects functional elements. Nat Genet. 2025;57(10):2589-2602. doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02347-3

secularity is complicated because it can describe different changes in the role of religion within society

Religious morality has become separated from these normal everyday matters, consequently, modern society has been structured in such a way that you can function normally without the need for religion

Taylor's disdain in this sentence is evident in his use of the word "inescapable", he strongly highlights how times have changed, reducing Christianity to merely one option among many, whereas it used to be present in almost every aspect of life

看不懂

根本看不懂女主和SILVIO在干什么

这是什么意思？一点都看不懂

女主在哪里得到的？前面从未交代，并且也不知道男主在调查什么，只知道他有事瞒着自己

删除

无意义，删除

已知女主坐在男主对面，女主怎么能做到隔着桌子解开男主腰带

整个episode15看不懂，不明白男主替换了什么便条，我理解的这里是想表达男主吃醋将什么人传递给女主的便条拿走了，避免女主看见，但是目前看不出来是吃醋新的muse来访还是女主未婚夫

这句话无意义，删除

莫名其妙的一句台词，有种故作高深的感觉，需要直白一些

明确一下是他把我从我和拉斐尔的婚礼拉走，这样冲突比较明确

女主紧接着立刻就问出口了自己内心的疑问，所以这句话内心独白无意义，删除

state of nature = no formal gov + no established political institutions + ppl organise their lives themselves

civil society = gov exists + formal laws + polotical isntituions => there is a state governign ppl

Rousseau=> believd that can't assume + state that ALL modern socieites historically developed froma. state of nature => thought that the transition from natural human life -> civil society would take increadibly long time

Locke = actual groups of ppl could exist in state of nature eg. indigenous groups

COMPARE what can we ealrn by imagining a world without a sstate ****

Hobbes State of nature → dangerous and insecure → people need a strong government.

Locke Natural freedom → problems enforcing rights → people create government → government protects rights AND => if gov fails to protect ppl's natural right/ becomes tyrannical =>ppl have right to change or overthrow it

Rousseu State of nature → humans are relatively free, peaceful and independent → society introduces inequality and dependence → legitimate political organisation should restore freedom and equality.

COMPARE **what can we ealrn by imagining a world without a sstate **

Hobbes State of nature → dangerous and insecure → people need a strong government.

Locke Natural freedom → problems enforcing rights → people create government → government protects rights AND => if gov fails to protect ppl's natural right/ becomes tyrannical =>ppl have right to change or overthrow it

Rousseu State of nature → humans are relatively free, peaceful and independent → society introduces inequality and dependence → legitimate political organisation should restore freedom and equality.

Hobbes= lived in English Civil war ( england => resemble what he imagined the state of nature be like) => So essentially he asked "What would human life be like without a government capable of maintaining order?" HE wanted ppl to realise =>No government → disorder and insecurity → terrible conditions → therefore, government is necessary.

• used state o nature as warning to what could happen if political authority disappeared

state of nature = no formal gov + no established political institutions + ppl organise their lives themselves

civil society = gov exists + formal laws + polotical isntituions => there is a state governign ppl

Rousseau=> believd that can't assume + state that ALL modern socieites historically developed froma. state of nature => thought that the transition from natural human life -> civil society would take increadibly long time

Locke = actual groups of ppl could exist in state of nature eg. indigenous groups

Locke = Natural freedom → problems enforcing rights → people create government → government protects rights AND => if gov fails to protect ppl's natural right/ becomes tyrannical =>ppl have right to change or overthrow it

the zuni creation story is a religious explanation of how their people originated and how spiritual beings influence nature.

native american religions are mainly preserved through oral stpries and rituals rather than written scriptures

Didn’t she literally have an out or was that for the other woman. Why does she want it now

Is this to cover their tracks, or for a purpose, a sign, symbolism?

Women or wives.

What is this (bags according to another annotation)

They will not recognize the Sabbath day. They respect her in her having personal religious beliefs, but they will not spare her a day solely for religion. She has work to do.

Beggars can’t be choosers girl, eat up if you want to survive.

Probably because she thinks she’s better than whatever food they’re eating?

Filthy trash???? Wow dude way to shame their customs. Like at least you are being offered food? Not completely starving you?

Boiled… OLD horses leg,… wow what a meal. I mean whatever gets you nutrients.

I think this is the first time she acknowledges all of them as one unit instead of “me” and “them”

Yeah was the river or whatever body of water it is not partially frozen? No ice?

So she feels it kind of puts her above the others who did get their feet we

The Natives help her but still no food or little food. Very strict on this part.

So even as a captive she was spared the burden of carrying a heavy load during their move. Even as injured I wouldn’t think such kindness

I’m guessing this means like great OLD indian

All for one and one for all or whatever they say. They all care for each other and help each other

Determined to get out of there

Who is Jehu

To hold in play? Is this really meaning in like a playful non serious way? Just temporary. Anyways, why must the rest escape, danger I’m assuming? where do they go/

Big strong and protective

At least we know why they’re on the move

This line is very interesting because the first line talk about how the warmth and life of April is cruel, and this line talks about how he travels south for the winter. Why would he travel south if he hates the warmth? This paradoxical relationship is puzzling, as though these lines the poem intensely lack life and this one line about heading for warmth and the life of the south just doesn't add up.

The relationship between the title “The Burial of the Dead” and “April is the cruellest month” became clearer to me after reading The Canterbury Tales and “Burial of the Dead.” One line I originally did not understand in The Canterbury Tales describes the sun as having “half run its course in Aries.” After researching it, I learned that the sun is halfway through the zodiac sign Aries, placing the poem around the middle of April, approximately April 11–17. This date stood out to me because “Burial of the Dead” takes place on Armistice Day, November 11. In the story, people gather to commemorate the casket of an unknown soldier. The casket is treated with great respect, making death seem peaceful, honorable, and worthy of remembrance.

November 11 and approximately April 11 are exactly five months apart. November marks the beginning of winter, while April marks the real beginning of spring. In “Burial of the Dead,” death and winter allow the unknown soldier to be respectfully buried and remembered. April’s sunlight, however, brings everything back to life and disturbs what has been buried. This helps explain why Eliot calls April “the cruellest month”: death can offer rest, dignity, and remembrance, while returning to life means returning to painful memories and struggles.

There may also be a connection between Aries and Ares. Although Aries is a zodiac sign and Ares is the Greek god of war, their similar names strengthen the contrast. April represents life returning, but life also means struggle and conflict. In that sense, life can be more like war, while death in “Burial of the Dead” is presented as peaceful, respectful, and even good.

This section particularly has many things in common with the scripts read out at Orthodox Christian burials, as well as the Ezekiel passages. In Ecclesiates 2, there's a passage about how the "almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden", whereas here we see that there is a "dead tree", and a "cricket" which both give no relief to the weary in this section of the poem. While not an exact replica of the earlier language, Eliot's version exists as it's described. Part of the "heap of broken images" that he presents to us, they are markedly absent of the God or religion that cause the tree to flower and "grasshopper [to be] a burden". This trend continues into the line "and the dry stone no sound of water. Only There is shadow under this red rock,". This line references the Christian Orthodox funerary prayers that in their prayer to Mother Mary say that God importantly, "He saw Who caused water to gush forth from the rock ... and springs of water for a thirsting people". Again, an act of God solves the "thirsting people"'s struggle, but in Eliot's verse, there is no water to provide sustenance for the implied presence of a thirsting people (or person singular). These lines are also a very potent description of the actual "Waste Land", where God/religion have forsaken the place, and in some ways taken all life with them. Not even a cricket relives the destitute wanderer, and so they can only find shadow's solace from the red rock.

eLife Assessment

This important study investigates how experimentally introducing two facultative bacterial endosymbionts into the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, affects aphid performance, dispersal, and damage to cereal host plants. The authors provide solid evidence that the two symbionts can generate contrasting phenotypes: Rickettsiella increases plant damage while reducing wing formation and dispersal, whereas Regiella reduces aphid population growth and feeding damage. The successful establishment and stable transmission of these novel symbiont-host associations, combined with experiments spanning individual, whole-plant, population and mesocosm scales, are notable strengths of the work; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unresolved, evidence for horizontal transmission is indirect, and some population-level conclusions rely on relatively small sample sizes or effects that are not consistently detected across time points, and therefore the potential application of these findings to pest management remains promising but speculative. The study will be of broad interest to researchers working on insect symbiosis, plant-insect interactions, and biologically based approaches to pest management.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors examine what happens when two facultative endosymbionts, Rickettsiella viridis and Regiella insecticola, are introduced into a novel aphid host, the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia). They ask whether these introduced symbionts affect aphid performance, plant damage, alate production, dispersal, plant defense responses, and symbiont dynamics. The main result is that the two symbionts have contrasting effects: Rickettsiella tends to increase plant damage and reduce dispersal-related traits, whereas Regiella tends to reduce plant damage and aphid population growth, with less evidence for an effect on dispersal.

Strengths:

The manuscript presents successful establishment of stable transinfected populations of an agriculturally important aphid species, which is a substantial technical achievement in itself. I also appreciated that the authors examined the system across several experimental contexts, including different host plants, mixed cages at two temperatures, whole-plant assays, and a mesocosm dispersal experiment, rather than relying on a single laboratory setup. Taken together, these experiments provide a useful and reasonably convincing demonstration that novel symbiont associations can generate contrasting phenotypes in this system.

Weaknesses:

There are some major aspects of this paper that I thought could be strengthened. My main concern is that the manuscript feels broader than it is conceptually focused. A wide range of outcomes is measured, which gives the study breadth, but it also makes the central question harder to identify. As written, the paper reads more strongly as a proof-of-principle demonstration of ecologically relevant phenotypes than as a tightly framed test of a specific biological idea.

A second issue is that the biological basis of the reported phenotypes remains less developed than the phenotypic description itself. The authors make a genuine effort to address mechanism through JA, JA-Ile, SA, and metabolomic profiling, but these analyses only partially explain the main results. The negative result for the canonical defense markers is informative, yet it still leaves a substantial gap between the observed variation in plant damage and the processes responsible for it.

I also think some caution is needed in how the two symbionts are compared. The authors explain why some follow-up experiments were designed differently for Rickettsiella and Regiella, and that rationale is understandable. Still, because the downstream assays were not fully matched, the paper is strongest when each symbiont is interpreted on its own terms rather than as a strict comparison.

Overall, I would suggest softening the Significance Statement so that it more clearly reflects what is directly shown here, namely that introduced symbionts can alter plant damage and dispersal-related phenotypes under controlled conditions, rather than implying that the study directly tests management utility in agricultural settings.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors generated two novel aphid-symbiont associations and examined the impact of these new symbiotic associations on plant-insect-symbiont interactions. The authors notably provide detailed phenotypic assessments of the insect hosts and host plants. They show that one introduced symbiont, Rickettsiella, increases aphid-induced damage to host plants, while the other, Regiella, ameliorates aphid damage. The authors suggest that such novel insect-symbiont pairings may be used as tools to mitigate crop damage in the future.

Strengths:

Although a few experiments seem to have limited sample sizes and limited statistical power, these are often complemented with highly replicated smaller-scale experiments. The combination of larger mesocosm and population-level experiments along with assessments of individual insects generally provides a comprehensive depiction of the effects of these symbionts on their hosts. The opposing impacts of Regiella and Rickettsiella infection on the aphid host plant are of broad interest. It is also surprising that the host plants did not exhibit strong differences in canonical defensive signalling, despite these differences.

Weaknesses:

One thing that I struggled a little with was the rapid spread of Regiella in the shared plant experiments. Possibly this could be attributed to an increased reproductive output (due to faster developmental time, and/or an increase in fecundity) or efficient horizontal transmission. However, the other experiments performed indicate a slight negative impact (Figure 4a) or no influence (Figure 4C, 4D, Figure S6) of Regiella infection on host fitness. Given these other results, it seems that Regiella must spread fairly efficiently between hosts, which comes as a surprise, and there are very few examples of horizontal transmission of Regiella like this in the literature. The manuscript would benefit from a clear and direct demonstration of horizontal transmission, rather than it being inferred indirectly. The similar spread observed in the Rickettsiella mixed cages is less surprising, because there are several examples where this has been demonstrated.

It is also a little surprising that mesocosm-dispersal experiments were not also conducted using Regiella-infected lines. At several points throughout the manuscript, the idea of using symbiont transfections to reduce plant harm is raised. I can understand that these experiments are likely time-, space-, and resource-intensive, but that seems like these would have been relevant experiments, especially in the context of controlling damage to plants.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors were investigating the impact of introducing novel facultative bacterial endosymbionts into the pest aphid, Diuraphis noxia, to explore the possibility of using facultative symbionts as a crop protection tool. They successfully established the vertical transmission of both endosymbionts and performed a series of aphid performance and dispersal experiments together with measurement of aphid feeding on host plant health, growth, and metabolism. While most of the experiments revealed no effect of the endosymbionts, some significant treatment effects were found, showing that Rickettsiella reduced aphid dispersal, and Regiella reduced aphid population growth and feeding damage.

Strengths:

The team worked with two novel facultative symbionts (Rickettsiella viridis and Regiella insecticola) that they were able to successfully establish in D. noxia. The data were collected and analyzed using solid, well-described methodology.

Weaknesses:

While interpretation of the data is reasonable, the few experiments which revealed significant treatment effects rest on relatively small sample sizes.

Measuring symbiont density is difficult. The authors use quantitative PCR to measure the "density" of endosymbionts relative to a host gene. This is a standard approach in the field; however, recent work has shown that endosymbionts like the aphid primary endosymbiont, Buchnera, are variably polyploid [1]; further the aphid cells that house the symbionts are also highly polyploid and variable in their ploidy [2]. It is important to understand that what is being measured when using qPCR is DNA copy number and not quantification of the number of symbiont cells. Alternative approaches to measuring symbiont density include flow cytometry [3], and SymbiQuant [4], a machine vision tool that can quantitatively characterize symbiont populations from DAPI-stained confocal images. These alternate approaches also have their limitations. Currently, there is no perfect approach to measuring symbiont density, which remains an important measure in experiments such as these. Put simply, it is important for a reader to be aware of the limitations of each approach and interpret data accordingly.

[1] Komaki, K., and H. Ishikawa. 2000. Genomic copy number of intracellular bacterial symbionts of aphids varies in response to developmental stage and morph of their host. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 30:253-258.<br /> [2] Nozaki, T., and S. Shigenobu. 2022. Ploidy dynamics in aphid host cells harboring bacterial symbionts. Scientific Reports 12:9111.<br /> [3] Simonet, P., G. Duport, K. Gaget, M. Weiss-Gayet, S. Colella, G. Febvay, H. Charles, J. Viñuelas, A. Heddi, and F. Calevro. 2016. Direct flow cytometry measurements reveal a fine-tuning of symbiotic cell dynamics according to the host developmental needs in aphid symbiosis. Scientific Reports 6:19967.<br /> [4] James, E. B., X. Pan, O. Schwartz, and A. C. C. Wilson. 2022. SymbiQuant: A machine learning object detection tool for polyploid independent estimates of endosymbiont population size. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:816608.

Impact and Significance:

Food security and production, and pest control are major challenges facing the human population. This work contributes knowledge that will benefit the development of alternate pest control strategies in agriculture.

Shows that modern zionism came to be because of antisemitism. The Jewish Israelites became not just a religion but a political and nationalist movement as well. Came to fruition at the establishment of the State of Israel.

Shows beginnings of Rabbinic Judaism. emphasizes importance of the Torah. Also marks the split of the first two major monotheistic religions.

transformed Jewish religious identity - even outside the homeland, the Jewish could remain within the covenant and hold onto their relationship with God

The covenant between God and the Israelites on Mt. Sinai created the beginnings of Judaism as a religion centered around the relationship between God and the people. Shows connection between the Jews and the land.

One thing that bugs me about home-built homepages using static site generators as a consume is that the authors have to choose to have RSS, whereas when I find a good blog that's been around for awhile and it's hosted on WordPress, I can reliably pull in not just the most recent items but a copy of the entire backlog of posts into my feed reader.

RSS isn't "just like [how] you can subscribe to podcasts". RSS is what lets you subscribe to podcasts.

It goes back to the days of the Indians and boarding schools making them assimilate yet all that means is the white man's burden to civilize the non-whites is creating a burden of dependency on the white man, then they complain they don't want to be burdened anymore.

I am known to take the lead. However, it's a group presentation so I would ask that everyone meets up in an hour or two to discuss some team rules and expectations. Then as a team delegate specific areas each person will contribute to. I am comfortable with public speaking so that would be my preferred role. My least favorite role is also my preferred role. I tend to experience cotton mouth. I am open to whatever role makes us the most effective.

Stand up straight and look at various people. Smile and keep your body open (no crossed arms).

F T F F

Two of the most important things you can do to reduce anxiety about a class presentation is preparing my speaking notes and practicing my presentation.

What has worked best for me while having to public speak is truly knowing about the topic I am speaking about. If I understand the topic, then I am likely more confident with the information that I am discussing. I haven't done this for class, but I do it in my current role when sharing the programs that I oversee.

False

False

False

True

False

False

False

Yes

I am a returning student because school no longer feels like such a chore, it feels more like a task I've been given to complete and/or given an oppurtunity to make my life easier and better in the long run.

I work full time now.

No and No

No

No

Yes

No I work full time.

No, I graduated two years ago, went off to university and dropped out.

Ok What does waiting on the Lord get them right now. She has a chance to leave, right? Is this not “god” giving her an out

What entertainment did they have? The Natives? The bible?

To leave captivity? Why would she say no

Harsh way to say pregnant

What were they using these captives for/??? Fun? Work? Other duties..?

So is she finding comfort in believing that eventually everything bad that the Natives were imposing on her would be turned back on them?

Sadness?

That was very kind of this man

A physical manifestation of her hopes and prayers during hardship. Gives her something physical to hold on to and put her faith into. I would imagine this makes it easier for her faith during this time.

Hideous insulting (bad and negative) versus triumphing (typically good and positive)

How does the earth ring

Does she consider it a home? What makes a home

I’m guessing this was houses? 23 houses burnt? Burning homes would certainly be a big roar.

And what would this action DO in this society? also, a plantation?

The dame is not only under the master and has her own free will to act. She is thankful basically too.

So the girls name was Sarah?

How did he know how and where to find her? How did this separation of family and death of a sibling effect the other two children?

Showing how important religion was/is to some people especially in hardships

Must be such a heartbreaking and powerless feeling as a mother

And where is the third one? Did they run away?

So they could see each other but the Natives would not let the mother comfort her crying daughter? Cruel there

So although they had “little liberty” to see each other, I mean I guess it’s shocking to me that hey could see each other at all and that hey knew where they both were.

What is a praying Indian(?) and wow she was sold for a gun??

Honestly, okay, compassion there. They buried the body, not just leaving it somewhere.

Still always with the “it” when talking about her own child

Wow no sympathy? They made her abandon her child’s lifeless body?

Oh wow did Native Americans also sell white people? I did not know that honestly if this is all true

Master? What does this mean/

She wanted to kill herself basically, but remained strong within even after her baby died, and says God is the reason why. Strong of her to still find reason in life, even if it is just God. Also, I wonder now, what was the child’s name? Why did we not learn it? Too hard to say or was it more normal to only say “babe?”

Becomes used to death. and also, i mean, it is her own child so.

Her baby is the picture of death. Devastating. How old was the child?

Maybe but also are they attempting to help again? In their own way

How hard it must be to see your child basically ready to die

Not to like undermine her emotions but honestly if you are captive what can you expect from your captors? Harshness I would think.

Citizenship creates new kinship relationships: Pasion’s son Apollodorus becomes fully integrated into the speaker’s family through marriage. The passage deliberately emphasizes him as a “relative”, showing how legal citizenship could facilitate social incorporation.

I like the emphasis on conciseness. I tend to talk outloud a lot and this definitely reflects in my writing as well. More often than not, less is more. It communicates more effectively due, as there are less chances for confusion.

This is something I tend to focus a lot on. I have my set words that I gravitate to but dislike how repetition sounds in writing, especially in the same or back to back sentences. I also think variety in word choice projects more intelligent writing.

I have used this technique in previous writing classes and find it incredibly helpful! Not only does it allow for awkwardness to become apparent, but it helps with catching physical writing mistakes such as missing the proper ending.

I wasn't originally sure what the big difference between revision and editing was. I like that revision focuses more on structure and unity whereas revision improves quality of writing. This makes sense to do second in my opinion.

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I actually have to use my time wisely, no more doing whatever I want when I want on the weekends.

Hanging out with friends.

My bank account if I'm being honest.

5

I have only recently achieved an idea of what I want to do with my life and that is to be financially stable enough to raise a family and that starts with a good career.

The activities that I have ranked the highest really have nothing to do with school or being a student in general. All of my hobbies our set in the outdoors and when I'm hanging out with my friends we are 9/10 always outdoors.

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About three

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Yes I am confident that I will be able to overcome any difficulties.

Staying on top of my school work while working.

This section is particularly helpful for me. I think transitional words can absolutely be the difference between cohesion or confusion. I really liked that they gave so many examples and where to use them; this will help add variety within my essay.

Coherence is super important for effective writing. If a reader is confused by a lack of "flow" in ideas, it will lessen the impact of your overall message.

It will be super helpful that there was a week in between when our first draft was due and now as we begin to edit. I tried not to look at my essay during last week and just focus on peer reviews. This time away will definitely give me a new perspective. I wonder how reading other's papers may help my own revision as well.

This is a really helpful note. Reflecting on my own essay, there were both stylistic and structural pieces I was not content with. Being able to attack them separately will be less overwhelming, and I believe, more effective.

When thinking of the storyline, this is really interesting to me that Nisha decides to enter into an arranged marriage. I like that this breaks tradition of her gaining "agency"; it is not forced upon her.

I still think this is still societally prevalent. Not a lot of examples come to mind when I think of strong female heroine or lead. Someone like Christopher Nolan is one of the best film producers of our time, and he has never produced a movie with a female protagonist.