Codex-only seats have no rate limits, and usage is billed on token consumption.
大多数人认为AI服务通常会设置使用限制以控制成本,但作者认为Codex无速率限制的按token计费模式是可行的,因为这提供了更透明的成本结构和更灵活的使用体验,这可能反映了OpenAI对自身技术效率和用户需求的信心。
Codex-only seats have no rate limits, and usage is billed on token consumption.
大多数人认为AI服务通常会设置使用限制以控制成本,但作者认为Codex无速率限制的按token计费模式是可行的,因为这提供了更透明的成本结构和更灵活的使用体验,这可能反映了OpenAI对自身技术效率和用户需求的信心。
Priority areas include safety evaluation, ethics, robustness, scalable mitigations, privacy-preserving safety methods, agentic oversight, and high-severity misuse domains.
大多数人认为AI安全研究主要集中在防止恶意使用和确保系统对齐人类价值观上。但作者将隐私保护方法列为优先领域,这表明OpenAI正在将隐私视为安全的核心组成部分,而非一个独立考虑的因素,这与传统上将隐私和安全视为两个不同领域的观点相悖。
Fellows will receive API credits and other resources as appropriate, but will not have internal system access.
在AI安全领域,许多人认为要真正研究系统安全,必须获得对内部系统的完全访问权限。作者明确表示研究员将无法访问内部系统,这挑战了传统AI安全研究的假设,暗示OpenAI认为安全研究可以在没有完全系统访问的情况下进行,或者他们有其他方法来评估安全性。
Fellows will work closely with OpenAI mentors and engage with a cohort of peers.
大多数人认为AI安全研究应该是高度保密和孤立的,特别是涉及高级AI系统安全的研究。但作者强调与OpenAI导师的紧密合作和同行交流,表明OpenAI正在采取一种开放协作的AI安全研究方法,这与行业通常的封闭研究模式形成鲜明对比。
We prioritize research ability, technical judgment, and execution over specific credentials.
在学术界和科技行业,学历和传统资历通常被视为最重要的筛选标准。作者明确表示优先考虑实际能力而非特定资历,这挑战了行业普遍的人才评估体系,暗示OpenAI正在寻找非传统路径的创新者,而非仅看名校背景的精英。
We are especially interested in work that is empirically grounded, technically strong, and relevant to the broader research community.
大多数人认为AI安全研究应该是高度理论化和抽象的,但作者强调需要实证基础和技术强度,这表明OpenAI正在将AI安全研究从纯理论领域转向更注重实际应用和可验证成果的方向,这与传统AI安全研究的精英主义倾向形成对比。
The vast majority of the new compute will be sited in the United States, making this partnership a major expansion of our November 2025 commitment to invest $50 billion in strengthening American computing infrastructure.
大多数人认为AI计算基础设施将全球化分布,但Anthropic选择将绝大多数计算能力设在美国,这与常见的全球化技术部署趋势相悖,挑战了人们对AI基础设施地理分布的主流认知,反映了地缘政治对技术部署的深远影响。
Claude remains the only frontier AI model available to customers on all three of the world's largest cloud platforms: Amazon Web Services (Bedrock), Google Cloud (Vertex AI), and Microsoft Azure (Foundry).
大多数行业观察者认为顶级AI模型会通过独家合作伙伴关系锁定到单一云平台,但Anthropic选择了全面覆盖策略,这挑战了常见的平台锁定商业模式,暗示了AI基础设施市场可能比预期的更加开放和竞争。
We train and run Claude on a range of AI hardware—AWS Trainium, Google TPUs, and NVIDIA GPUs—which means we can match workloads to the chips best suited for them.
大多数人认为AI公司会依赖单一硬件供应商以获得最佳性能,但Anthropic采用多平台策略,挑战了行业共识。这种多元化方法虽然增加了复杂性,但提供了更好的性能和弹性,暗示了AI计算的未来可能更加分散而非集中。
over 500 business customers were each spending over $1 million on an annualized basis. Today that number exceeds 1,000, doubling in less than two months.
大多数人对AI企业客户的采用速度持保守态度,但Anthropic的高价值客户数量在短短两个月内翻倍,表明企业对AI的采用速度和投资规模远超行业预期,挑战了AI企业市场缓慢发展的普遍认知。
Demand from Claude customers has accelerated in 2026. Our run-rate revenue has now surpassed $30 billion—up from approximately $9 billion at the end of 2025.
大多数人认为AI公司仍处于烧钱阶段,但Anthropic的收入增长速度惊人,从2025年底的90亿美元年化收入飙升至2026年的300亿美元,这表明AI商业化速度远超市场预期,挑战了AI公司长期亏损的共识观点。
We have just been through a prolonged social experiment in whichmarkets and money were left to find their own way around theworld without much political interference. This experiment has beencalled ‘neoliberalism’, at one time ‘the Washington consensus’.
They are not asked to act where they can agree,but to produce agreement on everything —the whole direction of the resourcesof the nation.
Perhaps this is where the question "can you live with this?" is beneficial in coming to consensus.
Almost everyone who sees Mulholland Drive (2001) notes that the first part of thefilm makes a good deal of sense—at least for a David Lynch movie. In contrast tothe beginnings of Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992) or Lost Highway (1997),the opening of Mulholland Drive is relatively straightforward
the use ofleaders is to be avoided if possible, since leaders who are offline/faulty may cause significantincreases in latency
a consensus protocol could be used
consensus
What if consensus at the group meeting does not last after the meeting is over?
Argumente für die Verbindung von ecological economics, Dekolonisierung, degrowth, notwendiger ökologischer Transformation und Bioregionalismus. Der verbindende Faktor ist das Wachstum der Wirtschaft in den High Income Countries durch Ausbeutung von global verteilten ökologischen Ressourcen.
a little bit about consensus algorithms
consensus network called KERI
World Social Forum
for - World Social Forum - failure to reach action consensus
“What I think is happening at the threshold is that there’s a pretty high probability that a noncommitted actor”—a person who can be swayed in any direction—“will encounter a majority of committed minority actors, and flip to join them,” says Pamela Oliver, a sociologist at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. “There is therefore a good probability that enough non-committed actors will all flip at the same time that the whole system will flip.”
The key here seems to be the noncommitted actors. Who are they? Why are they noncommitted? Are there areas where noncommittment doesn't occur?
We have no elected government, nor are we likely to have one, so I address you with no greater authority than that with which liberty itself always speaks.
How do you plan to make collective decisions?
See also:
Alas, many things really must be experienced to be understood. We didn’t have much of an experience to deliver to them though — after all, the whole point of all this evangelizing was to get people to give us money to pay for developing the software in the first place! [...] When people ask me about my life’s ambitions, I often joke that my goal is to become independently wealthy so that I can afford to get some work done. Mainly that’s about being able to do things without having to explain them first, so that the finished product can be the explanation. I think this will be a major labor saving improvement.
From http://habitatchronicles.com/2004/04/you-cant-tell-people-anything/
When people ask me about my life’s ambitions, I often joke that my goal is to become independently wealthy so that I can afford to get some work done. Mainly that’s about being able to do things without having to explain them first, so that the finished product can be the explanation. I think this will be a major labor saving improvement.
Alas, many things really must be experienced to be understood. We didn’t have much of an experience to deliver to them though — after all, the whole point of all this evangelizing was to get people to give us money to pay for developing the software in the first place!
blockchain's consensus model
blockchain uses method to batch transactions into block. Establishing which node can submit a block to the chain is the blockchain consensus model or consensus algorithm.
they clearly find consensus decision making and production of a product much less satisfying
ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @psychmag: This looks very interesting, and several of the speakers have contributed to our Covid coverage https://t.co/pOE34Vy94e and /…’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 22 March 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1486007937818583055
Białek, Michał, Ethan Andrew Meyers, Patricia Arriaga, Damian Harateh, and Arkadiusz Urbanek. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Sceptics Are Persuaded by pro-Vaccine Expert Consensus Messaging’. PsyArXiv, 14 January 2022. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kgsy3.
Vega-Oliveros, D. A., Grande, H. L. C., Iannelli, F., & Vazquez, F. (2021). Bi-layer voter model: Modeling intolerant/tolerant positions and bots in opinion dynamics. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 230(14–15), 2875–2886. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00151-8
Adaryukov, J. A., Grunevski, S., Reed, D. D., & Pleskac, T. (2022). I’m wearing a mask, but are they?: Perceptions of Self-Other Differences in COVID-19 Health Behaviors. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6rb4t
Santos, H. C., Meyer, M., & Chabris, C. (2021). Reports of the Death of Expertise May Be Exaggerated: Limits on Knowledge Resistance in Health and Medicine. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6wy53
Kan, U., Feng, M., & Porter, M. A. (2021). An Adaptive Bounded-Confidence Model of Opinion Dynamics on Networks. ArXiv:2112.05856 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.05856
Jamieson, K. H. (2021). How conspiracists exploited COVID-19 science. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01217-2
Nature Portfolio on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 3 November 2021, from https://twitter.com/NaturePortfolio/status/1455668301284130820
Shahsavari, S., Holur, P., Wang, T., Tangherlini, T. R., & Roychowdhury, V. (2020). Conspiracy in the time of corona: automatic detection of emerging COVID-19 conspiracy theories in social media and the news. Journal of Computational Social Science, 3(2), 279–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-020-00086-5
Bunker, C. J., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2021). How Strong is the Association Between Social Media Use and False Consensus? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/eyjaq
Sturgis, P., Brunton-Smith, I., & Jackson, J. (2021). Trust in science, social consensus and vaccine confidence. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01115-7
The new model is very much influenced by prudent bank regulation and the aim to reduce income smoothing
Il y a un peu confusion des genres. Certes le nouveau modèle est influencé par les pratiques du secteur bancaire. Le G20 ayant sommé le Board de l'IAS de revoir sa copie suite à la crise financière, c'est un peu logique. Cela dit c'est un grand pas de l'IASB car le normalisateur comptable ne souhaitait pas "sectoriser" la norme comptable. Cependant ce sont les établissements financiers qui utilisent le plus la norme sur les instruments financiers (IFRS9).
Keshmirian, A., Bahrami, B., & Deroy, O. (2021, April 27). Many Heads Are More Utilitarian Than One. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7e3dc
Hackathon: Climate denial and COVID-19 misinformation: birds of a feather? : BehSciAsk. (n.d.). Reddit. Retrieved 6 March 2021, from https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciAsk/comments/jjk00r/hackathon_climate_denial_and_covid19/
van der Linden, S. (2021). The Gateway Belief Model (GBM): A review and research agenda for communicating the scientific consensus on climate change. Current Opinion in Psychology, 42, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.005
Debunking Handbook 2020 | Center For Climate Change Communication. (n.d.). Retrieved 16 February 2021, from https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/debunking-handbook-2020/
I open this issue to announce that i'm actively working on a rewrite of this library to accomplish these goals:
Federation gives us more collective control over what changes we accept, but that comes with an unacceptable inability to adapt.
A federated model requires some type of consensus to form to accept changes. This is great to promote consensus, but reaching consensus takes time and results in an inability to adapt quickly.
Schmid, P., Schwarzer, M., & Betsch, C. (n.d.). Weight-of-Evidence Strategies to Mitigate the Influence of Messages of Science Denialism in Public Discussions. Journal of Cognition, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.125
Maia, H. P., Ferreira, S. C., & Martins, M. L. (2020). Adaptive network approach for emergence of societal bubbles. ArXiv:2010.08635 [Nlin, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.08635
Reynolds, M. (2020, October 7). There is no ‘scientific divide’ over herd immunity. Wired UK. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/great-barrington-declaration-herd-immunity-scientific-divide
Kekecs, Z., Szaszi, B., & Aczel, B. (2020). ECO, an expert consensus procedure for developing robust scientific outputs [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9gqru
It's really useful if your PR references an issue where it is discussed ahead of time. In many cases, features are absent for a reason. For large changes, please create an RFC: https://github.com/sveltejs/rfcs
Merchants of Doubt. (2020). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merchants_of_Doubt&oldid=950272903
ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “brief video describing the https://t.co/zDXjvZFtkM initiative here: https://t.co/8rJEuDj7B4” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://twitter.com/scibeh/status/1279123525916405762
Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S. A., Kotcher, J., Bergquist, P., Ballew, M. T., Goldberg, M. H., Gustafson, A., & Wang, X. (2020). Climate change in the American Mind: April 2020 [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8439q
Haven, T. L., Errington, T. M., Gleditsch, K., van Grootel, L., Jacobs, A. M., Kern, F., Piñeiro, R., Rosenblatt, F., & Mokkink, L. (2020). Preregistering Qualitative Research: A Delphi Study [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/pz9jr
Khan, S., & Hult Khazaie, D. (2020). Social Psychology and Pandemics: Exploring Consensus about Research Priorities and Strategies using the Delphi Method [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yhw74
Czarnek, G., Szwed, P., & Kossowska, M. (2020). Trust and attitudes toward vaccination: Study report. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dpa35
Czarnek, G., Szwed, P., & Kossowska, M. (2020). Political ideology and attitudes toward vaccination: Study report. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uwehk
Peixoto, T. P. (2020). Revealing consensus and dissensus between network partitions. ArXiv:2005.13977 [Physics, Stat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.13977
Tomohiro, I. (2020, May 8). Consensus among group members’ shared leadership ratings polarizes group performance. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/psjeu
Researchers: Show world leaders how to behave in a crisis. (2020). Nature, 580(7801), 7–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00926-4
We value truth seeking over cohesion.
Collaboration is not consensus When collaborating it is always important to stay above radar and work transparently, but collaboration is not consensus. You don't need to ask people for their input, and they shouldn't ask you "Why didn't you ask me?" You don't have to wait for people to provide input, if you did ask them. We believe in permissionless innovation- you don't need to involve people but everyone can contribute. This is core to how we iterate, since we want smaller teams moving quickly rather than large teams achieving consensus slowly.
happy to PR given consensus
So what can we do? }Alternative? Synchronous models? BUT REAL, PRACTICAL SYSTEMS ARE NOT SYNCHRONUS !!! }Use randomization, probabilistic guarantees }Process groups: sacrifice liveness under the assumption that retransmissions will eventually be received from good participants, the protocol eventually terminates }Avoid consensus, use quorum systems
resolução do problema de consenso em sistemas distribuídos assíncronos
}Agreement: all non-faulty processes decide on the same value }Validity: if a process decides on a value, then there was a process that started with that value }Termination: A non-faulty process decides in a finite time
propriedades de um algoritmo de consenso
In an asynchronous system, a process pi cannot tell whether a non-responsive process pj has crashed or it is just slow
o problema de consenso em sistemas assíncronos
Blockchain Consensus Model Proof of Work and the Byzantine General Problem
Technically, solving the asynchronous distributed consensus problem in bounded time is impossible. As proven by the Dijkstra Prize–winning FLP impossibility result [Fis85], no asynchronous distributed consensus algorithm can guarantee progress in the presence of an unreliable network.
o problema de consenso em sistemas distribuídos assíncronos é impossível de resolver
Distributed consensus algorithms may be crash-fail (which assumes that crashed nodes never return to the system) or crash-recover. Crash-recover algorithms are much more useful, because most problems in real systems are transient in nature due to a slow network, restarts, and so on. Algorithms may deal with Byzantine or non-Byzantine failures. Byzantine failure occurs when a process passes incorrect messages due to a bug or malicious activity, and are comparatively costly to handle, and less often encountered.
modelos de falha considerados
asynchronous distributed consensus, which applies to environments with potentially unbounded delays in message passing
interesse apenas em sistemas assíncronos
The logic is intuitive: if two nodes can’t communicate (because the network is partitioned), then the system as a whole can either stop serving some or all requests at some or all nodes (thus reducing availability), or it can serve requests as usual, which results in inconsistent views of the data at each node.
Resume a lógica do teorema CAP
CAP Theorem
Descreve propriedades fundamentais de um sistema distribuído.
EthereumEthereum is a distributed computer; each node in the network executes some bytecode (hint: Smart Contracts), and then stores the resulting state in a blockchain. Due to the properties of the blockchain representing application state, this results in “applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third party interference”.
This is a decent little explanation for how smart contracts execute on blockchains. Author missed in "Due to the properties of the blockchain" to say that all nodes must also come to consensus about how the code was executed and therefore "applications that run exactly...". We will later discuss deterministic code execution in relation to this
The great thing about proof is that it requires no belief. Don't believe, verify!
<big>评:</big><br/><br/>比特币工程师 Lopp 的此番回应是一件很刺激的事情,就像听到尼采说「上帝死了」一样令人激动。在 19 世纪,便有人说:「上帝是一个无用而且很花钱的假设,因此我们不需要他」。200 年后,依然有人扛着如是的观点大旗在卖力宣扬革命。这说明什么?<br/><br/>说明后资本主义时代,人的精神依然处于被压迫、剥削、异化的状态。价值是必须能够被验证的东西,and that's why we have fewer and fewer nice things.
Second, the majority cannot change the rules of Bitcoin. In a sense, they can create new consensus rules, but that would be a hard fork, which requires everyone to upgrade. They’re free to try to convince the rest of the network that their rules are better, but as sovereign individuals, Bitcoin users have no obligation to follow such rules. The power of whom to follow lies entirely with the owner of the node.
<big>评:</big><br/><br/>What did Jimmy specifically mean when he talked about the group of “Bitcoin users”? And similarly, how to define the gap between the military and the civilian when we talk about some certain power to follow?<br/><br/>可供参考的是,在《人性的弱点》一书里,作者卡耐基反复强调着「人始终只关注自己的利益」。更好的规则?更好的秩序?在利益面前皆为浮云。选择站队的权力确实由个体掌握,但这并不影响到权力是否会被团体以违背个体意志的方式行使。更何况个体意志并不总是「弱者」的代名词,「作恶」也绝非市场垄断者一家之嫌。
visualizations are more than just ‘‘prettypictures’’: rather, precisely in virtue of their bringinginto play oursharedcognitive and aesthetic frame-works as human beings, they thereby catalyze theepistemological – but also aesthetic and therebysocial, if not also political – processes that create ashared intersubjective framework in the first place,one that then makes possible trust-building and asharedsensus communiswithin which the enterpriseof collaborative science may take place
By requiring a lock up period for the DCR to obtain tickets, Decred hopes that only users invested in the long-term growth of the network will be involved in the consensus process. Short-term speculators and day traders of DCR will not be able to participate in consensus or governance without making their holdings illiquid.
Bringing survey research into the digital age.
Consensus building tool used by Wikidata and others.
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The problem, said Ward, was that wiki was a relentless consensus engine. And for certain things (e.g. encyclopedias) that might not be a bad thing, but as a way of working it had its drawbacks.
I'm fascinated by this point.
This was/is one of the critiques of (Rap) Genius as well: hip as its authoritative voice was, it nonetheless moved toward the encyclopedia. Though the company has since pivoted to allow more individual commentary than encyclopedic exposition--I don't think they've quite worked this out in the UI yet--the original site, and the part I think that is still most compelling was the Wikipedia for rap lyrics.
But from a pedagogical perspective, that expository mode of analysis was really only one, and perhaps not even the most important, use of collaborative annotation. For my part, I allowed teachers to duplicate texts and create their own versions, instructing their students to annotate however thy wanted them to: authoritatively, discursively, inquisitively, with GIFs.
Our Right Minds
In contrast with “The Digital”, the Schutz-like we-ness coupled with “rightfulness” makes for thick layering.
like even Wikipedia
Same issue perceived with Genius.
The Aspen Consensus, in a nutshell, is this: the winners of our age must be challenged to do more good. But never, ever tell them to do less harm.
Spot on.