Interesting the highest and lowest prescribing ICB have similar obesity register size

La programación numérica se refiere a técnicas computacionales utilizadas para encontrar soluciones aproximadas a problemas matemáticos que no pueden resolverse analíticamente. Se basa en algoritmos que permiten realizar cálculos de manera eficiente y precisa.

Tomado de Prezi

Como otros compañeros comentaron anteriormente, acá es interesante ver como el pensar Julia como un proyecto de código abierto permitió que en su lanzamiento miles de personas ofrecieran sus críticas y eventualmente cientos se volvieran sus colaboradores. También, hacia el final de éste párrafo, es valioso el comentario de Shah que reconoce el papel de estos colaboradores en hacer que Julia sea lo que se conoce actualmente.

Esta filosofía y metodología hoy en día juegan un papel importante en la sociedad pues el capitalismo ha buscado acaparar los espacios en los que se comparte libremente el conocimiento y donde existe colaboración sin que haya necesariamente una competencia de por medio.

Esta reflexión en torno al impacto que tuvo Julia para otros y cómo para sus creadores fue en principio un proyecto asociado a su hobby de la programación me parece muy interesante. Actualmente he visto en internet que hay personas que promueven el desarrollar pasatiempos y dedicar tiempo a cultivar nuestros gustos y aficiones, para recuperar un poco el espacio que hemos cedido en nuestras vidas a las pantallas y al consumismo como práctica para atacar el aburrimiento.

Con este ejemplo podemos ver que dedicar tiempo a desarrollar nuestros intereses personales puede resultar en proyectos que impactan a grupos de personas y/o a nosotros mismos.

Acá resulta interesante cómo la característica de multiple dispatch, de la que algunos de los desarrolladores de Julia no estaban muy seguros de implementar en un principio, termino convirtiéndose una de los elementos más importantes que permitió la adherencia al lenguaje por parte de los usuarios.

Este segmento refleja la intención original al crear Julia, de hacer un lenguaje para programadores aficionados que combinara velocidad y profundidad, y cómo fue en efecto adaptado por aquellas personas que usaban herramientas en las que se inspiró como MATLAB y R, pero que encontraron un mayor desempeño al implementar Julia.

Sobre la Conversión y la Promoción en Julia, se puede consultar Conversion and Promotion en el Manual de Julia Documentation

"Punto flotante" se refiere a un conjunto de tipos de datos que codifican números reales, incluidas fracciones y decimales. Los tipos de datos de punto flotante permiten un número distinto de dígitos después del punto decimal, mientras que los tipos de datos de punto fijo tienen un número determinado de dígitos reservado antes y después del punto decimal. Por lo tanto, los tipos de datos de punto flotante pueden representar una mayor variedad de números que los tipos de datos de punto fijo.

Tomado de MathWorks

Una de las características más notables de Julia es su uso de lo que se conoce como multiple dispatch, que en esencia significa que una misma función puede definirse de distintas maneras, según el número y el tipo de los argumentos que recibe.

Tomado de Claves para programar en Julia. Capítulo 1. Multiple dispatch de la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV).

Como en el caso de Ruby, acá se menciona que Karpinski se inspiró en otros lenguajes de programación que le eran familiares para crear uno solo que cumpliera con las características de los anteriores.

El Arte ASCII (pronunciado arte áski) es un término colectivo utilizado para describir imágenes que se han producido utilizando únicamente el conjunto de caracteres ASCII.

Tomado de la Wikipedia

Bibliotecas de tiempo de ejecución de entradas y salidas.

GitHub es una plataforma de desarrollo colaborativo para alojar proyectos utilizando el sistema de control de versiones Git (como vimos en el video de Shirky), y se utiliza principalmente para la creación de código fuente de programas de computadora. Su software fue escrito en Ruby on Rails.

Adaptado de la Wikipedia

En diseño web y programación,

The Goldilocks Approach significa "El enfoque de Ricitos de Oro". Este término está basado en el clásico cuento infantil Ricitos de Oro y se refiere a que, ante la presencia de tres opciones; la opción 1 implica más de lo necesario, la opción 2 implica la medida adecuada o correcta y la opción 3 es insuficiente. Las características de la opción 1 y 3, provocan que la opción 2 sea la mas deseable y óptima. Debido a la armonía y proporción con que se visualizan los elementos, en este caso, de un sitio.

Tomado de Wiki Casiopea

En comunicación,

The Goldilocks principle describes the amount, type, and detail of communication necessary in a system to maximise effectiveness while minimising redundancy and excessive scope on the "too much" side and avoiding incomplete or inaccurate communication on the "too little" side.

Tomado de la Wikipedia

R es un entorno de software libre para computación estadística y gráficos.

The R Project for Statistical Computing

En la teoría de matrices aleatorias, Edelman es conocido por la distribución de Edelman del valor singular más pequeño de matrices aleatorias.

Tomado de la Wikipedia

"Ruby es un lenguaje de programación interpretado, reflexivo y orientado a objetos, creado por el programador japonés Yukihiro «Matz» Matsumoto, quien comenzó a trabajar en Ruby en 1993, y lo presentó públicamente en 1995. Combina una sintaxis inspirada en Python y Perl con características de programación orientada a objetos similares a Smalltalk."

Tomado de la Wikipedia

C es:

Un lenguaje de programación de propósito general, compilado (el código se transforma en un ejecutable antes de usarse) y estructurado (el código se organiza en funciones, bloques e instrucciones).

Tomado de OpenWebinars

MATLAB es:

"un entorno de programación y cálculo numérico para el desarrollo de algoritmos, y análisis y visualización de datos."

Disponible en la web de MathWorks, su desarrollador.

I have never thought about this as a collaboration strategy before but I think this could be really useful. Attending PD together and learning new strategies side by side could be so supportive!

I believe both the mentee and mentor both need to be intentional about their actions. They also need to be reflective.

The histogram for n=100 means has too few bins to discern a bell curve.

Great movies!

Tying the bow.

Not only must we make policy that acknowledges climate displacement, but we must also somehow acknowledge the migrant as a person. Their own experience of themselves might be as innocent victims.

Perhaps any justice perspective.

This is where the responsibility should fall.

What would that look like in practice?

The government will always make decisions without giving the affected group any power in it, then tie a bow on it and advertise that it is the "safest choice"

Trojan horse

What about placing responsibility on the countries that contributed to most of it?

Interesting choice of words.

Does the government control where and how people can move?

This is a major cause of fear. My own personal memories of Hurricane Sandy were scary enough. Imagine natural disasters of this level? Imagine 200 million people in 2050 with nowhere to go.

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans. Those living in Brooklyn, NY can remember both Hurricane Sandy and Irene. Brooklynites had to take precautions as well. People taped their windows and stayed indoors. This is an experience to remember since New York doesn't often suffer from hurricanes. It creates fear and makes the impacts of storms and flooding more real for people who live far away from those places.

The UNFCCC adopts Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration articulates CBDR (common but differentiated responsibility) and therefore creates some fairness for the issue of climate injustice.

This is an important point to think about. What groups of people are contributing average and above average greenhouse gas emissions?

Side note; I always find this phrase strange. A person who has undergone emotional or physical harm, material or financial loss, is incomplete and to redress the harm would be to fill in their missing parts and make them whole again.

This makes sense. The UN emerges from and is structured along the lines of stratified Western and postcolonial societies. Management of populations by elites, however well-meaning, is its raison d'etre. Economics is the common language.

I believe a bottom-up approach is essential to this accountability, e.g. a strong (non-nativist) labor movement

Curious what this would mean in practice. Government employed anthropologists advising education policy? Expanded language accommodations for migrants? A broader question would have to do with the obligations of host countries to allow cultural autonomy and, conversely, the necessity of migrants to adapt to their new home.

Rather than treating it as inevitable, as in the legal policy approaches discussed above

There is some resonance to this in the fight between Robert Moses and Jane Jacobs in the 1960s. Compared to what the author discusses here the NYC example can be considered a "first world problem" but still the pattern is there.

This phrase is potentially dangerous--climate displacement could be used as a reasoning for forcibly displacing populations, an internationally recognized war crime https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule129

Part of the problem (in my opinion) is the division--even within labor advocacy--of workers into skilled and unskilled classes

A distinctly biopolitical approach. What does "carefully managed" mean here? Who manages whom? This section is informed by a critical eye at neoliberal policy.

download ini

doe

"Iago is trying to persuade Roderigo to give up his hopeless love for Desdemona and instead use his money to win her through other means. He is blunt and cynical, telling Roderigo to “be a man” by taking practical action rather than drowning himself in despair. The “drown cats and blind puppies” line is a vulgar, contemptuous way of telling Roderigo to stop being weak and pathetic"

Copilot is saying this was a choice of instinct for the most part.

This should be played with tons of emotion, showing how he is ready for the mission and will push through things.

She is greedy due to her fascination for his tales.

"Othello addresses the Duke and senators, admitting he has married Desdemona but says that is the only wrong. He explains that his life has been shaped by war, so he is not skilled in polite conversation, and offers to tell the full, unembellished story of how he and Desdemona fell in love, countering the charges of sorcery"

He really is explaining that his mean way of speaking is from his time in the military.

"The messenger has just reported that the Turkish forces, originally said to be bound for Rhodes, have been redirected toward Cyprus. Montano, a trusted officer, is the source of this update, and his “free duty” means he is offering this intelligence willingly and without obligation. The messenger’s request that the Duke “believe him” is an appeal to accept Montano’s account as reliable"

Copilot does give a good explanation of the context in the play, but it doesn't explain the emotions behind Montano's praying for them to believe hm.

I love how that all are together reading a paper. I bet this scene is intriguing to watch as they all read about the news and find things out together.

Everyone must feel the injustices here.

"You could paraphrase Brabantio’s charge as: “I am arresting you for corrupting the world, for practicing forbidden magic, and for doing so without legal authority.” It’s both a legal accusation and a moral indictment, reflecting Brabantio’s belief that Othello’s relationship with Desdemona is the product of illicit, unlawful mean"

Yes, this explains the meaning, but It is still hard to understand and is confusing when trying to picture a play scene from copilots interpretation due to the lack of emotion.

Othello is speaking from self assurance, he is saying that he would not trade his freedom for anything at all if he did not love her. Not wealth, not anything, he is doing it for himself.

"The phrase “full hard forbear him” means that Iago restrained himself from acting on his impulse to harm Brabantio. “Forbear” here means to hold back, refrain from doing something, and “full hard” intensifies it, meaning with great difficulty or against strong temptation."

This starts to show Lagos lack of self-control. You start to see his flaws and his childish behaviors more and more as the play goes on. Its almost as he is whining.

"The quote is from Othello Act 1, Scene 1, spoken by Brabantio as he mobilizes his household and allies to search for Othello, reflecting his anger and the play’s early themes of jealousy, accusation, and social conflict"

This completly takes away from the dramatic scene and acts as just a bland story instead.

"This exchange happens in a dark street outside Brabantio’s home in Venice. Iago and Roderigo are trying to warn Brabantio that his daughter, Desdemona, is “making the beast with two backs” with Othello, a Moor. Iago uses crude, animal imagery — “Barbary horse” (a North African horse breed), “nephews neigh to you,” “coursers for cousins,” and “gennets for germans” — to suggest that Othello is a wild, untamed animal and that their union will produce “beastly” offspring AllGreatQuotes AllGreatQuotes +1 .

The “devil” reference earlier in the speech is ironic: Iago is sarcastically telling Brabantio that even if he were to “serve God” or “serve the devil,” he should listen, because they are “coming to do you service” Shakespeare Navigators Shakespeare Navigators . In reality, Iago’s “service” is to sow suspicion and conflict between Brabantio and Othello."

Copilot made an extremely long explained version, again with zero emotional context of this line.

Lago would rather be punished than be fake. And he isn't being motivated by anything for Othello. He is upset at people for faking their own selves for Othello and is expressing that. I think this in a play would be a very serious and quiet scene with Lago talking quiet loudly.

Lago is mad that Othello chose Cassio over him. He is trying to say he is more qualified than anyone else for the lieutenant role.

Literatur über Stadtbrand Reutlingen

Justice-oriented urban planning is certainly widespread in academia and advocacy circles--but does it have a foothold in actual city governments? Even the progressive Mamdani administration seems to be pushing for an unsustainable amount of new housing development without a plan for infrastructure to support it. (I am not an expert, this is a genuine question).

Entails recognizing as legitimate Indigenous science and knowledge

Reimagining the human-nonhuman relationship and restructuring the political economy of labor are two sides of the same coin: extraction of resources/exploitation of labor

Examples of how a justice-based framework entails (necessitates?) reorganization and reinscription of societal practices involving differential power.

Interesting, and apt, that military is listed as an economic activity

1. How Are Agriculture and the Environment Connected? Agriculture and the environment work hand in hand together, in a mutual relationship. Some ways we see this are with the agricultural pastures reducing erosion, increasing plant diversity, and improving water quality. These are all important not just for agricultural reasons but for the environment and survival of some other plants and animals that rely on this kind of region. A place we can see this in the British Isles is in the Scottish culinary traditions. They have an emphasis on preservation, not working the land dry, but rather keeping watch on their food consumption amount and being aware, as a way to protect the land they are raising their agriculture on to protect it.

Кетамин мэтью пэри.

он так воевал против наркотивов 30 лет, а умер передоза кетами, который ему прописал врач.

5 челов за судили в мая 2026 года. все они признали вину (+- 3 года).

боже пэри покупал китамин у фиг знает кого, его просто нагло обманывали врачи и просто им пользовались, а он как я понял, после первых доз уже ничего с этим поделать и не мог.

сангва - голивудсткий накродилер. она тусовалась в тусовке звёзд и поэтому она хоть и была барыгой, но знакомой барыгой. - ей доверяли. так сказать она нашла не занятую нишу.

Маск юзает кетамин и возможно не мало.

Мило что кетамин входит в соц пакет при трудоустройстве.

кетамин - наркотик, а не транквилизаатор.

даже изначально, когда его использовали для лошадей. сначала использовали припарат (ксилозин), который расслабляют лошадь, а уже потом использует кетами как анетстик, чтоб убрать чувство боли.

кетами при маленьком количестве снимает дерпессию.

Кетамин официально разрешен, но как анестетик - для анестезии. таким образом врачи его могут покупать, но использовать его с другой целью

まずは◯◯します。みたいな書き出しがあると読みやすいかなと。

本題に入る前に~とか

間接的な比較は行われる?

これは「確認すること」ではない

通常版がなにを指すかがわかりにくいので、 free-threadedではない、とか、GILがある、とかなにか補足してほしい

Pythonの非同期処理で、とか

試してなにをしたいのか、を書いてほしい

この表現が一般的じゃないなら「asyncioとfree~~の関連」に関する、みたいに明示してほしい

なにの関心か、もしくは誰の?

先頭のFが抜けている

そもそもなんのためにそれを紹介するのか、モチベーションを書いてほしいと思った

de waarneming van beweging terwijl er in werkelijkheid niets beweegt

Wat doet de geest en waarom?

Éducation : La Place des Parents dans le Labyrinthe Scolaire

Résumé Synthétique

https://www.france.tv/documentaires/8862921-darons-daronnes-dans-le-labyrinthe-scolaire.html

Ce document analyse les dynamiques complexes entre les familles et l'institution scolaire en France, telles qu'elles ont été débattues par un panel d'experts (sociologues, psychologues, enseignants et journalistes).

Le constat central révèle une tension entre un sentiment de « surinvestissement » parental — exacerbé par une compétition scolaire précoce et des outils numériques omniprésents — et un prétendu « désinvestissement » rapporté par les enquêtes internationales comme PISA.

L'analyse met en lumière que la réussite scolaire dépend moins du contrôle direct des contenus que d'un « capital scolaire » permettant des formes d'apprentissage informel et une maîtrise des codes de l'école.

Le système actuel, perçu comme de plus en plus complexe et inégalitaire, impose une charge mentale croissante aux parents, tout en peinant à définir clairement la frontière entre le rôle de l'éducateur et celui de l'enseignant.

La nécessité d'une clarification des attentes et d'une refonte du « vivre ensemble » à l'école apparaît comme une urgence pour apaiser les relations entre tous les acteurs.

1. Le Paradoxe de l'Investissement Parental

Le débat sur l'implication des parents est marqué par des conclusions contradictoires selon le prisme utilisé (données statistiques vs réalité du terrain).

Investissement vs Désinvestissement

• Les données PISA : Les résultats suggèrent un désinvestissement des parents français, basé sur des données déclaratives où les élèves évaluent leurs échanges avec leurs parents.

• La réalité vécue : Un « surinvestissement » est observé, notamment dans les zones urbaines (comme Paris), où la compétition pour l'accès aux meilleurs lycées et au supérieur commence très tôt.

• L'aspect économique : Historiquement, l'investissement dans l'école a augmenté car le diplôme est devenu le déterminant principal de la position sociale.

Les « bonnes » formes d'investissement

Les experts distinguent l'investissement quantitatif (faire les devoirs à la place de l'enfant) de l'investissement qualitatif :

• L'anticipation : Préparer le cartable la veille aide l'enfant à passer du statut de « joueur » à celui d'« élève ».

• L'intérêt pour la vie scolaire : Discuter de la journée et des relations sociales à l'école est un prédicteur de réussite plus fiable que le simple contrôle des notes.

2. Inégalités Sociales et Capital Scolaire

Le succès scolaire reste fortement corrélé au milieu social, non seulement par les moyens financiers, mais par la possession de codes culturels spécifiques.

Le poids du capital scolaire

Les parents diplômés transmettent naturellement une aisance face à l'institution.

Ils pratiquent des formes d'apprentissage informel (jeux de logique, discussions à table) qui sont plus bénéfiques que l'apprentissage formel précoce.

Activités extrascolaires et réussite

| Type d'activité | Impact sur l'apprentissage | Observations | | --- | --- | --- | | Activités formelles (ex: cahiers de vacances) | Moins bénéfiques si forcées | Souvent privilégiées par les milieux moins favorisés par peur de l'échec. | | Activités informelles (ex: jeux de société, cuisine) | Très prédictif | Développent des capacités transversales réutilisables à l'école. | | Activités extrascolaires | Prédictif de la courbe d'apprentissage | Dépendent fortement des moyens financiers et du temps disponible des parents. |

3. Un Système Scolaire Anxiogène et Complexe

L'école française est critiquée pour la pression qu'elle exerce sur les familles, transformant parfois le foyer en « succursale » de l'Éducation nationale.

• La multiplication des choix : Avec les réformes successives, les élèves et les parents doivent choisir des spécialités de plus en plus tôt, créant un stress permanent.

• L'opacité des plateformes : Des outils comme Pronote ou Parcoursup sont perçus comme des labyrinthes complexes, même pour les parents francophones et diplômés.

• La sélection par Parcoursup : La peur d'être mal classé sur les listes d'attente pousse les parents à des stratégies de compétition extrêmes.

• L'héritage du COVID : La période de confinement a forcé les parents à devenir « parents-profs », une expérience souvent vécue comme cauchemardesque et révélatrice de la difficulté du métier d'enseignant.

4. Neurosciences et Pédagogie : La Métacognition

L'analyse souligne une déconnexion entre les attentes de l'école et les mécanismes réels d'apprentissage.

L'importance de la métacognition

La métacognition est la capacité de comprendre et de réguler ses propres processus d'apprentissage.

• Elle n'est pas explicitement enseignée à l'école française, alors qu'elle est un levier majeur de réduction des inégalités.

• Elle s'acquiert souvent par le jeu (ex: élaborer des stratégies pour faire un puzzle).

Critique d'une école « réactionnaire »

Certains experts pointent du doigt l'obsession française pour des savoirs jugés secondaires par rapport aux standards internationaux :

• L'accent excessif sur l'écriture cursive ou la mémorisation de poésies sans objectif pédagogique clair (comme la prosodie).

• Un système qui sépare trop l'enfant (individu) de l'élève (sujet scolaire), créant un décalage pour ceux qui n'ont pas les codes comportementaux attendus.

5. Vers une Refondation des Relations

Le document conclut sur la nécessité de redéfinir le contrat entre l'école et les parents pour éviter l'implosion du système.

Recommandations pour les parents et les enseignants

• Explicitation des attentes : Les enseignants doivent rendre explicites les « implicites » scolaires, notamment pour les familles éloignées du système.

• Valorisation de l'autorité : Le déni d'autorité ressenti par les enseignants est en partie dû à l'évolution des structures familiales (mouvement anti-autoritaire depuis les années 70).

• Loyauté cognitive : Les parents doivent éviter de remettre en cause le professeur devant l'enfant pour ne pas placer ce dernier dans un conflit de loyauté paralysant.

• Acceptation de l'altérité : Reconnaître que les enfants peuvent avoir des aspirations différentes de celles de leurs parents (ex: métiers techniques ou artisanaux).

L'enjeu du « Vivre Ensemble »

L'école ne doit pas être uniquement un lieu de compétition et de sélection (le « bagage monnayable »), mais un espace où l'on apprend ensemble, indépendamment du genre ou de l'origine sociale.

La réussite d'un pays dépend de sa capacité à réformer cette éducation pour qu'elle cesse de générer de l'anxiété et de l'exclusion.

Agile/Scrum emerges from software-development project management — a term for a fixed, output-driven work cycle - potentially a term that runs counter to paragogics. Agile/Scrum is industrial/corporate innovation-pipeline vocabulary: a process (development) subordinated to output of 'product'

La motivation à l'activité physique : Entre contrainte et liberté

Synthèse de haut niveau

Ce document de synthèse analyse les mécanismes de la motivation liés à l'activité physique, tels qu'exposés par Aïna Chalabaev, professeure en sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives (STAPS).

Le constat de départ est paradoxal : bien que l'activité physique soit reconnue comme une priorité de santé publique et une résolution fréquente pour 30 % des Français, la majorité de la population échoue à maintenir ses objectifs sur le long terme.

Les points clés à retenir sont les suivants :

• Évolution scientifique : Depuis les années 1980, l'approche est passée de l'étude de l'entraînement intensif à une analyse globale des liens entre activité physique modérée et santé.

• Le modèle COMB : La pratique physique dépend de trois facteurs majeurs : la Capacité (physique et psychologique), l'Opportunité (facteurs externes et environnementaux) et la Motivation (processus internes).

• Distinction cruciale : Il est impératif de distinguer l'inactivité physique (non-atteinte des recommandations) de la sédentarité (temps passé assis), car un individu peut être à la fois "sportif" et "sédentaire", avec des risques sanitaires distincts.

• Le fossé de l'intention : Près de la moitié des personnes ayant l'intention de bouger n'y parviennent pas, en raison de bénéfices perçus comme trop lointains, d'affects négatifs ou de contraintes structurelles.

• Pistes d'action : L'efficacité des interventions repose sur la fixation d'objectifs graduels, le plaisir immédiat et la déconstruction des mythes (comme les 10 000 pas ou la focalisation exclusive sur la perte de poids).

I. Le cadre de santé publique et le paradoxe de l'engagement

L'activité physique fait l'objet de recommandations internationales strictes, documentées depuis les années 2000 par des expertises collectives (INSERM, OMS).

1. Les recommandations officielles

L'OMS (2020) préconise pour les adultes :

• Activité physique : 250 à 300 minutes d'activité modérée par semaine (soit environ 30 minutes par jour).

• Sédentarité : Une limitation explicite du temps passé assis.

• Enfants/Adolescents : 60 minutes d'activité quotidienne.

2. Un constat d'échec statistique

Malgré la diffusion de slogans tels que "Manger Bouger", les objectifs sont rarement atteints :

• Environ 22,8 % des hommes et 31 % des femmes n'atteignent pas les 30 minutes quotidiennes.

• Plus de 80 % des enfants et adolescents sont en dessous des recommandations.

• 95 % de la population adulte est considérée "à risque" si l'on cumule le manque d'activité et le temps sédentaire.

II. Analyse structurelle du comportement : Le modèle COMB

Pour comprendre pourquoi l'engagement échoue, la recherche s'appuie sur le modèle "COMB", qui synthétise les facteurs déterminants du comportement.

| Facteur | Composantes | Exemples de freins ou leviers | | --- | --- | --- | | Capacité | Physique et Psychologique | Connaissances des bienfaits, perception de ses propres aptitudes. | | Motivation | Processus internes | Objectifs (santé, plaisir), habitudes développées, énergie investie. | | Opportunité | Facteurs externes | Environnement physique (pistes cyclables, parcs), soutien social, emploi du temps. |

III. Déconstruction des idées reçues

L'analyse identifie plusieurs représentations sociales qui agissent comme des freins à la pratique.

1. La définition de l'activité physique

L'activité physique est souvent associée à tort à la performance, au sport intensif, à la jeunesse ou à la masculinité. Scientifiquement, elle englobe tout mouvement augmentant la dépense énergétique :

• Activités domestiques : Repassage, jardinage, nettoyage.

• Mobilité active : Monter les escaliers, marcher pour se déplacer.

• Activité professionnelle : Selon le type de métier.

2. Le paradoxe du "Sportif Sédentaire"

L'inactivité et la sédentarité sont deux comportements distincts.

La sédentarité (temps assis) présente des risques propres qui ne sont que partiellement compensés par une séance de sport quotidienne.

Il est recommandé de fragmenter le temps sédentaire (se lever 2 minutes toutes les heures).

3. Le mythe des 10 000 pas

L'objectif des 10 000 pas n'est pas une recommandation scientifique mais un slogan marketing issu des JO de Tokyo en 1964.

• Les bénéfices sur la mortalité apparaissent dès 2 500 pas par jour.

• La courbe de bénéfice tend à stagner entre 7 000 et 8 000 pas, notamment chez les seniors.

4. Activité physique et perte de poids

L'idée que le sport fait maigrir de manière spectaculaire est nuancée. Une pratique seule n'induit généralement qu'une perte de 1 à 3 kg.

Si la perte de poids est l'unique motivation, le risque de découragement est élevé. Les bénéfices réels (glycémie, cholestérol, bien-être, image corporelle) sont souvent moins visibles immédiatement mais plus critiques pour la santé.

IV. Le fossé entre l'intention et le comportement

L'étude des populations montre que le problème n'est plus de convaincre de l'intérêt du sport, mais d'aider à passer à l'action.

1. Les obstacles au changement

• Rapport coût-bénéfice défavorable : Pratiquer 30 minutes par jour durant toute une vie représente une année entière de temps investi pour un gain d'espérance de vie allant de 4 mois à 4 ans.

• Temporalité des bénéfices : Les effets sur la santé sont lointains (années/décennies), tandis que l'effort est immédiat et parfois désagréable.

• Affects négatifs : Peur du jugement, anxiété, inconfort physique lié à l'effort.

• Poids de l'automatisme : Modifier une habitude est coûteux cognitivement, alors que la sédentarité est facilitée par l'environnement moderne (écrans, livraisons à domicile).

V. Leviers d'action et interventions comportementales

La recherche en sciences comportementales suggère des techniques pour favoriser la création de nouvelles habitudes sans passer par la culpabilisation.

• Réévaluer la capacité perçue : Comprendre que 5 minutes d'activité faible valent mieux que rien et augmentent progressivement le sentiment de compétence.

• Fixer des objectifs graduels : Commencer par des sessions très courtes (5 minutes) plutôt que de viser directement les recommandations de l'OMS.

• Prioriser le court terme : Se concentrer sur le plaisir immédiat, le bien-être après la séance ou le lien social plutôt que sur l'espérance de vie lointaine.

• Modifier l'environnement : Intégrer l'activité dans les contraintes (ex: se garer à 5 minutes du travail).

• Monitorer les progrès : Utiliser des outils de suivi (applications, montres) pour rendre les progrès visibles.

• Le choix et l'autonomie : Laisser l'individu choisir le type d'activité et les conditions de pratique pour favoriser le plaisir et réduire la sensation de contrainte.

Conclusion : Si l'individu dispose d'une marge de manœuvre, l'inactivité physique demeure un phénomène complexe lié à des structures sociétales.

L'enjeu est de passer d'une vision de "dépassement de soi" à une intégration naturelle et plaisante du mouvement dans le quotidien.

Q. Meaning the array is new but the elements in the array point to the same location as that of the original?? so if i access an element and mutate the element the element in the original array also gets affected?

That is accurate—this behavior is known as a shallow copy.

When you clone an array of objects in Java:

Mutating the object's internal state affects both arrays because both array slots point to the exact same object in memory.

Reassigning the reference at an array index affects only that array, because the array containers themselves are separate objects.

Q. so we can add new elements without the other knowing that's the main usecase of the clone

Yes, that is a primary use case—isolating the array structure and references so one array can be modified, reordered, or reassigned without affecting the other. This pattern is commonly known as defensive copying

Doesnot mean immutable: When you perform a "manipulation" on a String—such as .toUpperCase(), .concat(), or .replace()—Java never modifies the original String object. Instead, it generates and returns a brand-new String object containing the transformed text, leaving the original object completely untouched.

Characters

text and passwords

``` class Animal {} class Dog extends Animal {}

class Parent { Animal getAnimal() { return new Animal(); } }

class Child extends Parent { @Override Dog getAnimal() { // Covariant: Dog is a subclass of Animal return new Dog(); } } ```

``` import java.util.List; import java.util.ArrayList;

class DataProvider { List<String> fetchData() { return new ArrayList<>(); } }

class FastDataProvider extends DataProvider { @Override ArrayList<String> fetchData() { // Covariant: ArrayList implements List return new ArrayList<>(); } } ```

Primary Domain * Reading and writing raw bytes/characters to files, network sockets, or memory.

What "Filter" Means * Wraps/decorates an existing I/O stream to add features (e.g., buffering, primitive data parsing, or encryption).

Design Pattern * Decorator Pattern (wraps an underlying InputStream or OutputStream).

Example // FileInputStream provides raw byte reading. // BufferedInputStream (a FilterStream) wraps it to add buffer capabilities for speed. InputStream fileStream = new FileInputStream("data.txt"); InputStream bufferedStream = new BufferedInputStream(fileStream);

• Overview & Purpose

  • Anthropic launched Claude Code Projects, an always-on coordination agent designed for long-running, multi-session software development initiatives.
  • Moves past isolated prompt sessions by maintaining overarching project context, memory, and task delegation over time.

• Architecture & Workflow ("Threads do the work, Claude directs it")

  • Operates with an AI coordinator acting as a "chief of staff" sitting above individual worker threads.
  • Developers supply natural language instructions to a single conversation; Claude routes tasks to existing threads or spawns new parallel sessions.
  • Each worker thread runs as an isolated cloud session with its own branch and repository copy, capable of spanning multiple repos (e.g., API, web, mobile).
  • Features an Overview panel for attention items and allows developers to supervise and steer individual threads remotely via mobile.

• Persistent Shared Memory & Knowledge

  • Maintains shared operational memory across worker threads to persist architecture decisions, deprecations, release date adjustments, and dependency tracking.
  • Includes a centralized library containing shared artifacts, user files, plugins, and cloud environment settings.
  • Differs from standard Claude Projects: rather than just holding static reference materials for chats, Claude Code Projects coordinate and remember the work being actively executed.

• Execution Environment & Limitations

  • Currently runs cloud-only, enabling work to continue asynchronously when the user goes offline, but cannot yet access local machines or private internal networks.
  • Local execution support is planned for release in the near future.
  • Parallel changes to overlapping files can still produce standard git merge conflicts that require conventional resolution.

• Rollout, Pricing, & Competitive Landscape

  • Rolling out in beta to select Claude Pro and Max subscribers using cloud sessions, with eventual expansion to Team and Enterprise plans.
  • Draws against existing Claude plan quotas with no standalone fee, though running multiple concurrent threads expends usage allowances more rapidly.
  • Represents an industry-wide pivot—alongside OpenAI, GitHub, and Google—from basic code-generation agents to multi-agent orchestration and coordination layers.

Core Distinction

Jev and Claude (Claude Code / Sonnet) operate at entirely different layers of the software engineering stack:

• Jev (TypeSafe): A specialized "System 1" decision engine designed for bounded, structured decisions using native primitives (Choice, Score, Noul) alongside calibrated confidence scores.
• Claude Code / Sonnet: A frontier generative agent and LLM built for synthesis, broad context ingestion, repository-level understanding, open-ended reasoning, and code generation.

Architectural & Benchmark Comparison

• Model Category:
  • Jev: Specialized "System 1" structured decision engine.
  • Claude: Frontier generative LLM and autonomous coding agent.
• Output Format:
  • Jev: Discrete decision states (Choice), probability distributions, and calibrated confidence levels.
  • Claude: Multi-file edits, CLI shell execution, code diffs, and open-ended prose.
• Context Scope:
  • Jev: Bounded, structured evidence packets (e.g., JSON payloads).
  • Claude: Full codebase, git repositories, and interactive terminal environments.
• Latency:
  • Jev: Median latency of ~378 ms.
  • Claude: Median latency of ~3,554 ms (approx. 9.4x slower on discrete tasks).
• Cost Profile:
  • Jev: ~$2.27 per 10,000 evaluations.
  • Claude: ~$129.74 per 10,000 evaluations (approx. 57x more expensive).
• Calibration (Expected Calibration Error):
  • Jev: 0.037 ECE (errors land strictly in low-confidence ranges).
  • Claude: 0.058 ECE (errors often land in high-confidence ranges).
• Failure Mode Behavior:
  • Jev: Fails with low confidence (0.2–0.3), making it safe to automate with confidence cutoffs.
  • Claude: Overconfident failures (failing in the 0.9–1.0 confidence range).

What the Article Explores (Experimental Setup & Findings)

The benchmark evaluated an Arbitrum Alignment gate from an actual judging workflow (2026 Arbitrum Open House London Online Buildathon):

• The Dataset:

  • 102 archived submissions evaluated across 3 independent runs (306 decisions total per variant).
  • Gold labels: 77 satisfied, 7 not_satisfied, 18 insufficient_evidence.
  • Input: An identical JSON evidence packet and a four-step policy procedure.

• Accuracy Results:

  • Jev (Choice + 4 diagnostic Noul primitives): 100.0% accuracy (0 false passes, 0 false flags across 306 decisions).
  • Claude Sonnet (high reasoning): 99.0% accuracy.

• The Critical Calibration Difference:

  • Jev's only errors landed in its 0.2–0.3 confidence bucket. Setting a simple threshold at confidence >= 0.5 allowed 98% automated processing with 100% accuracy, safely escalating the uncertain 2% to human review.
  • Claude's errors landed in its 0.9–1.0 confidence bucket, confidently categorizing an empty repository as not_satisfied instead of insufficient_evidence.

• "Keep the Policy Whole" (Key Engineering Insight):

  • The author tested breaking down the policy using 4 atomic boolean Noul primitives and reconstructing the decision logic manually via Python/code conditionals.
  • Hand-coded composite accuracy dropped sharply to 94.1% with 6 false passes.
  • Takeaway: Sub-decisions are valuable for auditability and diagnostics, but evaluating the policy as a whole inside the model preserves sequential nuance and condition interactions that pure boolean rules lose.

When to Use Which Tool

• Use Jev for:

  • Automated CI/CD gates, policy compliance checks, and PR validation rules.
  • High-throughput, event-driven pipelines requiring sub-second decisions at scale (10,000+ evals/day).
  • Workflows requiring strict calibration, where ambiguous edge cases must automatically fall back to human intervention based on confidence thresholds.

• Use Claude Code / Frontier Claude for:

  • Active programming, architectural refactoring, and multi-file code generation.
  • Interactive CLI debugging, analyzing stack traces, and fixing failing test suites.
  • Open-ended codebase exploration, repository navigation, and generating human-readable technical documentation.

1. 行为克隆：通过监督学习拟合专家的状态到动作映射。
2. 负对数似然（NLL）为什么能训练行为克隆？设计loss时， 最大化专家动作的预测概率。 注意：最大化的是专家动作的概率，不是直接最大化机器人完成任务的成功率。两者相关，但并不完全等价。

DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7072571

Resource: Rat Resource and Research Center (RRID:SCR_002044)

Curator: @Apiekniewska

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002044

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Resource: RRID:RRRC_00699

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SciCrunch record: RRID:RRRC_00699

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Resource: RRID:Addgene_8453

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Resource: GraphPad Prism (RRID:SCR_002798)

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SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002798

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Resource: Python Programming Language (RRID:SCR_008394)

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SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_008394

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Resource: Simple Neurite Tracer (RRID:SCR_016566)

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SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_016566

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Resource: RRID:Addgene_240272

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SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_240272

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Resource: 3D Slicer (RRID:SCR_005619)

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SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_005619

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Resource: RRID:Addgene_240273

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DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 610467, RRID:AB_2128060)

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DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716

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DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716

Resource: (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 111-035-144, RRID:AB_2307391)

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DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716

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DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716

Resource: (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Cat# 115-035-068, RRID:AB_2338505)

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DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716

Resource: RRID:AB_3698765

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DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115716

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DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9479

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DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05739-5

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分2类： 1. 单体式：同一个网络承接多个任务。 同时又分为 单系统（同时生成文字和动作指令）和双系统（外挂一个专家模型）。 2. 层次式：先规划再执行。

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This variant is found in compound heterozygosity with c.6089G>A p.(Arg2030Gln) in family MD-1001 in this study. No phenotype information provided. Not eligible for PP4 due to age of onset not being provided.

PMID:39991341

Gene: ABCA4

Disease: Stargardt

This variant is found on pg 16 in proband 14075. Compound heterozygous for c.6817-2A>C. MEH institute (UK). Said to have Stargardt based on the following criteria: "(1) patients (at least 6 years old) with at least two ABCA4 variants or one ABCA4 variant associated with a typical STGD1 phenotype and (2) presence of a well-defined atrophic lesion with/without flecks at the most recent visit of at least 300 µm in diameter (the total area of all lesions <12 mm2)." No additional details provided

Case#: Pt 7, male, 60yo at report, onset between 6-49yo, Irish

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo: family 5

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: VA: OD=6/36 OS=6/120, FAF and OCT in figure 2, FAF WRT vascular arcades=beyond, beaten bronze appearance, yellow flecks centrally, peripapillary sparing, central retinal thickness: OD=100 microns OS=117 microns, optical coherence tomography (OCT) atrophy horizontal width: OD=6000 microns OS=5446 microns

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: bulls eye pattern, flecks peripherally

GenotypingMethod: Target capture NGS of the exons and known pathogenic intronic regions of ABCA4, whole-gene single molecule molecular inversion probe (smMIP) based sequencing of ABCA4 as well as 40 kb of flanking sequence, direct Sanger sequencing, or WGS

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.4539 + 2028C > T p.[= ,Arg1514Leufs*36]; c.2453G> A p.(Gly818Glu)

ClinVar: 99135; 236116

CAID: CA227000; CA10576057

SupplementalData: n/a

Case#: Klevering Patient 9369, female, Netherlands, 40yo at report, 8yo at onset

DiseaseAssertion: cone-rod degenerations/ ABCA4-associated retinal dystrophy resembling CRD

FamilyInfo: "In view of the reputedly normal visual acuity of the parents and the molecular defects, the inheritance pattern of the gene defects in these patients (individuals 9303, 9369, 9553, and 13163) was classified as autosomal recessive."

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: Visual acuity: light perception OU. Fundoscopy: Irregular hypopigmentation, mainly in the posterior pole. In later stages: attenuated vessels and bone spicula temporal to the macula. Red-green defect of color vision. Perimetry: Central scotoma varying from 10–30°. ERG Cone (μV): OD-80 (80%), OS-140 (90%) from 12 yo (all ERG responses had been non-detectable since the age of 21). ERG Rod (μV): 160 (nl). Fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms show CRD in the later stages with attenuation of the retinal arterioles and irregular pigmentation temporal to the macula. Narrowing of retinal vessels and bone spicula (Fig 1B). Fundus description (PMID: 10958761): atrophy of the RPE around the optic disk, bone spicules along arteries and venules in the mid-periphery, and attenuated arterioles (Fig 1D)

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct-sequencing techniques to look for mutations in the 50 exons and flanking intron sequences of the ABCA4 gene

PreviouslyPublished: Maugeri et al (PMID: 10958761)

Variant: c.6601_6602delAG

CAID: CA227421

SupplementalData: n/a

another case with 541 variant potentially not in cis with 1038

PMID:35973334

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Case#: the youngest sister II.7, aged 12 years, was the least affected

Variant splice-site variant NC_000003.11(NM_016247.3):c.1239 + 1G > T [Chr3:100972539C > A

FammilyInfo two-generation north Indian family with three members affected with Stargardt-like macular dys trophy

CasePresentingHPOs:ow vision and difficulty in night vision, with symptoms starting in the early second decade of life, which progressed slowly over time

PedrigreeIn the results section is mentioned

CaseHPOFreeText:NA

CaseNotHPOs:Na

CaseNotHPOFreeText:NA

Genotyping Method:2.3. Validation of identified variant by Sanger sequencing

PreviouslyPublished:NA

Case#: 1 male, 24 years old, from consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry.

DiseaseAssertion: ABCA4-related retinopathy Stargardt disease

FamilyInfo: Single affected individual consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry. No additional information about family is provided in text.

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000572- reduced central vision, HP:0001102- Angioid streaks, HP:0007980- retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, HP:0007401- Macular atrophy, HP:0000630- Abnormal retinal arterial/arteriolar morphology

CaseHPOFreeText: Presents with reduced central vision, Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) showed angioid streaks, reduced signal in the central macula indicative of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy. Electrophysiological testing showed severe macular dysfunction with generalized retinal involvement.

CaseNotHPOs: HP:0200070- Peripheral retinal atrophy

CaseNotHPOFreeText: Peripheral retina appears unaffected after ultra-widefield FAF imaging

Genotyping Method: PCR-amplification and Sanger sequencing of ABCA4 on Exon 42, Stargardt/Macular dystrophy SmartPanel v5; Molecular Vision Laboratory, Hillsboro, Oregon tested DNA for mutations which confirmed findings of ABCA4, with no additional pathogenic mutations found.

PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 22261738, 1 male, 24 years old, from consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry presenting with reduced vision.

Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5882G>A (p.Gly1961Glu)

ClinVar: Variation ID: 7888

CAID: N/A

SupplementalData: N/A

Case#: Subject 20, 28yo, 18yo at first ffERG, Sweden, female

DiseaseAssertion: CRD, group 2

FamilyInfo: n/a

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: extensive atrophies in the posterior pole. peripheral pigmentations. few peripapillary changes. Normal thickness of the most central segment recorded on OCT. total absence of the PIL (photoreceptor integrity line) and RPE atrophy on the OCT B-scans. ETDRS VA score= 35, 35. Rod
ffERG= 38, 34 Ampl
(µV). Combined ffERG= 52, 57 Ampl
(µV). Cone
ffERG= 4, 5; 45.0, 42.5 Amp IT
(µV; ms). mERG sum= 1.0, 0.7 Ampl (µV). Group 2 with larger central scotomas from 10° to 35°

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: Sequence analysis of the entire coding region of the ABCA4 gene was performed.

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.1654G>A; c.4363T>C

CAID: CA239745

SupplementalData: n/a