1. Last 7 days
  2. www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
    Convergence of sweet and umami in the mammalian taste bud
    15
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    sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004226034085
  3. www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
    Adenoviral vector co-expressing ALDH1 and ADH1 mitigates alcohol toxicity and modulates glucose and lipid metabolism
    5
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    sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004226034024
  4. www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
    Working memory gating across sensory modalities reveals modality-specific maintenance mechanisms
    8
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    sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004226034000
  5. www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
    Mucin-rich environment shapes Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxicity and phage-mediated epithelial protection
    27
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    sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004226033997
  6. 54.241.53.176 54.241.53.176
    '-html.html
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    54.241.53.176/b66822b2907bb6d00b9e83a81725f62d71cd041a/'-html.html
  7. www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
    Tubulin autoregulation mediator TTC5 regulates neuronal morphology and migration
    24
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    sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098222601362X
  8. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Single-type neuron transcriptomics uncovers cell-type-specific regulators of host defense in Caenorhabditis elegans
    1
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    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13192657/
  9. math.libretexts.org math.libretexts.org
    1.3: Using Letters to Symbolize Assertions
    2
    1. oneerabd 06 Nov 2026
      This preserves the structure of the deduction that makes it valid, but it still makes use of the English expression “If… then….” Eventually, we will replace all of the English expressions with mathematical notation, but this is a good start.

      nice

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    math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Mathematical_Logic_and_Proof/Proofs_and_Concepts_-_The_Fundamentals_of_Abstract_Mathematics_(Morris_and_Morris)/01:_Propositional_Logic/1.03:_Using_letters_to_symbolize_assertions
  10. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    BurgonDunbarSegrin_NonverbalInfluence-xitu8.pdf
    3
    1. lunacruiz 06 Nov 2026
      For exam-ple, a “hippie-looking” speaker may be moreeffective than a conventional one in advocat-ing tax reform or speaking against marijuanause. In these cases, the appearance sets up neg-ative expectations that are positively violatedby the verbal message, hence making the mes-sage more persuasive

      I think I often fall for this persuasive method and I see it being utilized the most on social media to promote beauty products or health tricks. Dermatologists will use their uniforms to persuade audiences when promoting products, people who give fitness advice will usually be using work out clothes even if they are not necessarily doing excerize in the video.

    2. lunacruiz 06 Nov 2026
      and that job applicants aremore likely to be chosen for a position whenthey use a highly immediate interviewing style

      I can actually attest to this. I was quite the job hopper for a small period of time and got hired in like ten different places within a month. I would go to many interviews like crazy and quickly started learning the tricks to get hired! It was amazing practice, I would almost get into this character that was super confident, friendly and direct when in real life I am super awkward. The more outgoing and interested you sound the more likely it is you will get hired anywhere! Many employers prefer personality over skill, it’s kind of crazy how many roles I was unqualified for and still got hired

    3. lunacruiz 06 Nov 2026
      A number of theories explain how and whyattraction and similarity enhance persuasive-ness.

      One of the theories I’ve heard of the most on this topic is called “Halo Theory” in which we attribute qualities to people that are attractive. I think this is true but I never considered it as something “persuasive”. I guess one of the ways in which attractive people could be considered persuasive or in which people use attractiveness in a persuasive way is in South Korea (obviously not everyone!) since most jobs used to require photos, it seems a lot of companies perhaps unconsciously would hire attractive people the most. A lot of people theorized this is why many south koreans felt pressured to get plastic surgery.

      https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/stanford-scholar-traces-roots-south-koreas-cosmetic-surgery-surge

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    docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/BurgonDunbarSegrin_NonverbalInfluence-xitu8.pdf
  11. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    cn-22-397.pdf
    6
    1. Reina08 06 Nov 2026
      nvolves traumatic experiences that fundamentally disrupt attachment bonding with primary caregivers and result in impairments in core self and relational capacities that include but extend beyond the symptoms of formal psychiatric nosology.

      its consequences are far- reaching and could well exceed what we might imagine.

    2. Reina08 06 Nov 2026
      can profoundly disrupt biopsychosocial development, the deprivation (Sheridan et al., 2022) or loss (Bryant, 2023; Fonagy et al., 2023) of attachment bonding and security is associated with particularly severe and potentially irreparable impairments in core self and relational capacities.

      attachment trauma not only affects the psychological well-being of those who suffer it, but it also impacts their future and relationships.

    3. Reina08 06 Nov 2026
      indicate that attachment trauma may severely disrupt the development of core capacities for emotion regulation, identity formation, and interpersonal relatedness

      this also indicates that a past trauma can lead to numerous consequences and have a significant, long-term psychological impact.

    4. Reina08 06 Nov 2026
      The latter finding suggests that in addition to traumatic experiences that occur within primary child-caregiver relationships, attachment trauma should also be considered in clinical assessment when traumatic events that occur outside those relationships compromise the ability of caregivers to be responsively attuned to and co-regulate with a child or the ability of a child to be psychologically receptive care from a facilitative primary caregiver

      when a child experiences an attachment trauma, it can affect their capacity for future engagement and receptivity.

    5. Reina08 06 Nov 2026
      that involved a range of types of attachment disruption, including emotional abuse and caregiver separations (Spinazzola et al., 2021) and also family violence and caregiver impairment (Spinazzola et al., 2018

      it illustrates that abandonment or rejection from people can cause serious trauma to someone.

    6. Reina08 06 Nov 2026
      postulating that childhood maltreatment should be conceptualized as attachment trauma because it undermines the core sense of attachment security as a result of both involving both a traumatic lack of protection and the deprivation due to the disruption of attachment bonding.

      it can be understood that if the person felt lack of protection during their childhood which leading psychological insecurity, this may be considered as a form of attachment trauma.

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    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12614175/pdf/cn-22-397.pdf
  12. www.folger.edu www.folger.edu
    Twelfth Night - Act 2, scene 3 | Folger Shakespeare Library
    6
    1. H3R5H3YK155 06 Nov 2026
      I have ’t in my nose, too.

      Here lies yet another example of Andrew following Toby’s lead to extreme conclusions and ending up in a completely different realm of logic or potentially lack thereof. This recurrence could be utilized well in a production because it could create a dynamic of an idiotic and reckless character in Toby and his friend Andrew that falls through his idiocy and recklessness into a new world of even more idiocy, which would be fun to watch.

    2. H3R5H3YK155 06 Nov 2026
      Mistress Mary, if you prized my lady’s favor 0822  at anything more than contempt

      Knowing Sir Toby’s demeanor towards the people around him, I doubt he actually prizes his lady’s favor at anything more than contempt. Malvolio’s statement here might actually be intended to be outlandish and pointless since it is wholly inapplicable to Toby.

    3. H3R5H3YK155 06 Nov 2026
      Tis not the first time I have constrained one 0770  to call me “knave.” Begin, Fool. It begins “Hold 0771 70 thy peace.”

      This statement has a potential double entendre depending on how you view Andrew. Andrew has many lines dismissing himself as acknowledgedly dumb, so this could be another one of those. It could also, albeit not likely, be Andrew sounding more grand in the moment, very simply dismissing Feste’s concern with a more grandiose statement about how he has attracted the ire of many.

    4. H3R5H3YK155 06 Nov 2026
      A love song, a love song. ANDREW  0740 Ay, ay, I care not for good life.

      When Toby says that he wants a love song here, I imagine him cutting off Feste quickly as he doesn’t particularly care about what type of song and just wants him to start singing. Andrew’s line immediately following Toby’s might be, instead of a similar line to Toby’s, an example of Andrew’s stupidity. The line reads like Andrew wanting to agree with Toby on whatever he requests, drawing an outlandish conclusion in the process.

    5. H3R5H3YK155 06 Nov 2026
      By my troth, the Fool has an excellent breast. 0721 20 I had rather than forty shillings I had such a leg, 0722  and so sweet a breath to sing, as the Fool has.—In 0723  sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling last night 0724  when thou spok’st of Pigrogromitus of the Vapians 0725  passing the equinoctial of Queubus. ’Twas very 0726 25 good, i’ faith. I sent thee sixpence for thy leman. 0727  Hadst it?

      This section has the interesting effect on modern audiences that some specialized jargon has. Andrew speaks so specifically about certain events and things that Feste has said that a modern reader might almost be convinced that he actually knows well what he is talking about. This is just my interpretation, however, as this section in original Shakespearean times could have also been an early use of the “dumb character knows a suspiciously large amount of information on one oddly specific topic” trope seen in a lot of modern media.

    6. H3R5H3YK155 06 Nov 2026
      A false conclusion. I hate it as an unfilled can. To 0708  be up after midnight and to go to bed then, is early, 0709  so that to go to bed after midnight is to go to bed 0710  betimes.

      It doesn’t quite matter what this line means, since the intended effect of this line was more likely to demonstrate Toby’s attitude. This line shows him seemingly justifying to Andrew and himself why staying up late is actually not staying up late, which then characterizes him as somewhat of an unintelligent or blabbering character.

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    folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/twelfth-night/read/2/3/
  13. search.brave.com search.brave.com
    Brave Search
    2
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    search.brave.com/search
  14. www.crafins.com www.crafins.com
    Personalisierte Nahrungsergänzung ab 50: 6 Anbieter im Vergleich
    6
    2. Nadine1307 06 Nov 2026
      Ein gesundheitlicher Zusatznutzen personalisierter Mischungen ist nach zwei Übersichtsarbeiten offen, das gilt auch für NB1. Anders ist die Grundlage: Bei NB1 bestimmt eine Darmanalyse Kulturen und Ballaststoffe, ein Multivitamin gibt allen dieselbe Dosis.

      Keine Sätze mit Doppelpunkt. Besser:

      2 Übersichtsarbeiten zeigen, dass der gesundheitliche Nutzen personalisierter Mischungen bisher nicht eindeutig belegt ist. Das gilt auch für NB1. Der Unterschied liegt vor allem in der Zusammensetzung. Bei NB1 werden Bakterienkulturen und Ballaststoffe anhand einer Darmanalyse ausgewählt. Ein herkömmliches Multivitamin enthält dagegen für alle dieselbe Dosierung.

    3. Nadine1307 06 Nov 2026
      Bei den Anbietern mit öffentlichem Preis kostet personalisierte Nahrungsergänzung im ersten Jahr rund 20 bis 99 Euro im Monat, frei zusammenstellbare Mischungen mit dem Preisbeispiel gerechnet: Wunschkapsel rund 20, indyvit rund 56 und MyMineralMix rund 86 Euro zuzüglich Versand. BIOMES kostet als Mitgliedschaft rund 58 Euro, NB1 99 Euro mit Darmanalyse.

      Schwer verständlich. Besser:

      Bei den Anbietern mit öffentlich einsehbaren Preisen liegen die monatlichen Kosten im ersten Jahr zwischen 20 und 99 Euro. Für frei zusammengestellte Mischungen ergeben sich folgende Preise. Wunschkapsel kostet rund 20 Euro, indyvit etwa 56 Euro und MyMineralMix rund 86 Euro pro Monat, jeweils zuzüglich Versand. BIOMES bietet seine Mitgliedschaft für rund 58 Euro an. Bei NB1 sind es 99 Euro inklusive Darmflora-Analyse.

    5. Nadine1307 06 Nov 2026
      Die Auswertung reicht laut den Anbietern bei NB1 bis zur Art, bei BIOMES bis zur Gattung und teilweise zur Art, bei indyvit bis zu großen Bakteriengruppen.

      Klingt sehr schwer verständlich und unnatürlich. Besser:

      Die Anbieter werten die Darmflora unterschiedlich genau aus. NB1 unterscheidet Bakterien bis zur Art, BIOMES bis zur Gattung und teilweise bis zur Art, während indyvit nur größere Bakteriengruppen erfasst.

    6. Nadine1307 06 Nov 2026
      Wer regelmäßig Medikamente nimmt, sollte Nahrungsergänzung möglichst nur nach ärztlicher oder pharmazeutischer Beratung verwenden, rät das BfR.

      Wer regelmäßig Medikamente einnimmt, sollte vorher mit einem Arzt oder Apotheker abklären, welche Nahrungsergänzungsmittel sinnvoll sind. Das empfiehlt auch das BfR.

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    crafins.com/p/nahrungsergaenzung-ab-50-infr-v13/
  15. www.folger.edu www.folger.edu
    Twelfth Night - Act 2, scene 1 | Folger Shakespeare Library
    1
    1. H3R5H3YK155 06 Nov 2026
      She is drowned already, sir, with salt water, 0643 30 though I seem to drown her remembrance again 0644  with more.

      With the knowledge that Viola, his sister, is alive and presumed him dead makes this line all the more comedic and fit for the situation that this play sets up. The siblings each think each other is dead and Sebastian thinks that mourning Viola is only darkening his memory of her, but both of them are in new and arguably exciting situations that will end up coinciding and making their mutual worries pointless. This makes sense from my understanding of Shakespearean comedy, where conclusions to a story usually make everything well in the world even if they were not previously.

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    folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/twelfth-night/read/2/1/
  16. bestspahoian.com bestspahoian.com
    Best Spa Hoi An: Massage, Beauty & Wellness Treatments
    3
    2. bestspahoian 06 Nov 2026

      Treatment menu at Best Spa Hoi An: Signature, Bamboo, Aromatherapy, Thai, Hot Stone, Foot and Children's massage, plus Relaxing and Signature facials and a relaxing hair wash. Sessions run from 45 to 120 minutes. Free hotel pick-up within the Hoi An area.

      massage Hoi An
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  17. iu.pressbooks.pub iu.pressbooks.pub
    Managing the High-Intensity Workplace
    5
    1. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      RESPONSE STRATEGY MOTIVATION RISKS TO BE AWARE OF WHAT YOU CAN ALTER Rapid engagement You always reply and, if requested, bang out some work (e.g., “I’ll have it for you in five minutes!”)

      I think this is a good example of how people can feel pressured to put work before their personal lives. Even if someone is spending time with family or doing something for themselves, they might feel like they have to stop everything to respond to work. I think this can lead to stress and burnout because employees never really get a chance to disconnect.

    2. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      Managers can start to change organizational norms by pointing out the positive things that employees’ outside activities bring to the workplace.

      I like this point because it shows that having a life outside of work can actually benefit employees in their careers. Hobbies, family time, and other activities can help people learn new things, become more creative, and develop skills they can bring into the workplace. I think managers should recognize that employees don't have to spend all their time working to be successful or valuable to a company

    3. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      For accepters, treating work as the be-all and end-all may be fulfilling when the job is going well, but it leads to fragility in the long term.

      In my own words, this means that when someone makes their job their entire identity, they can struggle if something goes wrong with their career. They might not have other hobbies, relationships, or interests to help them get through difficult situations. This shows why having a balance outside of work is important.

    4. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      That commonplace belief sometimes even causes people to resist well-planned organizational changes that could reduce the pressure to be available day and night.

      Why do some employees resist changes that would actually give them a healthier work-life balance? I wonder if people become so used to working long hours that they start believing it is the only way to prove they are dedicated. It seems like changing the workplace culture would require changing people's mindsets, too.

    5. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      To be ideal workers, people must choose, again and again, to prioritize their jobs ahead of other parts of their lives

      This stood out to me because I feel like society sometimes makes people believe that being successful means sacrificing everything else in their lives. People can feel guilty for taking time off or spending time with family because they think they should always be working. I think having a successful career should not mean having to give up your personal life or happiness.

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    iu.pressbooks.pub/orgcomm/chapter/managing-the-high-intensity-workplace/
  18. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Single-Molecule Nanopore Profiling of p53-TAD Conformational Dynamics, Interactions, and Inhibition
    4
    1. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      eLife Assessment

      In this potentially useful study, the authors explored the conformational dynamics of the intrinsically disordered protein p53-TAD and a cancer-associated variant by examining its conformation-dependent block of conductance through a MspA nanopore, in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. In principle, this combination of single-molecule recordings, hidden Markov modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations can provide a generally applicable platform for studying disordered proteins. While the experimental observations could be described as compelling, there are also issues regarding the apparently low statistics for the observed long-lived pore-blockage events and limited differences between WT and mutant simulations. Therefore, in the current form, the level of evidence is deemed incomplete and requires further validation.

      Summary
    2. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      The manuscript combines MspA nanopore measurements with molecular simulations to investigate p53-TAD, its cancer-associated N29K/N30D variant, and its interactions with MDM2 and EGCG. The experiments demonstrate a promising approach for distinguishing sequence- and ligand-dependent single-molecule signals. The manuscript is clearly written, and the use of multiple simulation trajectories is a strength. However, the structural and thermodynamic interpretations extend beyond what the current simulations establish. I recommend addressing the following points.

      (1) The assignment of low-current states to compact conformations near the constriction, and intermediate-current states to more expanded conformations higher in the vestibule, is plausible but not directly validated (Figures 1-2; main text, pp. 4-9). Current blockage can depend on protein position, orientation, charge distribution, and pore contacts as well as compactness. The simulations do not calculate ionic conduction, and the four structural clusters in Figure 2f do not have an established correspondence to the six experimental current states. Could the authors provide a validated conductance calculation for representative configurations, or explicitly present these structural assignments as hypotheses? In particular, an EGCG-associated current level overlapping S4 does not establish that the ligand stabilizes the same structural ensemble sampled by apo p53-TAD.

      (2) Figure 2c-d presents occupancy-derived profiles and regional differences using free-energy terminology. However, the simulations describe finite-duration, constant-force capture trajectories initiated outside the pore, rather than demonstrated equilibrium sampling. Could the authors establish stationarity, evaluate dependence on the analysis window, and explain how the applied bias and normalization are treated? Otherwise, these results should be described as driven occupancy profiles, without interpreting their differences as equilibrium stabilization energies. Similarly, Figure 5 should be clearly identified as a schematic reconstruction rather than a measured molecular free-energy landscape.<br /> The apparent EGCG affinity of 0.43 {plus minus} 0.49 μM also requires cautious interpretation. This value comes from event-frequency measurements at +75 mV and is poorly constrained. Event frequency depends on capture efficiency as well as solution binding populations. At +200 mV, manual voltage reversal censors spontaneous pore-escape times for long-lived complexes; moreover, pore escape and molecular dissociation are distinct processes. Please clarify which kinetic and thermodynamic quantities the assay can establish. The proposed confinement-mediated reduction in the entropic cost of EGCG binding is reasonable as a hypothesis, but is not demonstrated by these measurements.

      (3) The SMD protocol distributes a constant force over acidic residues, restrains the pore, and confines p53-TAD within a cylindrical potential (Figure S12; Supplementary Methods, lines 174-198). These approximations are acknowledged, but their influence on the WT-mutant comparison remains unresolved. The double substitution approximately preserves net charge while changing its distribution, and the force prescription treats acidic and basic residues differently. Do the positional and conformational differences persist across pulling strengths, restraint widths, and alternative force assignments? Please also confirm that the simulated pore contains the mutations present in the experimental M2-MspA-NNN construct.<br /> The selected p53-TAD and MDM2 fragments omit full-length p53 regulation and interdomain coupling. This is a construct limitation, rather than a necessary consequence of the narrow constriction, because capture occurs within the wider vestibule. The existing discussion of wider pores and tethering could be extended to clarify this distinction. Phosphorylation-dependent TAD dynamics would be an interesting future application, although the present states cannot be assigned to modification-sensitive conformers without additional evidence.

      (4) The mutant exhibits increased intramolecular contacts, but the pore-resident radius-of-gyration differences are only approximately 0.2-0.3 Å, with small standardized effects (Figure 2e; Table S1). Several other descriptors have confidence intervals spanning zero, including the bulk Rg difference. Consequently, the simulations support modest sequence-dependent changes more strongly than a pronounced shift in global compactness. Figure S15 also identifies altered protein-pore contacts, which could contribute directly to positional occupancy and current differences. Could the authors provide convergence analyses, trajectory-level uncertainty, and sensitivity to starting ensembles, and distinguish intrinsic compaction from altered pore association?

      (5) The replacement of MDM2-complex events by EGCG-associated events is consistent with inhibition, but differential capture could also change the observed event populations (Figures 3-4). The manuscript acknowledges this possibility on p. 12. Could the authors clarify its implications for the inhibition claim and provide an orthogonal measurement or appropriate controls to distinguish reduced complex abundance from preferential detection? Charge, steric geometry, and pore interactions should be considered without assuming that compaction necessarily explains enrichment.

      No new simulations directly investigate EGCG binding or MDM2 competition. Ensemble-based ligand modeling could strengthen the interpretation, but docking poses or short trajectories alone would not establish preferential binding to S4, binding affinity, or conformational selection versus induced fit. The discussion should place the proposed mechanism alongside prior EGCG-p53 studies, including the computational predictions involving Trp23-Lys24 and Pro47-Thr55 reported by Bahena Culhuac and Bello, 2024. If additional modeling is beyond the scope of this work, the claims concerning S4 stabilization, compaction, and MDM2 displacement should be qualified accordingly.

      Overall, the experimental platform is promising. The principal revision needed is to distinguish the observed nanopore signal changes from their proposed molecular explanations. Targeted robustness tests and appropriately qualified structural and thermodynamic claims would substantially strengthen the manuscript.

      Review 1
    3. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      This manuscript presents an MspA nanopore-based approach for investigating the conformational dynamics and interactions of the intrinsically disordered transactivation domain of p53. The authors resolve multiple current states associated with trapped p53-TAD, identify differences between the wild-type protein and the N29K/N30D variant, and extend the approach to examine MDM2 binding and the effects of EGCG. The combination of single-molecule recordings, hidden Markov modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations provides a useful framework for studying disordered proteins under nanopore confinement.

      Strengths:

      The experimental observations are compelling, and the manuscript makes a valuable methodological contribution.

      Weaknesses:

      The analysis and interpretation could be strengthened.

      Review 2
    4. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      Reviewer #3 (Public review):

      Summary:

      DeCoeur et al. explored the conformational dynamics of the intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) p53-TAD and a cancer-associated variant by examining its conformation-dependent block of conductance through a nanopore. Using this approach, they identified a preferred conformational ensemble stabilized by the anti-cancer compound EGCG. They supplemented their experimental observations with steered molecular dynamics simulations of the IDP's conformational ensembles. Much of the work appears to recapitulate prior observations for this IDP, and as such, this work reads more like a method development paper. Although the use of nanopores to study IDPs as done here is not completely novel, these sorts of applications remain relatively few, and thus this work is still useful. However, there are several issues with the data and its interpretation that suggest only incomplete evidence for the conclusions. Namely, what appear to be very low statistics for the observed long-lived pore-blockage events on which much of the experimental conclusions seem to be based, and also conclusions from simulations that do not appear to align with the data. Until these issues are addressed, I find some of the conclusions to be only weakly supported by the data.

      Strengths:

      The use of nanopore current blockage to interrogate the dynamics of IDPs has the potential to be an ideal approach to investigate both mechanisms of variant pathology and drug efficacy.

      Weaknesses:

      The apparently small dataset may be limiting, and in several cases the authors appear to also over-interpret their results based on small effects.

      Review 3
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    biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.28.747917v1
  19. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Integrin-dependent trafficking of CD98hc reduces endocytic noise to maintain metabolic homeostasis
    5
    1. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      eLife Assessment

      This study offers an important set of findings on a previously unrecognised mechanism by which integrin-dependent trafficking, notably the recycling of CD98hc from endosomes to the plasma membrane, controls the abundance of a major amino acid transporter at the cell surface, with implications for a stable amino acid supply and metabolic homeostasis. The approach and results are convincing in showing the trafficking steps involved, although the experimental analysis is in places incomplete and would benefit from more rigorous approaches, deeper mechanistic characterisation, and stronger links to metabolic homeostasis. With these aspects strengthened, the work would be of interest to cell biologists working on trafficking and amino acid metabolism, as well as to the cancer cell metabolism community.

      Summary
    2. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Summary:

      Dila Rizalar, Villaseñor and colleagues report the membrane trafficking steps undergone by CD98hc, a major component of the LAT1 amino acid transporter. They found that CD98hc entered cells through Fast Endophilin-Mediated Endocytosis (FEME) and quickly recycled back to the plasma membrane (PM) together with beta1-Integrin to mediate a stable supply of amino acids and support metabolic homeostasis.

      Strengths:

      The work was planned, executed and analysed to a high standard. A variety of cell models, techniques and assays were performed and combined with mathematical modeling. Appropriate analyses and statistical tests were used to support their conclusions.

      Overall, the evidence provided is convincing.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) The proposed endosomal recycling pathway(s) (positive for Rab9, Rab11 and Rab14) is/are not believed to support recycling fast enough (c. 10-20 min) to explain the very short timeframe (c. 1 min) reported by the authors. This apparent discrepancy should be clarified by the authors, ideally with small additional work.

      Notably, the fast Rab4-dependent recycling of TfR directly from Rab5 sorting endosomes has more consistent kinetics (c. 2-4 min, see the classic papers from the Mellman, Maxfield and Zerial labs) and should be investigated or at least discussed.

      (2) LAT1 (and thus possibly CD98hc) were previously reported to enter cells through Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis (CME) upon potent PKC activation (PMA) or entry into cell quiescence (Barthelemy and André, Sci Rep 2019 and Kahlhofer J et al. EMBO J 2025). Interestingly, instead of being recycled back to the PM, LAT1 was then routed to lysosomes for degradation.<br /> Does LAT1 co-traffic with CD98hc along the FEME - fast endosomal recycling loop identified by the authors?

      If so, the authors could discuss the physiological context in which the whole transporter shifts between the 2 routes (FEME-recycling in steady-state maintenance and CME-Lysosome upon acute signaling? There is a precedent in EGFR for such variation in endocytic fates upon signal strength).

      If not, the authors could discuss why the 2 chains would traffic differently (in such a scenario: CD98hc through the FEME-recycling arm and LAT1 through CME-Lysosome).

      (3) The study would benefit from mechanistic insights about the molecular details linking CD98hc to FEME.

      Specifically, identifying motif(s) and/or adaptor(s) binding to the main FEME adaptors (Endophilin A1, A2 or Bin1) would be a valuable improvement of the work and would provide a strategy to design a point mutant version of CD98hc that would be unlinked to FEME.

      Review 1
    3. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript, the authors demonstrated that the amino acid transporter CD98hc (SLC3A2) undergoes fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis (FEME), followed by rapid β1-integrin-dependent recycling back to the plasma membrane. The latter is essential to maintain CD98hc membrane levels and counteract bursts of endocytosis in both endothelial and osteosarcoma cells.

      Strengths:

      The authors used pharmacological inhibitors, siRNA-mediated downregulation and CRISPR approaches to identify the regulators of CD98hc trafficking in different cell systems, strongly supporting their conclusions. In addition, they complemented their experimental results with computational models, which further validate their conclusions

      Weaknesses:

      The mechanistic details of how the interaction between CD98hc and b1 integrin determines CD98hc recycling have not been explored in the current version of the manuscript. Moreover, despite the title mentioning metabolic homeostasis, there is limited insight into how changes in CD98hc recycling affect intracellular amino acid content and cell metabolism, and how this impacts cell growth.

      Review 2
    4. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      Reviewer #3 (Public review):

      This paper from the Villasenor lab describes the results of experiments aimed at determining the role of the interaction of β1 integrin with CD98hc on the endo- exocytic trafficking of CD98hc, and its ability to function as an amino acid transporter. The paper demonstrates the following novel and interesting observations:

      (1) CD98hc is internalised via fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis (FEME).

      (2) A mutant of CD98hc that has been reported to oppose its interaction with β1 integrin (CD98hc ISM) alters CD98hc endo- exocytic trafficking to favour a situation in which CD98hc adopts a more endosomal distribution (than does wild-type CD98hc) following stimulation of FEME with a β-adrenergic agonist.

      (3) Driving CD98hc endocytosis with a β-adrenergic agonist reduces uptake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs); an effect which is more pronounced following expression of the β1 integrin binding-deficient CD98hc ISM mutant.

      General comments:

      The findings of this paper are, at their core, very interesting and important and most of the work is well-executed. I consider that the 3 conclusions that I have listed above are solid and interesting (although some additional controls, etc would help consolidate these findings (see below)). However, the authors have vastly overplayed their hand in attempting to use mathematical modelling approaches and (in my opinion) invoking unnecessary working hypotheses concerning endocytic noise for which they have little evidence. I feel that the paper needs to be restructured to simplify the route between the core findings and the interpretation, and to move the mathematical modelling and 'endocytic noise' analyses and hypotheses to the discussion.

      Specific points (in order of appearance):

      (1) I am puzzled by how the graphs in Figures 1E&F have been derived from primary data and am sceptical of their validity. The curves don't look like anything that has been derived from experimental data. I gather that the curves in Figures 1E&F were generated by the equations described in the 'modelling CD98hc internalisation kinetics..'methods section, but I really cannot see how. Specifically, how can measurements of steady-state plasma membrane (PM) and endosomal pools of CD98 possibly allow the derivation of the APM and ATE operands in the equations in the 'modelling CD98hc internalisation kinetics..' methods section? Moreover, I don't see how this could be achieved in a way that could demonstrate a statistically significant difference in the trafficking of TfnR and CD98hc. The authors cite their previous 2017 Cell Reports paper to support this figure. However, the data in this paper are clearly experimental data (therefore understandable and clear), and the analysis in Vallasenor et al. (2017) does not resemble what has been performed to generate Figures 1E&F. Can the authors please properly clarify and justify this figure?

      (2) Figures 1G&H. In the assay described in Figures 1G&H, it doesn't look like the CD98hc mAb is internalised in the control. And with the siRNAs that are purported to oppose CD98 internalisation (ARF6 and endophilin), it looks like CD98 has disappeared completely, rather than accumulating at the PM as one would expect if internalisation were blocked.

      (3) In Figure 1H, the authors state that knockdown of endophilin A1 and A2 reduced CD98hc endocytosis, but it doesn't really look like this to me and there are neither quants nor stats on this.

      (4) In Figure S1D, the conclusion that knockdown of dynamin or endophilin A1 and A2 decreases intracellular CD98hc-positive vesicles is not apparent to me, and these data need quantification and statistical analysis.

      (5) In Figure 1J, the conclusion that addition of dyngo4A reduces internalisation of anti-CD98hc is not statistically supported. Moreover, although β-adrenergic agonists are clearly boosting internalisation of CD98hc in U2OS cells (Figure S1J), this, despite the asterisks (stats), does not appear to be the case in ICE-BECs (Fig. 1J); indeed, the increase is marginal, and the inter-experimental variation is too great to support a statistically significant increase in internalised CD98hc in ICE-BECs.

      (6) The authors need to display representative images from experiments leading to the data in Figure 2B.

      (7) The data in Figure 2 do not 'show that CD98hc is sorted to recycling endosomes after FEME internalisation' in an integrin-dependent manner. For this, one would need to demonstrate localisation of the CD98hc-β1 integrin complex to Rab11 (or Rab14)-positive compartments and these data are missing.

      (8) I cannot find any details of the coordinates or construction of the CD98hc ISM mutant in this paper. I am assuming that this has been informed by the Ingber JCS paper from 2020, but the authors need to describe the construction and the provenance of their mutant. Also, importantly, the authors need to validate that this mutation opposes co-immunoprecipitation of β1 integrin and CD98hc. Or to use some other approach, such as FRET, to show this). OK, some of this has been performed by Ingber's group, but as it this is so important to the authors' conclusions, they need to confirm this. Also, it would be nice if the authors were to use their IP/proteomic approach to compare the interactomes of WT CD98hc and CD98 ISM.

      (9) I think that some of the callouts to Figures 3 A-F are not correct in the manuscript. For instance, at the top of the page of the results (no page numbers), the callout to the sentence '...expressing either mGL-CD98hc WT or ISM (Figure 3A-D)' is likely wrong, and this is confusing.

      (10) The data in Figures 3A,B,D&E do show that the CD98hc ISM mutant moves from the PM to endosomes more than does WT CD98hc following β-adrenergic stimulation. This is fine. However, I don't agree that the conclusions summarised in Figure 3C&F can be justified from these data. In fact, I do not believe it is necessary or justified to attempt to extrapolate these quite basic immunofluorescence data into an involved kinetic model. It would so improve the paper if these mathematical/kinetic extrapolations were moved to the discussion and presented as discursive points rather than hard-and-fast conclusions.

      (11) The data in Figure 4A do not appear to show anything further than those in Figures 3 3A,B,D&E. Indeed, in light of Figure 3 A,B,D&E one would expect the vesicular CD98hc to be increased by the ISM mutation, but I'm not convinced that the amplitude of these so-called oscillations is necessarily different between WT and ISM mutant of CD98hc. All the differences between WT and ISM in Figure 4A&B appear proportionally larger than they are because of the truncated (non-zero baseline) axes in these graphs; a linear axis such as the y-axes in Fig. 4A&B should begin at zero, surely?

      (12) In Figure 4D, it doesn't look at all as if the PM localisation of CD98hc and intracellular levels of BCAAs are similar between WT and ISM mutant of CD98hc - as the authors state in their results text.

      (13) Why do the authors need to invoke what appear to me to be rather far-fetched and poorly supported arguments around 'endocytic noise' when the data in Figures 3A,B,D&E seem to be sufficiently consistent with those in Figure 4E to support the assertion that altered trafficking of CD98hc influences BCAA uptake?. Surely, it would be sufficient to argue that a mutant transporter that assumes a state which is distributed more endosomally than at the PM would be less efficient in uptake of BCAAs. So why the noisy arguments? It just seems to me to undermine what is potentially quite a nice and interesting paper.

      Review 3
    5. Public_Reviews 06 Nov 2026

      Reviewer #4 (Public review):

      Summary:

      Rizalar and colleagues present a study where they identified fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis (FEME) as the primary driver of CD98hc internalization in brain endothelial cells. They have characterized trafficking, intracellular localization, and amino acid transport under physiological conditions or metabolic stress using both experimental and mathematical modelling approaches.

      Strengths:

      The author presents an interesting study. The authors provide experimental and mathematical modeling to dissect integrin-dependent trafficking of CD98hc. They give an interesting role of integrin β1 different from adhesion.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) Overall, it is difficult to follow which cells were used for each experiment and the reasons. The authors should comment on the choice of osteosarcoma cells for the study, as the paper mainly discusses the choice of brain endothelial cells. Some key experiments in U2OS must be repeated in brain endothelial cells; targets identified in the siRNA screening should be tested in brain endothelial cells to increase the strength of conclusions.

      (2) Figure 1B is not clear in this disposition; it seems the same markers were used twice. Additionally, to improve clarity in understanding and reading, I suggest adding the cell line used in the figures.

      (3) In Figure S1A, it is difficult to conclude to the presence or absence of colocalization, zoom on ROI should be added as well as a quantification of the colocalization to conclude on the experiment.

      (4) Some context on intracellular sorting tubules can be added in the manuscript to improve clarity.

      (5) Figure S1C needs to be quantified to see if the mGL does not affect the expression of CD98hc; images could be added to support the absence of impact on cellular phenotype.

      (6) It could be worth measuring the localization of the surface pool of CD98hc to increase the strength of the conclusion, maybe by immunofluorescence colocalization between a cell membrane marker and CD98hc, or by pHluorine marker to differentiate cell surface from endosomes.

      (7) In Figure 1D, it seems that CD98hc have a different pattern in the upper panel compared to the lower one; it seems that vesicles are larger close to the membrane compared to deeper in the cytoplasm.

      (8) Some crucial controls are missing, mainly in siRNA experiments. For all siRNA experiments, efficiency and silencing must be shown by Western blot and quantified (Figure 1G, S1D-E).

      (9) In Figure S1D, the authors said "knockdown of ARF6 led to the accumulation of enlarged intracellular CD98hc positive structure". Size and number must be quantified to validate this assumption; I recommend adding an arrow to show structures for clarity. Same comment for the knockdown of dynamin and endophilin, the decrease of intracellular CD98hc positive structure need to be quantified.

      (10) In Figure S1G, only one or two cells are positive for GFP; the efficacy seems poor; in this sense, it's difficult to conclude whether they have an impact on internalization.

      (11) In Figure 2A, LAMP1 is significantly upregulated in the interactome; how do you interpret this, given that you show in Figure 1B that there is no colocalization.

      (12) Figure 2B: CD98hc colocalization with RAB subunits needs to be shown by microscopy in brain endothelial cells.

      (13) Overall, it is not clear if it's the integrin that is mutated for the binding domain or if it is the CD98hc binding domain that is mutated. If the integrin was not mutated, this type of experiment needs to be done to confirm the role of integrin. Additionally, immunoprecipitation needs to be done to show the absence or reduction of binding between CD98hc ISM and integrin.

      (14) Figure 3 was mainly done on U2OS cells; the integrin mutant needs to be done in at least one brain endothelial cell line. Do you observe the same results between the mutant integrin and KO integrin? The impact of b1 integrin on CD98hc could be tested using integrin b1 blocking antibodies.

      (15) The article focuses primarily on β1 integrin; could other integrins be involved? Given that integrins are often overexpressed in cancers, could this increase promote CD98hc internalization and trafficking? Adding this type of experiment could reinforce the conclusion and importance of integrin.

      (16) The proliferation of cells re-expressing CD98hc ISM under starvation or not shows a decrease in relative proliferation after 144 h. Could the authors comment on this? Is cell death happening?

      (17) The relevance of the results to the cancer field should be discussed in the discussion section, as osteosarcoma cells were used in the majority of experiments.

      (18) Integrins are mainly involved in adhesion; do the authors observe the same results between integrin and CD98hc if cells are cultivated on matrices like fibronectin?

      Please note, I have mainly reviewed the experimental part of the paper as I am not a specialist in mathematical modelling.

      Review 4
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  20. iu.pressbooks.pub iu.pressbooks.pub
    Netflix: The Best Work of Our Lives Culture Memo
    5
    1. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      It’s easy to talk about values and harder to live by them. We all work hard to keep each other accountable for upholding these standards, especially our leaders, because excellence and honesty go hand in hand.

      It makes me wonder if everyday employees actually feel safe holding a higher-up accountable, or if that's just something that sounds good on paper.

    2. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      Representation matters. Our members come from many different backgrounds and cultures, and they want to see a wide variety of stories and people on screen.

      This ties directly into our textbook's coverage of diversity, equity, and inclusion in modern management. Netflix connects workforce and content diversity directly to customer satisfaction, showing that offering a wide range of perspectives is essential when catering to a global consumer base.

    3. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      Many of us have worked at companies where decisions were made top down, there was little transparency and it felt hard to make a difference — or even get basic things done.

      This hits home because so many jobs feel stuck in that rigid, top-down style where simple things take forever to get approved. Netflix calling this out directly shows why their emphasis on giving people freedom to make decisions is so different from standard corporate culture.

    4. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      asking “if X wanted to leave, would I fight to keep them?” Or “knowing everything I know today, would I hire X again?”

      The "Keeper Test" sounds pretty harsh when you think about it. Instead of keeping people around and building loyalty, Netflix is totally fine with replacing anyone just to keep the team at a high level. It's cool, but definitely intense.

    5. Danielvanthacung 06 Nov 2026
      Professional sports teams, on the other hand, focus on performance and picking the right person for every position,

      Netflix does not treat employees like a family where everyone is expected to stay in their jobs for a long time. Instead, it treats employees more like a sports team, where the goal is to have the best people in the right positions. Netflix focuses more on employees' skills, performance, and results rather than how long they have worked for the company. This can make employees feel motivated to work hard, but it may also create pressure or fear of losing their jobs if they do not meet expectations.

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  21. readingamlit.wordpress.com readingamlit.wordpress.com
    Jack London, “To Build a Fire”
    3
    1. MiskSAR 06 Nov 2026
      It experienced a vague but menacing apprehension that subdued it and made it slink along at the man’s heels, and that made it question eagerly every unwonted movement of the man as if expecting him to go into camp or to seek shelter somewhere and build a fire.  The dog had learned fire, and it wanted fire, or else to burrow under the snow and cuddle its warmth away from the air.

      This whole paragraph is really interesting because the animal isn't attached to the man because he likes him. The only reason the dog sticks around is because he knows that humans can be useful for his survival. It feels realistic. 10/10 I like :)

    2. MiskSAR 06 Nov 2026
      Its instinct told it a truer tale than was told to the man by the man’s judgment.

      I would argue that humans have instincts too, but their ego .and pride is what sets them up for failure.

    3. MiskSAR 06 Nov 2026
      The trouble with him was that he was without imagination.  He was quick and alert in the things of life, but only in the things, and not in the significances.

      His fatal flaw isn't his lack of intelligence but his lack of imagination. The fact that he can observe things but not recognize it's importance makes him more vulnerable to danger.

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  22. xiaopingfeng.com xiaopingfeng.com
    OpenAI 的钱没融够、Intel 一天跌掉近三成、美国的 AI 画板公司，板子由中国的厂做
    3
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  23. hypothes.is hypothes.is
    Hypothesis
    1
    1. sofiaperalta 06 Nov 2026

      Como complemento a esta investigación encontré un informe de la OCDE titulado Lobbying in the 21st Century, publicado en 2021. Este documento explica que el lobby no necesariamente es negativo, ya que puede servir para aportar conocimientos y diferentes perspectivas a los gobiernos. Sin embargo, también advierte que cuando ciertos grupos económicos concentran demasiada influencia, se pueden generar decisiones que favorezcan intereses particulares y no necesariamente a la sociedad.

      Considero que esta fuente coincide con lo que plantea la investigación de CLIP, porque ambas muestran que el problema no es solamente que las empresas participen en las decisiones políticas, sino que exista una desigualdad en la capacidad de influir sobre ellas. Me parece importante destacar que debería existir mayor transparencia para que los ciudadanos podamos conocer quién está detrás de las decisiones que afectan nuestro entorno.

      Me pareció importante este hallazgo porque permite entender que el poder de las grandes empresas tecnológicas va mucho más allá de las plataformas que utilizamos diariamente. Muchas veces pensamos que empresas como Google, Meta o Amazon solamente tienen influencia en el ámbito económico y tecnológico, pero esta investigación demuestra que también pueden intervenir en decisiones políticas que afectan a toda la sociedad.

      Considero preocupante que empresas privadas tengan tanta capacidad de influir en la creación de leyes y en las decisiones de los gobiernos, especialmente cuando sus intereses económicos pueden estar por encima del bienestar colectivo. Esto me hace cuestionar hasta qué punto las decisiones políticas son realmente independientes y qué tanto están condicionadas por los intereses de estas grandes corporaciones.

      https://www.elclip.org/la-mano-invisible-de-las-big-tech/
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  24. hypothes.is hypothes.is
    Hypothesis
    1
    1. sofiaperalta 06 Nov 2026

      Como complemento a esta investigación encontré un informe de la OCDE titulado Lobbying in the 21st Century, publicado en 2021. Este documento explica que el lobby no necesariamente es negativo, ya que puede servir para aportar conocimientos y diferentes perspectivas a los gobiernos. Sin embargo, también advierte que cuando ciertos grupos económicos concentran demasiada influencia, se pueden generar decisiones que favorezcan intereses particulares y no necesariamente a la sociedad.

      Considero que esta fuente coincide con lo que plantea la investigación de CLIP, porque ambas muestran que el problema no es solamente que las empresas participen en las decisiones políticas, sino que exista una desigualdad en la capacidad de influir sobre ellas. Me parece importante destacar que debería existir mayor transparencia para que los ciudadanos podamos conocer quién está detrás de las decisiones que afectan nuestro entorno.

      Me pareció importante este hallazgo porque permite entender que el poder de las grandes empresas tecnológicas va mucho más allá de las plataformas que utilizamos diariamente. Muchas veces pensamos que empresas como Google, Meta o Amazon solamente tienen influencia en el ámbito económico y tecnológico, pero esta investigación demuestra que también pueden intervenir en decisiones políticas que afectan a toda la sociedad.

      Considero preocupante que empresas privadas tengan tanta capacidad de influir en la creación de leyes y en las decisiones de los gobiernos, especialmente cuando sus intereses económicos pueden estar por encima del bienestar colectivo. Esto me hace cuestionar hasta qué punto las decisiones políticas son realmente independientes y qué tanto están condicionadas por los intereses de estas grandes corporaciones.

      https://www.elclip.org/la-mano-invisible-de-las-big-tech/
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  25. hypothes.is hypothes.is
    Hipótesis
    1
    1. sofiaperalta 06 Nov 2026

      Como complemento a esta investigación encontré un informe de la OCDE titulado Lobbying in the 21st Century, publicado en 2021. Este documento explica que el lobby no necesariamente es negativo, ya que puede servir para aportar conocimientos y diferentes perspectivas a los gobiernos. Sin embargo, también advierte que cuando ciertos grupos económicos concentran demasiada influencia, se pueden generar decisiones que favorezcan intereses particulares y no necesariamente a la sociedad.

      Considero que esta fuente coincide con lo que plantea la investigación de CLIP, porque ambas muestran que el problema no es solamente que las empresas participen en las decisiones políticas, sino que exista una desigualdad en la capacidad de influir sobre ellas. Me parece importante destacar que debería existir mayor transparencia para que los ciudadanos podamos conocer quién está detrás de las decisiones que afectan nuestro entorno.

      Me pareció importante este hallazgo porque permite entender que el poder de las grandes empresas tecnológicas va mucho más allá de las plataformas que utilizamos diariamente. Muchas veces pensamos que empresas como Google, Meta o Amazon solamente tienen influencia en el ámbito económico y tecnológico, pero esta investigación demuestra que también pueden intervenir en decisiones políticas que afectan a toda la sociedad.

      Considero preocupante que empresas privadas tengan tanta capacidad de influir en la creación de leyes y en las decisiones de los gobiernos, especialmente cuando sus intereses económicos pueden estar por encima del bienestar colectivo. Esto me hace cuestionar hasta qué punto las decisiones políticas son realmente independientes y qué tanto están condicionadas por los intereses de estas grandes corporaciones.

      https://www.elclip.org/la-mano-invisible-de-las-big-tech/
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  26. socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
    7.5: Chapter Activities
    16
    1. Alaniesee 06 Nov 2026
      __________________________________________________________________

      To practice over and over again on what I need to cover. Also practice in front of family or friends

    5. Alaniesee 06 Nov 2026
      __________________________________________________________________

      I think I could work on greeting the instructor more and ask everything I need to ask

    7. Alaniesee 06 Nov 2026
      __________________________________________________________________

      If I messaged her about whatever I need to prepare for an exam or assignments I can schedule a meeting with her in person.

    9. Alaniesee 06 Nov 2026
      __________________________________________________________________

      Putting my phone on Do Not Disturb, Sit where I can focus on lecture, and be open minded.

    14. Alaniesee 06 Nov 2026
      __________________________________________________________________

      I tend to participate in this class when I have questions and need help. I don't really like to participate because I get shy and I panic a lot.

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  27. www.folger.edu www.folger.edu
    Henry IV, Part 1 - Act 5, scene 5 | Folger Shakespeare Library
    2
    1. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      The Douglas is, and I beseech your Grace 3131  I may dispose of him.

      This is a very legal and moral judgment call here. I feel like in a production this would turn super suspenseful.

    2. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      Ill-spirited Worcester, did not we send grace,

      "The line reflects Shakespeare’s themes of mercy vs. betrayal and the consequences of rejecting reconciliation. Henry’s rhetorical question underscores the moral and political point that the king had shown clemency, but Worcester’s choice to reject it led to bloodshed. It also highlights the tension between loyalty and self‑interest, and the idea that “grace” in a political sense is both an offer and a test of character.

      In short: The phrase means that Henry is reminding Worcester that the king had already offered him mercy and terms of peace, and is questioning (and accusing) him of turning that offer against him, thereby choosing betrayal over forgiveness "

      #ai
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  28. www.folger.edu www.folger.edu
    Henry IV, Part 1 - Act 5, scene 4 | Folger Shakespeare Library
    6
    1. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      ’ll follow, as they say, for reward. He that 3105  rewards me, God reward him. If I do grow great, 3106  I’ll grow less, for I’ll purge and leave sack and live 3107  cleanly as a nobleman should do.

      Ambition is so acceptable here and I love that and it's a simple state of self goverence.

    2. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      Why may not he rise as well as I? 3067  Nothing confutes me but eyes, and nobody sees me. 3068 130 Therefore, sirrah,

      I think it's funny how Falstaff is acting as if he can rise from the dead is there's no proof.

    3. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      I should not make so dear a show of zeal. 3036  But let my favors hide thy mangled face;

      "The passage is often read as a symbolic “reformation” moment: Hal’s willingness to “hide” his rival’s mangled face is a gesture of dignity and mercy, marking his shift from the boisterous, impulsive Hal of earlier scenes to the disciplined, strategic leader he becomes king. The “favours” may also carry a double meaning — a literal act of kindness and a metaphor for the “honours” or “decorations” of knighthood, which Hal now uses to cover the face of his fallen opponent JSTOR JSTOR +1 .

      In short, the line means that if Hotspur had been courteous, Hal would not have shown such intense zeal in battle, but instead would have used his own chivalric “favours” to cover his face, even thanking himself for this act of mercy — a gesture that blends personal courtesy with political symbolism."

      #ai
    4. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      To end the one of us, and would to God 3009  Thy name in arms were now as great as mine.

      I love how much this line respects hal's father but its almost like this is the start of his redemtion.

    5. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      The spirits 2979  Of valiant Shirley, Stafford, Blunt are in my arms.

      " The line means that Prince Hal is holding the bodies of three noble warriors slain in battle, and in doing so, he carries their heroic spirits — a blend of literal and symbolic honor."

      This is very symbolic and I love this line. In a production I think everyone would be oohing and ahhing at this moment.

      #ai
    6. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      We breathe too long. Come, cousin Westmoreland, 2954  Our duty this way lies. For God’s sake, come.

      I love the word choice of this one to just say we are still alive and we shouldn't risk them any longer.

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  29. www.folger.edu www.folger.edu
    Henry IV, Part 1 - Act 5, scene 3 | Folger Shakespeare Library
    3
    1. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      I like not 2936  such grinning honor as Sir Walter hath

      "This moment ties into Shakespeare’s recurring theme of honor vs. pretense. Blunt’s “borrowed title” is a literal and figurative example of false honor — a title and status that is not genuine, but which still carries the appearance of prestige. Douglas’s mockery underscores the play’s critique of empty glory and the danger of relying on appearances rather than substance Shmoop Shmoop .

      In short, the modern phrasing “not such grinning honor as Sir Walter hath” is a way of saying that Blunt’s honor was a hollow, self‑deceived pretense, not the real, costly honor of true knighthood."

      #ai
    2. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      I am as hot 2909  as molten lead, and as heavy too. God keep lead out 2910  of me; I need no more weight than mine own 2911  bowels.

      "By the early 1400s, gunpowder weapons were beginning to appear in England. The play itself mentions “gunpowder” and “pistol” elsewhere Literature Stack Exchange Literature Stack Exchange . While cannon and firearms were still in their infancy, lead shot and bullets were in use, and the phrase “peppered” fits the imagery of small-arms fire. Thus, Falstaff’s “God keep lead out of me” is both a vivid metaphor for the heat and weight of battle and a wry comment on the danger of being struck by lead projectiles"

      once again this did not help me understand this scene at all so I had to ask in deep questions, "The line is a layered metaphor — “molten lead” evokes the heat and heaviness of battle, while “lead” also refers to the lead bullets of the time, making it both a poetic and historically grounded comment on the dangers of war"

      #ai
    3. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      I was not born a yielder, thou proud Scot, 2886  And thou shalt find a king that will revenge 2887  Lord Stafford’s death.

      This is almost a sign of pride and a warning to douglas on top of that.

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    folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/henry-iv-part-1/read/5/3/
  30. www.folger.edu www.folger.edu
    Henry IV, Part 1 - Act 5, scene 2 | Folger Shakespeare Library
    4
    1. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      In the adventure of this perilous day. 2869 100 Now, Esperance! Percy! And set on.

      The battle begins! This will be the BES part of the production for sure. This has to be the ultimate climax.

    2. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      cannot read them now.— 2854 85 O gentlemen, the time of life is short; 2855  To spend that shortness basely were too long 2856  If life did ride upon a dial’s point, 2857  Still ending at the arrival of an hour.

      I love how Hotspur values courage so much. He is 100% ready for battle.

    3. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      Defy him by the Lord of Westmoreland.

      "The line means “Challenge the King by sending the challenge through Lord Westmoreland,” and it is part of the escalating confrontation between Hotspur and the King’s forces."

      #ai
    4. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      For treason is but trusted like the fox,

      Worchester seems to believe that any sign of loyalty relates to suspicious actions. I understand why he doesn't want to talk about the kings offer but still he is always suspicious.

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  31. academic.oup.com academic.oup.com
    Transgenic and genome-edited fruits: background, constraints, benefits, and commercial opportunities
    8
    2. DONOduke 06 Nov 2026
      developed by Okanagan Specialty Fruits Company in Canada, and the Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, and Fuji varieties have received approval for cultivation, human consumption and use as animal feed in both Canada and the US

      BCKG Info

    6. DONOduke 06 Nov 2026
      Okanagan Specialty Fruits developed Arctic® Apple events GD743 (Golden Delicious), GS784 (Granny Smith)33 and GS784 (Fuji)35 using their patented method to limit quinone biosynthesis

      BCKG Info

    7. DONOduke 06 Nov 2026
      Fruit quality is affected by the activity of polyphenoloxidases (PPOs), which oxidize phenolic compounds and cause gradual browning in fleshy fruits such as apple.

      BCKG Info

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    academic.oup.com/hr/article/doi/10.1038/s41438-021-00601-3/6446744
  32. www.folger.edu www.folger.edu
    Henry IV, Part 1 - Act 5, scene 1 | Folger Shakespeare Library
    4
    1. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      Hence, therefore, every leader to his charge, 2747 120 For on their answer will we set on them, 2748  And God befriend us as our cause is just.

      I love how the king is giving a true call to action here. He seems to be really showing his militant backgrounds in this part of the production.

    2. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      Which gape and rub the elbow at the news 2706  Of hurlyburly innovation.

      "In this scene, Henry is speaking to Worcester about the political climate. The “discontents” are those who are unhappy with the current government and will be especially attentive to any news of change — even if that change is chaotic or dangerous. The image of “gaping” and “rubbing the elbow” vividly conveys their eager, almost physical curiosity about political upheaval"

      This honestly made it more confusing for me, so I asked ai again for help and it made more sense when it gave me this. "The line paints a picture of politically restless people who are eagerly watching and pressing in when they hear of a disruptive change in affairs."

      #ai
    3. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      It was myself, my brother, and his son 2668  That brought you home and boldly did outdare 2669  The dangers of the time.

      I love how he tells them that he himself and his brothers were the one serving the king and protecting him from the dangers.

    4. capowers 06 Nov 2026
      What say you to it? Will you again unknit 2644  This churlish knot of all-abhorrèd war

      I love how poetic this line is. In a production I feel like this should be played more serious but calming as well. He isnt saying its dangerous anymore.

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