How about using ascratch pad slightly smaller than thepage-size of the book—so that theedges of the sheets won't protrude?Make your index, outlines, and evenyour notes on the pad, and then insertthese sheets permanently inside thefront and back covers of the book.
This practice is not too dissimilar to that used by zettelkasten practitioners (including Niklas Luhmann) who broadly used his bibliographic cards this way.
By separating his index and ideas from the book and putting them into a physical index, it makes them easier to juxtapose with other ideas over time rather than having them anchored directly to the book itself. For academics and researchers, this will tend to help save time from having to constantly retrieve these portions from individual books.