- May 2019
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sg.inflibnet.ac.in sg.inflibnet.ac.inChapter 211
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Preparation and sonication of phosphatidylinositol-sodium salt solution
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A single colonyof desired C. glabratastrainwas inoculated in YPD-liquid mediumand grown for 14-16 h. 50 μl overnight culture was inoculated inYPD-liquid mediumfor 4 h. Log-phase-grownyeast cells were harvested,washedwith PBSandwereinoculated atinitial OD600of 2 and 4,into YNB-dextrose and YNB-sodium acetate liquid medium,respectively.After 4 hincubation,yeast cells were harvested by centrifugation at 2,500g for 5 minand treated with 1.2 M zymolyasefor 1 hto obtain spheroplasts.Post zymolyase treatment, spheroplasts were resuspended in 100 μl resuspension bufferandanequal amount of 0.25 mm glass beadswasadded to lyse the spheroplasts. Using bead beater apparatus, spheroplasts were lysed and protein concentration in spheroplast lysateswas determined usingbicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) method and samples were stored at -20ºC till further use
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Preparation of cell lysate
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In vitroPI-3 kinase reactions wereset up to measure PI-3P synthesized as described earlier(Whitman et al., 1988)
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Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase assay)
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C. glabrata cells were grown overnight in 10 ml YPD liquid medium. Cells were harvested at 2,500g for 5 min, resuspended in 400 μl Buffer A (50 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100 and 1% SDS) and were transferred to a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube. Equal volume of phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCI) solution was added tocell suspension and tubes were vortexed for 2-3 min. After incubation at 42 ̊C for 30 minon a thermomixer set at 800 rpm (Eppendorf), cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 7,500g for 10 minand aqueous phase (300-350 μl) was carefully transferred to a new 2 ml microcentrifuge tube. Genomic DNA was precipitated with800 μl chilled absolute ethanol and 35 μl sodium acetate (3 M, pH 5.2). DNA pellet was washed with chilled 70% ethanol and dried at room temperature for 5-10 min. Genomic DNA pellet was dissolved either in 50 μl 0.1X TE or molecular biology grade water containing 0.3 μl Ambion RNase cocktail and incubated at 37 ̊C for 30 minfor digestionof RNA. After RNA degradation, 100 μl of 0.1X TE or nuclease-free water was added to the tube and stored at -20ºC. Quality of extracted genomic DNA was checkedon 0.6% agarosegel by electrophoresis
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Genomic DNA isolationby quick genomic DNA extraction method
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C. glabratastrains were grown overnight in YPD medium. Cellswereharvested from 1 mlcultureandwashed withPBS.Cells were next washed with50mM NaH2PO4andresuspendedin 100 μlFITC-dextran(50mg/ml). After incubation at 37°Cfor 45 min, cells were washed thrice with PBS for complete removal of FITC-dextran.Yeast cells were resuspended in 1 ml PBS and used to infect PMA-treated THP-1 cells in 4-chambered glass slide
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Fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)staining of C. glabratacells
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For confocal microscopyanalysis, 5X105THP-1 cells were seeded and treatedwithPMA in 4-chambered slides. Differentiated THP-1 macrophageswere infected either with FITC-labeled or GFP-expressingC.glabratastrains to a MOIof 1:1. At different time intervals, medium was aspirated out from each chamber of 4-chambered slides and chamberes were washed twice with PBS. To fixthe infected macrophages,500 μlformaldehyde(3.7%) was added gently toeach chamber andincubated for 15 minat room temperature. Each chamber of the slide was washed twice withPBS to remove formaldehyde solution completely. To permeabilize the fixed cells, 500 μl Triton-X (0.7%) was dispensed toeach chamber and slide wasincubated at room temperature for 5 min. Chambers of the slide werewashed twice with PBS, separated from the slideusing a chamber removal device andwere air dried. Coverslips were placed onslides using Vectashield mounting mediumand bordersweresealed withnail paint. Slides werestored at 4°C until used forfluorescence imaging
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Fixing of PMA-treated THP-1 macrophages
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sg.inflibnet.ac.in sg.inflibnet.ac.in
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Adherent cells growing either on cover slips or chamber slides were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature. The cells were washed with PBS thrice for 5 min each and blocking was done in 2% BSA(preparedin PBScontaining 0.3% Triton-X 100) for 1h.The cells were incubatedwith primary antibody(dilutedin PBScontaining 0.3% Triton-X 100)for 2h at room temperature or overnight at 4⁰C.The cells were washed with PBS thrice for 5 min each followed by incubation withAlexa Fluor 488-or 594-conjugatedsecondary (anti-mouse/rabbit) antibodiesfor 1h. Then the cells were mounted on microscopicslides using Vectashieldmountingmediumcontaining nuclear dye DAPI. Imaging was done byeither the laser scanning confocal LSM510 or LSM 750 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) or fluorescence inverted (Olympus 1X51, Tokyo, Japan) microscope
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Immunofluorescence Microscopy
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Neutralization solution(Solution III)
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Lysissolution(Solution II)
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Resuspension solution(Solution I)
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For Plasmid isolation
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Blocking Buffer
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NP-40ComponentsFinal concentrationFor 10 mlNP-4010%1mlH2O9ml
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shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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Bradford method(Bradford, 1976)was used to determine the quantity of protein in various samplesin a 96-well plate. Bradford’s reagent was prepared by diluting Bradford dye with water in the ratio of 1:5.For estimating the concentration of protein in a particular sample, 50μl volume reactionwas set and200μl of freshly prepared Bradford’s reagent was added. The complex givesa purplish colorwhose intensity is proportional to the amount of protein present in the sample. A standard curve was also generated using increasing concentrations of BSA (50 μg/ml, 100 μg/mland 200μg/ml).Cell lysatesof test samples werediluted to1:50 in the same volume.Each sample (including blank and standards) was taken in duplicates.The concentration of protein was measuredusing the ELISA reader at 570 nm. The unknown protein concentration (X) was calculated as follows:where,OD1& OD2: Optical densities of Standard (Std) 1 & Standard (Std) 2, respectively.BSA: Bovine serum albuminX×50 (dilution factor)/1000 = YConcentration of unknown protein (μg/μl) = Y × OD
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Estimationof protein concentration in cellular lysates
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6XEMSA sample loading dye
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5X EMSA buffer
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Native EMSA PAGE
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10XBinding buffer
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For Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
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TBS-T
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Transfer buffer
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sg.inflibnet.ac.in sg.inflibnet.ac.in
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placed on ice.The samples were centrifuged at 10,000x gfor 10 min at 4°C and the supernatant was extracted by avoiding the glass beads. Absorbance of thelysatewas measuredat 260 nm, and it was divided into 200 μL aliquots and frozen at -80°C. No difference in the ribosome profiles were detected between thesesamples and fresh samples analysed immediately.Polysomes were analysed by centrifugation through a 10-50% sucrose continuous gradient. The gradient was prepared by pipetting, gradient buffers (Section 2.1.6.3), 5 mLof each layer onto the bottom of an 11 mLopen top centrifuge tube, covering the tube with paraffin filmand by placing it horizontally on a flat surface at 40C for 2 h. The ribosome sample (cell lysate) was loaded on top, and gradient was centrifuged at 100,000x gat4°C for 6 h in an SW41 rotor (Beckman). Anamount of lysate equivalent to 10 A260units was loaded on the gradient. Ribosome levels were measured by the gradient analysis with an ISCO UV-6gradient collector with continuous monitoring atA254.Polysomepurification was performed by layering the cell lysate on 37% sucrose solution in an 11 mLopen top centrifuge tube, and centrifuged at 100,000x gfor 14 h in an SW41 rotor(Beckman). The pellet was suspended in 50 to 100 μL of lysis buffer. An amount oflysate equivalent to 0.7A260unitswas loaded on the gradient. Ribosome levels were measured by gradient analysis with an ISCO UV-6gradient collector with continuous monitoring atA254.Ribosome subunits were analysedby centrifugation through a 10-30% sucrose continuous gradient. The gradient was prepared by pipetting 2.2 mLof each layer onto the bottom of a 5 mLopen top centrifuge tube, sealing it with paraffin filmand placing it horizontally on a flat surface at 4°C for 2 h.The ribosome sample wasloaded on top, and gradient was centrifuged at 100,000x gand 40C for 4.5 hin an SW55rotor (Beckman). Ribosome subunit levels were measured by gradient analysis with an ISCO UV-6gradient collector with continuous monitoring atA254.Ribosome profiles with yeast cell lysates and purification of ribosomes from yeast were performed with the help of Mr. Aluri Srinivasand Dr. Umesh Varshney
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The method to analyse ribosome profiles was adapted from (Leeet al., 1992). Yeast cells were grown to 0.2 to 0.8 OD600at 30°C in 200mLof YPD,and cycloheximide was added to this media at 50μg/mLfinal concentration. The culture was placedand mixed continuously onanice and salt mixture for 2-5 min and centrifuged immediately at 4,000 x g. The culture was not allowed to stay for a longer time on the ice and salt mixture to avoid freezing. The cell pellet wassuspended in 1mLof lysisbuffer (Section 2.1.6.3),andtransferred to a2 mL microfuge tube, to which1mLglass beads (0.45-0.6mm diameter)were added, and lysed by bead beating for 10 min with intervals (30 sec on time and 1min off time).During the 1 min off time, tubes were
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Ribosome profiles
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20 mM HEPES500 mM NaCl 2 mM EDTA1% Triton-XYeast protease inhibitor cocktail and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (added fresh to the buffer C)IP7 reaction buffer(10X)250 mM HEPES,pH 7.4500 mM NaCl60 mM MgCl210 mM DTT (1 M stock was made separately, aliquoted into 100 μL and stored at -20oC).10X buffer was made and stored at 4oC. An appropriate amount was added to the reaction mix to get a final concentration of 1X.DTT was added fresh to the reaction buffer just before use
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Buffer C
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2 mM EDTA5 mM DTT1% Triton-XYeast protease inhibitor cocktail and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (added fresh to the buffer B)
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20 mM HEPES pH 6.8100 mM NaCl
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Buffer B
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20 mM HEPES pH 6.8100 mM NaCl2 mM EDTA5 mM DTTYeast protease inhibitor cocktail and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (added fresh to the buffer A)
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Buffer A
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Buffers for protein purification and IP7reaction
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shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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lysed with ice-cold NETN lysis buffer (20mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 100mM NaCl, 1mM EDTA, 0.5% Nonidet P-40) containing protease inhibitors (0.5 mM PMSF, 1 mg/ml aprotinin and 1 mg/ml pepstatin) for 30 min.on ice, and then centrifuged at 14000 RPM for 10 min. at 4°C. Protein concentration in the supernatant (cell lysate) was estimated by Bradford assay. 20ug of the protein lysate was mixed with6X SDS loading dye (100 mMTris pH6.8, 4% SDS, 0.2% bromophenol blue, 20% glycerol and 200 mMβ-mercaptoethanol), boiled for 5 minutes at 99°C. Protein samples were resolved electrophoreticallyon SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred onto PVDF-membrane (Amersham Biosciences) using a semi-dry transfer apparatus (Biorad) for 1h at a constant current of 500 mA. Membranes were blocked for 30 min.with 5% non-fat dry milk powderdissolvedin 1X PBS and then immunoblotted overnight with primary antibody diluted in blocking buffer. Membranes were washed four times (each 5 min.) with 1X TBST followed by incubation with secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for one hour at room temperature. The membrane was washed four times with 1X TBST (each wash for 5 min.), and the specific proteins on the membrane were detected by using enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) reagents in 1:1 ratio (Amersham)
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At 24 or 48 h of transfection, cell culture media was removed, cells were collected in 1X PBS by scraping them off the plate. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4000 RPM for 5 min.at 4° C. Pellet was washed twice with ice-cold 1X PBS and
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Western blotting or immunoblotting
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shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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For biofilm and attachment assays, Xanthomonas oryzaecells were grown in PS media with appropriate antibiotics at 28°C with constant shaking at 200 rpm. 0.2% of the overnight grown culture was inoculated into the fresh PS media and grown till the OD reached 0.6-0.7 at 600 nm. 4 ml culture was inoculated into 12 well polystyrene culture plates, and incubated for 24 h and 48 h at 28°C without shaking. After 24 h, cultures were discarded, and wells were washed with 4 ml of water to remove loosely attached cells. The adherence was examined by staining the cells with 1% crystal violet solution for 30 min at room temperature. After incubation, excess crystal violet stain was removed by washing the wells with 3 ml water. Images were captured for visualizing the stained biofilm on polystyrene plate. Finally, crystal violet stained biofilm was dissolved in 80% ethanol, and quantified by taking OD at 560 nm. Similar procedures were repeated for the polystyrene plate with culture incubated for 48 h. For attachment, cells were grown similarly in 12 well polystyrene culture plates for 24 h, rinsed once with sterile water to remove loosely attached cells then attached cells were collected by vigorous washing with sterile water. Attached cells were diluted, and plated to get the CFUs
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Static biofilm and attachment assay
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QIAGEN QIAquick Gel extraction kit containing required buffers, spin columns and collection tubes was used to extract and purify DNA from agarose gels. Digested DNA samples and PCR products were resolved on 1% agarose gel and gel piece containing desired fragment was cut on an UV-transilluminator. DNA fragment was purified following manufacturer’s instructions
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Gel extraction of DNA
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and finally resuspended in 100 μl sterile water. Bacterial cell suspension was aliquoted in 20 μl volume. The above procedure was followed for all the three strains and cell suspension of three different strains were mixed together in 1:1:1 ratio. For conjugation to occur, 20 μl of the above mixture was spottedon the LB agar plate and incubated at 37°C for 12-16 h. Next, the conjugation drops were streaked on LB agar plate containing appropriate antibiotics to select the S17-1 recipient containing recombinant plasmid.S17-1 was directly conjugated with Xanthomonasstrain. S17-1 strain containing recombinant plasmid (3 ml) and recipient Xanthomonasstrain (100 ml) was grown overnight with appropriate antibiotics. Cells were harvested and washed thrice as mentioned earlier. Xanthomonasstrain was finally dissolvedin 600-700 μl sterile water and S17-1 strain was dissolved in 3 ml sterile water. 50 μl Xanthomonascell suspension and 10 μl S17-1 cell suspension were mixed together and 20 μl was spotted on PS agar plate. After 40 h of incubation at 28°C, each conjugation drop was dissolved in 400 μl water separately and plated on PS agar medium with rifampicin (counter-selectable marker) and plasmid specific antibiotics for specific selection of Xanthomonascolony with recombinant plasmid
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Since compatible conjugation does not exist between Xanthomonasand E.coliDH5α strain.Therefore, upon getting the appropriate clones in DH5α, conjugation was performed with S17-1 (recipient strain) and PRK600 (helper strain). All the three strains (DH5α with clone, S17-1 and PRK600 strain of E.coli) were grown overnight at 37°C with constant shaking at 200 rpm in 3 ml LB broth. Cells from 1 ml overnight grown cultures were harvested by centrifugation followed by three washes with s
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Xanthomonas conjugation
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sg.inflibnet.ac.in sg.inflibnet.ac.in
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To 1.0 ml of suitably diluted culture filtrate, 5.0 ml of solution C was added. It was incubated for 10 min at room temperature. To this, 0.5 ml of Folin Ciocalteau’s reagent (diluted 1:1 with distilled water) was added. The solution was vortexed and kept in dark for 30 min. After incubation, absorbance was read at 660 nm against a reagent blank. Protein content was calculated (in mg/ml) using standard curve of bovine serum albumin (BSA) prepared in the range 100-1000 μg/ml
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The total protein content in the culture filtrate was estimated by Lowry’s method as described below: Reagents: Solution A: 2.0% Na2CO3 in 0.1 N NaOHSolution B: 0.5 % CuSO4 in 1.0 % Sodium potassium tartarate Solution C: 50.0 ml of solution A was mixed with 1.0 ml of solution B Folin Ciocalteau’s reagent
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Protein estimation (Lowry et al., 1951)
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sg.inflibnet.ac.in sg.inflibnet.ac.in
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To extract DNA from agarose gels,the QIAquick® gel extraction kit (QIAGEN, 28706) was used. For purification of PCR amplified DNA products,the QIAquick® PCR purification kit (QIAGEN, 28106) was used. Clean-up of enzymatic reactions was performedusing the MinElute® Reaction Cleanup kit (QIAGEN, 28204). Allprotocolswere followed as per manufacturer’s instruction
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Gel extraction, PCR purification and Reaction clean-up
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To extract DNA from agarose gels,the QIAquick® gel extraction kit (QIAGEN, 28706) was used. For purification of PCR amplified DNA products,the QIAquick® PCR purification kit (QIAGEN, 28106) was used. Clean-up of enzymatic reactions was performedusing the MinElute® Reaction Cleanup kit (QIAGEN, 28204). Allprotocolswere followed as per manufacturer’s instructions
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Gel extraction, PCR purification and Reaction clean-up
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shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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The IP6K inhibitor TNP was dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 22.6 mM and stored at -20°C. MEFs were seeded on coverslips in 12 well plates at 15% confluence. Once, cells adhered and attained their morphology, they were pre-treated with 5 μM TNP and DMSO 3 h prior to HU treatment. After 3 h, cells were treated with 0.5 mM HU for 12 h in presence or absence of TNP. Similarly, post drug removal,cells were incubated with or without TNP to monitorrecovery for 6 h. At each time point cells were processed for presence of nuclear BLM as described in Section 2.2.6. BLM was used as readout for initiation and completion of repair. Imageswere acquired as described in Section 2.2.6
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Inhibition of IP6Ksin MEFs
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shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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Viewing slides under microscope
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A drop of immersion oil was put on top of the cover-slip before viewing it under microscope. The cells were viewed at 100X resolution of Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope.Thedifferential interference contrast images of the cells were captured using NIS-Elements D3.0 software also used to find out mean cell size using at least 100 randomly selected cells.Fluorescence images were captured on Zeiss LSM 710 Meta inverted confocal microscope
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The slides for microscopy were prepared as described in Dajkovic et al.,(2008)with slight modifications. After wiping the glass slide with ethanol, 200μL of 1% molten agarose was layered on it between two strips of tape and clean cover-slip placed on it to obtain levelled surface. The agarose was allowed to solidify and the cover-slip was carefully removed and5μlof sample was put on top of the agarose and carefully covered with a cover-slip
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Preparation of microscopic slides
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Fresh overnight cultures grown in LB containing appropriate antibiotics to select for plasmids were sub-cultured 1:100(or lower dilutions for some strains)in the same medium. The cells from these cultures weretaken for microscopy at exponential phase of growth(A600 of 0.5-0.6), as such or after concentrating the cells 10-fold
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Sample preparation
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Microscopy
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Band intensities in gel autoradiogramswere determined by densitometry with the aid of the Fujifilm Multi Gauge V3.0 imaging system. Equal areas of radioactive bands were boxed and the PSL (Photo stimulated luminescence) values were further considered. Background signal (obtained from equal area as that of the radioactive band but from other part of the gel/blot) is subtracted from the signal intensities obtained from radioactive bands to get the final values
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Densitometry
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β-Galactosidase assay was performed according to(Miller, 1992).Cultures were grown to A600 of 0.4-0.6 from a 1:100 dilution of overnight cultures. Around 0.1-0.5 ml of culture was made up to 1 ml with Z-buffer and lysed with the addition of 100μl of chloroform and 50μl of 0.01% SDS solution. 0.2ml of freshly prepared 4mg/ml ONPG was added to start the reaction and incubated at 28oCtill the colour of the reaction mixture turned yellow. 0.5ml of 1M Na2CO3 was added to stop the reaction and the time duration from initial addition of ONPG to the stopping of the reaction was noted. The absorbance of reaction mix was taken at 420 nm (A420) afterspinning down the mix at 12000rpm for 3 minutes. The A600of the culturesused was also noted. The enzyme’sspecific activity (in Miller units) was calculated using the following equation: β-Galactosidase specific activity (Miller units) = (1000 ×A420) / t × v ×A600Where,‘t’ is the time period in minutes and ‘v’, the volume of culture used in ml
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Chemicals were obtained from different commercial sources. Most of the chemicals such as amino acids, antibiotics, sugars, IPTG, ONPG and X-gal were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. The media components for the growth of bacteria were mostly from Difco laboratories and Himedia. The materials used in the recombinant DNA experiments such as restriction endonucleases, T4-DNA ligase, DNA polymerases, polynucleotide kinaseand DNA size markers were obtained from companies including New England Biolabs, Invitrogen, Promega, Bangalore Genei, Sigmaand MBI Fermentas. Kits used for plasmids and genomic DNA isolation,purification of DNA fragments and PCR amplification were obtained from Qiagenand Invitrogen. High fidelity enzymes for PCR amplification were purchased from Sigma. The oligonucleotide primers used in this study were synthesized by Xcelris genomics orMWG Biotech. The radioactive chemicals were procured from Jonaki
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Chemicals
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- Apr 2019
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-110818-7
Curator: @gabimpine
Resource used:
RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-110818-7
SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-110818-7
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-110912-7
Curator: @kaitlinsung
Resource used:
RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-110912-7
SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-110912-7
Alternate resolvers: SciCrunch xml N2T identifiers.org
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- Dec 2018
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whydidthesouthsecede.com whydidthesouthsecede.com
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They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.
7 - The author says that because slaves are becoming literate, and reading abolitionist and anti-slavery literature, there is a growing sentiment for slave revolt.
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- Sep 2018
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blog.rescuetime.com blog.rescuetime.com
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most commonly creep into the decision-making process.
I think, that we need to understand, how do our brains work, because it is part of us, which creates ourselves. There is the list of 7 most commonly creep cognitive biases into the decision- making process. " Progress bias
What it is: Where we give more credit to our good actions even if they’re outweighed by the bad.
Confirmation bias
What it is: Where we’re more likely to believe information that confirms opinions we already have.
Survivorship bias
What it is: Where we only pay attention to people or things that succeeded and ignore all those who didn’t.
Dunning-Kruger effect
What it is: When confidence and experience are mismatched.
IKEA effect
What it is: Where we place much higher value on things we’ve personally worked on.
Planning fallacy
What it is: Where we underestimate the time we need to complete a task.
Availability heuristic
What it is: Where we believe that if something can be recalled it must be important. "
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primarydocuments.ca primarydocuments.ca
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one of the very strongest arguments in favor of the Confederation of the provinces, that it enables us to prepare appropriate defences along the whole frontier of our country.
§.91(7) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
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We should, probably, in time aspire to have foreign relations of our own, to have our own army and navy, and to seek for that complete emancipation which with communities as with individuals, maturity prompts. But independence in a state must always be relative, and none of us can expect to live to see the day when the British dominions in this part of the world will be peopled to such an extent, and become so powerful, that they can afford to be independent of England. We must, from the necessities of our geographical position—so long as the United States continue to be as powerful as they are ; and even if they were divided into two or three portions—we must always find in them a source of danger which must force upon us a dependence on England.
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primarydocuments.ca primarydocuments.ca
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Why, while there is yet time, should we neglect to take those salutary precautions on which our existence as French-Canadians depend ? Our Local Government ought to have the same active part in the organization, instruction and equipment of our militia which belongs to all local governments which form part of other confederacies.
§.91(7) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
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primarydocuments.ca primarydocuments.ca
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the 67th resolution. I find by this resolution ” that the General Government will fulfil all engagements entered into, previous to the union, with the Imperial Government, for the defence of the country.” Now strange to say, the authors of this document do not even take the trouble to state by whom such engagements must be made. No, they simply assert the obligation in the terms of the resolution I have just quoted. Suppose our Government had entered into an engagement to the extent of fifty millions of dollars, shall we—can we—affirm that the engagement was a necessary one, by voting for the measure without knowing the nature of the engagement ?
§.91(7) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
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www.bosch-si.com www.bosch-si.com
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The moveBW project offers drivers an attractive option that links motorized personal transport with alternative modes of transportation. An easy-to-use mobility assistant on your smartphone helps you choose a mode of transportation and reliably guides you to your destination. Users of the mobility assistant can book different types of transportation – yet receive just one bill that lists every mode booked during the past month. To plan intermodal routes, the mobility assistant considers services such as public transportation, car sharing, bike sharing, and parking-space management as well as information on traffic jams and construction areas. MoveBW encourages people in the greater Stuttgart area to efficiently utilize all modes of transportation, which eases congestion. This project also aids local authorities in optimizing regional traffic flows.MoveBW is overseen by a consortium of six companies, led by Robert Bosch GmbH: transportation solutions company highQ, parking-space operator Parkraumgesellschaft Baden-Württemberg, TraffiCon GmbH, PRISMA Solutions GmbH, and MRK Management Consultants. The moveBW project began in mid-2016 and will end in late 2017.
moveBW - mobility assistant for intermodal information, planning routes, and buying tickets
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innovationnetworkcologne.de innovationnetworkcologne.de
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We connect Cologne´s established companies with global innovation and startups
Innovation Network Cologne
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digitaleducation.cologne digitaleducation.cologne
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We have this platform built to all those in the areas of "Digital School" and "Digital Media" are interested in a central, national point of contact to offer, on which it is to exchange and cooperate can. In addition, we would like to inform you about the use of IT in the Cologne educational landscape.
Digital Education Platform
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www.stadt-koeln.de www.stadt-koeln.deSERVICE1
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Citizen Services Portal
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www.cologne-tourism.com www.cologne-tourism.com
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Cologne is one of Europe’s leading medical centres. The health sector in Cologne stands out with a high level of expertise and top-rate cutting edge medicine. The medical fraternity in Cologne is made up of renowned medical experts at the cutting edge of their profession. Many of them have trained abroad and are members of national and international societies, chambers and research communities in their various disciplines. Similarly, the therapeutic, nursing and other skilled staff are trained and qualified on the highest scientific level. The profile structure in Cologne consists of 20 hospitals, clinics and highly specialized day and specialist clinics with more than 7,100 beds. The more than 2,200 doctors and 10,000 therapeutic, nursing and other skilled staff offer a wide range of experience, treating more than 300,000 patients every year from Germany and all over the world, on a residential and out-patient basis. The various hospitals and clinics work together in close cooperation. Specialists in various disciplines join together in advising the patient on the best possible treatment in each specific case; it goes without saying that this can also take place in the presence of an interpreter or doctor from the foreign patient’s home country.
Medical Tourism
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koeln.polizei.nrw koeln.polizei.nrw
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Police Station Finder
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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As part of the joint project "Innovation Network Morgenstadt: City Insights" under the project management of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft for the Promotion of Applied Research eV, the ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) is developing a three-dimensional visualization of the district of Mülheim in cooperation with the City of Cologne. For this purpose, the city of Cologne provides data from the areas of environment, traffic, real estate, urban planning. From this three-dimensional geoinformation system (so-called 3-D GIS model), an app is being developed, which is expected to be available to the people of Cologne in the second quarter of 2015 on the homepage of the city of Cologne.
Smart urban development in 3-D format
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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evohaus innovative settlements in general evohaus irq (Intelligent Residence Quartiere) Settlements cover your heat demand primarily environmentally friendly and cost-effective by the sun. The need for heating is already low due to the good insulation of the evohaus architecture anyway. Remaining heat demand is covered by solar power. The solar power drives heat pumps that produce about three kilowatt hours of heat energy for heating or hot water with one kilowatt hour of electrical energy. The settlement gets its heat independent of gas, coal or other fossil fuels. The heat pumps are preferably switched on when enough solar power is generated. Water tanks store excess heat and provide the settlement with sunless times. An energy management system monitors and controls storage tanks and heat pumps. The evohaus irq concept is taking the step from a passive house to an active house: it not only saves energy but also generates electricity itself and uses it with intelligence.
Evohaus
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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"Green tires" reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles in urban traffic by up to seven percent (on average by 4.1 percent) and can save fleet operators thousands of euros in costs each year. In addition, these high-performance tires significantly reduce the CO2 emissions of vehicles compared to standard tires. These are the results of a joint tire test carried out by LANXESS, the world's leading manufacturer of synthetic high-performance rubbers for the tire industry, together with energy supplier RheinEnergie. RheinEnergie has therefore decided to gradually convert its vehicle fleet to "green tires". Initially, around 130 vehicles will be retrofitted as part of the usual wear change. For half a year, under real conditions, the fuel consumption of six identical RheinEnergie service vehicles in Cologne and the surrounding area was compared with both "green tires" and standard tires, thus determining the potential for savings. The vehicles with a weight of around two tons had comparable areas of application in the city of Cologne and the surrounding area during the test period. Driver, load weight and tank operations were identical for the vehicles. Over the entire test period, all six vehicles together covered a distance of around 37,000 kilometers. The result: The maximum fuel saving was 6.96 percent and a lower CO2 emission of up to 155 kilograms per 10,000 kilometers.
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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KVB cycle hire Smart mobility Smart mobility is climate-friendly, sustainable, space-saving and networked. It relies on diversity and multimodality. The resident of a smart city does not remain loyal to one mode of transport. The result is a mobility patchwork that is tailored to the individual circumstances and that can be configured quickly and easily at any time. Energy-efficient and space-saving mobility has priority here. "Sharing" is smart! The sharing of things and information already establishes itself under the term "sharing economy" and places the function before the property, in order to use existing resources more efficiently. Smart mobility in urban areas is therefore primarily a matter of sharing a networked mobility offer from buses, trains, bicycles and cars. Smart mobility is not just a technological task. Especially in the inner cities, walking and cycling will provide space for quality of life and urban development through active mobility. This is where the bicycle rental system of the Cologne Transport Company (KVB) comes in by closing a gap in the combination of environmentally conscious and mobility-active mobility. The bicycle rental system of KVB stands for an open architecture. It is therefore not a system with only fixed station terminals after the well-known role models from other major cities, because a template for all cases, the complex events of a city can consider insufficient. The system offers users fully flexible rental and return in the street, but also stationary station terminals depending on the available options and needs. The rental terminals cover the entire span between conventional stations and purely virtual stations.
KVB Cycle Hire
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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n times of energy transition and scarce resources, the architectural concept of Concrete Apartments Cologne is based on the requirements of the future - it is designed as an energy-saving passive house. This contains • a 26 cm thick external insulation made of rock wool, • triple glazed windows, • optimum recovery of radiated heat from residents and household appliances, • a ventilation system with a constant base temperature of 20 ° C - summer and winter - as well as • a digital control system that directs the use of luminaires and large consumers. Only those who like it even warmer must turn on the heating controller. All rooms are equipped with presence detectors, which automatically switch off lamps, for example, when not in use - this also saves energy. Of course, residents can also make the scheme manually. The energy and heat for the Boarding House creates its own, energy-efficient combined heat and power plant. State-of-the-art technology is also used here: surplus electricity is optionally fed into the public grid or used for the charging station for electric vehicles in the courtyard.
Smart Homes Cologne
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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The diesel exhaust gases of the Rhine ships pollute the Cologne air with pollutants and fine dust and the climate with a significant amount of CO 2 . A part of it does not arise during the journey, but while the ships are at anchor. Because their generators must also run to generate the necessary electricity. Here, "Landstrom" provides a remedy: Since 2015, RheinEnergie has gradually been equipping a large part of the moorings along the Rhine with uniform power connections. Consequence: During the lay times the ship diesels can be turned off.
Landstrom - Smart Energy for Ships
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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CO2-free parcel delivery for Cologne Electric street scooters for the DHL
CO2-free parcel delivery for Cologne
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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Cycling is active climate protection and pollutes cities much less than the rest of the road. With this in mind, the company has developed and offers cyclists from all over Germany the opportunity with the help of the Radbonus app to receive financial rewards from kilometers driven by countless partners such as health insurances, employers, online shops and many more. The company, which has been operating since October 2015, would like to reward and acknowledge the valuable contribution every single cyclist makes to the environment and to climate protection. " Cyclists are heroes of everyday life for me,"Radbonus founder and CEO Nora Grazzini comments. Born in Cologne, she describes herself as a passionate cyclist and believes in making the world a whole lot better with her business idea. After a distance of 50 kilometers, the first rewards can be erradelt.
Cycling Promotion
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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nebenan.de is a free, local platform for building and maintaining neighborly relationships. Get to know, share, help, give, inform, get together - nebenan.de offers neighbors the opportunity to get in touch and to live the neighborhood actively. nebenan.de is with more than 650,000 active users in currently around 5,500 neighborhoods Germany's largest social network for building and maintaining neighborly relations. Any resident can join his neighborhood on nebenan.de or initiate it himself. nebenan.de offers the comprehensive solution for simplifying and revitalizing neighborly exchanges via the browser or as Android and iOS app.
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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With evopark, the entire parking process runs without cash or contact. The parking time is recorded digitally. Billing is convenient and collected at the end of the month. Another advantage: With the app you also keep the parking time always in view. If you would like to use the new offer, you can register online at http://www.evopark.de/ . The personal parking card comes within a few working days by mail.
Evopark - Smart Parking
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www.rheinenergie.com www.rheinenergie.com
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The energy transition presents network operators and energy providers with particular challenges. Both have to deal with an increasing share of electricity from renewable sources in the electricity grid. Wind turbines and photovoltaic systems produce electricity, however, depending on the weather and therefore fluctuating. For a secure supply, it is necessary that electricity production and consumption are always balanced as much as possible. In order for this to succeed, utilities and network operators must always know where and in what quantity energy is generated and consumed. Only then can production and consumption be optimally coordinated. However, continuous metering is not possible with today's metering technology.The solution to the problem is smart metering. In the future, so-called "smart metering systems" will transfer consumption data to grid operators and energy providers. This ensures that they can optimally control the network at any time. The technology is mainly used in households and businesses with high annual consumption.Consumers can access the data at any time. The additional transparency helps them to further increase their energy efficiency and thereby reduce costs. New services provided by energy suppliers are intended to reinforce the positive effects.
Smart Metering
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www.smartcity-cologne.de www.smartcity-cologne.de
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The Cologne-based company Coptr Warn- und Schutzsysteme GmbH has been developing and producing innovative, precise, acoustically-optically smart on-site warning systems for several years. Whether thunderstorms, hurricanes, extreme heat or pollutants in the air, the warning systems automatically warn and alert people in the open air to get to safety from lightning strikes and other high-threshold, potentially life-threatening weather and environmental hazards.
COPTR - Digitization of the population warning
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primarydocuments.ca primarydocuments.ca
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This I contend, then, that if the military and naval defences of all the provinces are to be provided for by the General Government, and if you have to increase the militia for this purpose, the Lower Provinces will pay only their proportion of two-twelfths, and Canada, while obtaining no greater defensive force than at present, will have to pay five times as much as we are now paying.
§.91(7) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
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gateway.hamburg.de gateway.hamburg.de
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HamburgService - Kita-Infosystem
Kindergarten Information System
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www.hotmaps-project.eu www.hotmaps-project.eu
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District heating is one of the key pillars of our sustainable energy action plan. This plan has been decided by the local parliament in 2008 and renewed in 2015. Our first priority is to cut in half the total energy demand of the city until 2050 and then cover the rest with renewable energy and/or waste heat. To use large amounts of waste heat (e.g. from a waste incineration plant, industry, datacentres …) you need a distribution system, because it is not useable only locally. This is why we want to increase the share of district heating in the city. For the future we see a district heating system which will be “open source technology” – everyone can use the heat and also be a prosumer, delivering surplus energy, e.g. from a solar – thermal plant, to the system. There will not be any longer central DH-Stations but smaller plants and the use of all waste heat sources we can get.
HotMaps - open source heating / cooling mapping and planning toolbox
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- Aug 2018
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www.hamburg.com www.hamburg.com
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Citizen Safety - Hamburg
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www.parkandjoy.de www.parkandjoy.de
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Fast and easy to shop or to go to the city center? This works very easy in Hamburg. With the Park and Joy app, drivers can quickly find, book and pay for free parking spaces - all via smartphone. Parking has never been so much fun!
Park and Joy
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hamburg.socialimpactlab.eu hamburg.socialimpactlab.eu
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In January 2013, the Hamburg Social Impact Lab opened its doors. Since then, it has supported Hanseatic social entrepreneurs in a space of about 160 square metres. Social Impact Start programme scholarship holders receive coaching and consulting here, as well as plenty of further support to set up their social businesses. The Hamburg Social Impact Lab holds many events for interested persons on all aspects of social entrepreneurship
Social Impact Lab
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comdirect-garage.de comdirect-garage.de
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With the start-up garage, comdirect has consciously decided to focus on founders and their ideas at a very early stage. Thus, for the participation in the start-up garage initially only a basic idea necessary, the development of a prototype then takes place during the project phase in the context of the start-up garage. comdirect invites start-ups to pitch their space with FinTech ideas in the comdirect start-up garage. The ideas are evaluated for their impact and opportunities for the banking and finance industry. We offer intensive support to the chosen start-ups!
Start-up Garage
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kreativgesellschaft.org kreativgesellschaft.org
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Solo self-employed persons are understood to be persons who carry out an independent activity on their own, ie without salaried employees. In the creative industry, there is an above-average proportion of solo self-employed compared to other sectors of the economy. People who offer creative services or products without being hired are faced with particular challenges in practice because they have to deal intensively and permanently with questions of their own positioning, customer acquisition, marketing, target groups, etc. Many of our offerings are tailored to the needs of solo freelancers in the creative industry.
Kreativegesllschaft - Hamburg
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startupdock.de startupdock.de
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As an incubator, since 2013 we have been promoting innovative startups from the higher education sector. Our seat is in the Harburg inland port. Our origin lies at the Technical University of Hamburg. Within the scope of the funding program »EXIST-Founding Culture - The Founders' College« we were supported by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) for more than five years. Currently we are part of the "beyourpilot" project of the Department of Economy, Transport and Innovation (BWVI).
StartupDock - Incubator for Startups in Hamburg
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www.hei-hamburg.de www.hei-hamburg.de
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The hot. Hamburger ExistenzgründungsInitiative is the first point of contact for anyone looking for self-employment in Hamburg. All the threads of Hamburg's most important start-up initiatives come together here.
Hamburger Existenzgründungs Initiative
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www.nextmedia-hamburg.de www.nextmedia-hamburg.de
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nextMedia.Hamburg is Hamburg's joint initiative for the media and digital industry.
nextMedia
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transparenz.hamburg.de transparenz.hamburg.de
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What is the transparency portal?The Transparency Portal Hamburg is the information register required by the Hamburg Transparency Act (HmbTG) , by means of which all information required to be published by law can be anonymously researched. It is the central access to up-to-date data and information of the Hamburg administration and provides a search over the full text of all data records in order to ensure easy findability of the searched content.
Transparency Portal
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www.switchh.de www.switchh.de
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Switchh - Innovative mobility concept allowing people to chose flexibile connections between different modes of transport
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www.hamburg.de www.hamburg.de
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In the eCulture Cloud, the digital cultural content of Hamburg will be stored in bundled form in the future. Among other things, this cloud offers the possibility of making (private) collections, libraries, image and video archives accessible to the public, even if they can not find a place in exhibitions of the institutions. The particular attractiveness of this project lies in the diversity of the collection contents. Because these are not only composed of historical documents, but also give deep insights into modern phenomena, such. B. in pop culture. In addition, it is not uncommon for creators themselves to start collecting collections or archives according to their personal needs
eCulture Cloud
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www.hcu-hamburg.de www.hcu-hamburg.de
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The CityScienceLab of HafenCity University Hamburg is exploring the transformation of cities in the context of digitization with partners from civil society, politics, business and science. It pursues a decidedly interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspective by linking technical issues with social and cultural developments (more under Team ). To make cities healthier, more liveable, and more efficient in the future, CityScienceLab uses urban data to develop new tools and digital city models (CityScopes). These new tools allow the visualization and simulation of complex urban developments and support urban actors in the decision-making process (more under Research and Teaching ).The city of Hamburg is the "Living Lab", in which urban change processes are comprehensively researched and developed right down to concrete applications. In addition, the CityScienceLab works in close cooperation with the City Science Group of the MIT Media Lab (Cambridge / USA).
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www.hoou.de www.hoou.de
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Hamburg Open Online University Los geht's!
Hamburg Open University
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gateway.hamburg.de gateway.hamburg.de
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The learning portal of the Center for Education and Training (ZAF) is aimed at the employees of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. The learning portal of the Center for Education and Training (ZAF) informs you about the continuing education offers of the ZAF and enables you to register online the events. Both the use of the platform, as well as the registration is free of charge for you
Learning Portal
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stadtrad.hamburg.de stadtrad.hamburg.de
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StadtRAD Hamburg - get on and off! The StadtRAD makes you spontaneous and individually mobile. Whether as a professional, leisure or tourist you experience Hamburg in a special way - very close to the pulse of the city. On many loan stations throughout the city, you have the option to rent a city bike around the clock and return it - as easy as cycling.
StadtRAD Bicyling in Hamburg
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www.schooleducationgateway.eu www.schooleducationgateway.eu
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Start into the next Generation' is a project run by the Hamburg authority for schools and training. It was launched two years ago with the aim of improving learning outcomes by using technology in the classroom. Six pilot schools were selected to take part in the project with over 90 classes and 2,000 students involved. Each school was provided with a secure wireless network but was free to choose its pedagogical approach to using the technology. Students were asked to bring a laptop, tablet or phone to school (in 90% of cases they chose a smartphone). The schools were supported with training and with advice on legal and data protection issues (all parents were given a document to sign explaining what the devices would be used for). The Hamburg schools authority also provided a learning platform which gives access to digital materials and allows students to communicate, submit homework and complete self-assessments.
Start into the next Generation
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ioeexperience.hamburg ioeexperience.hamburg
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The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) into skill sets of intermodal traffic management is a big challenge. The results of this study will show the demand of qualification integrating smart technologies in this area of work and it will be possible to transfer these results to forecast future demand in smart cities in Germany, Europe and worldwide, with the help of our partners:
Smart Research & Education
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ioeexperience.hamburg ioeexperience.hamburg
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Smart lighting is situated at a pilot section in the port of Hamburg (Hohe Schaar Street): 4 km long; hosting 102 LED luminaries and 60 sensors. Smart Lighting provides follow-me-light and better safety for pedestrians and cyclists with the same lighting performance. Smart lighting combines detecting technologies of thermal sensors for the intelligent control. System includes Smart Traffic and Incident management: traffic monitoring and automatic incident detection.
Smart Lighting
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ioeexperience.hamburg ioeexperience.hamburg
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The University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf is the teaching hospital of the University of Hamburg and Europe’s most advanced paperless hospital. With about 10,000 employees, the UKE is the third-largest employer in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. About 2,400 of them are medical specialists and researchers, while more than 3,100 work as nurses and therapists. Together with its University Heart Center Hamburg and the Martini Clinic, the UKE has more than 1,730 beds.
Paperless Hospital
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www.hamburg-port-authority.de www.hamburg-port-authority.de
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Virtual depot Truck journeys with empty containers put an unnecessary strain on the environment. We have therefore developed the so-called virtual depot to optimise the movement of empty containers between packing companies. The cloud-based system informs participating operators which containers are to be delivered back to the depot. The packing company then requests these directly. The result: no more unnecessary empty trips to the depot.
Virtual Depot
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Intelligent railway point Frequently used points on the harbour railway are fitted with sensors that transmit data to a central IT system in real-time. They collect a variety of data by moving or passing over the switching points and thereby provide information about the condition and wear of the essential operational intersections. The benefit: we can identify maintenance work or repairs at an early stage, thereby avoiding downtime.
Intelligent Railway Points
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Navigation in real-time Thousands of trucks drive through the port of Hamburg every day. To ensure that the traffic flows efficiently, the HPA combines various services and functions. Anyone driving around the port benefits from personalised navigation. As well as information about the traffic situation in and around the port, they also have access to parking and infrastructure information, closures of the moveable bridges, as well as the latest information on important operations.
Navigation in real-time
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smartPORT logistics Thanks to intelligent solutions for the flow of traffic and goods, the HPA is improving the port's efficiency. smartPORT logistics combines economic and ecological aspects in three sub-sectors: traffic flows, infrastructure and the flow of goods. An intermodal PortTraffic centre for sea, rail and road transport forms the basis for networking the flow of traffic. Intelligent networking is a prerequisite for smooth, efficient transport in the port of Hamburg and ultimately for the flow of goods: optimum data capture and rapid information sharing allow logistics managers, carriers and agents to select the most efficient means of transport for their goods.
smartPORT Logistics
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rad.mvv-muenchen.de rad.mvv-muenchen.de
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Cycle Route Planner
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efa.mvv-muenchen.de efa.mvv-muenchen.de
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MVV Journey Planner
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www.opengov-muenchen.de www.opengov-muenchen.de
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Open Data Portal Munich The Open Data Portal is a platform for the provision of open administrative data of the City of Munich. Further information
Open Data Platform Munich
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forumvirium.fi forumvirium.fi
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Download The Citynomadi app and start a guided tour to Smart Kalasatama, The Smart City district of Helsinki.
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You can get involved by applying in a Pilot Group for the Open Call and become a new pilot city. Cities from all over the world are welcome to apply but only cities from the EU and H2020 associated countries are eligible for funding.
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www.visitberlin.de www.visitberlin.de
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Visit Berlin Portal
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de.park-now.com de.park-now.com
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Discover cashless, ticketless and hassle-free on-street parking with ParkNow in Berlin. The digital parking service ParkNow can be used in the extended inner city area of Berlin. A detailed overview of all parking zones can be obtained from our overview map. In the marked parking zones you can start and end your parking via app and save yourself the annoying way to the parking meter as well as the search for change. No more unnecessary parking fees thanks to minute-accurate billing and start / stop function. The billing occures convenient at the end of the month via direct debit, PayPal or credit card. The advantages of mobile parking with ParkNow in Berlin: Parking tickets are a thing of the past No more searching for small change and ticketing problems Accurate billing Comfortable payment at the end of the month Parking in Berlin was never that easy
ParkNow - Berlin
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www.businesslocationcenter.de www.businesslocationcenter.de
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Funding programs for investment and innovation. Berlin offers attractive funding programs for all phases of a company’s development – from seed to growth financing. The range of financial incentives here extends from public loans to guarantees and venture capital, and even to direct grants for investment and innovation projects. What does the Business Financing Package offer? Do you intend to locate to Berlin, to grow at your current location, or are you planning an investment project? Our experts will find the right financing solution and will accompany you in your applications for funding. Here, we work closely with project management agencies, funding banks and potential financing partners on a state, national and EU level. How it works: We discuss the plans for your project, which ideally will already have been worded in the form of a project description or business plan. Together, we conduct a review of the conceivable funding and financing instruments, make contact with relevant partners and accompany you through the application process.
Business Financing Package
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www.ibb.de www.ibb.de
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Internationalisation programme – support for SME projects Support for small and medium-sized enterprises Do you have a small or medium-sized enterprise (SME) based or with a facility in Berlin and are you looking to enter new markets abroad for your products or services? In order to boost your international competitive strength, we can support you with a grant to open up new markets.
Internationalization Program - support for SME
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app.welcome.berlin app.welcome.berlin
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Our web app* is the personal assistant for anyone wanting to live and work in Berlin. After answering just a few simple questions, you will receive a customised to-do list to help make your arrival in the German capital easier.Whether you are looking for work, planning to set up or relocate a company, or wanting to embark on training or study courses, the web app will be able to help you by providing specific tips and information along with the details of various contact partners, thereby making the first steps towards this new part of your life that bit easier.
Welcome to Berlin App
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Innovationsassistent/-in - Innovation assistant New know-how for your company Are you in the start-up phase and are looking to position your company successfully on the market? Or is your company already established and you are now looking to expand? One way to achieve this is to hire a qualified graduate from a university or a university of applied sciences. IBB works on behalf of Berlin's Senate Department for Economics, Technology and Research in order to provide funding for hiring innovation assistants.
Innovation Assistant
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www.berlin.de www.berlin.de
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Pro Fit – Programme to Promote Research, Innovation and Technologies In particular, the Pro Fit programme aims to enhance the technological competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by intensifying research and development in individual and joint projects, and supporting the market launch of innovations. Pro Fit Innovation Funding: Company research projects and research institute joint projects in the areas of industrial research and experimental development Loans: Individual and joint projects in experimental development and production organisation, market preparation / launch by companies Pro Fit Early Phase Funding and Loans: Improving the potential sources of financing for newly established companies for developing and operating their business infrastructure, as well as forward and / or parallel financing to implement an innovation project.
Pro Fit - Programme to Promote Research, Innovation and Technologies
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www.berlin-innovation.de www.berlin-innovation.de
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Berlin is a high-tech location with a clear focus on cutting-edge technologies and knowledge-based services. BERLIN INNOVATION is a technology platform which showcases innovations “made in Berlin”. It serves as a "showroom" to establish Berlin as a major innovation hub and offers information about innovations to the wider public, businesses, investors and state-owned companies in Berlin. Clearly structured information on innovative products, processes and services from businesses in Berlin offers insights into innovations which are successfully implemented in the city. The aim of this information is also to stimulate demand for innovative solutions to business needs.
BERLIN INNOVATION
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service.berlin.de service.berlin.de
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What do you want to do? Find services, locations authorities, opening hours and much more!
Service Portal - Berlin
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www.berlin.de www.berlin.de
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The waste management strategy for Land Berlin also addresses the high-quality recycling of building materials. Every year, about 1 million tonnes of recycling concrete is generated in Berlin. An on-going investigation of the environmental and climate impacts of material flows in Berlin has shown, among other things, that the utilisation of recycled concrete in the building industry could make an important contribution to increasing resource efficiency.
Recycled Concrete
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Some 60,000 tonnes of organic waste are collected by BSR every year in the city’s BIOGUT bins. Since the summer of 2013, this organic waste has been treated in the newly-erected biogas fermentation plant in Berlin-Ruhleben. Recycling and energy recovery mean that in comparison with the composting procedures previously used it has been possible to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The biogas plant of BSR in Ruhleben has a capacity of 60,000 tonnes. The plant operates using the dry fermentation method. Microorganisms from the organic waste generate the biogas. This method is particularly suitable for organic waste with a water content of 60–80%, which is typical for kitchen waste from Berlin households. After the biogas has been cleaned, treated and concentrated, it consists of 98% methane, and is therefore chemically identical with natural gas. After having been prepared in this way it can therefore be fed into the gas supply so that the natural gas vehicles used by BSR for waste collection can be refuelled at its own filling points. In the coming years it will be possible for BSR to operate as many as 150 natural gas vehicle
Biogas Fermentation Plant
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www.bwb.de www.bwb.de
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Water Management Portal - Berlin
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www.berlin.de www.berlin.de
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More cycling by the people of Berlin contributes to a better quality of life and environment in the city. Therefore the City of Berlin works hard to promote cycling as an alternative mode of transportation and to improve the conditions for cycling around the city.
Cycling Berlin
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www.berlin.de www.berlin.de
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Urban Green Space
Urban Green Spaces
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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Find the right kindergarten near you. Is the kindergarten around the corner already full and you can not find any more space? Take the nearest one. Or do you have special wishes? No matter if the kindergarten is around the corner or should have small groups. Or if they need longer care because of the job. Find the kindergarten that suits you. Special requests for Montessori, Waldorf, emphasizes music, emphasizes sports or after a foreign language are considered.
Kindergarten Serach
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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BürgerBautStadt makes it easier for citizens to participate in construction projects and planning approval procedures. For this purpose, the authors have collected data from various sources and made available on the website as a map, list or e-mail notification. BürgerBautStadt was launched at the ideas competition Stadt Land <Code> of the Open Knowledge Foundation Germany and was supported until May 2013 with a scholarship in the implementation.
Burger baut Stadt - Citizen Participation Application
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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Thanks to the free environment zone Android app, you can now check where the environmental zone is located. Whether visiting a foreign city or at home - with the Umweltzone App you know exactly which roads you can drive. In addition, you can read what environmental badge you need. The application informs about adopted changes to the course of the environmental zone and about approved plaques, so that you know in time. For background information on topics such as pollutant groups, particulate matter, health, badges for motorcycles and cars, penalties and exemptions, you can check the FAQs. Last but not least, we refer to some websites that deal extensively with the subject of the environmental zone.
Environmental Zone Locator
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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Your departures. Immediately. In Berlin (+ Brandenburg), Vienna, Geneva and Linz!You start when and find out immediately when and where your next bus, your next bim or your next train is leaving. No selection, no adjustment, no waiting.No need to stand in the cold again unnecessarily: Before leaving the house, check exactly when your bus arrives. Do you already have to run, or can you go easy? When does it tell you - without tapping!Quick and easyWhen does it tell you when the public transport will leave you? Start when, and you'll see the departure times near you. You do not have to stop, select or tap anything. When also calculates your walking time: The departure times that you can reach are highlighted.Automatic updateAlways up-to-date: It does not matter if you are moving or if time goes by, when updates automatically! No more manual updating: the departure times are renewed independently in real time. If you move from one place to another, your next station automatically joins up on top of your screen.
When - Realtime information of public transport
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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The tourism app CultiMapp opens up new possibilities to explore Berlin by linking and enriching the Berlin 3D city model with cultural information. The integrated 3D viewer allows you to fly over interesting buildings near your own location. In the future, historical photographs and detailed shots will also be integrated into the viewer to make Berlin's cultural heritage visible.
CultiMapp
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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naturtrip.org is the first public transport information where you do not have to know the destination. After all, when it comes to excursions, one usually does not know exactly where one wants to go, but only what one plans to do. Namely eat delicious, relax in the spa, dozing or paddling in the sun. Therefore one searches with naturtrip.org from A for "Strandbad" or "Kanuverleih". And how long you want to be on the road. 30 minutes, 60 minutes or more. Then you get on the map exactly the destinations shown, which can be reached from your own location in 30 min or 60 min currently by train, bus or bike.
Nature Trip - Public Transport Information Berlin
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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How often are streets cleaned in Berlin? With the interactive map application street cleaning in Berlin, the cleaning frequency per week can be called up for each street in the Berlin city area. Additional information can be retrieved simply by clicking on the respective street - What is being cleaned? - Who is responsible and how high are the fees for the residents. The app can be used in any web browser on any device. The application is based on the geodata from the street cleaning directory of the Berliner Stadtreinigung (BSR) and is operated via the mapping platform ArcGIS Online .
Street Cleaning - Berlin
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clubglobals.com clubglobals.com
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Enter AiRelo: a prime example of a small yet powerful tool for enhancing city administration and disrupting a previously unproductive model of registering an address. With AiRelo’s simple, quick and easily accessible approach, it saves time, money, and resources when registering an address. Its artificial intelligence algorithm can also be adapted and utilized to assist with other tiresome administration tasks in a variety of other cities. It also collects data on the user so it can further assist them in future administration-related dilemmas.
AiRelo: City Registration
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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VBB timetable data via GTFS The Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB) hereby provides the up-to-date bus and train timetable data from Berlin and Brandenburg in GTFS format. This current record includes lines, departure times, routes, etc. (more on the format at https://developers.google.com/transit/gtfs/ ). VBB logos for the required naming "VBB Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH" are available at https://www.vbb.de/presse/media-service/logos?slug=logos . Outdated timetable data can be requested at api@vbb.de .
VBB Bus Train Timetable
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codefor.de codefor.de
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Little project that aims at raising awareness for accessibility in public transport systems. It uses a simple slider to visualize how the public transport system looks like if all the non-accessible stations are erased. There is an elaborate how-to available, suitable for non-coders on the projects github site.
ACCESS MAP - Accessibility in Public Transport Systems
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infralab.berlin infralab.berlin
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This time Benjamin visited us from Civocracy . The start-up has set itself the task of promoting citizen participation with regard to political decisions. However, it is by no means a matter of replacing politicians, but of convincing them with the help of the platform of ideas. In addition, Civocracy serves as an information tool, because very few citizens are already sufficiently informed about the topics to be negotiated. The platform is already being used in several European cities such as Nice, Lyon or Potsdam. In addition, from 26 to 28 September 2017, an event on "Radicalization and Terrorism" will take place . Interested parties can take part in it via live stream and participate with the help of civocracy in decisions, which are aimed directly at politicians and experts.
Civocracy - Feedback platform for Citizens
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infralab.berlin infralab.berlin
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Today Ayumi and Christian von Dycle were with us. They have found a way to create an eco-friendly cycle with their diapers: The 100% biodegradable deposits are collected, composted so that no bad odor arises, and can then be used as soil. The Dycle Community is still producing the diaper liners by hand , but this year it is planned to develop a machine that can produce much more diapers in less time. It is not important to invent a high-tech device, but a machine that is simple and effective so that it will be used in as many Dycle communities as possible in the future.
DYCLE - Recycling Baby Diapers
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www.emo-berlin.de www.emo-berlin.de
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Berlin’s urban tourism sector has been growing for years. The demand for sustainable and green vehicle solutions for city tours is rising accordingly. Within this project, BCT City Tour GmbH and its subsidiary POKRA Omnibus Werkstatt GmbH is converting diesel-powered double-decker buses to exclusively electric drive systems.
Electrification of double-decker buses for tourism purposes
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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The new budget visualization of the Senate Department for Finance offers transparency and clarity . Interested parties can get a quick and easy overview of the financial years 2014 to 2019. New to the current visualization is the possibility of comparing setpoints and actual values as well as the display of the amount "per inhabitant". This creates even more transparency and traceability. The presentation also makes it possible to search for individual plans or policy areas, for Senate administrations or individual districts. The visualization of households has been carried out since 2012 in cooperation with the Open Knowledge Foundation Germany as part of the project Open Household Budget . The state of Berlin is the only federal state that presents its budget data in this comprehensive way.
Berlin State Budget
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daten.berlin.de daten.berlin.de
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The app "Berliner Badestellen" uses the bathing place data of the LaGeSo to provide an overview of the water quality, temperature and other data of the Berlin bathing lakes. The app also provides a link to a corresponding request in the LOB connection planner, as well as to a display of the bathing place in various map services.
Berlin Bath Place Quality
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www.stromnetz.berlin www.stromnetz.berlin
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Smart meter Smart electricity meters, so-called "smart meters", measure and document the energy used in real time and allow the customer individual energy management. Explore now consumer producer Storage Loaded unloaded Consume feeding to save Use energy To overview function getQueryVariable(variable) { if(window.location.search.length > 0) { var query = window.location.search.substring(1); var vars = query.split("&"); for (var i=0;i<vars.length;i++) { var pair = vars[i].split("="); if (pair[0] == variable) { return pair[1]; } } alert('Query Variable ' + variable + ' not found'); } } //var adobeEdgePage = 'overview'; var adobeEdgePage = 'smartmeter'; if(getQueryVariable('p') !== undefined) { adobeEdgePage = getQueryVariable('p'); } .edgeLoad-edgeStage { visibility:hidden; } AdobeEdge.loadComposition('https://www.stromnetz.berlin/resources/stromnetz-berlin/smartgrid/animations/'+adobeEdgePage, 'edgeStage', { scaleToFit: "width", centerStage: "horizontal", minW: "0", maxW: "924px", width: "924px", height: "680px" }, {"style":{"${symbolSelector}":{"isStage":"true","rect":["undefined","undefined","924px","680px"],"fill":["rgba(255,255,255,1)"]}},"dom":{}}, {"style":{"${symbolSelector}":{"isStage":"true","rect":["undefined","undefined","924px","643px"],"fill":["rgba(255,255,255,1)"]}},"dom":{}}); Smart meters can measure the used and the generated energy. The data is transmitted to the network operator so that they can be used in the billing of grid usage, feed-in and delivery by the electricity supplier. The measured values can also be accessed via various platforms, eg. Web pages and smart phone apps. The customer thus has an up-to-date overview of his electricity consumption and, if necessary, his generation. But the electricity supplier can also use the consumption data to design tailor-made power products, thereby optimizing power consumption and energy costs. Smart meters make the use of energy more transparent to the customer compared to today's measurement.
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ita.lacity.org ita.lacity.org
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Data Scientists Build Pothole Dashboard
Pothole Dashboard Los Angeles
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www.ncp.co.uk www.ncp.co.uk
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London Parking
London Car Parking Finder
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www.laparks.org www.laparks.org
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Los Angeles Park Management
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www.smartnation.sg www.smartnation.sg
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A web portal and mobile application launched in January 2016, that is slated to be Singapore’s first one-stop online health information and services portal. Functions as the digital healthcare companion for every citizen by equipping citizens with the information, knowledge, tools and services to help them take greater ownership of their own health and wellness. A milestone project under Ministry of Health’s (MOH) Health IT Masterplan (HITMAP), healthcare institutions are now also connected with one another to provide continuity of care for patients.
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www.moh.gov.sg www.moh.gov.sg
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Medifund is an endowment fund set up by the Government to help needy Singaporeans. Medifund is a safety net for patients who face financial difficulties with their remaining bills after receiving Government subsidies and drawing on other means of payments including MediShield Life, private Integrated Shield Plans (IPs), Medisave and cash. Set up in April 1993 with an initial capital of $200 million, the Government will inject capital sum into the fund from time to time, e.g. when budget surpluses are available. The interest income generated from the capital sum is used to provide financial assistance for healthcare bills.
Medifund
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www.moh.gov.sg www.moh.gov.sg
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Medisave is a national medical savings scheme which helps individuals put aside part of their income into their Medisave Accounts to meet their future personal or immediate family's hospitalization, day surgery and certain outpatient expenses.
Medisave
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www.healthhub.sg www.healthhub.sg
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WELCOME TO HEALTHHUB
Heath Hub
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www.myactivesg.com www.myactivesg.com
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ActiveSG is an all-encompassing and inclusive national movement for sport, brought to you by Sport Singapore. Poised to be a lifestyle destination for Singaporeans, ActiveSG will offer individuals, families and communities ample opportunities to experience and share the joy of living better through sport. Come join our national movement for sports and get active with a diverse and exciting line-up of sporting activities suited for all! Our sport facilities which are conveniently located all over Singapore are open to all! You can also sign up for ActiveSG membership registration to enjoy further privileges. Membership registration is free for all Singaporeans and Singapore Permanent Residents!
Active SG
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www.ihis.com.sg www.ihis.com.sg
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We digitise, connect and analyse Singapore’s health ecosystem. Our ultimate aim is to improve our population’s health and health administration by integrating intelligent, highly resilient and cost effective technologies with process and people.
IHIS Singapore Healthcare Information System
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- Jul 2018
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Local file Local file
- Mar 2018
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primarydocuments.ca primarydocuments.ca
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but all would agree that most of the other hospitals and asylums of various kinds should more properly be supported by local than by general resources.
§§.91(11) and 92(7) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
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The management of all the Penitentiaries and Prisons naturally fell under the scope of the local authorities ; also that of Hospitals, Asylums, Charities, and Eleemosynary institutions. With regard to these, he would merely say that there might be some which could hardly be considered local in their nature ; such, for example, was the Marine Hospital at Quebec, a seaport where there was an enormous trade
§§.91(11) and 92(7) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
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The control of the Militia was certainly a subject which they must all feel ought to be in the hands of one central power. If them was one thing more than another which required to be directed by one mind, governed by one influence and one policy, it was that which concerned the defence of the country.
§§.15 and 91(7) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
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- Nov 2017
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riojournal.com riojournal.com
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Plan title - should this be the same as the grant title? Part of project metadata
http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/documents/data-sharing-policy-pdf/ http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/funding/apply/application-guidance/data-management/
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- Sep 2017
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www.tnellen.com www.tnellen.com
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The dancers grace and beauty are hidden by masks and heavy weights.
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- Aug 2017
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journals.plos.org journals.plos.org
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The small number of cases of animals with different ages does not allow us to draw definite conclusions regarding particularities among younger and older dogs
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text
formula =\(1+x+y= \gamma \Gamma\)
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Despite lack of immunostaining of the mitral cell layer, mitral cell axons were moderately CB1 positive.
My first annotation did not seem to post. Trying again...
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vitro
Is this an ontology?
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The endocannabinoid system is a regulatory pathway consisting of two main types of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2)
My annotation!
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Spinal cord
this is a brain region
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- Jul 2017
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lti.hypothesislabs.com lti.hypothesislabs.com
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The student records, memorizes, and repeats these phrases without perceiving what four times four really means, or realizing the true significance of "capital" in the affirmation "the capital of Para is Belem," that is, what Belem means for Pard and what Para means for Brazil.
This reminds me of Shor's views, which argues that "Education is more than facts and skills." By pointing out the ways that knowledge is viewed as static, unchangeable "facts", and able to move from the "narrative subject" to "narrative patient", Friere problematizes the current education system just as Shor does.
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The teacher cannot think for her students, nor can she impose her thought on them.
This goes back to the idea that learning is a back-and-forth dialogue, rather than a top-down oppressive process--a thought shared by Shor and Giroux, if not all the authors for this week.
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If men and women are searchers and their ontological vocation is humanization, sooner or later they may per-ceive the contradiction in which banking education seeks to main-tain them, and then engage themselves in the struggle for their liberation
Is this the process by which social-justice oriented citizens (the concept from last week's readings) are born?
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Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students
What are practical ways that the "teacher-student contradiction" that Friere discusses could be worked out? What sort of things are necessary to create a classroom/learning culture where this is possible?
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In the banking concept of education, knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing.
This idea of the banking system goes against Giroux's idea that education should provide students "how knowledge is related to the power of self-definition and to use the knowledge they gain both to critique the world in which they live and, when necessary, to intervene in socially responsible ways in order to change it" (Giroux 14).
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Worse yet, it turns them into "containers," into "receptacles" to be "filled" by the teacher. The more completely she fills the receptacles, the better a teacher she is. The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are.
But with what are we currently filling these "containers" and "receptacles"? The "better students" are the ones who, as Wise and Bone argue, engage in a coercive system of grades.
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- Apr 2017
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www.qp.alberta.ca www.qp.alberta.ca
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out the provisions that agreements are deemed to contain under sections 92 and 96;
repealed
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www.uleth.ca www.uleth.ca
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(c)otherwise at the discretion of the Board after consultation with ULFA.
I think that this is now repealed in Bill 7
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- Nov 2016
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hypothes.is hypothes.is
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Edublog is a blog developed specifically for meeting the educational purposes. Edublogs provide great support to student and teacher learning through facilitating reflection, questioning by self and collaboration. It also provides contexts for encouraging high order thinking. The blog has grown from a single idea in 2005 and now it has become the largest and most trusted provider of educational blogging across the world. It has greatly transformed the educational experience of students.
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- Sep 2016
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l-adam-mekler.com l-adam-mekler.comuntitled12
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He knew that Umuofia would not go to war. He knew because they had let the other messengers escape.
This is when Okonkwo knew that even though he had worked so hard his whole life to prove himself he still managed to do the wrong thing, and is in the wrong in the eyes of the clan.
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He never stopped regretting that Ezinma was a girl.
I feel like gender is a big reason why there are cracks in the Igbo culture. Men are still superior in white European culture in the time this took place, but it wasn’t even close to the abuse that the women faced in the Igbo culture. I’m surprised that Ezinma and other young women in the culture didn’t take to Christianity like Nwoye so they could escape future abusive relationships. The picture attached doesn’t really relate to this annotation but it’s a picture of Ezinma that someone drew that I think is really pretty.
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Although Nwoye had been attracted to the new faith from the very first day, he kept it secret.
The cracks in the Igbo culture can be seen in these passages where Nwoye is attracted to Christianity and what the missionaries are doing. In the Igbo culture, there’s either little explanation for why bad things happen, or very arbitrary reasons that don’t bring much closure. Christianity brings explanations, which is why Nwoye is so intrigued. It gives him an explanation and closure for why Ikemefuna died and what happened to him afterwards.
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As soon as the six men were locked up, court messengers went into Umuofia to tell the people that their leaders would not be released unless they paid a fine of two hundred and fifty bags of cowries. "Unless you pay the fine immediately," said their headman, "we will take your leaders to Umuru before the big white man, and hang them."
And suddenly, the parallels to colonization are extremely prevalent. Just as they capture the leaders of the tribe with ransom for retribution, so did the Spanish with the Aztec leader, Montezuma II: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Montezuma-II
It is when violence arises that the charade is thrown aside and the true nature of both the colonizers and the colonized arises.
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The interpreter spoke to the white man and he immediately gave his answer. "All the gods you have named are not gods at all. They are gods of deceit who tell you to kill your fellows and destroy innocent children. There is only one true God and He has the earth, the sky, you and me and all of us."
While I can't help but see the parallels between the Ibo & Christian religion and that the only real difference preached here is that of "just don't murder people", this passage does wrap up quite well some of the "cracks" in Ibo culture, why the missionaries were so successful.
The interpreter/missionary responds to why the Christian religion's God is better simply with a variation of "he doesn't tell you to kill your friends or family". Both of these are practiced by the Ibo culture, as seen with the ruthless murder of Ikemefuna, and with the murder of twin children.
Looking at Nwoye, to whom Ikemefuna was like a brother to, it is immediately obvious why this religion is more appealing, as the cracks are much more evident in his life. For those in the culture for whom the cracks are not as evident, such as the higher up class members, this takes longer.
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return early enough to cook the afternoon meal.
Below is a photo of what Igbo women might look like when cooking. In the description, it says that these Igbo women are "making water and cooking pots." https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiemLCn76_PAhUHzIMKHUYtC3MQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fukpuru.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F113355716272%2Figbo-women-making-water-and-cooking-pots&bvm=bv.133700528,d.amc&psig=AFQjCNFQp4laTDyF6UzrBCRn_YqWOeUlPA&ust=1475076616513756
Source: http://ukpuru.tumblr.com/post/113355716272/igbo-women-making-water-and-cooking-pots
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Okonkwo was provoked to justifiable anger by his youngest wife, who went to plait her hair at her friend's house and did not return early enough to cook the afternoon meal. Okonkwo did not know at first that she was not at home. After waiting in vain for her dish he went to her hut to see what she was doing. There was nobody in the hut and the fireplace was cold.
I feel like in the Igbo culture that women have some sort of power over men in a way since they are the ones that are expected to cook meals for the men every time they come home. Meals feed men and give them their strength so I think that since Ojiugo didn't make him his afternoon meal, in a sense she deprived him of his strength which is also a type of power for men, thus Okonkwo beat Ojiugo because of it.
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Umuofia was feared by all its neighbours. It was powerful in war and in magic, and its priests and medicine men were feared in all the surrounding country. Its most potent war-medicine was as old as the clan itself. Nobody knew how old. But on one point there was general agreement--the active principle in that medicine had been an old woman with one leg. In fact, the medicine itself was called agadi-nwayi, or old woman. It had its shrine in the centre of Umuofia, in a cleared spot. And if anybody was so foolhardy as to pass by the shrine after dusk he was sure to see the old woman hopping about. And so the neighbouring clans who naturally knew of these things feared Umuofia, and would not go to war against it without first trying a peaceful settlement.
In the Igbo culture, if the priests and medicine men were powerful in war and powerful in magic, then the clan itself was very powerful. Since Umuofia were powerful in both, they were powerful overall, so much so that other clans feared it and knew that if they went to war against Umuofiaa that they would lose. This kind of power in the Igbo culture is a physical power that is known by other clans.
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Ogbuefi Ezeugo was a powerful orator and was always chosen to speak on such occasions. He moved his hand over his white head and stroked his white beard. He then adjusted his cloth, which was passed under his right arm-pit and tied above his left shoulder.
It seems to me that if one can speak very well, then one is chosen for important tasks on certain occasions, which gives that speaker a certain level of power in the Igbo culture.
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Okoye said the next half a dozen sentences in proverbs. Among the Ibo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten. Okoye was a great talker and he spoke for a long time, skirting round the subject and then hitting it finally.
Using only proverbs in a conversation indicates some kind of level of power since it is considered an art.
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Nneka had had four previous pregnancies and child-births. But each time she had borne twins, and they had been immediately thrown away. Her husband and his family were already becoming highly critical of such a woman and were not unduly perturbed when they found she had fled to join the Christians
This poor woman is probably so sad because she's thrown away eight children already, and she knows she is going to have to throw away two more. Which is so sad to think about because they're her babies and in this culture they think having twins is evil, and she's looked down because of it. At this point she probably just wants answers to why she keeps having them, and why she has to keep throwing them away. Same goes with Nwoye, he is running to the Christians because his whole life he's grown up in a household where he was looked down on because he isn't man enough. In his mind Okonkwo is unfair and abusive, so he believes these new men can save him . So sad but also happy for Nwoye's story.
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Then kill yourself," said Obierika.
I have already read this book, but I didn't see this before! Certainly foreshadowing
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