Some 60,000 tonnes of organic waste are collected by BSR every year in the city’s BIOGUT bins. Since the summer of 2013, this organic waste has been treated in the newly-erected biogas fermentation plant in Berlin-Ruhleben. Recycling and energy recovery mean that in comparison with the composting procedures previously used it has been possible to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The biogas plant of BSR in Ruhleben has a capacity of 60,000 tonnes. The plant oper­ates using the dry fermentation method. Microorganisms from the organic waste generate the biogas. This method is particularly suitable for organic waste with a water content of 60–80%, which is typical for kitchen waste from Berlin households. After the biogas has been cleaned, treated and concentrated, it consists of 98% methane, and is therefore chemically identical with natural gas. After having been prepared in this way it can therefore be fed into the gas supply so that the natural gas vehicles used by BSR for waste collection can be refuelled at its own filling points. In the coming years it will be possible for BSR to operate as many as 150 natural gas vehicle

More cycling by the people of Berlin contributes to a better quality of life and environment in the city. Therefore the City of Berlin works hard to promote cycling as an alternative mode of transportation and to improve the conditions for cycling around the city.

Urban Green Space

Find the right kindergarten near you. Is the kindergarten around the corner already full and you can not find any more space? Take the nearest one. Or do you have special wishes? No matter if the kindergarten is around the corner or should have small groups. Or if they need longer care because of the job. Find the kindergarten that suits you. Special requests for Montessori, Waldorf, emphasizes music, emphasizes sports or after a foreign language are considered.

BürgerBautStadt makes it easier for citizens to participate in construction projects and planning approval procedures. For this purpose, the authors have collected data from various sources and made available on the website as a map, list or e-mail notification. BürgerBautStadt was launched at the ideas competition Stadt Land <Code> of the Open Knowledge Foundation Germany and was supported until May 2013 with a scholarship in the implementation.

Thanks to the free environment zone Android app, you can now check where the environmental zone is located. Whether visiting a foreign city or at home - with the Umweltzone App you know exactly which roads you can drive. In addition, you can read what environmental badge you need. The application informs about adopted changes to the course of the environmental zone and about approved plaques, so that you know in time. For background information on topics such as pollutant groups, particulate matter, health, badges for motorcycles and cars, penalties and exemptions, you can check the FAQs. Last but not least, we refer to some websites that deal extensively with the subject of the environmental zone.

Your departures. Immediately. In Berlin (+ Brandenburg), Vienna, Geneva and Linz!You start when and find out immediately when and where your next bus, your next bim or your next train is leaving. No selection, no adjustment, no waiting.No need to stand in the cold again unnecessarily: Before leaving the house, check exactly when your bus arrives. Do you already have to run, or can you go easy? When does it tell you - without tapping!Quick and easyWhen does it tell you when the public transport will leave you? Start when, and you'll see the departure times near you. You do not have to stop, select or tap anything. When also calculates your walking time: The departure times that you can reach are highlighted.Automatic updateAlways up-to-date: It does not matter if you are moving or if time goes by, when updates automatically! No more manual updating: the departure times are renewed independently in real time. If you move from one place to another, your next station automatically joins up on top of your screen.

The tourism app CultiMapp opens up new possibilities to explore Berlin by linking and enriching the Berlin 3D city model with cultural information. The integrated 3D viewer allows you to fly over interesting buildings near your own location. In the future, historical photographs and detailed shots will also be integrated into the viewer to make Berlin's cultural heritage visible.

naturtrip.org is the first public transport information where you do not have to know the destination. After all, when it comes to excursions, one usually does not know exactly where one wants to go, but only what one plans to do. Namely eat delicious, relax in the spa, dozing or paddling in the sun. Therefore one searches with naturtrip.org from A for "Strandbad" or "Kanuverleih". And how long you want to be on the road. 30 minutes, 60 minutes or more. Then you get on the map exactly the destinations shown, which can be reached from your own location in 30 min or 60 min currently by train, bus or bike. 

How often are streets cleaned in Berlin? With the interactive map application street cleaning in Berlin, the cleaning frequency per week can be called up for each street in the Berlin city area. Additional information can be retrieved simply by clicking on the respective street - What is being cleaned? - Who is responsible and how high are the fees for the residents. The app can be used in any web browser on any device. The application is based on the geodata from the street cleaning directory of the Berliner Stadtreinigung (BSR) and is operated via the mapping platform ArcGIS Online .

Enter AiRelo: a prime example of a small yet powerful tool for enhancing city administration and disrupting a previously unproductive model of registering an address. With AiRelo’s simple, quick and easily accessible approach, it saves time, money, and resources when registering an address. Its artificial intelligence algorithm can also be adapted and utilized to assist with other tiresome administration tasks in a variety of other cities. It also collects data on the user so it can further assist them in future administration-related dilemmas.

VBB timetable data via GTFS The Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB) hereby provides the up-to-date bus and train timetable data from Berlin and Brandenburg in GTFS format. This current record includes lines, departure times, routes, etc. (more on the format at https://developers.google.com/transit/gtfs/ ). VBB logos for the required naming "VBB Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH" are available at https://www.vbb.de/presse/media-service/logos?slug=logos . Outdated timetable data can be requested at api@vbb.de .

Little project that aims at raising awareness for accessibility in public transport systems. It uses a simple slider to visualize how the public transport system looks like if all the non-accessible stations are erased. There is an elaborate how-to available, suitable for non-coders on the projects github site.

This time Benjamin visited us from Civocracy . The start-up has set itself the task of promoting citizen participation with regard to political decisions. However, it is by no means a matter of replacing politicians, but of convincing them with the help of the platform of ideas. In addition, Civocracy serves as an information tool, because very few citizens are already sufficiently informed about the topics to be negotiated. The platform is already being used in several European cities such as Nice, Lyon or Potsdam. In addition, from 26 to 28 September 2017, an event on "Radicalization and Terrorism" will take place . Interested parties can take part in it via live stream and participate with the help of civocracy in decisions, which are aimed directly at politicians and experts.

Today Ayumi and Christian von Dycle were with us. They have found a way to create an eco-friendly cycle with their diapers: The 100% biodegradable deposits are collected, composted so that no bad odor arises, and can then be used as soil. The Dycle Community is still producing the diaper liners by hand , but this year it is planned to develop a machine that can produce much more diapers in less time. It is not important to invent a high-tech device, but a machine that is simple and effective so that it will be used in as many Dycle communities as possible in the future.

Berlin’s urban tourism sector has been growing for years. The demand for sustainable and green vehicle solutions for city tours is rising accordingly. Within this project, BCT City Tour GmbH and its subsidiary POKRA Omnibus Werkstatt GmbH is converting diesel-powered double-decker buses to exclusively electric drive systems.

The new budget visualization of the Senate Department for Finance offers transparency and clarity . Interested parties can get a quick and easy overview of the financial years 2014 to 2019. New to the current visualization is the possibility of comparing setpoints and actual values ​​as well as the display of the amount "per inhabitant". This creates even more transparency and traceability. The presentation also makes it possible to search for individual plans or policy areas, for Senate administrations or individual districts. The visualization of households has been carried out since 2012 in cooperation with the Open Knowledge Foundation Germany as part of the project Open Household Budget . The state of Berlin is the only federal state that presents its budget data in this comprehensive way.

The app "Berliner Badestellen" uses the bathing place data of the LaGeSo to provide an overview of the water quality, temperature and other data of the Berlin bathing lakes. The app also provides a link to a corresponding request in the LOB connection planner, as well as to a display of the bathing place in various map services.

Smart meter Smart electricity meters, so-called "smart meters", measure and document the energy used in real time and allow the customer individual energy management. Explore now consumer producer Storage Loaded unloaded Consume feeding to save Use energy To overview function getQueryVariable(variable) { if(window.location.search.length > 0) { var query = window.location.search.substring(1); var vars = query.split("&"); for (var i=0;i<vars.length;i++) { var pair = vars[i].split("="); if (pair[0] == variable) { return pair[1]; } } alert('Query Variable ' + variable + ' not found'); } } //var adobeEdgePage = 'overview'; var adobeEdgePage = 'smartmeter'; if(getQueryVariable('p') !== undefined) { adobeEdgePage = getQueryVariable('p'); } .edgeLoad-edgeStage { visibility:hidden; } AdobeEdge.loadComposition('https://www.stromnetz.berlin/resources/stromnetz-berlin/smartgrid/animations/'+adobeEdgePage, 'edgeStage', { scaleToFit: "width", centerStage: "horizontal", minW: "0", maxW: "924px", width: "924px", height: "680px" }, {"style":{"${symbolSelector}":{"isStage":"true","rect":["undefined","undefined","924px","680px"],"fill":["rgba(255,255,255,1)"]}},"dom":{}}, {"style":{"${symbolSelector}":{"isStage":"true","rect":["undefined","undefined","924px","643px"],"fill":["rgba(255,255,255,1)"]}},"dom":{}}); Smart meters can measure the used and the generated energy. The data is transmitted to the network operator so that they can be used in the billing of grid usage, feed-in and delivery by the electricity supplier. The measured values ​​can also be accessed via various platforms, eg. Web pages and smart phone apps. The customer thus has an up-to-date overview of his electricity consumption and, if necessary, his generation. But the electricity supplier can also use the consumption data to design tailor-made power products, thereby optimizing power consumption and energy costs. Smart meters make the use of energy more transparent to the customer compared to today's measurement.

Data Scientists Build Pothole Dashboard

London Parking

A web portal and mobile application launched in January 2016, that is slated to be Singapore’s first one-stop online health information and services portal. Functions as the digital healthcare companion for every citizen by equipping citizens with the information, knowledge, tools and services to help them take greater ownership of their own health and wellness. A milestone project under Ministry of Health’s (MOH) Health IT Masterplan (HITMAP), healthcare institutions are now also connected with one another to provide continuity of care for patients.

Medifund is an endowment fund set up by the Government to help needy Singaporeans. Medifund is a safety net for patients who face financial difficulties with their remaining bills after receiving Government subsidies and drawing on other means of payments including MediShield Life, private Integrated Shield Plans (IPs), Medisave and cash. Set up in April 1993 with an initial capital of $200 million, the Government will inject capital sum into the fund from time to time, e.g. when budget surpluses are available. The interest income generated from the capital sum is used to provide financial assistance for healthcare bills.

Medisave is a national medical savings scheme which helps individuals put aside part of their income into their Medisave Accounts to meet their future personal or immediate family's hospitalization, day surgery and certain outpatient expenses.

WELCOME TO HEALTHHUB

ActiveSG is an all-encompassing and inclusive national movement for sport, brought to you by Sport Singapore. Poised to be a lifestyle destination for Singaporeans, ActiveSG will offer individuals, families and communities ample opportunities to experience and share the joy of living better through sport. Come join our national movement for sports and get active with a diverse and exciting line-up of sporting activities suited for all! Our sport facilities which are conveniently located all over Singapore are open to all! You can also sign up for ActiveSG membership registration to enjoy further privileges. Membership registration is free for all Singaporeans and Singapore Permanent Residents!

We digitise, connect and analyse Singapore’s health ecosystem.  Our ultimate aim is to improve our population’s health and health administration by integrating intelligent, highly resilient and cost effective technologies with process and people.

7

but all would agree that most of the other hospitals and asylums of various kinds should more properly be supported by local than by general resources.

The management of all the Penitentiaries and Prisons naturally fell under the scope of the local authorities ; also that of Hospitals, Asylums, Charities, and Eleemosynary institutions. With regard to these, he would merely say that there might be some which could hardly be considered local in their nature ; such, for example, was the Marine Hospital at Quebec, a seaport where there was an enormous trade

The control of the Militia was certainly a subject which they must all feel ought to be in the hands of one central power. If them was one thing more than another which required to be directed by one mind, governed by one influence and one policy, it was that which concerned the defence of the country.

The small number of cases of animals with different ages does not allow us to draw definite conclusions regarding particularities among younger and older dogs

Despite lack of immunostaining of the mitral cell layer, mitral cell axons were moderately CB1 positive.

vitro

The endocannabinoid system is a regulatory pathway consisting of two main types of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2)

Spinal cord

The student records, memorizes, and repeats these phrases without perceiving what four times four really means, or realizing the true significance of "capital" in the affirmation "the capital of Para is Belem," that is, what Belem means for Pard and what Para means for Brazil.

The teacher cannot think for her students, nor can she impose her thought on them.

If men and women are searchers and their ontological vocation is humanization, sooner or later they may per-ceive the contradiction in which banking education seeks to main-tain them, and then engage themselves in the struggle for their liberation

Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students

In the banking concept of education, knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing.

Worse yet, it turns them into "containers," into "receptacles" to be "filled" by the teacher. The more completely she fills the receptacles, the better a teacher she is. The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are.

out the provisions that agreements are deemed to contain under sections 92 and 96;

(c)otherwise at the discretion of the Board after consultation with ULFA.

He knew that Umuofia would not go to war. He knew because they had let the other messengers escape.

He never stopped regretting that Ezinma was a girl.

Although Nwoye had been attracted to the new faith from the very first day, he kept it secret.

As soon as the six men were locked up, court messengers went into Umuofia to tell the people that their leaders would not be released unless they paid a fine of two hundred and fifty bags of cowries. "Unless you pay the fine immediately," said their headman, "we will take your leaders to Umuru before the big white man, and hang them."

The interpreter spoke to the white man and he immediately gave his answer. "All the gods you have named are not gods at all. They are gods of deceit who tell you to kill your fellows and destroy innocent children. There is only one true God and He has the earth, the sky, you and me and all of us."

return early enough to cook the afternoon meal.

Okonkwo was provoked to justifiable anger by his youngest wife, who went to plait her hair at her friend's house and did not return early enough to cook the afternoon meal. Okonkwo did not know at first that she was not at home. After waiting in vain for her dish he went to her hut to see what she was doing. There was nobody in the hut and the fireplace was cold.

Umuofia was feared by all its neighbours. It was powerful in war and in magic, and its priests and medicine men were feared in all the surrounding country. Its most potent war-medicine was as old as the clan itself. Nobody knew how old. But on one point there was general agreement--the active principle in that medicine had been an old woman with one leg. In fact, the medicine itself was called agadi-nwayi, or old woman. It had its shrine in the centre of Umuofia, in a cleared spot. And if anybody was so foolhardy as to pass by the shrine after dusk he was sure to see the old woman hopping about. And so the neighbouring clans who naturally knew of these things feared Umuofia, and would not go to war against it without first trying a peaceful settlement.

Ogbuefi Ezeugo was a powerful orator and was always chosen to speak on such occasions. He moved his hand over his white head and stroked his white beard. He then adjusted his cloth, which was passed under his right arm-pit and tied above his left shoulder.

Okoye said the next half a dozen sentences in proverbs. Among the Ibo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten. Okoye was a great talker and he spoke for a long time, skirting round the subject and then hitting it finally.

Nneka had had four previous pregnancies and child-births. But each time she had borne twins, and they had been immediately thrown away. Her husband and his family were already becoming highly critical of such a woman and were not unduly perturbed when they found she had fled to join the Christians

Then kill yourself," said Obierika.

I am still disturbed by the thought of Koenig stomping around communities that she clearly does not understand, digging up small, generally inconsequential details about the people inside of them, and subjecting it all to that inimitable “This American Life” process of tirelessly, and sometimes gleefully, expressing her neuroses over what she has found.

“Her diary, by the way — well I’m not exactly sure what I expected her diary to be like but — it’s such a teenage girls diary.”

As news of the Spanish conquest spread, wealth-hungry Spaniards poured into the New World seeking land and gold and titles

Wave after wave she unleashed, until much of the land was underwater and many of the people were drowned.

A long time ago human beings lived high up in what is now called heaven.

When the boys had grown to man’s estate, they decided that it was necessary for them to increase the size of their island,

After much discussion the toad was finally persuaded to dive to the bottom of the waters in search of soil. Bravely making the attempt, he succeeded in bringing up soil from the depths of the sea. This was carefully spread over the carapace of the Turtle, and at once both began to grow in size and depth.

Eshu demanded sacrifice be made to Obatala and himself before he would deliver the message. The people sacrificed some goats, and Eshu returned to the sky.  

The next day he realized what he had done, and swore never to drink again, and to take care of those who were deformed, thus becoming Protector of the Deformed.  

He did as he was told, whereupon the hen landing on the sand began scratching and scattering it about

In the beginning, there was only the sky above, water and marshland below. The chief god Olorun ruled the sky, and the goddess Olokun ruled what was below. Obatala, another god, reflected upon this situation, then went to Olorun for permission to create dry land for all kinds of living creatures to inhabit

So he shook violently the various animals – the bears, deer, and turkeys – causing them to become small at once, a characteristic which attached itself to their descendants

When the boys had grown to man’s estate, they decided that it was necessary for them to increase the size of their island, so they agreed to start out together, afterward separating to create forests and lakes and other things.

When these were wearied they asked, "Who will volunteer to care for this woman?" The great Turtle then took her, and when he got tired of holding her, he in turn asked who would take his place. At last the question arose as to what they should do to provide her with a permanent resting place in this world.

It so happened that this chief’s daughter was taken very ill with a strange affection. All the people were very anxious as to the outcome of her illness. Every known remedy was tried in an attempt to cure her, but none had any effect.

And God said, Let us make man in our image, 1 Cor. 11.7 after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. 27  So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them

And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, 18  and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

In the American Southwest sometime between the years 900 and 1300 ancient Puebloan peoples built a large civilization sustained by advanced irrigation and a vast trading network linking goods from as far as Central Mexico and the Mississippi River

Several expansive civilizations in the Midwest and Southwest demonstrated the potential for large-scale Indian civilizations.

But native populations adapted: they fished, hunted small mammals, and gathered nuts and berries.

Agriculture arose sometime between nine- and five-thousand years ago, almost simultaneously in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Mesoamericans in modern-day Mexico and Central America first domesticated maize and and developed perhaps the hemisphere’s first settled population around 1,200 BCE.

Nomadic hunter-gatherers, they traveled in small bands following megafauna–enormous mammals that included mastodons and giant horses and bison–into the frozen Beringian tundra at the edge of North America.

Hunters across the hemisphere preyed on plentiful game and natural foods and the population boomed

The effects of slavery endured long after emancipation.

Yet the end of legal slavery did not mean the end of racial injustice.

Lincoln won twenty-two states, and McClellan only managed to carry three: New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky.19

In a time when the average woman gave birth to eight to ten children in her lifetime,

In the North, the conditions in hospitals were somewhat superior. 

It is a common misconception that amputation was accompanied without anesthesia and against a patient’s wishes.

Around 1862 both armies began to dig latrines rather than rely upon the local waterways.

Tuberculosis, measles, rheumatism, typhoid, malaria, and smallpox spread almost unchecked among the armies.

arrested all rebellious women as prostitutes.

The working class citizens of New York felt especially angered as wealthy New Yorkers paid $300 for substitutes, sparing themselves from the hardships of war.

The Gettysburg Campaign was Lee’s final northern incursion and the Battle of Gettysburg remains the bloodiest battle of the war, and in American history, with 51,000 casualties.

There was never any doubt that black laborers and camp servants were property.

Gooding argued that, because he and his brethren were born in the United States and selflessly left their private lives and to enter the army, they should be treated “as American SOLDIERS, not as menial hirelings.

African American soldiers in the Union army endured rampant discrimination and earned less pay than white soldiers, while also facing the possibility of being murdered or sold into slavery if captured by Confederate forces.

In order to avoid the issue of the slaves’ freedom, Butler reasoned that runaway slaves were “contraband of war,” and he had as much a right to seize them as he did to seize enemy horses or cannons

. War meant the possibility of disruption to their cotton produced on the backs of slave labor, and disruption could have catastrophic ramifications in commercial and financial markets abroad.

“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game.

. Like an anaconda snake, they planned to surround and squeeze the Confederacy.

Committee of Thirteen

sine qua non

while doing little else to address the issues tearing the country apart.

the Republicans were hardly unified around a single candidate themselves

The nation’s oldest party had split over differences in policy toward slavery.

The American Civil War, the bloodiest in the nation’s history, resulted in approximately 750,000 deaths.1 The war touched the life of nearly every American as military mobilization reached levels never seen before or sinc

Hold the increase in the global average temperature [below 1.5 °C] [or] [well] [below 2 °C] above preindustrial levels by ensuring deep cuts in global greenhouse gas [net] emissions;

[Each Party’s [intended] nationally determined contribution will represent a progression in the light of Parties’ differentiated responsibilities and commitments under the Convention.] [The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement this Agreement will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments on the provision of finance, technology development and transfer and capacity-building.]

The first and most ominous sign of a coming sectional storm occurred over debates surrounding the admission of the State of Missouri in 1821.

Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 contest on November 6, gaining just 40% of the popular vote and not a single southern vote in the Electoral College.

It was Kansas that at last proved to many northerners that the sectional crisis would not go away unless slavery also went away.

“Bleeding Kansas” was the first place to demonstrate that the sectional crisis could easily, and in fact already was, exploding into a full-blown national crisis.

the anti-immigrant movement simply could not capture the nation’s attention in the ways the antislavery movement already had.

The year 1855 nearly derailed the northern antislavery coalition

In the words of Amos Adams Lawrence, “We went to bed one night old-fashioned, conservative, compromise Union Whigs & woke up stark mad Abolitionists.”13

Ordinary Americans in the North increasingly resisted what they believed to be a pro-slavery federal government on their own terms.

One measure of the popularity of antislavery ideas came in 1852 when Harriet Beecher Stowe published her bestselling antislavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

The 1852 Presidential election gave the Whigs their most stunning defeat and effectively ended their existence as a national political party.

The Fugitive Slave Act created the foundation for a massive expansion of federal power, including an alarming increase in the nation’s policing powers

By 1850, California wanted admission as a free state.

a women’s rights movement also got underway in July at Seneca Falls, New York

Left unrepresented, antislavery Free Soil leaders swung into action.

Douglass grew up, like many enslaved people, barely having known his own mother or date of birth

But the Liberty Party also shunned women’s participation in the movement, and distanced themselves from visions of true racial egalitarianism.

whites never intended them to be citizens of the United States

Even seemingly simple and straightforward phrases like “All Men Are Created Equal” were hotly contested all over again

laws tried to keep blacks out of the West entirely.

Kentucky and Tennessee emerged as slave states, while free states Ohio, Indiana (1816) and Illinois (1818) gained admission along the river’s northern banks.

Thomas Jefferson, believed that slavery was a temporary institution and would soon die ou

Vermont coming into the Union as a free state, and Kentucky coming in as a slave state

communities that would continually reignite the antislavery struggle.

English political theorists, in particular, began to re-think natural law justifications for slavery.

They generated tremendous wealth for the British crown

Southerners feared that without slavery’s expansion, the abolitionist faction would come to dominate national politics and an increasingly dense population of slaves would lead to bloody insurrection and race war.

Slavery’s history stretched back to antiquity. Prior to the American Revolution, nearly everyone in the world accepted it as a natural part of life.

Congress reached a “compromise” on Missouri’s admission, largely through the work of Kentuckian Henry Clay

Revolutionaries in the United States declared

I cannot but laugh

Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands.

"I long to hear that you have declared an independency

former slaves fled with the British army.

Americans began to create their own manufactures, no longer content to rely on those in Britain

Americans celebrated their victory, but it came at great cost

By 1781, the British were also fighting France, Spain, and Holland.

he developed his own logic of warfare

The Congress approved the document on July 4, 1776

dangerous and ill-designing men

Congress was in the strange position of attempting reconciliation while publicly raising an army.

The Congress struck a compromise

the Coercive Acts fostered the sense of shared identity created over the previous decade

Because women were often making decisions regarding which household items to purchase, their participation in consumer boycotts held particular weight

By buying the tea, even though it was cheaper, colonists would be paying the duty and thereby implicitly acknowledging Parliament’s right to tax them.

. A new sense of shared grievances began to join the colonists in a shared American political identity.

bloodthirsty British soldiers with grins on their faces firing into a peaceful crowd.

When a small number of soldiers came to the sentry’s aid, the crowd grew increasingly hostile until the soldiers fired.

colonists, once again, resisted.

In New York City, the inhabitants raised a huge lead statue of King George III in honor of the Stamp Act’s repeal.

However, the colonists rejected the notion of virtual representation, with one pamphleteer calling it a “monstrous idea

This led, in part, to broader, more popular resistance.

Stamp Act

The King forbade settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to limit costly wars with Native Americans.

Britain now controlled the North American continent east of the Mississippi River, including French Canada.

Both Locke and Whitefield had empowered individuals to question authority and to take their lives into their own hands.

Education would produce rational human beings capable of thinking for themselves and questioning authority rather than tacitly accepting tradition.

Perhaps no single philosopher had a greater impact on colonial thinking than John Locke

Colonial political culture in the colonies also developed differently than that of the mother country

Samuel Adams, in the Boston Gazette, described the colonies as each being a “separate body politic” from Britain.

Constant war was politically consuming and economically expensive.

But the Revolution was as paradoxical as it was unpredictable

Throughout the eighteenth century, colonists had developed significant emotional ties with both the British monarchy and the British constitution

I am not of opinion that in giving Land to the English, we deprive ourselves of the use of it, on the Contrary, I think we shall share it with them,

Neither will the Generous Inflict a Punishment without a Crime.

eternal marks traced

No group—European or Indian—held sovereign power, and diplomatic, military, trading, and social exchanges continued for much of the eighteenth century.

Native Americans living in interior regions maintained greater control over their lands and culture

the lower People,

Loudon complained about the colonists in letters to the Duke of Cumberland:

Oh that I would be a Dog or a toad or any Creature but Man

and put me into a trembling fear before he began to preach;

I saw no man at work in his field, but all seemed to be gone.

4000 of people

every horse seemed to go with all his might to carry his rider to hear news from heaven for the saving of Souls;

I dropt my tool and I had in my hand an ran home to my wife telling her to make ready quickly to go and hear Mr. Whitefield preach at Middletown

and great numbers were converted to Christ;

It is true governments cannot be supported without great charge, and it is fit every one who enjoys his share of the protection should pay out of his estate his proportion for the maintenance of it

men unite into societies that they may have the united strength of the whole society to secure and defend their properties,

The rules that they make for, other men's actions must, as well as their own and other men's actions, be conformable to the law of Nature — i.e., to the will of God, of which that is a declaration, and the fundamental law of Nature being the preservation of mankind, no human sanction can be good or valid against it.

it being ridiculous to imagine one can be tied ultimately to obey any power in the society which is not the supreme.

This legislative is not only the supreme power of the commonwealth, but sacred and unalterable in the hands where the community have once placed it

if anybody dislike, I consent with him to change it for a better.

hereditary monarchy

whoever has the legislative or supreme power of any commonwealth, is bound to govern by established standing laws

of doing whatsoever he thought fit for the preservation of himself

Secondly, in the state of Nature there wants a known and indifferent judge, with authority to determine all differences according to the established law.

he be absolute lord of his own person and possessions