Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> Anderson et al utilize an array of orthogonal techniques to highlight the importance of protein dynamics for the function and inhibition of the kinase ERK2. ERK2 is important for a large variety of biological functions.

Strengths:<br /> This is a thorough and detailed study that uses a variety of techniques to identify critical molecular/chemical parameters that drive ERK2 in specific states.

Weaknesses:<br /> No details rules were identified so that novel inhibitors could be designed. Nevertheless, the mode of action of these existing inhibitors is much better defined.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors image dopamine axons in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using microprism-mediated two-photon calcium imaging. They image these axons as mice learn that two auditory cues predict two distinct outcomes, tailshock or water delivery. They find that some axons show a preference for encoding of the shock and some show a preference for encoding of water. The authors report a greater number of dopamine axons in mPFC that respond to shock. Across time, the shock-preferring axons begin to respond preferentially to the cue predicting shock, while there is a less pronounced increase in the water-responsive axons that acquire a response to the water-predictive cue (these axons also increase non-significantly to the shock-predictive cue). These data lead the authors to argue that dopamine axons in mPFC preferentially encode aversive stimuli.

Strengths:

The experiments are beautifully executed and the authors have mastered an impressively complex technique. Specifically, they are able to image and track individual dopamine axons in mPFC across days of learning. This technique is used the way it should be: the authors isolate distinct dopamine axons in mPFC and characterize their encoding preferences and how this evolves across learning of cue-shock and cue-water contingencies. Thus, these experiments are revealing novel information about how aversive and rewarding stimuli is encoded at the level of individual axons, in a way that has not been done before. This is timely and important.

Weaknesses:

The overarching conclusion of the paper is that dopamine axons preferentially encode aversive stimuli. This is prevalent in the title, abstract, and throughout the manuscript. This is fundamentally confounded. As the authors point out themselves, the axonal response to stimuli is sensitive to outcome magnitude (Supp Fig 3). That is, if you increase the magnitude of water or shock that is delivered, you increase the change in fluorescence that is seen in the axons. Unsurprisingly, the change in fluorescence that is seen to shock is considerably higher than water reward. Further, when the mice are first given unexpected water delivery and have not yet experienced the aversive stimuli, over 40% of the axons respond [yet just a few lines below the authors write: "Previous studies have demonstrated that the overall dopamine release at the mPFC or the summed activity of mPFC dopamine axons exhibits a strong response to aversive stimuli (e.g., tail shock), but little to rewards", which seems inconsistent with their own data]. Given these aspects of the data, it could be the case that the dopamine axons in mPFC encodes different types of information and delegates preferential processing to the most salient outcome across time. The use of two similar sounding tones (9Khz and 12KHz) for the reward and aversive predicting cues are likely to enhance this as it requires a fine-grained distinction between the two cues in order to learn effectively.

There is considerable literature on mPFC function across species that would support such a view. Specifically, theories of mPFC function (in particular prelimbic cortex, which is where the axon images are mostly taken) generally center around resolution of conflict in what to respond, learn about, and attend to. That is, mPFC is important for devoting the most resources (learning, behavior) to the most relevant outcomes in the environment. This data then, provides a mechanism for this to occur in mPFC. That is, dopamine axons signal to the mPFC the most salient aspects of the environment, which should be preferentially learned about and responded towards. This is also consistent with the absence of a negative prediction error during omission: the dopamine axons show increases in responses during receipt of unexpected outcomes, but do not encode negative errors. This supports a role for this projection in helping to allocate resources to the most salient outcomes and their predictors, and not learning per se. Below are a just few references from the rich literature on mPFC function (some consider rodent mPFC analogous to DLPFC, some mPFC), which advocate for a role in this region in allocating attention and cognitive resources to most relevant stimuli, and do not indicate preferential processing of aversive stimuli.

References:<br /> 1. Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual review of neuroscience, 24(1), 167-202.<br /> 2. Bissonette, G. B., Powell, E. M., & Roesch, M. R. (2013). Neural structures underlying set-shifting: roles of medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Behavioural brain research, 250, 91-101.<br /> 3. Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual review of neuroscience, 18(1), 193-222.<br /> 4. Sharpe, M. J., Stalnaker, T., Schuck, N. W., Killcross, S., Schoenbaum, G., & Niv, Y. (2019). An integrated model of action selection: distinct modes of cortical control of striatal decision making. Annual review of psychology, 70, 53-76.<br /> 5. Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004). The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. science, 306(5695), 443-447.<br /> 6. Nee, D. E., Kastner, S., & Brown, J. W. (2011). Functional heterogeneity of conflict, error, task-switching, and unexpectedness effects within medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage, 54(1), 528-540.<br /> 7. Isoda, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2007). Switching from automatic to controlled action by monkey medial frontal cortex. Nature neuroscience, 10(2), 240-248.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In their manuscript titled "Exposure to false cardiac feedback alters pain perception and anticipatory cardiac frequency", Parrotta and colleagues describe an experimental study on the interplay between false heart rate feedback and pain experience in healthy, adult humans. The experimental design is derived from Bayesian perspectives on interoceptive inference. In Experiment 1 (N=34), participants rated the intensity and unpleasantness of an electrical pulse presented to their middle fingers. Participants received auditory cardiac feedback prior to the electrical pulse. This feedback was congruent with the participant's heart rate or manipulated to have a higher or lower frequency than the participant's true heart rate (incongruent high/ low feedback). The authors find heightened ratings of pain intensity and unpleasantness as well as a decreased heart rate in participants who were exposed to the incongruent-high cardiac feedback. Experiment 2 (N=29) is equivalent to Experiment 1 with the exception that non-interoceptive auditory feedback was presented. Here, mean pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings were unaffected by feedback frequency.

Strengths:

The authors present interesting experimental data that was derived from modern theoretical accounts of interoceptive inference and pain processing.

1. The motivation for the study is well-explained and rooted within the current literature, whereas pain is the result of a multimodal, inferential process. The separation of nociceptive stimulation and pain experience is explained clearly and stringently throughout the text.

2. The idea of manipulating pain-related expectations via an internal, instead of an external cue, is very innovative.

3. An appropriate control experiment was implemented, where an external (non-physiological) auditory cue with parallel frequency to the cardiac cue was presented.

4. The chosen statistical methods are appropriate, albeit averaging may limit the opportunity for mechanistic insight, see weaknesses section.

5. The behavioral data, showing increased unpleasantness and intensity ratings after exposure to incongruent-high cardiac feedback, but not exteroceptive high-frequency auditory feedback, is backed up by ECG data. Here, the decrease in heart rate during the incongruent-high condition speaks towards a specific, expectation-induced physiological effect that can be seen as resulting from interoceptive inference.

Weaknesses:

Additional analyses and/ or more extensive discussion are needed to address these limitations:

1. I would like to know more about potential learning effects during the study. Is there a significant change in ∆ intensity and ∆ unpleasantness over time; e.g. in early trials compared to later trials? It would be helpful to exclude the alternative explanation that over time, participants learned to interpret the exteroceptive cue more in line with the cardiac cue, and the effect is driven by a lack of learning about the slightly less familiar cue (the exteroceptive cue) in early trials. In other words, the heartbeat-like auditory feedback might be "overlearned", compared to the less naturalistic tone, and more exposure to the less naturalistic cue might rule out any differences between them w.r.t. pain unpleasantness ratings.

2. The origin of the difference in Cohen's d (Exp. 1: .57, Exp. 2: .62) and subsequently sample size in the sensitivity analyses remains unclear, it would be helpful to clarify where these values are coming from (are they related to the effects reported in the results? If so, they should be marked as post-hoc analyses).

3. As an alternative explanation, it is conceivable that the cardiac cue may have just increased unspecific arousal or attention to a larger extent than the exteroceptive cue. It would be helpful to discuss the role of these rather unspecific mechanisms, and how it may have differed between experiments.

4. The hypothesis (increased pain intensity with incongruent-high cardiac feedback) should be motivated by some additional literature.

5. The discussion section does not address the study's limitations in a sufficient manner. For example, I would expect a more thorough discussion on the lack of correlation between participant ratings and self-reported bodily awareness and reactivity, as assessed with the BPQ.<br /> a. Some short, additional information on why the authors chose to focus on body awareness and supradiaphragmatic reactivity subscales would be helpful.

6. The analyses presented in this version of the manuscript allow only limited mechanistic conclusions - a computational model of participant's behavior would be a very strong addition to the paper. While this may be out of the scope of the article, it would be helpful for the reader to discuss the limitations of the presented analyses and outline avenues towards a more mechanistic understanding and analysis of the data. The computational model in [7] might contain some starting ideas.

Some additional topics were not considered in the first version of the manuscript:<br /> 1. The possible advantages of a computational model of task behavior should be discussed.<br /> 2. Across both experiments, there was a slightly larger number of female participants. Research suggests significant sex-related differences in pain processing [1,2]. It would be interesting to see what role this may have played in this data.<br /> 3. There are a few very relevant papers that come to mind which may be of interest. These sources might be particularly useful when discussing the roadmap towards a mechanistic understanding of the inferential processes underlying the task responses [3,4] and their clinical implications.<br /> 4. In this version of the paper, we only see plots that illustrate ∆ scores, averaged across pain intensities - to better understand participant responses and the relationship with stimulus intensity, it would be helpful to see a more descriptive plot of task behavior (e.g. stimulus intensity and raw pain ratings)

[1] Mogil, J. S. (2020). Qualitative sex differences in pain processing: emerging evidence of a biased literature. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 21(7), 353-365. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-020-0310-6<br /> [2] Sorge, R. E., & Strath, L. J. (2018). Sex differences in pain responses. Current Opinion in Physiology, 6, 75-81. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468867318300786?via%3Dihub<br /> [3] Unal, O., Eren, O. C., Alkan, G., Petzschner, F. H., Yao, Y., & Stephan, K. E. (2021). Inference on homeostatic belief precision. Biological Psychology, 165, 108190.<br /> [4] Allen, M., Levy, A., Parr, T., & Friston, K. J. (2022). In the body's eye: the computational anatomy of interoceptive inference. PLoS Computational Biology, 18(9), e1010490.<br /> [5] Stephan, K. E., Manjaly, Z. M., Mathys, C. D., Weber, L. A., Paliwal, S., Gard, T., ... & Petzschner, F. H. (2016). Allostatic self-efficacy: A metacognitive theory of dyshomeostasis-induced fatigue and depression. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 10, 550.<br /> [6] Friston, K. J., Stephan, K. E., Montague, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2014). Computational psychiatry: the brain as a phantastic organ. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(2), 148-158.<br /> [7] Eckert, A. L., Pabst, K., & Endres, D. M. (2022). A Bayesian model for chronic pain. Frontiers in Pain Research, 3, 966034.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> Previous studies suggest that humans may infer objects' stability through a world model that performs mental simulations with a priori knowledge of gravity acting upon objects. In this study, the authors test two alternative hypotheses about the nature of this a priori knowledge. According to the Natural Gravity assumption, the direction of gravity encoded in this world model is straight downwards as in the physical world. According to the alternative Mental Gravity assumption, that gravity direction is encoded in a Gaussian distribution, with the vertical direction as the maximum likelihood. They present two experiments and computer simulations as evidence in support of the Mental Gravity assumption. Their conclusion is that when the brain is tasked to determine the stability of a given structure it runs a mental simulation, termed Mental Gravity Simulation, which averages the estimated temporal evolutions of that structure arising from different gravity directions sampled from a Gaussian distribution.

Weaknesses:<br /> In spite of the fact that the Mental Gravity Simulation (MGS) seems to predict the data of the two experiments, it is an untenable hypothesis. I give the main reason for this conclusion by illustrating a simple thought experiment. Suppose you ask subjects to determine whether a single block (like those used in the simulations) is about to fall. We can think of blocks of varying heights. No matter how tall a block is, if it is standing on a horizontal surface it will not fall until some external perturbation disturbs its equilibrium. I am confident that most human observers would predict this outcome as well. However, the MSG simulation would not produce this outcome. Instead, it would predict a non-zero probability of the block to tip over. A gravitational field that is not perpendicular to the base has the equivalent effect of a horizontal force applied on the block at the height corresponding to the vertical position of the center of gravity. Depending on the friction determined by the contact between the base of the block and the surface where it stands there is a critical height where any horizontal force being applied would cause the block to fall while pivoting about one of the edges at the base (the one opposite to where the force has been applied). This critical height depends on both the size of the base and the friction coefficient. For short objects this critical height is larger than the height of the object, so that object would not fall. But for taller blocks, this is not the case. Indeed, the taller the block the smaller the deviation from a vertical gravitational field is needed for a fall to be expected. The discrepancy between this prediction and the most likely outcome of the simple experiment I have just outlined makes the MSG model implausible. Note also that a gravitational field that is not perpendicular to the ground surface is equivalent to the force field experienced by the block while standing on an inclined plane. For small friction values, the block is expected to slide down the incline, therefore another prediction of this MSG model is that when we observe an object on a surface exerting negligible friction (think of a puck on ice) we should expect that object to spontaneously move. But of course, we don't, as we do not expect tall objects that are standing to suddenly fall if left unperturbed. In summary, a stochastic world model cannot explain these simple observations.

The question remains as to how we can interpret the empirical data from the two experiments and their agreement with the predictions of the stochastic world model if we assume that the brain has internalized a vertical gravitational field. First, we need to look more closely at the questions posed to the subjects in the two experiments. In the first experiment, subjects are asked about how "normal" a fall of a block construction looks. Subjects seem to accept 50% of the time a fall is normal when the gravitational field is about 20 deg away from the vertical direction. The authors conclude that according to the brain, such an unusual gravitational field is possible. However, there are alternative explanations for these findings that do not require a perceptual error in the estimation of the direction of gravity. There are several aspects of the scene that may be misjudged by the observer. First, the 3D interpretation of the scene and the 3D motion of the objects can be inaccurate. Indeed, the simulation of a normal fall uploaded by the authors seems to show objects falling in a much weaker gravitational field than the one on Earth since the blocks seem to fall in "slow motion". This is probably because the perceived height of the structure is much smaller than the simulated height. In general, there are even more severe biases affecting the perception of 3D structures that depend on many factors, for instance, the viewpoint. Second, the distribution of weight among the objects and the friction coefficients acting between the surfaces are also unknown parameters. In other words, there are several parameters that depend on the viewing conditions and material composition of the blocks that are unknown and need to be estimated. The authors assume that these parameters are derived accurately and only that assumption allows them to attribute the observed biases to an error in the estimate of the gravitational field. Of course, if the direction of gravity is the only parameter allowed to vary freely then it is no surprise that it explains the results. Instead, a simulation with a titled angle of gravity may give rise to a display that is interpreted as rendering a vertical gravitational field while other parameters are misperceived. Moreover, there is an additional factor that is intentionally dismissed by the authors that is a possible cause of the fall of a stack of cubes: an external force. Stacks that are initially standing should not fall all of a sudden unless some unwanted force is applied to the construction. For instance, a sudden gust of wind would create a force field on a stack that is equivalent to that produced by a tilted gravitational field. Such an explanation would easily apply to the findings of the second experiment. In that experiment subjects are explicitly asked if a stack of blocks looks "stable". This is an ambiguous question because the stability of a structure is always judged by imagining what would happen to the structure if an external perturbation is applied. The right question should be: "do you think this structure would fall if unperturbed". However, if stability is judged in the face of possible external perturbations then a tall structure would certainly be judged as less stable than a short structure occupying the same ground area. This is what the authors find. What they consider as a bias (tall structures are perceived as less stable than short structures) is instead a wrong interpretation of the mental process that determines stability. If subjects are asked the question "Is it going to fall?" then tall stacks of sound structure would be judged as stable as short stacks, just more precarious.

The RL model used as a proof of concept for how the brain may build a stochastic prior for the direction of gravity is based on very strong and unverified assumptions. The first assumption is that the brain already knows about the force of gravity, but it lacks knowledge of the direction of this force of gravity. The second assumption is that before learning the brain knows the effect of a gravitational field on a stack of blocks. How can the brain simulate the effect of a non-vertical gravitational field on a structure if it has never observed such an event? The third assumption is that from the visual input, the brain is able to figure out the exact 3D coordinates of the blocks. This has been proven to be untrue in a large number of studies. Given these assumptions and the fact that the only parameters the RL model modifies through learning specify the direction of gravity, I am not surprised that the model produces the desired results.

Finally, the argument that the MGS is more efficient than the NGS model is based on an incorrect analysis of the results of the simulation. It is true that 80% accuracy is reached faster by the MGS model than the 95% accuracy level is reached by the NGS model. But the question is: how fast does the NGS model reach 80% accuracy (before reaching the plateau)?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The authors aim to provide a multidisciplinary resource on the structural and physiological organization of the hippocampal system and make the available experimental data available for further theoretical work, providing tools to do so in a very flexible and user-friendly way. Since this is a new version of an already existing data-resource, the authors certainly reach their aim and fulfil expectations that the reader might have. The content of the database is as good as the original data, collected from the published knowledge-database, sometimes with the help of the original authors, and the overall quality depends further on how the data are curated by the team of authors and many others who helped them. That process is briefly described and more details are available in descriptions of previous versions and on the website. The data extraction, examples of how data can be used, and the part on attempts to model the hippocampus are exciting and open doors to new and exciting research opportunities.

Strengths:<br /> Excellent description with many outlined opportunities. Nicely illustrated and inviting to explore the online database.

Weaknesses:<br /> The figures are complex, containing a heavy information load with many abbreviations. You need some general knowledge of the system in order to grasp the enormous potential of what is provided.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Seba et al. investigate whether chromosomal recruitment of the E. coli SMC complex MukBEF is initiated at a single site, how MukBEF activity is excluded from the replication terminus region, and whether its recruitment and activity depend on DNA replication. Upon induction of MukBEF, the authors find that chromosomal long-range contacts increase globally rather than from a single site. Using large-scale chromosome rearrangements, they show that matS sites can insulate separate areas of high MukBEF activity from each other. This suggests that MukBEF loads at multiple sites in the genome. Finally, the authors propose that MukBEF associates preferentially with newly replicated DNA, based on ChIP-seq experiments after DNA replication arrest.

The conclusions of the paper are mostly well supported by the data. The ratiometric contact analyses and range-of-contact analyses are compelling and nicely show the interplay between MukBEF and its proposed unloader MatP/matS. I particularly enjoyed the chromosome re-arrangement experiments, which lend strong support to the idea that MukBEF activity is independent of a centralized loading site.

The enrichment of MukBEF in newly replicated regions is somewhat less convincing, as the effect sizes are rather small and the background signal is unknown. The conclusion that matS density controls MukBEF activity is appealing, but would likely need additional support from more systematic studies. It is based on a comparison of only two strains (looking at different combinations of three matS sites), and the effect size is small. As it is, differences in matS sequence composition and genomic context cannot be factored out.

Overall, the work is an important advance in our understanding of bacterial chromosome organization. It will be of broad interest to chromosome biologists and bacterial cell biologists.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> This important paper provides the best-to-date characterization of chirping in weakly electric fish using a large number of variables. These include environment (free vs divided fish, with or without clutter), breeding state, gender, intruder vs resident, social status, locomotion state and social and environmental experience, as well as with playback experiments. It applies state-of-the-art methods for reducing dimensionality and finding patterns of correlation between different kinds of variables (factor analysis, K-means). The exceptional strength of the evidence, collated from a large number of trials with many controls, leads to the conclusion that a number of commonly accepted truths about which variable affects chirping must be carefully rewritten or nuanced. Based on their extensive analyses, the authors suggest that chirps are mainly used as probes that help detect beats and objects.

Strengths:<br /> The work is based on completely novel recordings using interaction chambers. The amount of new data and associated analyses is simply staggering, and yet, well organized in presentation. The study further evaluates the electric field strength around a fish (via modelling with the boundary element method) and how its decay parallels the chirp rate, thereby relating the above variables to electric field geometry.

The main conclusions are that the lack of any significant behavioural correlates for chirping, and the lack of temporal patterning in chirp time series, cast doubt on a communication goal for most chirps. Rather, the key determinants of chirping are the difference frequency between two interacting conspecifics as well as individual subjects' environmental and social experience. These conclusions by themselves will be hugely useful to the field. They will also allow scientists working on other "communication" systems to at least reconsider, and perhaps expand the precise goal of the probes used in those senses. There are a lot of data summarized in this paper, and thorough referencing to past work. For example, the paper concludes that there is a lack of evidence for stereotyped temporal patterning of chirp time series, as well as of sender-received chirp transitions beyond the known increase in chirp frequency during an interaction.

The alternative hypotheses that arise from the work are that chirps are mainly used as environmental probes for better beat detection and processing and object localization.

The authors also advance the interesting idea that the sinusoidal frequency modulations caused by chirps are the electric fish's solution to the minute (and undetectable by neural wetware) echo-delays available to it, due to the propagation of electric fields at the speed of light in water.

Weaknesses:<br /> My main criticism is that the alternative putative role for chirps as probe signals that optimize beat detection could be better developed. The paper could be clearer as to what that means precisely. And there is an egg-and-chicken type issue as well, namely, that one needs a beat in order to "chirp" the beating pattern, but then how does chirping optimize the detection of the said beat? Perhaps the authors mean (as they wrote elsewhere in the paper) that the chirps could enhance electrosensory responses to the beat.

A second criticism is that the study links the beat detection to underwater object localization. I did not see a sufficiently developed argument in this direction, nor how the data provided support for this argument. It is certainly possible that the image on the fish's body of an object in the environment will be slightly modified by introducing a chirp on the waveform, as this may enhance certain heterogeneities of the object in relation to its environment. The thrust of this argument seems to derive more from the notion of Fourier analysis with pulse type fish (and radar theory more generally) that the higher temporal frequencies in the beat waveform induced by the chirp will enable a better spatial resolution of objects. It remains to be seen whether this is significant.

I would also have liked to see a proposal for new experiments that could test these possible new roles.

The authors should recall for the readers the gist of Bastian's 2001 argument that the chirp "can adjust the beat frequency to levels that are better detectable" in the light of their current. Further, at the beginning of the "Probing with chirps" section, the 3rd way in which chirps could improve conspecific localization mentions the phase-shifting of the EOD. The authors should clarify whether they mean that the tuberous receptors and associated ELL/toral circuitry could deal with that cue, or that the T_unit pathway would be needed?

On p.17 I don't understand what is meant by most chirps being produced possibly aligned with the field lines, since field lines are everywhere. And what is one to conclude from the comparison of Fig.6D and 7A? Likewise it was not clear what is meant by chirps having a detectable effect on randomly generated beats.

In the section on Inconsistencies between behaviour and hypothesized signal meaning, the authors could perhaps nuance the interpretation of the results further in the context of the unrealistic copy of natural stimuli using EOD mimics. In particular, Kelly et al. 2008 argued that electrode placement mattered in terms of representation of a mimic fish onto the body of a real fish, and thus, if I properly understand the set up here, the movement would cause the mimic to vary in quality. This may nevertheless be a small confounding issue.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The present manuscript by Reham Abdelaziz and colleagues addresses the gating of Kv10.1, which belongs to the KCNH gene family and contains other subfamilies such as Kv11 (ERG) and Kv12 (ELK). They all have fundamental physiological roles, from cardiac repolarization to modulation of neuronal excitability and cancer physiology. They have a non-domain swapped architecture at the molecular level; both voltage and Ca-CaM modulate the channel function. They contain an intracellular gating ring formed by a PAS domain (in the N-term) that interacts intimately with the cNBHD (C-term) of the neighbor subunit but also with the cytosolic part of the voltage sensor domain and the C-linker. Mutations in the N- or C- terminus modify the gating dramatically. This complex network of interactions makes the cytosolic section and the PAS domain in particular, an alluring part of the channel to study as responsible for the coupling between the movements of the voltage sensor and the gating ring.

In this paper, Reham Abdelaziz and colleagues address a fundamental question of how in the Kv10.1 channels, the movement of the voltage sensor is coupled to the intracellular gating ring rotation to make the channel conduct ions. The authors perform a series of deletions and mutations in the N-terminal section of the channel (PAS domain) and in the C-terminus (cNHBD) and observe a biphasic behavior on the modified EAG channels that they interpret as two populations of open states, one of them not visible in the WT and only available because of the mutations introduced. While this is a fascinating hypothesis and it fits with the depolarizing range of potentials of the WT channels, there are some issues that, if addressed, will make this work very valuable for biophysicists and molecular physiologists interested in voltage-gated ion channels.

Strengths:<br /> The work presented addresses one of this channel's most fascinating and challenging features in the KCNH family. The authors use adequate mutations and electrophysiological techniques to address the questions they are trying to answer. They help them explore the behavior of the channels and build a Markov model to understand the underlying mechanism.

Weaknesses:<br /> Although very well established, the experimental conditions used in the present manuscript introduce uncertainties, weakening their conclusions and complicating the interpretation of the results. The authors performed most of their functional studies in Cl-based solutions that can become a non-trivial issue when the range of voltages explored extends to very depolarizing potentials such as +120mV. Oocytes endogenously express Ca2+-activated Cl- channels that will rectify Cl- at very depolarizing potentials -due to an increase in the driving force- and contribute dramatically to the current's amplitude observed at the test pulse in the voltage ranges where the authors identify the second open state.

The authors propose a two-layer Markov model with two open states approximating their results. However, the results obtained with the mutants suggest an inactivated state accessible from closed states and a change in the equilibrium between the close/inactivated/open states that could also explain the observed results; therefore, other models could approximate their data.

That said, if the results obtained by the authors get confirmed under different experimental conditions in the absence of Cl-, this present work could be instrumental in understanding the gating mechanisms of the KCNH family.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The manuscript describes new ligand-bound structures within the larger bile acid sodium symporter family (BASS). This is the primary advance in the manuscript, together with molecular simulations describing how sodium and the bile acids sit in the structure when thermalized. What I think is fairly clear is that the ligands are more stable when the sodiums are present, with a marked reduction in RMSD over the course of repeated trajectories. This would be consistent with a transport model where sodium ions bind first, and then the bile acid binds, followed by a conformational change to another state where the ligands unbind.

While the authors mention that BASS transporters are thought to undergo an elevator transport mechanisms, this is not tested here. In my reading, all the crystal structures belong to the same conformational state in the overall transport cycle, and the simulations do not make an attempt to induce a transition on accessible simulation timescales. Instead, there is a morph between two inward facing states.

The focus is on what kinds of substrates bind to this transporter, interrogating this with isothermal calorimetry together with mutations. With a Kd in the micromolar range, even the best binder, pantoate, actually isn't a particularly tight binder in the pharmaceutical sense. For a transporter, tight binding is not actually desirable, since the substrate needs to be able to leave after conformational change places it in a position accessible to the other side.

The structure and simulation analysis falls into the mainstream of modern structural biology work.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The unconventional myosin Myo10 (aka myosin X) is essential for filopodia formation in a number of mammalian cells. There is a good deal of interest in its role in filopodia formation and function. The manuscript describes a careful, quantitative analysis of Myo10 molecules in U2OS cells, a widely used model for studying filopodia, how many are present in the cytosol versus filopodia and the distribution of filopodia and molecules along the cell edge. Rigorous quantification of Myo10 protein amounts in a cell and cellular compartment are critical for ultimately deciphering the cellular mechanism of Myo10 action as well as understand the molecular composition of a Myo10-generated filopodium.<br /> Consistent with what is seen in images of Myo10 localization in many papers, the vast majority of Myo10 is in the cell body with only a small percentage (appr 5%) present in filopodia puncta. Interestingly, Myo10 is not uniformly distributed along the cell edge, but rather it is unevenly localized along the cell edge with one region preferentially extending filopodia, presumably via localized activation of Myo10 motors. Calculation of total molecules present in puncta based on measurement of puncta size and measured Halo-Myo10 signal intensity shows that the concentration of motor present can vary from 3 - 225 uM. Based on an estimation of available actin binding sites, it is possible that Myo10 can be present in excess over these binding sites.

Strengths:

The work represents an important first step towards defining the molecular stoichiometry of filopodial tip proteins. The observed range of Myo10 molecules at the tip suggests that it can accommodate a fairly wide range of Myo10 motors. There is great value in studies such as this and the approach taken by the authors gives one good confidence that the numbers obtained are in the right range.

Weaknesses:

One caveat (see below) is that these numbers are obtained for overexpressing cells and the relevance to native levels of Myo10 in a cell is unclear.<br /> An interesting aspect of the work is quantification of the fraction of Myo10 molecules in the cytosol versus in filopodia tips showing that the vast majority of motors are inactive in the cytosol, as is seen in images of cells. This has implications for thinking about how cells maintain this large population in the off-state and what is the mechanism of motor activation. One question raised by this work is the distinction between cytosolic Myo10 and the population found at the 'cell edge' and the filopodia tip. The cortical population of Myo10 is partially activated, so to speak, as it is targeted to the cortex/membrane and presumably ready to go. Providing quantification of this population of motors, that one might think of as being in a waiting room, could provide additional insight into a potential step-by-step pathway where recruitment or binding to the cortical region/plasma membrane is not by itself sufficient for activation.

Specific comments -

1) It is not obvious whether the analysis of numbers of Myo10 molecules in a cell that is ectopically overexpressing Myo10 is relevant for wild type cells. It would appear to be a significant excess based on the total protein stained blot shown in Fig S1E where a prominent band the size of tagged Myo10 seen in the transfected sample is almost absent in the WT control lane. Ideally, and ultimately an important approach, would be to work with a cell line expressing endogenously tagged Myo10 via genome engineering. This can be complicated in transformed cells that often have chromosomal duplications.

However, even though there is an excess of Myo10 it would appear that activation is still under some type of control as the cytosolic pool is quite large and its localization to the cell edge is not uniform. But it is difficult to gauge whether the number of molecules in the filopodium is the same as would be seen in untransfected cells. Myo10 can readily walk up a filopodium and if excess numbers of this motor are activated they would accumulate in the tip in large numbers, possibly creating a bulge as and indeed it does appear that some tips are unusually large. Then how would that relate to the normal condition?

2) Measurements of the localization of Myo10 focuses in large part on 'Myo10 punctae'. While it seems reasonable to presume that these are filopodia tips, the authors should provide readers with a clear definition of a puncta. Is it only filopodia tips, which seems to be the case? Does it include initiation sites at the cell membrane that often appear as punctae?<br /> Along those lines, the position of dim punctae along the length of a filopodium is measured (Fig 3D). The findings suggest that a given filopodium can have more than one puncta which seems at odds if a puncta is a filopodia tip. How frequently is a filopodium with two puncta seen? It would be helpful if the authors provided an example image showing the dim puncta that are not present at the tip.

3) The concentration of actin available to Myo10 is calculated based on the deduction from Nagy et al (2010) that only 4/13 of the actin monomers in a helical turn are accessible to the Myo10 motor (discussion on pg 9; Fig S4). Subsequent work (Ropars et al, 2016) has shown that the heads of the antiparallel Myo10 dimer are flattened, but the neck is rather flexible, meaning that the motor can a variable reach (36 - 52 nm). Wouldn't this mean that more actin could be accessible to the Myo10 motor than is calculated here?

4) Quantification of numbers of Myo10 molecules in filopodial puncta (Fig 3C) leads the authors to conclude that 'only ten or fewer Myo10 molecules are necessary for filopodia initiation' (pg 7, top). While this is a reasonable based on the assumption that the formation of a puncta ultimately results from an initiation event, little is known about initiation events and without direct observation of coalescence of Myo10 at the cell edge that leads to formation of a filopodium, this seems rather speculative.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> As clearly highlighted by the authors, a key plank in the ability of trypanosomes to evade the mammalian host's immune system is its high rate of endocytosis. This rapid turnover of its surface enables the trypanosome to 'clean' its surface removing antibodies and other immune effectors that are subsequently degraded. The high rate of endocytosis is likely reflected in the organisation and layout of the endosomal system in these parasites. Here, Link et al., sought to address this question using a range of light and three-dimensional electron microscopy approaches to define the endosomal organisation in this parasite.

Before this study, the vast majority of our information about the make-up of the trypanosome endosomal system was from thin-section electron microscopy and immunofluorescence studies, which did not provide the necessary resolution and 3D information to address this issue. Therefore, it was not known how the different structures observed by EM were related. Link et al., have taken advantage of the advances in technology and used an impressive combination of approaches at the LM and EM level to study the endosomal system in these parasites. This innovative combination has now shown the interconnected-ness of this network and demonstrated that there are no 'classical' compartments within the endosomal system, with instead different regions of the network enriched in different protein markers (Rab5a, Rab7, Rab11).

Strengths:<br /> This is a generally well-written and clear manuscript, with the data well-presented supporting the majority of the conclusions of the authors. The authors use an impressive range of approaches to address the organisation of the endosomal system and the development of these methods for use in trypanosomes will be of use to the wider parasitology community.

I appreciate their inclusion of how they used a range of different light microscopy approaches even though for instance the dSTORM approach did not turn out to be as effective as hoped. The authors have clearly demonstrated that trypanosomes have a large interconnected endosomal network, without defined compartments and instead show enrichment for specific Rabs within this network.

Weaknesses:<br /> My concerns are:

i) there is no evidence for functional compartmentalisation. The classical markers of different endosomal compartments do not fully overlap but there is no evidence to show a region enriched in one or other of these proteins has that specific function. The authors should temper their conclusions about this point.

ii) the quality of the electron microscopy work is very high but there is a general lack of numbers. For example, how many tomograms were examined? How often were fenestrated sheets seen? Can the authors provide more information about how frequent these observations were?

iii) the EM work always focussed on cells which had been processed before fixing. Now, I understand this was important to enable tracers to be used. However, given the dynamic nature of the system these processing steps and feeding experiments may have affected the endosomal organisation. Given their knowledge of the system now, the authors should fix some cells directly in culture to observe whether the organisation of the endosome aligns with their conclusions here.

iv) the discussion needs to be revamped. At the moment it is just another run through of the results and does not take an overview of the results presenting an integrated view. Moreover, it contains reference to data that was not presented in the results.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this study, Weiting Zhang et al., improved the editing efficiency of prime editor by reducing misfolded pegRNA interactions, and the improvement of efficiency for prime editor helped to expand its application range. It is a research paper on technology improvement. This study is somewhat innovative.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> In this paper presented by Liu et al, native MS on the lipid A transporter MsbA was used to obtain thermodynamic insight into protein-lipid interactions. By performing the analyses at different lipid A concentrations and temperatures, dissociation constants for 2-3 lipid A binding sites were determined, as well as enthalpies were calculated using non-linear van't Hoff fitting. Changes in free Gibb's energies were then calculated based on the determined dissociation constants, and together with the enthalpy values obtained via van' t Hoff analysis, the entropic contribution to lipid binding (DeltaS*T) was indirectly determined.

Strengths:<br /> This is an extensive high quality native MS dataset that provides unique opportunities to gain insights into the thermodynamic parameters underlying lipid A binding. In addition, it provides coupling energies between mutations introduced into MsbA, that are implicated in lipid A binding.

Weaknesses:<br /> The data all rely on the accuracy of determining KD values for lipid binding to MsbA. For the weaker binding sites, the range of lipid concentrations probed were in fact too low to generate highly accurate data. Another weakness is a lack of clear evidence, which KD values belong to which of the possible lipid A binding sites.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary and Strengths:

The manuscript by Li et al. presents an elegant application of sterile insect technology (pgSIT) utilizing a CRISPR-Cas9 system to suppress mosquito vector populations. The pgSIT technique outlined in this paper employs a binary system where Cas9 and gRNA are conjoined in experimental crosses to yield sterile male mosquitoes. Employing a multiplexed strategy, the authors combine multiple gRNA to concurrently target various genes within a single locus. This approach successfully showcases the disruption of three distinct genes at different genomic positions, resulting in the creation of highly effective sterile mosquitoes for population control. The pioneering work of the Akbari lab has been instrumental in developing this technology, previously demonstrating its efficacy in Drosophila and Aedes aegypti.

By targeting the female-specific splice isoform (exon-5) of doublesex in conjunction with intersex and β-tubulin, the researchers induce female lethality, leading to a predominance of sterile male mosquitoes. This innovation is particularly noteworthy as the deployment of sterile mosquitoes on a large scale typically requires substantial investment in sex sorting. However, this study circumvents this challenge through genetic manipulation.

Weaknesses:

One notable concern arising from this manuscript pertains to the absence of data regarding the potential off-target effects of the gRNA. Given the utilization of multiple gRNA, the risk of unintended mutations in non-target areas of the genome increases. With around 1% of males still capable of producing fertile offspring, understanding the frequency of unintended genome targeting becomes crucial. Such mutations could potentially become fixed within the natural population.<br /> The experiments are well-conceived, featuring suitable controls and repeated trials to yield statistically significant data. However, a primary issue with the manuscript lies in its data presentation. The authors' graphical representations are intricate and demand considerable attention to discern the nuances, especially due to the striking similarity between the symbols representing different genotypes. As it stands, the manuscript primarily caters to experts within the field, thereby warranting improvements in data visualization for broader comprehension.

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Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This manuscript describes CK21, a modified version of Triptolide, a natural compound with ant-cancer activities, to improve its bioavailability. The authors tested the compound in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines, in vitro and in vivo. The authors also use two human organoid lines derived from pancreatic cancer, and mouse KC and KPC cell lines. In all models, CK21 treatment induces dose-dependent cytotoxicity. In vivo, CK21 causes tumor regression. The authors perform gene expression analysis and show that treated organoids have generally lower transcription, consistent with cytotoxicity, and a reduction in the KFkB pathway activation.

Key experiments that would strengthen the current manuscript are: the inclusion of normal cell lines and organoids, too, presumably, show no cytotoxic effect. If that is the case, the authors would have the opportunity to compare responses and determine whether a tumor-specific mechanism can be defined.

The authors observe that few gene changes - besides from overall lowering in transcription, occur upon treatment with CK21. They suggest that the drug acts through inhibition of the NFkB pathway and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, no experiments to test whether either/both of these findings explain the cytotoxic effect (rescue experiments would be particularly valuable).

In the last figure, the authors text whether CK21 is immunosuppressive by testing immunity against a mis-matched tumor cell line (using KPC tumors, mixed strain, in mixed strain mice). The immunity against HLA mis-matched cells is a very strong immune reaction, and mild immune suppression might be missed, which diminishes the value of these findings.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Dysbiosis has a substantial impact on host physiology. Using the nematode C. elegans and E.coli as a model of host-microbe interactions, Yang et al. defined a mechanism by which the host deals with gut dysbiosis to maintain fitness. They found that accumulation of E. coli in the intestine secreted indole, a tryptophan metabolite, and activated the transcription factor DAF-16. DAF-16 induced the expression of lys-7 and lys-8, which in turn limited E. coli proliferation in the gut of worms and maintained the longevity of worms. Finally, these authors demonstrated that indole-activated DAF-16 via TRPA-1 in neurons of worms.

This study revealed a new mechanism of host-microbe interaction. The concept of their work is of broad interest and the results they present are convincing. However, there are some issues that need to be addressed to support the conclusions.

Major issues<br /> 1. The authors isolated the crude extract from a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). A candidate compound was detected by activity-guided isolation and further identified as indole with mass spectrometry and NMR data.<br /> The HPLC fractionations and activity-guided isolation experiments should be described in more detail with a schematic figure to reveal how these experiments were performed and how indole was identified. Showing a chemical characterization of indole in Figure 2A is not sufficient for the evaluation of the results. Rather, a figure comparing the fraction 26th with standard indole by MS and NMR is more appealing.

2. DAF-16::GFP was mainly located in the cytoplasm of the intestine in worms expressing daf-16p::daf-16::gfp fed live E. coli OP50 on Day 1 (Figure 1A and 1B). The nuclear translocation of DAF-16 in the intestine was increased in worms fed live E. coli OP50 on Days 4 and 7, but not in age-matched WT worms fed heat-killed (HK)E. coli OP50 (Figure 1A and 1B).<br /> Since DAF-16 functions downstream of DAF-2, have the levels of DAF-2 been tested during aging on OP50 and (HK)OP50, or with and without indole supplementation?

3. In lines 155-157, the author argued that the increase in the levels of indole in worms results from the intestinal accumulation of live E. coli OP50, rather than exogenous indole produced by E. coli OP50 on the NGM plates.<br /> However, the work also showed that supplementation with indole (50-200 μM) could significantly increase the indole levels in young adult worms on Day 1 (Figure 2-figure supplement 3B), which could induce nuclear translocation of DAF-16 in worms (Figure 2B).<br /> This result suggested that worms could take in indole from outside culturing environment. The concentration of indole in OP50 and (HK)OP50 could be measured.

4. Recent work showed that the multicopy DAF-16 transgene acts differently from the single copy GFP knockin DAF-16 transgene. Which DAF-16 transgene was used in this work?

5. In lines 190-193, the author argued that the supplementation with indole (100 M) inhibited the CFU of E. coli K-12 in WT worms, but not daf-16(mu86) mutants, on Days 4 and 7 (Figure 3H and 3I). These results suggest that endogenous indole is involved in maintaining a normal lifespan in worms.<br /> This is overstating. The data here more likely suggest that indole could inhibit the proliferation of E.coli through DAF-16.

6. Sonowal (2017) reported that AHR mediates indole-promoted lifespan extension at 16oC. Yet this work argued that RNAi knockdown of ahr-1 did not affect the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 in worms fed E. coli K12 strain on Day 7 (Figure 4-figure supplement 1A) or young adult worms treated with indole (100 M) for 24 h.<br /> The difference between these two works should be discussed.

7. Sonowal (2017) conducted mRNA profiling for worms growing on K12 and K12△tnaA. Is TRPA1 in their de-regulated gene list? Have other de-regulated genes been tested in this work?

8. How does indole activate TRPA1? In the absence of trpa1, what is the concentration of indole in worms? Since TRPA1 is a channel, is there any possibility that TRPA1 is involved in the transport of indole? It is really interesting and surprising that neuronal TRPA-1, but not intestinal TRPA-1, mediates the beneficial effect of indole. How does indole specifically activate TRPA-1 in neurons to preserve the longevity of worms?

9. How neuronal- and intestinal-specific knockdown of trpa-1 by RNAi was conducted? And what is the tissue-specific expression pattern of trap-1? Speculating how indole was transported to neuron cells is pretty appealing.

10. Supplementation with indole only up-regulated the expression of lys-7 and lys-8 in worms subjected to intestinal-specific (Figure 7-figure supplement 2C), but not neuronal-specific, RNAi of trpa-1 (Figure 7-figure supplement 2D).<br /> If this is the case, should the addition of indole specifically induce the expression of lys-7p::gfp or lys-8p::gfp in neurons?

11. The authors demonstrated that K-12△tnaA strain had undetectable tnaA mRNA or indole levels. Furthermore, the deletion of tnaA significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 in worms. However, mutations in E. coli still have non-specific effects as there are several transposon insertions or polar mutations influencing downstream genes. The authors should demonstrate that only disruption of TnaA causes the failure of nuclear translocation of DAF-16.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The authors are designing a novel continuous evidence accumulation task to look at neural and behavioral adaptations of continuously changing evidence. They particularly focus on centroparietal EEG potential that has been previously linked with evidence accumulation. This paper provides a novel method and analysis to investigate evidence accumulation in a continuous task set-up.

I am not familiar with either the EEG or evidence accumulation literature, therefore cannot comment on the strength of the findings related to centroparietal EEG in evidence accumulation. I have therefore commented only on the coherence and details of the method and clarity of the argumentation and results.

The main strength is in the task design which is novel and provides an interesting approach to studying continuous evidence accumulation. Because of the continuous nature of the task, the authors design new ways to look at behavioral and neural traces of evidence. The reverse-correlation method looking at the average of past coherence signals enables us to characterize the changes in signal leading to a decision bound and its neural correlate.<br /> By varying the frequency and length of the so-called response period, that the participants have to identify, the method potentially offers rich opportunities to the wider community to look at various aspects of decision-making under sensory uncertainty.

The main weaknesses that I see lie within the description and rigor of the method. The authors refer multiple times to the time constant of the exponential fit to the signal before the decision but do not provide a rigorous method for its calculation and neither a description of the goodness of the fit. The variable names seem to change throughout the text which makes the argumentation confusing to the reader. The figure captions are incomplete and lack clarity.<br /> The authors claim that the method enables continuous analysis of decision-making and evidence accumulation which is true. The analysis of the signals that come prior to the decision provides a rich opportunity to characterize decision bound in this task. The behavioral and neural analyses globally lack clarity and description and thus do not strongly support the claims of the paper. The interpretation of the figures within the figure caption and the lack of a neutral and exhaustive description of what is being shown prevent the claims to be strongly supported.

The continuous nature of the task and the computation of those evidence kernels are valuable methods to look at evidence accumulation that could be of use within the community. However, due to the lack of rigor in the analysis and description of the method, it is hard to know if the current dataset is under-exploited or whether the choice of the parameters for this set of experiment does not enable stronger claims.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Akter et al. investigated how the astroglial Gi signaling pathway in the rat anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) affects cognitive functions, in particular schema memory formation. Using a stereotactic approach they intracranially introduced AAV8 vectors carrying mCherry-tagged hM4Di DREADD (Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) under astrocyte selective GFAP promotor (AAV8-GFAP-hM4Di-mCherry) into the AAC region of the rat brain. hM4Di DREADD is a genetically modified form of the human M4 muscarinic (hM4) receptor insensitive to endogenous acetylcholine but is activated by the inert clozapine metabolite clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), triggering the Gi signaling pathway. The authors confirmed that hM4Di DREADD is selectively expressed in astrocytes after the application of the AAV8 vector by analysing the mCherry signals and immunolabeling of astrocytes and neurons in the ACC region of the rat brain. They activated hM4Di DREADD (Gi signalling) in astrocytes by intraperitoneal administration of CNO and measured cognitive functions in animals after CNO administration. Activation of Gi signaling in astrocytes by CNO application decreased paired-associate (PA) learning, schema formation, and memory retrieval in tested animals. This was associated with a decrease in cAMP in astrocytes and L-lactate in extracellular fluid as measured by immunohistochemistry in situ and in awake rats by microdialysis, respectively. Administration of exogenous L-lactate rescued the astroglial Gi-mediated deficits in PA learning, memory retrieval, and schema formation, suggesting that activation of astroglial Gi signalling downregulates L-lactate production in astrocytes and its transport to neurons affecting memory formation. Authors also show that expression level of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, which is associated with cognitive functions, is decreased in neurons, when Gi signalling is activated in astrocytes, and rescued when exogenous L-lactate is applied, suggesting the implication of astrocyte-derived L-lactate in the maintenance of mitochondrial biogenesis in neurons. The latter depended on lactate MCT2 transporter activity and glutamate NMDA receptor activity.

The paper is very well written and discussed. The conclusions of this paper are well supported by the data. Although this is a study that uses established and previously published methodologies, it provides new insights into L-lactate signalling in the brain, particularly in AAC, and further confirms the role of astroglial L-lactate in learning and memory formation. It also raises new questions about the molecular mechanisms underlying astrocyte-derived L-lactate-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis in neurons and its contribution to schema memory formation.

• The authors discuss astrocytic L-lactate signalling without considering the recently discovered L-lactate-sensitive Gs and Gi protein-coupled receptors in the brain, which are present in both astrocytes and neurons. The use of nonendogenous L-lactate receptor agonists (Compound 2, 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid) would clarify the implication of L-lactate receptor signalling in schema memory formation.

• The use of control animals transduced with an "empty" AAV9 vector (AAV8-GFAP-mCherry) compared with animals transduced with AAV8-GFAP-hM4Di-mCherry throughout the study would strengthen the results of this study, since transfection itself, as well as overexpression of the mCherry protein, may affect cell function.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Seeking a selective inhibitor that precisely inhibits on-target activities and avoids side effects is a major challenge in the field of drug discovery and therapeutics. The authors proposed an alternative method that combines multiple inhibitors to maximize on-target inhibition and minimize off-target inhibition. Focusing on the kinase-inhibitor interaction dataset, the authors developed a quantitative way to measure the selectivity for mixtures of inhibitors by using the Jenson-Sahannon distance metric. The method sounds technical.

From their computation and assays, the multi-compound-multitarget scoring (MMS) method framework was validated to be able to select a combination of inhibitors that is more selective than a single highly selective inhibitor for one kinase target, or for multiple targets. The MMS method is a promising solution to reduce off-target effects and could be applicable to other inhibitor-target interactions. My suggestion is that a comparative analysis of MMS with other similar methods can be conducted to highlight the advantage of MMS over others.

The paper is not well organized and not easily readable. For example, first, the captions of the figures are two long; some of these texts could be moved to methods or results sections. Second, the concept of "penalty distribution" or "penalty prior" is vital to understand the MMS method, thus, at least a brief definition and introduction should be put in the main text rather than supporting method, as well as the rationale to use it. Third, the method section can be divided into several subsections with clear organizations and connections. Fourth, what is the difference between "a less selective inhibitor profile" and "an even less selective inhibitor profile" in Figure 3? Overall, the details of the paper are difficult to understand in the current version. I suggest rewriting<br /> the paper in a more concise and logical style.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study investigated cognitive mechanisms underlying approach-avoidance behavior using a novel reinforcement learning task and computational modelling. Participants could select a risky "conflict" option (latent, fluctuating probabilities of monetary reward and/or unpleasant sound [punishment]) or a safe option (separate, generally lower probability of reward). Overall, participant choices were skewed towards more rewarded options, but were also repelled by increasing probability of punishment. Individual patterns of behavior were well-captured by a reinforcement learning model that included parameters for reward and punishment sensitivity, and learning rates for reward and punishment. This is a nice replication of existing findings suggesting reward and punishment have opposing effects on behavior through dissociated sensitivity to reward versus punishment.

Interestingly, avoidance of the conflict option was predicted by self-reported task-induced anxiety. Importantly, when a subset of participants were retested over 1 week later, most behavioral tendencies and model parameters were recapitulated, suggesting the task may capture stable traits relevant to approach-avoidance decision-making.

The revised paper commendably adds important additional information and analyses to support these claims. The initial concern that not accounting for participant control over punisher intensity confounded interpretation of effects has been largely addressed in follow-up analyses and discussion.

This study complements and sits within a broad translational literature investigating interactions between reward/punishers and psychological processes in approach-avoidance decisions.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study focused on collecting and analyzing odour samples from a wide range of vertebrate species to understand the composition and characteristics of vertebrate body odours. The researchers used dynamic headspace sampling to collect odour samples from 120 individual animals representing 64 vertebrate species. They collected odour from both live animals and hair samples, with hair being a reasonable proxy for mammalian body odour.

The odour samples were analyzed using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to identify compounds and estimate their abundance. They identified a total of 116 compounds in the vertebrate odour extracts, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, aromatics, terpenes, and hydrocarbons. The compounds varied in prevalence across species, but a large number of compounds were found in at least 15 samples, indicating a broad overlap in odour composition among vertebrates.

The study compared the vertebrate odour space to floral odour space and found that vertebrate odours shared more compounds compared to floral odours. Floral odours tended to be less complex and more likely to contain unique compounds found only in a single species. The analysis also revealed that odour profiles did not show strong phylogenetic signals, indicating that closely related species did not necessarily have similar odour profiles. However, within-species clustering was observed, suggesting that body odour composition may be species-specific.

The researchers also investigated specific compounds that could serve as host-seeking cues for animals. They compared the odour of live vertebrate hosts to non-host stimuli and identified straight-chain aldehydes as abundant compounds in vertebrate odours. These aldehydes were found at substantially lower levels in non-host stimuli. Additionally, when comparing human odour to other vertebrate species and non-host stimuli, several compounds, including decanal, sulcatone, geranylacetone, and undecanal, emerged as strong predictors of human hosts.

Three shortcomings of the study can be highlighted:<br /> 1. Undersampling of certain compound classes: The study acknowledged that they undersampled carboxylic acids, which are generally too polar or non-volatile to be analyzed without a special derivatization step. This limitation could have resulted in an incomplete understanding of the full range of compounds present in vertebrate odours.<br /> 2. Missing highly volatile compounds: The study mentioned the difficulty of capturing and quantifying highly volatile compounds reliably. This limitation suggests that certain compounds with high volatility may not have been adequately represented in the analysis, potentially impacting the comprehensiveness of the odour space.<br /> 3. Lack of controlled experiment for species replicates: Although the study observed strong within-species clustering for some species in their dataset, they cautioned that many of the species replicates came from the same farm or zoo, which could confound the results with sample origin. The lack of a well-controlled experiment limits the generalizability of the findings regarding consistent and characteristic odour profiles across animals.

These shortcomings should be considered when interpreting the results of the study and could be addressed in future research to further advance our understanding of vertebrate body odours.

The manuscript highlights three open questions. First, the authors discuss the implications of the differences between vertebrate and floral odors for olfactory coding in blood feeders and floral visitors. Specialist mosquitoes require odor blends to detect hosts, while honeybees can generalize from attractive mixtures to individual components. The authors suggest that these differences may be influenced by the different odor spaces mosquitoes and bees inhabit.

Second, the authors note that although compounds in vertebrate odor are shared broadly across species, they are also common in other natural odors. This poses a challenge for generalist blood feeders, but the study suggests that straight-chain, saturated aldehydes, which are highly abundant in vertebrate odors, may still serve as useful indicators. These aldehydes have been shown to enhance host-seeking in mosquitoes and are even used by malaria parasites and orchids to attract mosquitoes. However, the study did not capture highly volatile or polar compounds that may also indicate the presence of a vertebrate host.

Third, the manuscript discusses the lack of phylogenetic signal in the odors of mammals, which make up the majority of the sampled species. This may explain why few mosquitoes exhibit preferences for taxonomic groups at the family or order level. The study suggests that within a species, there is high consistency in odor-blend composition, which may mediate species-specific host preference through olfactory cues.

The authors also focus on odor features that may serve as valuable cues for human specialists. They find that certain components of human odor, such as sulcatone, geranylacetone, decanal, and undecanal, are distinctive and enriched in human odor. Undecanal, despite being less common across non-human animals and in nature overall, is a more reliable indicator of human odor than decanal. The two ketones are even more reliable indicators. The authors speculate that the reliance on aldehydes by human-specialist mosquitoes may be due to the evolutionary history of these mosquitoes, which arose from an ancestral generalist subspecies.

In conclusion, this manuscript presents a quantitative study of vertebrate animal odors, highlighting the differences between vertebrate and floral odors. It raises questions about olfactory coding in blood feeders and floral visitors, the challenges faced by generalist blood feeders, and the lack of phylogenetic signal in mammalian odors. The study also explores odor features that may be valuable cues for human specialists and discusses the evolutionary implications of these findings.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This manuscript deal with the sex-related gene, DMRT1, showing that is has a testis-promoting function in the rabbit. Loss-of-function studies the mouse and human, DMRT1 has a role in testis maintenance after birth, although forced expression in mouse can induce testis formation.

The authors used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate DMRT1-/- rabbit embryos. The gonads of these embryos developed as ovaries. Interestingly, in addition Y-linked SRY, DMRT1 is required for timely up-regulation of SOX9 during Sertoli cell differentiation in the male gonad. This is quite different to the situation in mouse, where Dmrt1 is not required in the testis until after birth (and Sry induced up-regulation of Sox9 hence does not require Dmrt1).

The work adds to the field of sex determination by further broadening our understanding of the DMRT1 gene and the evolution of gonadal sex determination.

In the Discussion section, it is suggested that DMRT1 could act as a pioneering factor to allow SRY action upon Sox9 in the rabbit model. The data show that DMRT1 may be more central to testis formation in mammals than previously considered. The work supports the notion that our understanding that the genetics of gonadal development (and indeed development more generally) should not rest solely on findings in the mouse.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

It is well established that there is extensive post-transcriptional gene regulation in nervous systems, including the fly brain. For example, dynamic regulation of hundreds of genes during photoreceptor development could only be observed at the level of translated mRNAs, but not the entire transcriptomes. The present study instead addresses the role of differential translational regulation between cell types (or rather classes: neurons and glia, as both are still highly heterogenous groups) in the adult fly brain. By performing bulk RNA-seq and Ribo-seq on the same lysates, the authors are able to compare the translation efficiency (TE) of all transcripts between neurons and glia. Many genes display differential TE, but interestingly, they tend to be the genes that already show strong differences at their mRNA level. The most striking observation is the finding that neuronal transcripts in glia display increased ribosome stalling at their 5' UTR, and in particular at the start codons of short "upstream ORFs". This could suggest that glia specifically employ a mechanism to upregulate upstream ORF translation, enabling them to better suppress the expression of the genes that have them. And neuronal genes tend to have longer 5' UTRs, perhaps to facilitate this type of regulation.

However, it is difficult to evaluate the functional significance of these differences because the authors provide only one follow-up experiment to their RNA-seq analysis. Venus expressed with the Rh1 UTR sequences may be displaying differential levels between glia and neurons, but I find this image (Fig. 5C) rather unconvincing to support that conclusion. There are no quantifications of colocalization or even sample size information provided for this experiment. And if there is indeed a difference, it would still be difficult to argue this is because of the 5' stalling phenomenon authors observe with Rh1, because they switched both the 5' and 3' UTRs.

I also find it puzzling that the TE differences between the groups are mostly among the transcripts that are already strongly differentially expressed at the transcriptional level. The authors would like to frame this as a mechanism of 'contrast sharpening'; but it is unclear why that would be needed. Rh1, for instance, is not just differentially expressed between neurons and glia, but it is actually only expressed by a very specific neuronal type (photoreceptors). Thus it's not clear to me why the glia would need this 5' stalling mechanism to fully suppress Rh1 expression, while all the other neurons can apparently do so without it.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary: The study adds to the existing data that have established that cortical development in rhesus macaque is known to recapitulate multiple facets cortical development in humans. The authors generate and analyze single cell transcriptomic data from the timecourse of embryonic neurogenesis.

Strengths:<br /> Studies of primate developmental biology are hindered by the limited availability and limit replication. In this regard, a new dataset is useful.

The study analyzes parietal cortex, while previous studies focused on frontal and motor cortex. This may be the first analysis of macaque parietal cortex and, as such, may provide important insights into arealization, which the authors have not addressed.

Weaknesses:<br /> The number of cells in the analysis is lower than recent published studies which may limit cell representation and potentially the discovery of subtle changes.

The macaque parietal cortex data is compared to human and mouse pre-frontal cortex. See data from PMCID: PMC8494648 that provides a better comparison.

A deeper assessment of these data in the context of existing studies would help others appreciate the significance of the work.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The present article attempts to answer both the ultimate question of why different stinging behaviours have evolved in Cnidiarians with different ecological niches and shed light on the proximate question of which electro-physiological mechanisms underlie these distinct behaviours.

Account of major methods and results:<br /> In the first part of the paper, the authors try to answer the ultimate question of why distinct dependencies of the sting response on internal starvation levels have evolved. The premise of the article that Exaiptasia's nematocyte discharge is independent of the presence of prey (Artemia nauplii) as compared to Nematostella's significant dependence of the discharge on the presence of actual prey, is shown to be a robust phenomenon justified by the data in Figure 1.

The hypothesis that defensive vs. predatory stinging leads to different nematocyte discharge behaviours is analysed in mathematical models based on the suitable framework of optimal control/decision theory. By assuming functional relations between the:<br /> 1) cost of a full nematocyte discharge and the starvation level.<br /> 2) probability of successful predation/avoidance on the discharge level.<br /> 3) desirability/reward of the reached nutritional state.

Based on these assumptions of environmental and internal influences, the optimal choice of attack intensity is calculated using Bellman's equation for this problem. The model predictions are validated using counted nematocytes on a coverslip. The scaling of normalised nematocyte discharge numbers with scaled starvation time is qualitatively comparable to what is predicted from the models. The abundance of nematocytes in the tentacles was, on the other hand, independent of the starvation state of the animals.

Next, the authors turn to investigate the proximate cause of the differential stinging behaviour. The authors have previously reported convincing evidence that a strongly inactivating Cav2.1 channel ortholog (nCav) is used by Nematostella to prevent stinging in the absence of prey (Weir et al. 2020). This inactivation is released by hyperpolarising sensory inputs signalling the presence of prey. In this article, it is clearly shown by blocking respective currents that Exaiptasia, too, relies on extracellular Ca2+ influx to initiate stinging. Patch clamp data of the involved currents is provided in support. However, the authors find that in addition to the nCav with a low-inactivation threshold, Exaiptasia has a splice variant with a higher inactivation threshold expressed (Figure 3D).

The authors hypothesise that it is this high-threshold nCav channel population that amplifies any voltage depolarisation to release a sting irrespective of the presence of prey signals. They found that the β subunit that is responsible for Nematostella's unusually low inactivation threshold exists in Exaiptasia as two alternative splice isoforms. These N-terminus variants also showed the greatest variation in a phylogenetic comparison (Figure 5), rendering it a candidate target for mutations causing variation in stinging responses.

Appraisal of methodology in support of the conclusions:<br /> The authors base their inference on a normative model that yields quantitative predictions which is an exciting and challenging approach. The authors take care in stating the model assumptions as well as showing that the data indeed does not contradict their model predictions. The interesting comparative nature of the modelling part of the study is complicated by slightly different cost assumptions for the two scenarios. Hence, Figure 2 needs to be carefully digested by readers.

It would be even more prudent to analyse the same set of cost-of-discharge vs. starvation scenarios for both species. Specifically, for Nematostella the complete cost-of-discharge vs starvation-state curves as for Exaiptasia (Figure 2E, example 2-4) could be used. It is likely that the differential effect size of Nematostella and Exaiptasia behaviour is the strongest if only the flat cost-of-discharge vs starvation is used (Figure 2A) for Nematostella. But as a worst-case comparison the other curves, where the cost to the animal scales with starvation would be a good comparison. This could help the reader to understand when the different prediction of Nematostella's behaviour breaks down. In addition, this minor change could shed light on broader topics like common trade-offs in pursuit predation.

The qualitatively similar scaling of the model-derived relation between starvation and sting intensity with the counted nematocytes for different feeding pauses is evidence that feeding has indeed been optimised for the two distinct ecological niches.<br /> To prove that Exaiptasia uses a similar Ca2+ channel ortholog as well as a different splice variant, the authors employed both clean electrophysiological characterisation (Figure 3) as well as transcriptomics data (Figure 4S1).

To strengthen the authors' hypothesis that variation in the N-termini leads to changes in Ca2+ channel inactivation and hence altered stinging, the response sequence variability of 6 Cnidaria was analysed.

Additional context:<br /> Although, the present article focuses on nematocytes alone, currently, there has been a refocus in neurobiology on the nervous systems of more basal metazoans, which received much attention already in the works of Romanes (1885). In part, this is driven by the goal to understand the early evolution of nervous systems. Cnidarians and Ctenophors are exciting model organisms in this venture. This will hopefully be accompanied by more comparative studies like the present one. Some of the recent literature also uses computational models to understand mechanisms of motor behaviour using full-body simulations (Pallasdies et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2023), which can be thought of as complementary to the normative modelling provided by the authors.

Comparative studies of recent Cnidarians, such as the present article, can shed light on speculative ideas on the origin of nervous systems (Jékely, Keijzer, and Godfrey-Smith 2015). During a time (the Ediacarium/Cambrium transition) that has seen the genesis of complex trophic foodwebs with preditor-prey interaction, symbioses, but also an increase of body sizes and shapes, multiple ultimate causes can be envisioned that drove the increase in behavioural complexity. The authors show that not all of it needs to be implemented in dedicated nerve cells.

References:

Jékely, Gáspár, Fred Keijzer, and Peter Godfrey-Smith. 2015. "An Option Space for Early Neural Evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370 (December): 20150181. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0181.

Pallasdies, Fabian, Sven Goedeke, Wilhelm Braun, and Raoul-Martin Memmesheimer. 2019. "From Single Neurons to Behavior in the Jellyfish Aurelia Aurita." eLife 8 (December). https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.50084.

Romanes, G. J. 1885. Jelly-Fish, Star-Fish and Sea-Urchins: Being a Research on Primitive Nervous Systems. Appleton.

Wang, Hengji, Joshua Swore, Shashank Sharma, John R. Szymanski, Rafael Yuste, Thomas L. Daniel, Michael Regnier, Martha M. Bosma, and Adrienne L. Fairhall. 2023. "A Complete Biomechanical Model of hydra Contractile Behaviors, from Neural Drive to Muscle to Movement." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (March). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2210439120.

Weir, Keiko, Christophe Dupre, Lena van Giesen, Amy S-Y Lee, and Nicholas W Bellono. 2020. "A Molecular Filter for the Cnidarian Stinging Response." eLife 9 (May). https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.57578.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The authors present here a comparative meta-analysis analysis designed to detect evidence for a reproduction/ survival trade-off, central to expectations from life history theory. They present variation in clutch size within species as an observation in conflict with expectations of optimisation of clutch size and suggest that this may be accounted for from weak selection on clutch size. The results of their analyses support this explanation - they found little evidence of a reproduction - survival trade-off across birds. They extrapolated from this result to show in a mathematical model that the fitness consequences of enlarged clutch sizes would only be expected to have a significant effect on fitness in extreme cases, outside of normal species' clutch size ranges. Given the centrality of the reproduction-survival trade-off, the authors suggest that this result should encourage us to take a more cautious approach to applying concepts the trade-off in life history theory and optimisation in behavioural ecology more generally. While many of the findings are interesting, I don't think the argument for a major re-think of life history theory and the role of trade-offs in fitness maximisation is justified.

The interest of the paper, for me, comes from highlighting the complexities of the link between clutch size and fitness, and the challenges facing biologists who want to detect evidence for life history trade-offs. Their results highlight apparently contradictory results from observational and experimental studies on the reproduction-survival trade-off and show that species with smaller clutch sizes are under stronger selection to limit clutch size.

Unfortunately, the authors interpret the failure to detect a life history trade-off as evidence that there isn't one. The construction of a mathematical model based on this interpretation serves to give this possible conclusion perhaps more weight than is merited on the basis of the results, of this necessarily quite simple, meta-analysis. There are several potential complicating factors that could explain the lack of detection of a trade-off in these studies, which are mentioned and dismissed as unimportant (lines 248-250) without any helpful, rigorous discussion. I list below just a selection of complexities which perhaps deserve more careful consideration by the authors to help readers understand the implications of their results:

• Reproductive output is optimised for lifetime reproductive success and so the consequences of being pushed off the optimum for one breeding attempt are not necessarily detectable in survival but in future reproductive success (and, therefore, lifetime reproductive success).<br /> • The analyses include some species that hatch broods simultaneously and some that hatch sequentially (although this information is not explicitly provided (see below)). This is potentially relevant because species which have been favoured by selection to set up a size asymmetry among their broods often don't even try to raise their whole broods but only feed the biggest chicks until they are sated; any added chicks face a high probability of starvation. The first point this observation raises is that the expectation of more chicks= more cost, doesn't hold for all species. The second more general point is that the very existence of the sequential hatching strategy to produce size asymmetry in a brood is very difficult to explain if you reject the notion of a trade-off.<br /> • For your standard, pair-breeding passerine, there is an expectation that costs of raising chicks will increase linearly with clutch size. Each chick requires X feeding visits to reach the required fledge weight. But this is not the case for species which lay precocious chicks which are relatively independent and able to feed themselves straight after hatching - so again the relationship of care and survival is unlikely to be detectable by looking at the effect of clutch size but again, it doesn't mean there isn't a trade-off between breeding and survival.<br /> • The costs of raising a brood to adulthood for your standard pair-breeding passerine is bound to be extreme, simply by dint of the energy expenditure required. In fact, it was shown that the basal metabolic rate of breeding passerines was at the very edge of what is physiologically possible, the human equivalent being cycling the Tour de France (Nagy et al. 1990). If birds are at the very edge of what is physiologically possible, is it likely that clutch size is under weak selection?<br /> • Variation in clutch size is presented by the authors as inconsistent with the assumption that birds are under selection to lay the Lack clutch. Of course, this is absurd and makes me think that I have misunderstood the authors' intended point here. At any rate, the paper would benefit from more clarity about how variable clutch size has to be before it becomes a problem for optimality in the authors' view (lines 84-85; line 246). See Perrins (1965) for an exquisite example of how beautifully great tits optimise clutch size on average, despite laying between 5-12 eggs.

[Editors’ note: the authors had already made data files publicly available, available here, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.q83bk3jnk.]

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This contribution focuses on the zinc(II) transporter YiiP, a widely used model system of the Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) superfamily. CDF proteins function as dimers and are typically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of transition metal ions in organisms from all kingdoms of life. The system investigated here, YiiP, is a prokaryotic zinc(II)/H+ antiporter that exports zinc(II) ions from the cytosol. The authors addressed multiple crucial questions related to the functioning of YiiP, namely the specific role of the three zinc(II) binding sites present in each protomer, the zinc(II):H+ stoichiometry of antiport, and the impact of protonation on the transport process. Clarity on all these aspects is required to reach a thorough understanding of the transport cycle.

The experimental approach implemented in this work consisted of a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, high-quality 3D structural determination by cryoEM, microscale electrophoresis, thermodynamic modeling and molecular dynamics. The mutants generated in this work removed one (for the structural characterization) or two (for microscale electrophoresis) of the three zinc(II) binding sites of YiiP, allowing the authors to unravel respectively the structural role of metal binding at each site and the metal affinity of every site individually. pH-dependent measurements and constant pH molecular dynamics simulations, together with the metal affinity data, provided a detailed per-site overview of dissociation constants and Ka values of the metal-binding residues, casting light on the interplay between protonation and metal binding along the transport cycle. This thermodynamic modeling constitutes an important contribution, with consistent experimental information gained from the various mutants.

Overall the authors were successful in providing a model of the transport cycle (Figure 5) that is convincing and well supported by the experimental data. The demonstration that two protomers act asymmetrically during the cycle is another nice achievement of this work, confirming previous suggestions. This novel overview of the cycle can constitute a basis for future work on other systems such as human ZnT transporters, also exploiting a methodological approach for the thermodynamic of these proteins similar to the one deployed here. The latter approach may be applicable also to other superfamilies of metal transporters.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary<br /> CLC-2 channels play an important role in cellular homeostasis and electrical excitability, and dysfunctions are associated with aldosteronism and leukodystrophy. Structural insights into the functioning of CLC-2 are just emerging. CLC-2 channels are distinct among the members of the CLC family in that they are activated by hyperpolarization. Earlier studies have implicated channel regulation by a "ball-and-chain" type of channel block mechanism which underlies its strong rectification and use-dependent "run-up" properties. Structural insights into these mechanisms are currently lacking. In this manuscript, Xu et al present CryoEM structures of CLC-2 in the apo and inhibitor-bound conformations in the 2.5-2.7 A resolution range. Several novel structural features are presented that lend support to the "ball-and chain" model, identify an interesting role for the c-terminal domain in gating, and establish the interaction pocket for AK-42. Electrophysiology and simulations nicely support the structural work. Overall, an elegant study, with high-quality data, and a well-presented manuscript.

Strengths<br /> 1. The cryoEM data presented reveals that the channel is in a closed conformation at depolarizing potential (0 mv). Structures for the closed state of CLCs were not previously available. A strong density for Glu205, which constitutes the Egate, allows for an unambiguous assignment of its position at the Scen Cl-binding site, thereby establishing the basis for the block in the closed channel.<br /> 2. The apo state particles were sorted into two classes that differ in the conformation of the CTD. A previously unobserved rearrangement of the CBS region in the CTD is reported wherein the CTD is positioned closer to the TM region in one of the subunits, breaking the C2 symmetry. The data implicates a role for the conformational flexibility of CTD in gating.<br /> 3. The most interesting finding of this work is, perhaps, the presence of an additional density, corresponding to a hairpin-like structure, that is seen only at the subunit where the CTD is positioned away from the TMD. The authors propose that the additional density corresponds to a 13 aa stretch in the N-terminal region. The position of the hairpin at the intracellular mouth of the CL-permeation pathway is likely to impede ion conduction, by a mechanism analogous to the "ball-and-chain" proposed in other voltage-gated channels.<br /> 4. The structure of CLC-2 in complex with a selective inhibitor AK-42 is in a conformation very similar to that of the apo state, with a clear additional density for the AK-42 molecule. Binding site interaction provides insights into AK-42 selectivity for CLC-2 vs CLC-1.

Weaknesses<br /> Although the conformation-dependent placement of the hairpin loop is convincing based on the density, the sequence assigned to this region is not conclusive.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This paper is a response to the report by Lin et al., bioRxiv 2022 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/550640) that mutations in the genome of SiR were identified, which could result in a canonical G-deleted Rabies virus.

Strengths:

First, the authors found that SiR production from cDNA leads to revertant-free viruses by analyzing a total of 400 individual viral particles obtained from 8 independent viral productions with Sanger sequencing. Next, they identified the molecular mechanisms of mutations in the SiR; they found that extensive amplification of packaging cells HEK-TGG leads to the selection of clones with suboptimal TEVp expression level, which leads to the accumulation of revertant mutants, where, as the authors discuss, the revertant mutants have a specific replication advantage. Based on these observations, the authors recommend producing SiR freshly from cDNA with low passage packaging cells. Lastly, the authors observed that SiR-infected hippocampal and cortical neurons can survive for longer periods of time than the neurons infected with revertant mutants or a canonical G-deleted Rabies virus by combining next-generation sequencing of RNAs isolated from infected tissue and 2-photon in vivo longitudinal imaging of infected cortical neurons. Together, these findings support the idea that the degradation of N by PEST-mediated cellular mechanism results in the self-inactivation of SiR as suggested in the original SiR manuscript (Ciabatti et al., Cell 2017). Thus, SiR remains a powerful viral tool for the chronic investigation of neuronal circuitry and function as long as the virus is prepared in a way the authors recommend.

Weaknesses:

While most of the findings are solid, some conclusions are not fully supported by the data presented. The authors need to address the following points:

1. In Figure 3B-D, the authors concluded that SiR-CRE -infected cells did not show cell death in contrast to Rab-CRE and SiR-G453X, but it cannot be fully supported only by this experiment. The authors should consider the potential variance in infection efficiency in each experimental animal and show evidence of suppressed cell death. In addition, it needs to be confirmed that SiR-Cre is diminished in infected cells at later times. The authors should explain and address these concerns by conducting additional experiments, for example, cleaved caspase-3 staining and quantification of virus RNA levels in each time point as performed in their previous study Ciabatti et al., Cell 2017 (DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.014).

2. In Figure 3E-F, to ensure the long-term stability of SiR-Cre in the vivo mouse brain, authors conducted SMRT sequencing 1 week after the virus infection. To test the potential slow accumulation of mutations at 1-month and 2-month, the authors should perform the same experiment at these time points. Only when SiR-Cre was undetected at 1-month and 2-month, would it be reasonable to show only 1-week data, however, such data is not presented.

3. In figure 4, the authors used only 2 mice for this experiment, although this is one of the most important experiments to ensure SiR-infected cells stay alive for the long term in vivo animals. It should be confirmed whether the conclusion remains the same by increasing the number of animals.

4. The legend in Table 3 doesn't match the contents.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The overarching goal of this study is to assess the feasibility of using optogenetic stimulation in the LGN for future visual neuroprostheses. This is an interesting and important research direction.

To address this goal, the author express ChR2 in the LGN of tree shrews, implant a wireless μ‐LED stimulation probe, and test for the ability of tree shrews to generalize from visual detection to detection of optogenetic stimulation. The authors provide compelling evidence that tree shrews can generalize from visual detection to the detection of optogenetic stimulation in the LGN. This is an important and novel finding which demonstrates that optogenetic stimulation in the LGN can lead to detectable percepts. While the basic finding seems to be robust, some aspects of the paper still need further attention.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The goal of this manuscript is to determine the function of MEMO1 (mediator of ERBB2-driven cell motility 1), an evolutionarily conserved protein with many putative functions but none that have been firmly established. The authors take an unbiased, bioinformatics approach to identify genetic interactions between MEMO1 and other genes in cancer cell lines. Notably, they uncovered multiple links to genes with relevance to cellular iron homeostasis. They then explore these genetic links through a variety of experiments. First, they use shRNA-mediated gene knockdown to confirm the functional interaction between MEMO1 and interacting genes at the level of protein expression and cell proliferation. Second, they analyze the impact of altered MEMO1 levels on iron levels, mitochondrial morphology, and sensitivity to ferroptosis. Third, they determine the crystal structure of MEMO1, both wild-type and mutant forms, and demonstrate that MEMO1 binds iron as well as copper.

There are notable strengths to this manuscript. I appreciated the unbiased, bioinformatics approach they took to identify genes that interact with MEMO1 and the ensuing approaches they took to explore the potential relevance of MEMO1 to cancer cell iron homeostasis. The methods employed are varied and state-of-the-art and address different aspects of MEMO1's potential role in cellular iron biology. There are some weaknesses. One is that direct protein-protein interactions are not assessed between MEMO1 and TFR2, one of the key genes shown to genetically interact with MEMO1 in cancer cell lines. This limits the authors' ability to more strongly assign a function for MEMO1 in cellular iron homeostasis. They do show that MEMO1 binds to iron, but how does this finding relate to the MEMO1-TFR2 interaction?

The authors conclude that MEMO1 is an iron-binding protein that regulates iron homeostasis in cancer cells. To this end, I agree that the authors have generated adequate evidence in support of this conclusion. The impact of this paper is that it will direct the field to focus on the relevance of MEMO1 to iron homeostasis. While this manuscript does not firmly establish the specific role of MEMO1 in iron homeostasis, future studies should be able to address that knowledge gap.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Lin et al. reveals a novel positive regulatory loop between ZEB2 and ACSL4, which promotes lipid droplets storage to meet the energy needs of breast cancer metastasis.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations nowadays are an essential element of structural biology investigations, complementing experiments and aiding their interpretation by revealing transient processes or details (such as the effects of glycosylation on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, for example (Casalino et al. ACS Cent. Sci. 2020; 6, 10, 1722-1734 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c01056) that cannot be observed directly. MD simulations can allow for the calculation of thermodynamic, kinetic, and other properties and the prediction of biological or chemical activity. MD simulations can now serve as "computational assays" (Huggins et al. WIREs Comput Mol Sci. 2019; 9:e1393. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1393). Conceptually, MD simulations have played a crucial role in developing the understanding that the dynamics and conformational behaviour of biological macromolecules are essential to their function, and are shaped by evolution. Atomistic simulations range up to the billion atom scale with exascale resources (e.g. simulations of SARS-CoV-2 in a respiratory aerosol. Dommer et al. The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications. 2023; 37:28-44. doi:10.1177/10943420221128233), while coarse-grained models allow simulations on even larger length- and timescales. Simulations with combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods can investigate biochemical reactivity, and overcome limitations of empirical forcefields (Cui et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2021; 125, 689 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09898).

MD simulations generate large amounts of data (e.g. structures along the MD trajectory) and increasingly, e.g. because of funder mandates for open science, these data are deposited in publicly accessible repositories. There is real potential to learn from these data en masse, not only to understand biomolecular dynamics but also to explore methodological issues. Deposition of data is haphazard and lags far behind experimental structural biology, however, and it is also hard to answer the apparently simple question of "what is out there?". This is the question that Tiemann et al explore in this nice and important work, focusing on simulations run with the widely used GROMACS package. They develop a search strategy and identify almost 2,000 datasets from Zenodo, Figshare and Open Science Framework. This provides a very useful resource. For these datasets, they analyse features of the simulations (e.g. atomistic or coarse-grained), which provides a useful snapshot of current simulation approaches. The analysis is presented clearly and discussed insightfully. They also present a search engine to explore MD data, the MDverse data explorer, which promises to be a very useful tool.

As the authors state: "Eventually, front-end solutions such as the MDverse data explorer tool can evolve being more user-friendly by interfacing the structures and dynamics with interactive 3D molecular viewers". This will make MD simulations accessible to non-specialists and researchers in other areas. I would envisage that this will also include approaches using interactive virtual reality for an immersive exploration of structure and dynamics, and virtual collaboration (e.g. O'Connor et al., Sci. Adv.4, eaat2731 (2018). DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aat2731)

The need to share data effectively, and to compare simulations and test models, was illustrated clearly in the COVID-19 pandemic, which also demonstrated a willingness and commitment to data sharing across the international community (e.g. Amaro and Mulholland, J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2020, 60, 6, 2653-2656 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00319; Computing in Science & Engineering 2020, 22, 30-36 doi: 10.1109/MCSE.2020.3024155). There are important lessons to learn here, for simulations to be reproducible and reliable, for rapid testing, for exploiting data with machine learning, and for linking to data from other approaches. Tiemann et al. discuss how to develop these links, providing good perspectives and suggestions.

I agree completely with the statement of the authors that "Even if MD data represents only 1 % of the total volume of data stored in Zenodo, we believe it is our responsibility, as a community, to develop a better sharing and reuse of MD simulation files - and it will neither have to be particularly cumbersome nor expensive. To this end, we are proposing two solutions. First, improve practices for sharing and depositing MD data in data repositories. Second, improve the FAIRness of already available MD data notably by improving the quality of the current metadata."

This nicely states the challenge to the biomolecular simulation community. There is a clear need for standards for MD data and associated metadata. This will also help with the development of standards of best practice in simulations. The authors provide useful and detailed recommendations for MD metadata. These recommendations should contribute to discussions on the development of standards by researchers, funders, and publishers. Community organizations (such as CCP-BioSim and HECBioSim in the UK, BioExcel, CECAM, MolSSI, learned societies etc) have an important part to play in these developments, which are vital for the future of biomolecular simulation.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> Khaitova et al. report the formation of micronuclei during Arabidopsis meiosis under elevated temperatures. Micronuclei form when chromosomes are not correctly collected to the cellular poles in dividing cells. This happens when whole chromosomes or fragments are not properly attached to the kinetochore microtubules. The incidence of micronuclei formation is shown to increase at elevated temperatures in wild-type and more so in the weak centromere histone mutant cenH3-4. The number of micronuclei formed at high temperatures in the recombination mutant spo11 is like that in wild-type, indicating that the increased sensitivity of cenh3-4 is not related to the putative role of cenh3 in recombination. The abundance of CENH3-GFP at the centromere declines with higher temperature and correlates with a decline in spindle assembly checkpoint factor BMF1-GFP at the centromeres. The reduction in CENH3-GFP under heat is observed in meiocytes whereas CENH3-GFP abundance increases in the tapetum, suggesting there is a differential regulation of centromere loading in these two cell types. These observations are in line with previous reports on haploidization mutants and their hypersensitivity to heat stress.

Strengths:<br /> This paper is an important contribution to our insights into the impact of heat stress on sexual reproduction in plants.

Weaknesses:<br /> While it is highly significant, I struggled to interpret the results because of the poor quality of the figures and the videos.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The paper by Su, Yendluri and Unal reports several regulatory processes that control the activity of the SBF complex (Swi4/Swi6) in S. cerevisiae and its interaction with the meiotic inducer Ime1.

Entry into meiosis requires both the turning down of some components of the mitotic program and turning on meiotic genes. SBF (Swi4/Swi6) is an important player in entry in the mitotic cycle, acting at the G1/S transition. Previous data suggest the possibility that SBF may be differentially regulated during meiosis, potentially down-regulated. Here the authors first show a down regulation of Swi4 at the protein level, and then investigate downstream consequences. Overall the study is revealing several regulations of Swi4, with a repression of activity and a reduction of protein level by the Swi4-LUT1 transcript. The authors identify several components involved in this SWI4 pathway: 1) CLN1 and 2, which are targets of Swi4, and which mutation allows rescuing delay in meiotic entry when Swi4 is overexpressed; 2) Ime1 which activity is antigonized by Swi4, and more specifically its interaction with Ume6.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The L114P gain of function mutation in the K2P channel TALK-1 encoded by KCNJ16 has been associated with MODY. In this study, Nakhe et al. generated mice carrying L114P TALK-1 and evaluated the impact of the mutation on glucose homeostasis. The authors report that the mutation increases neonatal lethality, owing to hyperglycemia caused by a lack of glucose-stimulated Ca2+ influx and insulin secretion. Adult mutant mice showed glucose intolerance and fasting hyperglycemia, which is attributed to blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion as well as increased glucagon secretion. Interestingly, male mice were more affected than female mice. Islets from adult mutant mice were found to have reduced Ca2+ entry upon glucose stimulation but also enhanced IP3-induced ER Ca2+ release, consistent with previous studies from the group showing a role of TALK-1 in ER Ca2+ homeostasis. Finally, a comparison of bulk RNA sequencing results from WT and mutant islets revealed altered expression of genes involved in β-cell identification, function, and signalling, which also contributes to the observed islet dysfunction.

The study is in general well designed and executed, and the conclusions are largely supported by the experimental evidence. The results confirm the pathogenic effect of L114P TALK-1 in human MODY. The findings that the mutation causes neonatal diabetes and affects male mice more than female mice have potential clinical implications with regard to genetic screening and diagnosis.

Strengths:<br /> A major strength of the study is the detailed characterization of the mutant mice in two different genetic backgrounds. The overall results provide compelling evidence that L114P TALK-1 disrupts glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and causes hyperglycemia. The neonatal diabetes phenotype and the gender difference in adults uncovered by the study are significant and should be considered in human patients. Results showing that the mutation not only attenuates membrane depolarization and Ca2+ entry upon glucose stimulation but also enhances IP3-induced ER Ca2+ release is consistent with the channel's dual role in membrane hyperpolarization and in providing counter currents to support ER Ca2+ release. The observed altered islet cell composition and the RNA seq data also add to the story and suggest the mutation has secondary effects that could explain the phenotypes observed.

Weaknesses:<br /> Some conclusions lack definitive evidence. For example, the authors conclude that L114P TALK-1 causes transient neonatal diabetes but there is no longitudinal glucose monitoring data to show remission of the diabetes. The contribution to defective insulin response from defects in plasma membrane depolarization relative to that from ER Ca2+ mishandling is not addressed. It is unclear whether the altered Ca2+ release in response to Ach is a direct result of GOF TALK-1 in the ER membrane or is due to the many transcriptional changes observed in the mutant islets.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this work, Jarc et al. describe a method to decouple the mechanisms supporting progenitor self-renewal and expansion from feed-forward mechanisms promoting their differentiation.

The authors aimed at expanding pancreatic progenitor (PP) cells, strictly characterized as PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+ cells, for several rounds. This required finding the best cell culture conditions that allow sustaining PP cell proliferation along cell passages, while avoiding their further differentiation. They achieve this by comparing the transcriptome of PP cells that can be expanded for several passages against the transcriptome of unexpanded (just differentiated) PP cells.

The optimized culture conditions enabled the selection of PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+ PP cells and their consistent, 2000-fold, expansion over ten passages and 40-45 days. Transcriptome analyses confirmed the stabilization of PP identity and the effective suppression of differentiation. These optimized culture conditions consisted of substituting the Vitamin A containing B27 supplement with a B27 formulation devoid of vitamin A (to avoid retinoic acid (RA) signaling from an autocrine feed-forward loop), substituting A38-01 with the ALK5 II inhibitor (ALK5i II) that targets primarily ALK5, supplementation of medium with FGF18 (in addition to FGF2) and the canonical Wnt inhibitor IWR-1, and cell culture on vitronectin-N (VTN-N) as a substrate instead of Matrigel.

Strengths:

The strength of this work relies on a clever approach to identify cell culture modifications that allow expansion of PP cells (once differentiated) while maintaining, if not reinforcing, PP cell identity. Along the work, it is emphasized that PP cell identity is associated with the co-expression of PDX1, SOX9, and NKX6.1. The optimized protocol is unique (among the other datasets used in the comparison shown here) in inducing a strong upregulation of GP2, a unique marker of human fetal pancreas progenitors. Importantly GP2+ enriched hPS cell-derived PP cells are more efficiently differentiating into pancreatic endocrine cells (Aghazadeh et al., 2022; Ameri et al., 2017).

The unlimited expansion of PP cells reported here would allow scaling-up the generation of beta cells, for the cell therapy of diabetes, by eliminating a source of variability derived from the number of differentiation procedures to be carried out when starting at the hPS cell stage each time. The approach presented here would allow the selection of the most optimally differentiated PP cell population for subsequent expansion and storage. Among other conditions optimized, the authors report a role for Vitamin A in activating retinoic acid signaling in an autocrine feed-forward loop, and the supplementation with FGF18 to reinforce FGF2 signaling.

This is a relevant topic in the field of research, and some of the cell culture conditions reported here for PP expansion might have important implications in cell therapy approaches. Thus, the approach and results presented in this study could be of interest to researchers working in the field of in vitro pancreatic beta cell differentiation from hPSCs. Table S1 and Table S4 are clearly detailed and extremely instrumental to this aim.

Weaknesses:

The experiments performed and the methods used to evaluate the treatment effects are well-suited and state-of-the-art. However, further details on the characterization or the discussion of some of the results might help to more clearly contextualize their findings, and improve their impact on the field.

The authors strictly define PP cells as PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+ cells, and this phenotype was convincingly characterized by immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and FACS analysis along the work. However, broadly defined PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+ could include pancreatic multipotent progenitor cells (MPC, defined as PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+/PTF1A+ cells) or pancreatic bipotent progenitors (BP, defined as PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+/PTF1A-) cells. It has been indeed reported that Nkx6.1/Nkx6.2 and Ptf1a function as antagonistic lineage determinants in MPC (Schaffer, A.E. et al. PLoS Genet 9, e1003274, 2013), and that the Nkx6/Ptf1a switch only operates during a critical competence window when progenitors are still multipotent and can be uncoupled from cell differentiation. It would be important to define whether culturing PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+ PP (as defined in this work) in the best conditions allowing cell expansion is reinforcing either an MPC or BP phenotype. Data from Figure S2A (last paragraph of page 7) suggests that PTF1A expression is decreased in C5 culture conditions, thus more homogeneously keeping BP cells in this media composition. However, on page 15, 2nd paragraph it is stated that "the strong upregulation of NKX6.2 in our procedure suggested that our ePP cells may have retracted to an earlier PP stage". Evaluating the co-expression of the previously selected markers with PTF1A (or CPA2), or the more homogeneous expression of novel BP markers described, such as DCDC2A (Scavuzzo et al. Nat Commun 9, 3356, 2018), in the different culture conditions assayed would more shield light into this relevant aspect.

In line with the previous comment, it would be extremely insightful if the authors could characterize or at least discuss a potential role for YAP underlying the mechanistic effects observed after culturing PP in different media compositions. It is well known that the nuclear localization of the co-activator YAP broadly promotes cell proliferation, and it is a key regulator of organ growth during development. Importantly in this context, it has been reported that TEAD and YAP regulate the enhancer network of human embryonic pancreatic progenitors and disruption of this interaction arrests the growth of the embryonic pancreas (Cebola, I. et al. Nat Cell Biol 17, 615-26, 2015). More recently, it has also been shown that a cell-extrinsic and intrinsic mechanotransduction pathway mediated by YAP acts as gatekeeper in the fate decisions of BP in the developing pancreas, whereby nuclear YAP in BPs allows proliferation in an uncommitted fate, while YAP silencing induces EP commitment (Mamidi, A. et al. Nature 564, 114-118, 2018; Rosado-Olivieri et al. Nature Communications 10, 1464, 2019). This mechanism was further exploited recently to improve the in vitro pancreatic beta cell differentiation protocol (Hogrebe et al., Nature Protocols 16, 4109-4143, 2021; Hogrebe et al, Nature Biotechnology 38, 460-470, 2020). Thus, YAP in the context of the findings described in this work could be a key player underlying the proliferation vs differentiation decisions in PP.

Regarding the improvements made in the PP cell culture medium composition to allow expansion while avoiding differentiation, some of the claims should be better discussed and contextualized with current state-of-the-art differentiation protocols. As an example, the use of ALK5 II inhibitor (ALK5i II) has been reported to induce EP commitment from PP, while RA was used to induce PP commitment from the primitive gut tube cell stage in recently reported in vitro differentiation protocols (Hogrebe et al., Nature Protocols 16, 4109-4143, 2021; Rosado-Olivieri et al. Nature Communications 10, 1464, 2019). In this context, and to the authors' knowledge, is Vitamin A (triggering autocrine RA signaling) usually included in the basal media formulations used in other recently reported state-of-the-art protocols? If so, at which stages? Would it be advisable to remove it?

In this line also, the supplementation of cell culture media with the canonical Wnt inhibitor IWR-1 is used in this work to allow the expansion of PP while avoiding differentiation. A role for Wnt pathway inhibition during endocrine differentiation using IWR1 has been previously reported (Sharon et al. Cell Reports 27, 2281-2291.e5, 2019). In that work, Wnt inhibition in vitro causes an increase in the proportion of differentiated endocrine cells. It would be advisable to discuss these previous findings with the results presented in the current work. Could Wnt inhibition have different effects depending on the differential modulation of the other signaling pathways?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The transition from planktonic to benthic depends upon several physical and chemical cues. Nitric oxide (NO) is known as a critical player in the induction of larval metamorphosis in several invertebrates. Although NO is a widespread signalling molecule in a broad range of organisms regulating key physiological processes, internal regulatory mechanisms studies are scarce. While the UV sensing in larvae of the annelid Platynereis dumerilii using ciliary photoreceptors has been studied, the neuronal signalling mechanism remains unknown. In this study, Kei Jokura et al. investigated how annelid Platynereis dumerilii larvae detect UV sensing and modulate swimming behaviour through nitric oxide feedback. Using existing resources of Platynereis larval connectome/volume EM data, they identified NOS-expressing interneurons within the ciliary photoreceptors circuit (cPRCs). They demonstrated that NO is produced in cPRCs during UV/violet stimulation by using a fluorescent NO-reporter line. Further, they demonstrated that Nitric oxide signalling mediates UV-avoidance behaviour by using NOS-mutant larvae. Finally, they mapped out the signalled mechanisms of the cPRC circuit using published spatially mapped single-cell transcriptome data of Platynereis larvae, the Ca sensor lines, in situ HCR, and immunostaining. Additionally, by using their findings from Ca imagining data of cPRC, INNOS and INRGWa cells collected in wild-type, NOS knockout and NIT-GC2 morphant larvae, Kei Jokura et al. developed a mixed cellular-circuit-level mathematical model. However, my expertise in mathematical modelling is limited, so I cannot comment on this section.

No doubt, the study has been conducted extensively. However, I have a few comments, please see below.

Page 4: "In contrast, both two- and three-day-old homozygous NOS-mutant larvae showed a strongly diminished UV avoidance response (Figure 3A, B and Figure 3-figure supplement 1B, C)." Instead of using subjective terms like "strongly," it would be more relevant to provide statistical values. However, I could not locate any means of statistical analysis on larval behaviour. Can the authors indicate the statistical values for all behaviour studies?

Page 5: "(D) Vertical displacement in 30 sec bins of wild type and mutant (NOSΔ11/Δ11 and NOSΔ23/Δ23) three-day-old larvae stimulated with 395 nm light from the side, 488 nm light from the top and 395 nm light from the top." The error bars for WT are too long at the end of the experiment. It is not clear how the authors decided to use this time frame. Did the authors try carrying this out for an extended time period? How did the authors decide on 120 seconds as the time frame for exposure? Authors should provide data on larval behaviour for an extended time.

Page 13: "During the UV response, prototroch cilia beat slower than trunk cilia, resulting in a head-down stable state ('rear-wheel drive'). In contrast, during the pressure response prototroch cilia beat faster than trunk cilia, leading to a head-up orientation ('front-wheel drive'). Testing this hypothesis will require biophysical experiments and mathematical modelling." Authors should carry out ciliary beating analysis under UV light in the current study with NOS mutant larvae. Since the pressure and UV detection systems are closely related, comparing the difference in ciliary beating is important to demonstrate this hypothesis. Further, did the authors check the Ca sensor GCaMP6s under pressure conditions?

Page 18: "strips. One strip contained UV (395 nm) LEDs (SMB1W-395, Roithner Lasertechnik) and the other infrared (810 nm) LEDs (SMB1W-810NR-I, Roithner Lasertechnik)." Authors should test larval swimming behaviour at different wavelengths. Even though they are performed in previous work, the experiment with different wavelengths is necessary to be conducted in NOS mutant larvae in parallel with a control. This will confirm that NOS is principally associated with UV. Further, to demonstrate that this mechanism is associated with ciliary movement, authors need to provide this evidence.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study addresses the important topic of dual-color optogenetic control of neuronal activity, which is challenging due to significant optical crosstalk between channelrhodopsins of different absorption colors and ion selectivity. However, Mermet-Joret et al. demonstrate in flies that simple coexpression of a strong blue light-activated inhibitory opsin, such as the chloride-selective channelrhodopsin GtACR2, can suppress the blue light activity of a red-shifted excitatory opsin, such as Chrimson, and allow dual-color optogenetic control of the expressing neuron. The same concept was previously discussed by Vierock et al. and led to the generation of BiPOLES, which combines both channels in a single fusion protein. In the present manuscript, the authors introduce an alternative combination of channels with accelerated off-kinetics that are coexpressed by a bicistronic expression cassette. The goal is to better match the duration of illumination and optogenetic manipulation in order to reduce potential side effects induced by prolonged channel opening.

The major novelty of this work lies in the choice of the employed ion channels: the excitatory cation channel vf-Chrimson and the inhibitory anion channel ZipACR, alongside their subsequent modifications (Fig. 2 - 4). Both channels belong to the fastest known ChRs, but the choice of ZipACR raises questions. First, it has a peak absorption at 515 nm that is 40 nm further red-shifted than GtACR2 tested in Figure 1 and accordingly important optical cross-talk with the coexpressed Chrimson channel. Second, it was reported to have reduced chloride selectivity, first by Govorunova et al. in 2017 and later also by Kato et al. in 2018. Both of these aspects are also mentioned by the authors but were not resolved through molecular engineering. Instead site-directed mutagenesis primarily focused on membrane expression and photoreceptor kinetics of the employed channels. Nonetheless, improving the membrane targeting of the vf-Chrimson channel by exchange of the N-terminus finally provided sufficient red light activation at low light intensities to reliably activate expressing neurons and allowed in combination with the decelerated ZipACR mutants dual color optogenetic control with millisecond time resolution. At higher light intensities inactivation of Chrimson and the optical crosstalk of both channels seem to limit its performance.

The experimental results are well presented; but, certain questions persist:

1. The enhanced vf-Chrimson could potentially be a highlight of the manuscript, serving broader applications. Yet, gauging the overall improvements of ivf-Chrimson in comparison to other Chrimson variants remains intricate due to several reasons. First, photocurrents from ivf-Chrimson seem smaller than those from C-Chrimson (Supplemental Figure 3), and a direct comparison with standard vf-Chrimson is absent. Second, while membrane expression of ivf-Chrimson appears enhanced in provided bright-field recordings, the quantitative analysis would necessitate confocal microscopy and a membrane marker (Supplemental Figure 2). Finally, other N-terminal modified Chrimson variants, like CsChrimson by Klapoetke et al. in 2014 and C1Chrimson by Oda et al. in 2018, have been generated. Comparing ivf-Chrimson to vf-CsChrimson or vf-C1Chrimson would be important to evaluate the benefits of the applied N-terminal modification.

2. The action spectra of ZipACR suggest peak absorption of ZipACR WT and its mutant at 525 - 550 nm (Fig. 3). This is even further red-shifted than previously reported by Govorunova et al. Further action spectra recordings differ for all constructs between recordings initiated with blue or red light (Supplementary Fig. 5). This discrepancy is unexpected and should be discussed. Additionally, the representative photocurrents of Zip(151V) in Fig. 3D1 do not align with the corresponding action spectrum in Fig. 3D2 as they show maximal photocurrents for 400 nm excitation.

3. The authors introduce two different bicistronic expression cassettes-ZipT-IvfChR and ZipV-IvfChR-without providing clear guidelines on their conditions of use. Although the authors assert that ZipT is slower and further red-shifted than ZipV, the differences in the data for both ACR mutants are small and the benefits of the different final constructs should be explained.

4. The ZipT/V-IvfChRs are designed as bicistronic constructs; yet, disparities in membrane trafficking and protein degradation between the two channels could lead to divergences in blue and red light photoresponses. For future applicants, understanding the extent of expression ratio variations across cells using the presented expression cassettes could be of significance and should be discussed.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study is a fine example of a recent productive trend in the integration of neuroimaging and molecular biology of the brain: in brief, overlaying some neuroimaging data (usually from a large cohort) onto the high spatial resolution gene expression in the Allen Human Brain Atlas data, derived from 6 individuals. By projecting structural MRI images over cell type proportions identified in the Allen data, the authors can represent various diseases in terms of their spatially-associated cell types. The result has implications for prioritizing the contributions of various cell types to each disease and creates an even-handed cell type profile through which the 11 diseases can be compared.

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.86670

Resource: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-200507-3

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-200507-3

What is this?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study tackles an interesting topic from a new perspective. The manuscript is well-written, logical, and conceptually clear. The central topic regards the purpose of preparatory activity in motor & premotor cortex. Preparatory activity has long captured the imaginations of experimentalists because it is a window on an unknown internal process - a process that is informed by sensation and related to action but tied directly to neither. Preparatory activity was the first truly 'internal' form of activity to be studied in awake behaving animals. The meaning and nature of the internal preparatory process has long been debated. In the 1960's, it was thought to reflect the priming of reflex circuits and motoneurons. By the 1980's, it was understood to reflect 'motor programming', i.e., the readying of cortical movement-generating machinery. But why programming was needed, and might be accomplished during preparation, remained unclear. By the 2000s, preparatory activity was seen as initializing movement-generating dynamics, much as the initial state of a dynamical system governs its future evolution. This provided a mechanistic purpose for preparation, but didn't answer a fundamental question: why use that strategy at all? Why indirectly influence execution by creating a preparatory state when you could send inputs during execution and accomplish the same thing directly?

The authors point out that the many neural network models presently in existence do not address this question because they already assume that preparatory inputs are used. Thus, those models show that the preparatory strategy works, and that it matches the data in multiple ways, but they don't reveal why it is the right strategy. An additional issue with existing networks is that they potentially create an artificial dichotomy where inputs are divided into two types: preparation-creating and movement-creating. It would be more elegant if one simply assumed that motor cortex receives inputs that attempt to serve the needs of the animal, with preparation being an emergent phenomenon rather than being baked in from the beginning. In some ways the field is already starting to shift in this direction, with preparation being seen as a special case of a general phenomenon: inputs that arrive in the null-space of network outputs. However, this shift is still nascent, and no paper to date has really addressed this issue. Thus, the present study can be seen as being the first to take a fully modern view of preparation, where it emerges as part of the solution to a more general problem.

The study is clearly written and clearly presented, and I found both the results and the reasoning to be compelling, with some exceptions noted below. The authors demonstrate that many aspects of the empirical data can be accounted for as natural outcomes of a very simple assumption: that the inputs to motor cortex are optimized to create accurate motor-cortex output while being 'well-behaved' in the sense of remaining modest in magnitude. More broadly, the idea is that preparation emerges as a consequence of constraints on motor-cortex inputs. If upstream areas could magically control motor cortex any way they wanted, then there would be no need for preparation. The necessary patterns of execution activity could just be created directly by inputs at that time. However, when there exist constraints on inputs (i.e., on what upstream areas can do) preparation becomes a useful - perhaps necessary - strategy. By sending inputs early, upstream areas can leverage the dynamics of motor cortex in ways that would be harder to accomplish during movement.

The authors illustrate how a very simple constraint on inputs - a high 'cost' to large inputs - makes preparation a good strategy. Preparation isn't strictly necessary, but it produces a lower-cost solution (reduced input magnitude for a given level of accuracy). Consequently, preparation appears naturally, with a time-course of ~300 ms before movement onset. This late rise in preparation doesn't match the longer plateau most people are used to from studies that use a randomized instructed delay, but that actually makes sense. In those studies, the animal does not know when the go cue will be given, and must be ready for it to occur at any time. In contrast, the present study considers the situation where the time of future movement is known internally and is part of the optimization process. This more closely matches situations where the animal chooses when to move, and in those situations, preparation does indeed appear late in most cases. So the predictions of their simulations are qualitatively correct (which is all that is desired, given uncertainty regarding things like the right internal time-constants). Their simulations also successfully predict two bouts of preparation during sequence tasks, matching recent empirical findings.

The main strength of the study is its ability to elegantly explain well-known features of data in terms of simple normative principles. The study is thorough and careful in key ways. For example, they show that the emergence of preparation, in the service of satisfying the cost function, is a very general property that holds across a broad range of network types (including very simple toy networks and a variety of larger networks of different types). They also go to considerable trouble to show why cost is reduced by preparatory inputs, including illustrating different scenarios with different readout-vector orientations. The result is a conceptually clear study that conveys a fresh perspective on what preparation is and why it exists.

The main limitation of the study is that it focuses exclusively on one specific constraint - magnitude - that could limit motor-cortex inputs. This isn't unreasonable, but other constraints are at least as likely, if less mathematically tractable. The basic results of this study will probably be robust with regard such issues - generally speaking, any constraint on what can be delivered during execution will favor the strategy of preparing - but this robustness cuts both ways. It isn't clear that the constraint used in the present study - minimizing upstream energy costs - is the one that really matters. Upstream areas are likely to be limited in a variety of ways, including the complexity of inputs they can deliver. Indeed, one generally assumes that there are things that motor cortex can do that upstream areas can't do, which is where the real limitations should come from. Yet in the interest of a tractable cost function, the authors have built a system where motor cortex actually doesn't do anything that couldn't be done equally well by its inputs. The system might actually be better off if motor cortex were removed. About the only thing that motor cortex appears to contribute is some amplification, which is 'good' from the standpoint of the cost function (inputs can be smaller) but hardly satisfying from a scientific standpoint.

The use of a term that punishes the squared magnitude of control signals has a long history, both because it creates mathematical tractability and because it (somewhat) maps onto the idea that one should minimize the energy expended by muscles and the possibility of damaging them with large inputs. One could make a case that those things apply to neural activity as well, and while that isn't unreasonable, it is far from clear whether this is actually true (and if it were, why punish the square if you are concerned about ATP expenditure?). Even if neural activity magnitude an important cost, any costs should pertain not just to inputs but to motor cortex activity itself. I don't think the authors really wish to propose that squared input magnitude is the key thing to be regularized. Instead, this is simply an easily imposed constraint that is tractable and acts as a stand-in for other forms of regularization / other types of constraints. Put differently, if one could write down the 'true' cost function, it might contain a term related to squared magnitude, but other regularizing terms would by very likely to dominate. Using only squared magnitude is a reasonable way to get started, but there are also ways in which it appears to be limiting the results (see below).

I would suggest that the study explore this topic a bit. Is it possible to use other forms of regularization? One appealing option is to constrain the complexity of inputs; a long-standing idea is that the role of motor cortex is to take relatively simple inputs and convert them to complex time-evolving inputs suitable for driving outputs. I realize that exploring this idea is not necessarily trivial. The right cost-function term is not clear (should it relate to low-dimensionality across conditions, or to smoothness across time?) and even if it were, it might not produce a convex cost function. Yet while exploring this possibility might be difficult, I think it is important for two reasons. First, this study is an elegant exploration of how preparation emerges due to constraints on inputs, but at present that exploration focuses exclusively on one constraint. Second, at present there are a variety of aspects of the model responses that appear somewhat unrealistic. I suspect most of these flow from the fact that while the magnitude of inputs is constrained, their complexity is not (they can control every motor cortex neuron at both low and high frequencies). Because inputs are not complexity-constrained, preparatory activity appears overly complex and never 'settles' into the plateaus that one often sees in data. To be fair, even in data these plateaus are often imperfect, but they are still a very noticeable feature in the response of many neurons. Furthermore, the top PCs usually contain a nice plateau. Yet we never get to see this in the present study. In part this is because the authors never simulate the situation of an unpredictable delay (more on this below) but it also seems to be because preparatory inputs are themselves strongly time-varying. More realistic forms of regularization would likely remedy this.

At present, it is also not clear whether preparation always occurs even with no delay. Given only magnitude-based regularization, it wouldn't necessarily have to be. The authors should perform a subspace-based analysis like that in Figure 6, but for different delay durations. I think it is critical to explore whether the model, like monkeys, uses preparation even for zero-delay trials. At present it might or might not. If not, it may be because of the lack of more realistic constraints on inputs. One might then either need to include more realistic constraints to induce zero-delay preparation, or propose that the brain basically never uses a zero delay (it always delays the internal go cue after the preparatory inputs) and that this is a mechanism separate from that being modeled.

I agree with the authors that the present version of the model, where optimization knows the exact time of movement onset, produces a reasonably realistic timecourse of preparation when compared to data from self-paced movements. At the same time, most readers will want to see that the model can produce realistic looking preparatory activity when presented with an unpredictable delay. I realize this may be an optimization nightmare, but there are probably ways to trick the model into optimizing to move soon, but then forcing it to wait (which is actually what monkeys are probably doing). Doing so would allow the model to produce preparation under the circumstances where most studies have examined it. In some ways this is just window-dressing (showing people something in a format they are used to and can digest) but it is actually more that than, because it would show that the model can produce a reasonable plateau of sustained preparation. At present it isn't clear it can do this, for the reasons noted above. If it can't, regularizing complexity might help (and even if this can't be shown, it could be discussed).

In summary, I found this to be a very strong study overall, with a conceptually timely message that was well-explained and nicely documented by thorough simulations. I think it is critical to perform the test, noted above, of examining preparatory subspace activity across a range of delay durations (including zero) to see whether preparation endures as it does empirically. I think the issue of a more realistic cost function is also important, both in terms of the conceptual message and in terms of inducing the model to produce more realistic activity. Conceptually it matters because I don't think the central message should be 'preparation reduces upstream ATP usage by allowing motor cortex to be an amplifier'. I think the central message the authors wish to convey is that constraints on inputs make preparation a good strategy. Many of those constraints likely relate to the fact that upstream areas can't do things that motor cortex can do (else you wouldn't need a motor cortex) and it would be good if regularization reflected that assumption. Furthermore, additional forms of regularization would likely improve the realism of model responses, in ways that matter both aesthetically and conceptually. Yet while I think this is an important issue, it is also a deep and tricky one, and I think the authors need considerable leeway in how they address it. Many of the cost-function terms one might want to use may be intractable. The authors may have to do what makes sense given technical limitations. If some things can't be done technically, they may need to be addressed in words or via some other sort of non-optimization-based simulation.

Specific comments

As noted above, it would be good to show that preparatory subspace activity occurs similarly across delay durations. It actually might not, at present. For a zero ms delay, the simple magnitude-based regularization may be insufficient to induce preparation. If so, then the authors would either have to argue that a zero delay is actually never used internally (which is a reasonable argument) or show that other forms of regularization can induce zero-delay preparation.

I agree with the authors that prior modeling work was limited by assuming the inputs to M1, which meant that prior work couldn't address the deep issue (tackled here) of why there should be any preparatory inputs at all. At the same time, the ability to hand-select inputs did provide some advantages. A strong assumption of prior work is that the inputs are 'simple', such that motor cortex must perform meaningful computations to convert them to outputs. This matters because if inputs can be anything, then they can just be the final outputs themselves, and motor cortex would have no job to do. Thus, prior work tried to assume the simplest inputs possible to motor cortex that could still explain the data. Most likely this went too far in the 'simple' direction, yet aspects of the simplicity were important for endowing responses with realistic properties. One such property is a large condition-invariant response just before movement onset. This is a very robust aspect of the data, and is explained by the assumption of a simple trigger signal that conveys information about when to move but is otherwise invariant to condition. Note that this is an implicit form of regularization, and one very different from that used in the present study: the input is allowed to be large, but constrained to be simple. Preparatory inputs are similarly constrained to be simple in the sense that they carry only information about which condition should be executed, but otherwise have little temporal structure. Arguably this produces slightly too simple preparatory-period responses, but the present study appears to go too far in the opposite direction. I would suggest that the authors do what they can to address these issue via simulations and/or discussion. I think it is fine if the conclusion is that there exist many constraints that tend to favor preparation, and that regularizing magnitude is just one easy way of demonstrating that. Ideally, other constraints would be explored. But even if they can't be, there should be some discussion of what is missing - preparatory plateaus, a realistic condition-invariant signal tied to movement onset - under the present modeling assumptions.

On line 161, and in a few other places, the authors cite prior work as arguing for "autonomous internal dynamics in M1". I think it is worth being careful here because most of that work specifically stated that the dynamics are likely not internal to M1, and presumably involve inter-area loops and (at some latency) sensory feedback. The real claim of such work is that one can observe most of the key state variables in M1, such that there are periods of time where the dynamics are reasonably approximated as autonomous from a mathematical standpoint. This means that you can estimate the state from M1, and then there is some function that predicts the future state. This formal definition of autonomous shouldn't be conflated with an anatomical definition.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study reports data collected across time and treatment modalities (internet CBT or iCBT, pharmacological intervention, and control), with a particularly large sample in the iCBT group. This study addresses the question of whether metacognitive confidence is related to mental health symptoms in a trait-like manner, or whether it shows state dependency. The authors report an increase in metacognitive confidence as anxious-depression symptoms improve with iCBT (and the extent to which confidence increases is related to the magnitude of symptom improvement), a finding that is largely mirrored in those who receive antidepressants (without the correlation between symptom change and confidence change). I think these findings are exciting because they directly relate to one of the big assumptions when relating cognition to mental health - are we measuring something that changes with treatment (is malleable), so might be mechanistically relevant, or even useful as a biomarker?

This work is also useful in that it replicates a finding of heightened confidence in those with compulsivity, and lowered confidence in those with elevated anxious-depression.

One caveat to the interest of this work is that it doesn't allow any causal conclusions to be drawn, and only measures two timepoints, so it's hard to tell if changes in confidence might drive treatment effects (but this would be another study). The authors do mention this in the limitations section of the paper.

Another caveat is the small sample in the antidepressant group.

I appreciate the authors' efforts to respond to queries I had about this paper: including the addition of a sensitivity analysis to examine whether excluding 'inattentive' participants made a difference to results.

I am still not fully convinced by the argument that these results are specific to metacognition, given that task difficulty significantly increased in the antidepressant group but not the control group. Whilst there is a lack of association between this change and symptom change, this 'null result' is not the same as showing there is no relationship and therefore that increased general performance in specific groups might drive increased confidence (though accuracy is the same). The authors' argument is strengthened by the lack of group*time interaction in dot difficulty, but individual tests (e.g. of change in antidepressant arm; and change in control arm) showed differing significance. This is a minor point, but could point to an alternative explanation of the results.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Kairouani et al. investigates the function of a small family of plant RNA binding proteins with similarity to the well-studied Musashi protein in animals, and, therefore, called MUSASHI-LIKE1-4 (MSL1-4). Studies on the biological importance of post-transcriptional control of gene expression via RNA-binding proteins in plants are not numerous, and advances in this important field are much needed. The thorough work presented in this manuscript is such an advance.

The central observations of the paper are<br /> - Knockout of any MSL gene alone does not produce a phenotype.<br /> It is of note that basic characterization of knockout mutations is really well done - for example, the authors have taken care to raise specific antibodies to each of the MSL proteins and use them to demonstrate that each of the T-DNA insertion mutants used actually does knock out protein production from the corresponding gene.

- Knockout of MSL2/4 (but no other double mutant) produces a clear leaf phenotype, and a remarkable stem phenotype in which the mutants collapse as they are unable to support upright growth

- The phenotypes of knockout mutants persist in point mutants defective in RNA-binding, indicating that RNA-binding is required for biological activity. Consistent with this, and associate physically with other RNA-binding proteins and translation factors.

- MSL proteins are cytoplasmic

- The msl2/4 mutants present multiple defects in secondary cell wall composition and structure, probably explaining their inability to grow upright. I did not examine the cell wall analyses in detail as I am no specialist in this field.

- Msl2/4 mutants show transcriptomic changes with at large two big categories of differentially expressed genes compared to wild type.<br /> (1) Genes related to cell wall metabolism<br /> (2) Genes associated with defense against herbivores and pathogens

- Two of the mRNAs encoding cell wall factors with significant upregulation in msl2/4 mutants compared to wild type also associate physically with MSL4 as judged by RNA-immunoprecipitation-RT-PCR assays, and this physical association is abrogated in the RNA-binding deficient MSL4 mutant.

Altogether, the study shows clear biological relevance of the MSL family of RNA-binding proteins and provides good arguments that the underlying mechanism is control of mRNAs encoding enzymes involved in secondary cell wall metabolism (although concluding on translational control in the abstract is perhaps saying too much - post-transcriptional control will do given the evidence presented). One observation reported in the study makes it vulnerable to alternative interpretation, however, and I think this should be explicitly treated in the discussion:

The fact that immune responses are switched on in msl2/4 mutants could also mean that MSL2/4 have biological functions unrelated to cell wall metabolism in wild type plants, and that cell wall defects arise solely as an indirect effect of immune activation (that is known to involve changes in expression of many cell wall-modifying enzymes and components such as pectin methylesterases, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases, arabinogalactan proteins etc. Indeed, the literature is rich in examples of gene functions that have been misinterpreted on the basis of knockout studies because constitutive defense activation mediated by immune receptors was not taken into account (see for example Lolle et al., 2017, Cell Host & Microbe 21, 518-529).

With the evidence presented here, I am actually close to being convinced that the primary defect of msl2/msl4 mutants is directly related to altered cell wall metabolism, and that defense responses arise as a consequence of that, not the other way round. But I do not think that the reverse scenario can be formally excluded with the evidence at hand, and a discussion listing arguments in favor of the direct effect proposed here would be appropriate. Elements that the authors could consider to include would be the isolation of a cellulose synthase mutant as a constitutive expressor of jasmonic acid responses (cev1) as a clear example that a primary defect in cell wall metabolism can produce defense activation as secondary effect. The interaction of MSL4 with GXM1/3 mRNAs is also helpful to argue for a direct effect, and it would strengthen the argument if more examples of this kind could be included.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> This is a timely and impressive study that applies a neuroscientific approach to provide an objective measurement of the psychological construct of trust. Drawing links from psychometrics, the presented neurometric approach will be beneficial to many open research questions within and beyond the field.

Strengths:<br /> There are multiple strengths to highlight. First, the study followed and moved beyond best practices in psychometrics research to establish the neurometrics of trust. Second, it made use of multiple datasets to rigorously validate the model and tested its specificity and generalizability. The choice of these datasets was well justified and informed by previous studies. Third, the study combined a series of data-driven approaches to provide converging and complementary evidence of their neurometric model, and this sets an excellent example for future work in similar veins.

Weaknesses:<br /> There were a few things that would be helpful to clarify, on top of the already comprehensive paper. First, it will be helpful to draw an even closer side-by-side analogy between neurometrics and psychometrics. Imaginably this work will benefit both psychology and neuroscience; using an illustration (such as a box) detailing the counterpart of neurometrics with respect to psychometrics will be very helpful for many researchers. Relatedly, I am curious about what the "end product" will be by using the neurometrics approach. In psychometrics, the product will naturally be the scale/questionnaire, and then there is the related validity & reliability check, etc. So is the multivariate pattern map the product, or something else? Practically, how can users make use of the maps as easily as using a questionnaire? Second, the relationship between trust and no-reward (and similarly between distrust and reward) is indeed puzzling. The authors attributed that to the non-linear nature of the methodology. But if this is true, does the non-linear nature of the methods also hamper the other results? It is perhaps worth checking the reward-related maps at the decision stage (to reflect the anticipation) rather than the outcome state (where participants actually saw the win/loss). Lastly, the measurement of "pattern expression" and the associated "expression difference" lacks detailed explanations, as in, what do the magnitude and sign mean? How to interpret them?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The primary goal of this paper is to examine microtubule detyrosination as a potential therapeutic target for axon regeneration. Using dimethylamino-parthenolide (DMAPT), this study extensively examines mechanistic links between microtubule detyrosination, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and PTEN in neurite outgrowth in retinal ganglion cells in vitro. These findings provide convincing evidence that parthenolide has a synergistic effect on IL-6- and PTEN-related mechanisms of neurite outgrowth in vitro. The potential efficacy of systemic DMAPT treatment to promote axon regeneration in mouse models of optic nerve crush and spinal cord injury was also examined.

Strengths<br /> 1. The examination of synergistic activities between parthenolide, hyperIL-6, and PTEN knockout is leveraged not only for potential therapeutic value, but also to validate and delineate mechanism of action.<br /> 2. The in vitro studies, including primary human retinal ganglion cells, utilize a multi-level approach to dissect the mechanistic link from parthenolide to microtubule dynamics.<br /> 3. The studies provide a basis for others to test the role of DMAPT in other settings, particularly in the context of other effective pro-regenerative approaches.

Weaknesses<br /> 1. In vivo studies are limited to select outcomes of recovery and do not validate or address mechanism of action in vivo.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The study examines how different cell types in various regions of the mouse dorsal cortex respond to visuomotor integration and how antipsychotic drugs impacts these responses. Specifically, in contrast to most cell types, the authors found that activity in Layer 5 intratelencephalic neurons (Tlx3+) and Layer 6 neurons (Ntsr1+) differentiated between open loop and closed loop visuomotor conditions. Focussing on Layer 5 neurons, they found that the activity of these neurons also differentiated between negative and positive prediction errors during visuomotor integration. The authors further demonstrated that the antipsychotic drugs reduced the correlation of Layer 5 neuronal activity across regions of the cortex, and impaired the propagation of visuomotor mismatch responses (specifically, negative prediction errors) across Layer 5 neurons of the cortex, suggesting a decoupling of long-range cortical interactions.<br /> The data when taken as a whole demonstrate that visuomotor integration in deeper cortical layers is different than in superficial layers and is more susceptible to disruption by antipsychotics. Whilst it is already known that deep layers integrate information differently from superficial layers, this study provides more specific insight into these differences. Moreover, this study provides a first step into understanding the potential mechanism by which antipsychotics may exert their effect.<br /> Whilst the paper has several strengths, the robustness of its conclusions is limited by weaknesses in statistical analyses. A summary of the paper's strengths and weaknesses follow.

Strengths:

The authors perform an extensive investigation of how different cortical cell types (including Layer 2/3, 4 , 5, and 6 excitatory neurons, as well as PV, VIP, and SST inhibitory interneurons) in different cortical areas (including primary and secondary visual areas as well as motor and premotor areas), respond to visuomotor integration. This investigation provides strong support to the idea that deep layer neurons are indeed unique in their computational properties. This large data set will be of considerable interest to neuroscientists interested in cortical processing.<br /> The authors also provide several lines of evidence that visuomotor information is differentially integrated in deep vs. superficial layers. They show that this is true across experimental paradigms of visuomotor processing (open loop, closed loop, mismatch, drifting grating conditions) and experimental manipulations, with the demonstration that Layer 5 visuomotor integration is more sensitive to disruption by the antipsychotic drug clozapine, compared with cortex as a whole.

The study further uses multiple drugs (clozapine, aripiprazole and haloperidol) to bolster its conclusion that antipsychotic drugs disrupt correlated cortical activity in Layer 5 neurons, and further demonstrates that this disruption is specific to antipsychotics, as the psychostimulant amphetamine shows no such effect.

In widefield calcium imaging experiments, the authors effectively control for the impact of hemodynamic occlusions in their results, and try to minimize this impact using a crystal skull preparation, which performs better than traditional glass windows. Moreover, they examine key findings in widefield calcium imaging experiments with two-photon imaging.

Weaknesses:

A critical weakness of the paper is its statistical analysis and data representations. The study does not use mice as its independent unit for statistical comparisons but rather relies on other definitions (see authors' Tabe S1), without appropriate justification, which results in an inflation of sample sizes. For example, in Figure 2, the independent statistical unit is defined as sessions instead of mice, and in Figures 6 and 7 its pairs of cortical regions of interest. This greatly inflates N by at least 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to using N = number of mice. With such inflated sample sizes, it becomes more likely to find spurious differences between groups as significant.

It should be noted, however, that the authors have redone some analyses in their revision, specifically for Figure 1L, in which mice are used as independent units (shown in Figure S4) without any change in conclusion. However, this is not done for all other problematic figures in the manuscript.

Furthermore - and related to the previous comment - trace averages and SEMs across the figures of the manuscript come from hundreds to thousands of data points (e.g. locomotion onsets or cells) repeatedly measured from only a handful of mice. This can be visually misleading for the reader (even if statistics are not being formally performed on these traces) as it artificially reduces the size of the SEM masking the true variability (and size) of the effects portrayed in the paper. Again, this practice is only justified if the data (e.g. locomotion onsets) within a mouse is actually statistically independent, which the authors do not test for or justify.

It should be noted that the authors do show some trace averages and SEMs for a some of their data (Figure S2), in which N = individual mice, without any change in conclusion. However, this is not done for all other problematic figures in the manuscript.

The above statistical problems are apparent throughout the manuscript. The more disciplined approach would be to average the data within a mouse, and then use the mouse as an independent unit for statistical comparison and/or for the purposes of presenting means and SEMs for aggregate data. Alternatively, the authors should provide clear justification in the manuscript for opting for other definitions of N.

Finally, it is important to note that whilst the study demonstrates that antipsychotics may selectively impact visuomotor integration in L5 neurons, it does not show that this effect is necessary or sufficient for the action of antipsychotics; though this is likely beyond the scope of the study it is something for readers to keep in mind.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Wang et al. investigated the role of acetate production, a byproduct of fatty acid oxidation, in the context of metabolic stressors, including diabetes mellitus and prolonged fasting. Mechanistically, they show the importance of the liver enzymes ACOT8 (peroxisome) and ACOT12 (cytoplasm) in converting FFA-derived acetyl-CoA into acetate and CoA. The regeneration of CoA allows for subsequent fatty acid oxidation. Inhibiting the generation of acetate has negative motor consequences in streptozocin-treated mice, which are mitigated with acetate injection.

This paper's strengths include using multiple mouse models, metabolic stressors (db/db-/-, streptozocin, and prolonged starvation), numerous cell lines, precise knockout and rescue experiments, and complimentary use of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analytical platforms. The presented data support the conclusions of this paper and highlight the role of acetate in energy stress conditions.

In clinical medicine, common ketones that are measured are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone which can help determine the severity of illness. However, the data presented here suggest the potential importance of measuring acetate as another biomarker when patients present with ketoacidosis in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation. This requires further investigation.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Xue et al. extended their groundbreaking discovery demonstrating the protective effect of Txnip on cone photoreceptor survival. This was achieved by investigating the protection of cone degeneration through the overexpression of five distinct mutated variants of Txnip within the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Moreover, the study explored the roles of two proteins, HSP90AB1 and Arrdc4, which share similarities or associations with Txnip. They found the protection of Txnip in RPE cells and its mechanism is different from its protection in cone cells. These discoveries have significant implications for advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying Txnip's protection on cone cells.

Strengths:<br /> 1. Identify the roles of different Txnip mutations in RPE and their effects on the expression of glucose transporter<br /> 2. Dissect the mechanism of Txnip in RPE vs Cone photoreceptors in retinal degeneration models.<br /> 3. Explore the functions of ARrdc4, a protein similar to Txnip and HSP90AB1 in cone degeneration.

Weaknesses:<br /> 1. Arrdc4 has deleterious effect on cone survival but no discussion on its mechanism.<br /> 2. Inhibition of HSP90 is known to cause retinal generation. It is unclear why inhibition enhances the protection of Txnip.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The authors evaluate the effect of high-resolution 2D template matching on template bias in reconstructions, and provide a quantitative metric for overfitting. It is an interesting manuscript that made me reevaluate and correct some mistakes in my understanding of overfitting and template bias, and I'm sure it will be of great use to others in the field. However, its main point is to promote high-resolution 2D template matching (2DTM) as a more universal analysis method for in vitro and, more importantly, in situ data. While the experiments performed to that end are sound and well-executed in principle, I fail to make that specific conclusion from their results.

The authors correctly point out that overfitting is largely enabled by the presence of false-positives in the data set. They go on to perform their in situ experiments with ribosomes, which provide an extremely favorable amount of signal that is unrealistic for the vast majority of the proteome. This seems cherry-picked to keep the number of false-positives and false-negatives low. The relationship between overfitting/false-positive rate and the picking threshold will remain the same for smaller proteins (which is a very useful piece of knowledge from this study). However, the false-negative rate will increase a lot compared to ribosomes if the same high picking threshold is maintained. This will limit the applicability of 2DTM, especially for less-abundant proteins.

I would like to see an ablation study: Take significantly smaller segments of the ribosome (for which the authors already have particle positions from full-template matching, which are reasonably close to the ground-truth), e.g. 50 kDa, 100 kDa, 200 kDa etc., and calculate the false-negative rate for the same picking threshold. If the resulting number of particles does plummet, it would be very helpful to discuss how that affects the utility of 2DTM for non-ribosomes in situ.

Another point of concern is the dramatic resolution decrease to 8 A after multiple iterations of refinement against experimental reconstructions described in line 159. Was this a local search from the poses provided by 2DTM, or something more global? While this is not a manifestation of overfitting as the authors have conclusively shown, I think it adds an important point to the ongoing "But do we really need tomograms, or can we just 2D everything?" debate in the field, which is also central to the 2D part of 2DTM. Reaching 8 A with 12k ribosome particles would be considered a rather poor subtomogram averaging result these days. Being in the "we need tilt series to be less affected by non-Gaussian noise" camp myself, I wonder if this indicates 2D images are inherently worse for in situ samples. If they are, the same limitations would extend to template matching. In that case, shouldn't the authors advocate for 3DTM instead of 2DTM? It may not be needed for ribosomes, but could give smaller proteins the necessary edge.

Right now, this study is also an invitation to practitioners who do not understand the picking threshold used here and cannot relate it to other template-matching programs to do a lot of questionable template matching and claim that the results are true because templates are "unoverfittable". I think such undesirable consequences should be discussed prominently.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary: The authors clearly demonstrate the Rab3A plays a role in HSP at excitatory synapses, with substantially less plasticity occurring in the Rab3A KO neurons. There is also no apparent HSP in the Earlybird Rab3A mutation, although baseline synaptic strength seems already elevated. In this context, it is unclear if the plasticity is absent or just occluded by a ceiling effect due the synapses already being strengthened. The authors do appropriately discuss both options. There are also differences in genetic background between the Rab3A KO and Earlybird mutants that could also impact the results, which are also noted. The authors have solid data showing that Rab3A is unlikely to be active in astrocytes, Finally, they attempt to study the linkage between synaptic strength during HSP and AMPA receptor trafficking, and conclude that trafficking is largely not responsible for the changes in synaptic strength.

Strengths: This work adds another player into the mechanisms underlying an important form of synaptic plasticity. The plasticity is only reduced, suggesting Rab3A is only partially required and perhaps multiple mechanisms contribute. The authors speculate about some possible novel mechanisms.

Weaknesses: However, the rather strong conclusions on the dissociation of AMPAR trafficking and synaptic response are made from somewhat weaker data. The key issue is the GluA2 immunostaining in comparison with the mESPC recordings. Their imaging method involves only assessing puncta clearly associated with a MAP2 labeled dendrite. This is a small subset of synapses, judging from the sample micrographs (Fig 5). To my knowledge, this is a new and unvalidated approach that could represent a particular subset of synapses not representative of the synapses contributing to the mEPSC change (they are also sampling different neurons for the two measurements; an additional unknown detail is how far from the cell body were the analyzed dendrites for immunostaining). While the authors acknowledge that a sampling issue could explain the data, they still use this data to draw strong conclusions about the lack of AMPAR trafficking contribution to the mEPSC amplitude change. This apparent difference may be a methodological issue rather than a biological one, and at this point it is impossible to differentiate these. It will unfortunately be difficult to validate their approach. Perhaps if they were to drive NMDA-dependent LTD or chemLTP, and show alignment of the imaging and ephys, that would help. More helpful would be recordings and imaging from the same neurons but this is challenging. Sampling from identified synapses would of course be ideal, perhaps from 2P uncaging combined with SEP-labeled AMPARs, but this is more challenging still. But without data to validate the method, it seems unwarranted to make such strong conclusions such as that AMPAR trafficking does not underlie the increase in mEPSC amplitude, given the previous data supporting such a model.

Other questions arise from the NASPM experiments, used to justify looking at GluA2 (and not GluA1) in the immunostaining. First, there is a frequency effect that is quite unclear in origin. One would expect NASPM to merely block some fraction of the post-synaptic current, and not affect pre-synaptic release or block whole synapses. It is also unclear why the authors argue this proves that the NASPM was at an effective concentration (lines 399-400). Further, the amplitude data show a strong trend towards smaller amplitude. The p value for both control and TTX neurons was 0.08 - it is very difficult to argue that there is no effect. And the decrease is larger in the TTX neurons. Considering the strong claims for a pre-synaptic locus and the use of this data to justify only looking at GluA2 by immunostaining, these data do not offer much support of the conclusions. Between the sampling issues and perhaps looking at the wrong GluA subunit, it seems premature to argue that trafficking is not a contributor to the mEPSC amplitude change, especially given the substantial support for that hypothesis. Further, even if trafficking is not the major contributor, there could be shifts in conductance (perhaps due to regulation of auxiliary subunits) that does not necessitate a pre-synaptic locus. While the authors are free to hypothesize such a mechanism, it would be prudent to acknowledge other options and explanations.

The frequency data are missing from the paper, with the exception of the NASPM dataset. The mEPSC frequencies should be reported for all experiments, particularly given that Rab3A is generally viewed as a pre-synaptic protein regulating release. Also, in the NASPM experiments, the average frequency is much higher in the TTX treated cultures. Is this statistically above control values?

Unaddressed issues that would greatly increase the impact of the paper:<br /> 1) Is Rab3A acting pre-synaptically, post-synaptically or both? The authors provide good evidence that Rab3A is acting within neurons and not astrocytes. But where it is acting (pre or post) would aid substantially in understanding its role (and particularly the hypothesized and somewhat novel idea that the amount of glutamate released per vesicle is altered in HSP). They could use sparse knock-down of Rab3A, or simply mix cultures from KO and WT mice (with appropriate tags/labels). The general view in the field has been that HSP is regulated post-synaptically via regulation of AMPAR trafficking, and considerable evidence supports this view. The more support for their suggestion of a pre-synaptic site of control, the better.

2) Rab3A is also found at inhibitory synapses. It would be very informative to know if HSP at inhibitory synapses is similarly affected. This is particularly relevant as at inhibitory synapses, one expects a removal of GABARs and/or a decrease of GABA-packaging in vesicles (ie the opposite of whatever is happening at excitatory synapses). If both processes are regulated by Rab3A, this might suggest a role for this protein more upstream in the signaling; an effect only at excitatory synapses would argue for a more specific role just at these synapses.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, Mure et al. describe interactions between diet, microbiome, and host development using Drosophila as a model. By characterizing microbial communities in food sources and animals, the authors showed that microbial community dynamics in the food source are critical for host development.

Strengths:

This is a very interesting study where the authors managed to tackle a difficult question in an elegant manner. How the interactions between different microbial species within the microbiome shape host physiology is an area of great interest but equally challenging due to the complexity of intercellular interactions in complex, host-associated microbial communities. By using a simplified model and interrogating not only microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions, but also the role played by diet, authors were able to identify significant interactions during fly development.

Weaknesses:

Despite describing important findings, I believe that a more thorough explanation of the experimental setup and the steps expected to occur in the exposed diet over time, starting with natural "inoculation" could help the reader, in particular the non-specialist, grasp the rationale and main findings of the manuscript. When exactly was the decision to collect early-stage samples made? Was it when embryos were detected in some of the samples? What are the implications of bacterial presence in the no-fly traps? These samples also harbored complex microbial communities, as revealed by sequencing. Were these samples colonized by microbes deposited with air currents? Were they the result of flies that touched the material but did not lay eggs? Could the traps have been visited by other insects? Another interesting observation that could be better discussed is the fact that adult flies showed a microbiome that more closely resembles that of the early-stage diet, whereas larvae have a more late-stage-like microbiome. It is easy to understand why the microbiome of the larvae would resemble that of the late-stage foods, but what about the adult microbiome? Authors should discuss or at least acknowledge the fact that there must be a microbiome shift once adults leave their food source. Lastly, the authors should provide more details about the metabolomics experiments. For instance, how were peaks assigned to leucine/isoleucine (as well as other compounds)? Were both retention times and MS2 spectra always used? Were standard curves produced? Were internal, deuterated controls used?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Numerous experimental models are phenotyped in this manuscript including mouse neurons, iPSC-derived human neurons, knock-in mice, and knock-in iPSCs. Expression of acetylation-mimic or acetylation-null TDP-43 protein is achieved either with overexpression or CRISPR-Cas9-based knock-in. A complex phenotype is observed including loss of TDP-43 function (reduced autoregulation, increased cryptic splicing) and a gain of TDP-43 (increased insoluble TDP-43 protein). These correlate with downstream neurobehavioral changes which are most consistent with a cortical/hippocampal phenotype without a motor phenotype. Post-translational modifications of disease-associated proteins are thought to contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, and this study succeeds in demonstrating that TDP-43 acetylation results in downstream molecular and behavioral phenotypes.

TDP-43 acetylation is a post-translational modification that is known to be associated with TDP-43 inclusions that are characteristic of human diseases. An important strength is the rigorous use of multiple different experimental models (rodent cells, iPSC-derived neurons, mice, overexpression, knock-in) with overall consistent results. Moreover, multiple orthogonal endpoints are presented including histology/cytology/immunostaining, biochemistry, molecular biology, and neurobehavioral assays. As TDP-43 acetylation is known to block RNA binding, these novel cellular and mouse models represent interesting albeit complex tools to study the functional consequences of a partial loss of function. As TDP-43 regulates its own expression (i.e. autoregulation), the complexity lies at least in part due to the loss of RNA binding leading to a functional loss of TDP-43 function which includes the increased expression of the TARDBP transcript and TDP-43 protein.

Conceptually, there is a disconnect in that the mouse model exhibits primarily a cortical/hippocampal phenotype more akin to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP), while TDP-43 acetylation is only seen in ALS tissues and not in FTLD-TDP tissues because most of the pathologic protein in the latter is N-terminally truncated (i.e. the acetylation site is not present). That being said, there is no mouse model which completely and faithfully recapitulates the human disease, and this mouse model avoids overt overexpression (increased TDP-43 protein expression stemming from altered autoregulation) and avoids the use of synthetic/artificial mutation (such as mutation of the TDP-43 nuclear localization signal).

This revision addresses most of my prior comments including documenting the lack of neurodegeneration in this model, the use of more appropriate statistical methods, and the use of more robust/quantitative aberrant splicing measures. The one thing which would still be helpful is sequencing the top predicted off target genomic loci for their various CRISPR'd models irrespective of whether these loci are exonic or noncoding. Having actual sequencing verification of the lack of mutations at these loci is preferable over relying only on computational likelihood estimates.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This study implements an innovative neurofeedback procedure in rats, providing food reward upon detection of a sharp wave-ripple event (SWR) in the hippocampus. The elegant experimental design enables a within-animal comparison of the effects of this neurofeedback procedure as compared to a control condition in which an equivalent reward is provided in a non-contingent manner. The neurofeedback procedure was found to increase SWR rate, followed by a compensatory reduction in SWR rate. These changes in SWR rate were not accompanied by any changes in memory performance on the memory-guided task.

Strengths:

The scientific premise for the study is outstanding. It addresses an issue of high importance, of developing ways to not merely describe correlations between SWRs (and their content) and memory performance, but to manipulate them. The authors argue clearly and convincingly that even studies that have performed causal manipulations of SWRs have important confounds and limitations, and most importantly for translational purposes, they are all invasive. So, the idea of developing a potentially non-invasive neurofeedback procedure for modulating SWRs is compelling both as an innovative new experimental manipulation in studies of SWRs, and as a potentially impactful therapeutic avenue.

In addition to addressing an important issue with an innovative approach, the study has many other strengths. The data unambiguously show that the method is effective at increasing SWR rate in each individual subject. The experimental design allows within-subject comparison of neurofeedback and control trials, where the subjects wait an equivalent amount of time. The careful analyses of SWR properties and their content establish that neurofeedback SWRs are comparable to control SWRs. The data add further evidence to the notion that SWR rate is subject to homeostatic control. The paper is also exceptionally well written, and was a pleasure to read. So, there is a clear technical advance, in that there is now a method for increasing SWR rate non-invasively, which is rigorously established and characterized.

Weaknesses:

The one overall limitation I find with this study is that it is unclear to what extent the same (or better) results could have been obtained using behavior-feedback instead of neuro-feedback. Because SWR rates are generally higher during states of quiescence compared to active movement or task engagement, it is possible that reinforcing behaviorally detected quiescent states (e.g. low movement) would indirectly increase SWR rates. The observation that all 4 subjects had lower movement speeds during neurofeedback compared to control trials supports this interpretation. This is an important issue that would help clarify whether the neurofeedback approach is worth the additional effort and expense compared to behavioral feedback.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The authors presented point light displays of human walkers to children (mean = 9 years) with and without ADHD to compare their biological motion perception abilities and relate them to IQ, social responsiveness scale (SRS) scores and age. They report that children with ADHD were worse at all three biological motion tasks, but that those loading more heavily on local processing related to social interaction skills and global processing to age. The important and solid findings are informative for understanding this complex condition, as well as biological motion processing mechanisms in general. However, I am unsure that these differences between local and global skills are truly supported by the data and suggest some further analyses.

Strengths:<br /> The authors present clear differences between the ADHD and TD children in biological motion processing, and this question has not received as much attention as equivalent processing capabilities in autism. They use a task that appears well controlled. They raise some interesting mechanistic possibilities for differences in local and global motion processing, which are distinctions worth exploring. The group differences will therefore be of interest to those studying ADHD, as well as other developmental conditions, and those examining biological motion processing mechanisms in general.

Weaknesses:<br /> I am unsure that the data are strong enough to support claims about differences between global and local processing wrt social communication skills and age. The mechanistic possibilities for why these abilities may dissociate in such a way are interesting, but do not seem so plausible to me. I am also concerned about gender, and possible autism, confounds when examining the effect of ADHD. Specifics:

Gender confound. There are proportionally more boys in the ADHD than TD group. The authors appear to attempt to overcome this issue by including gender as a covariate. I am unsure if this addresses the problem. The vast majority of participants in the ADHD group are male, and gender is categorically, not continuously, defined. I'm pretty sure this violates the assumptions of ANCOVA.

Autism. Autism and ADHD are highly comorbid. The authors state that the TD children did not have an autism or ADHD diagnosis, but they do not state that the ADHD children did not have an autism diagnosis. Given the nature of the claims, this seems crucial information for the reader.

Conclusions. The authors state frequently that it was the local BM task that related to social communication skills (SRS) and not the global tasks. However, the results section shows a correlation between SRS and all three tasks. The only difference is that when looking specifically within the ADHD group, the correlation is only significant for the local task. I think that if the authors wish to make strong claims here they must show inferential stats supporting (1) a difference between ADHD and TD SRS-Task 1 correlations, and (2) a difference in those differences for Task 2 and 3 relative to Task 1. I think they should also show a scatterplot of this correlation, with separate lines of best fit for the two groups, for Tasks 2 and 3 as well. I.e. Figure 4 should have 3 panels. I would recommend the same type of approach for age. Currently, they have small samples for correlations, and are reading much of theoretical significance between some correlations passing significance threshold and others not. It would be incredibly interesting if the social skills (as measured by SRS) only relate to local BM abilities, and age only to global, but I think the data are not so clear with the current information. I would be surprised if all BM abilities did not improve with age. Even if there is some genetic starter kit (and that this differs according to particular BM component), most abilities improve with learning/experience/age.

Theoretical assumptions. The authors make some sweeping statements about local vs global biological motion processing that need to be toned down. They assume that local processing is specifically genetically whereas global processing is a product of experience. The fact their global, but not local, task performance improves with age would tend to suggest there could be some difference here, but the existing literature does not allow for this certainty. The chick studies showing a neonatal preference are controversial and confounded - I cannot remember the specifics but I think there an upper vs lower visual field complexity difference here.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Yang and colleagues investigated whether information on two task-irrelevant features that induce response conflict is represented in a common cognitive space. To test this, the authors used a task that combines the spatial Stroop conflict and the Simon effect. This task reliably produces a beautiful graded congruency sequence effect (CSE), where the cost of congruency is reduced after incongruent trials. The authors measured fMRI to identify brain regions that represent the graded similarity of conflict types, the congruency of responses, and the visual features that induce conflicts. They applied univariate, multivariate, and connectivity analyses to fMRI data to identify brain regions that represent the graded similarity of conflict types, the congruency of responses, and the visual features that induce conflicts. They further directly assessed the dimensionality of represented conflict space.

The authors identified the right dlPFC (right 8C), which shows 1) stronger encoding of graded similarity of conflicts in incongruent trials and 2) a positive correlation between the strength of conflict similarity type and the CSE on behavior. The dlPFC has been shown to be important for cognitive control tasks. As the dlPFC did not show a univariate parametric modulation based on the higher or lower component of one type of conflict (e.g., having more spatial Stroop conflict or less Simon conflict), it implies that dissimilarity of conflicts is represented by a linear increase or decrease of neural responses. Therefore, the similarity of conflict is represented in multivariate neural responses that combine two sources of conflict.

The strength of the current approach lies in the clear effect of parametric modulation of conflict similarity across different conflict types. The authors employed a clever cross-subject RSA that counterbalanced and isolated the targeted effect of conflict similarity, decorrelating orientation similarity of stimulus positions that would otherwise be correlated with conflict similarity. A pattern of neural response seems to exist that maps different types of conflict, where each type is defined by the parametric gradation of the yoked spatial Stroop conflict and the Simon conflict on a similarity scale. The similarity of patterns increases in incongruent trials and is correlated with CSE modulation of behavior.

The main significance of the paper lies in the evidence supporting the use of an organized "cognitive space" to represent conflict information as a general control strategy. The authors thoroughly test this idea using multiple approaches and provide convincing support for their findings. However, the universality of this cognitive strategy remains an open question.

The task presented in the study involved two sources of conflict information through a single salient visual input, which might have encouraged the utilization of a common space. The similarity space was analyzed at the level of between-individuals (i.e., cross-subject RSA) to mitigate potential confounds in the design, such as congruency and the orientation of stimulus positions. This approach makes it challenging to establish a direct link between the quality of conflict space representation and the patterns of behavioral adaptations within individuals.

Furthermore, it remains unclear at which cognitive stages during response selection such a unified space is recruited. Can we effectively map any sources of conflict into a single scale? Is this unified space adaptively adjusted within the same brain region? Additionally, does the amount of conflict solely define the dimensions of this unified space across many conflict-inducing tasks? These questions remain open for future studies to address.

Taken together, this study presents an exciting possibility that information requiring high levels of cognitive control could be flexibly mapped into cognitive map-like representations that both benefit and bias our behavior. Further characterization of the representational geometry and generalization of the current results look promising ways to understand representations for cognitive control.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> This hybrid experimental/computational study by Hernandez-Hernandez sheds new light on sex-specific differences between male and female arterial myocytes from resistance arteries. The authors conduct careful experiments in isolated myocytes from male and female mice to obtain the data needed to parameterize sex-specific models of two important ionic currents (i.e., those mediated by CaV1.2 and KV2.1). Available experimental data suggest that KV1.5 channel currents from male and female myocytes are similar, but simulations conducted in the novel Hernandez-Hernandez sex-specific models provide a more nuanced view. This gives rise to the first of the authors' three key scientific claims: (1) In males, KV1.5 is the dominant current regulating membrane potential; whereas, in females, KV2.1 plays a primary role in voltage regulation. They further show that this (2) the latter distinction drives drive sex-specific differences in intracellular Ca2+ and cellular excitability. Finally, working with one-dimensional models comprising several copies of the male/female myocyte models linked by resistive junctions, they use simulations to (3) predict that the sensitivity of arterial smooth muscle to Ca2+ channel-blocking drugs commonly used to treat hypertension is heightened in female compared to male cells.

Strengths:<br /> • The Methodology is described in exquisite detail in straightforward language that will be easy to understand for most if not all peer groups working in computational physiology. The authors have deployed standard protocols (e.g., parameter fitting as described by Kernik et al., sensitivity analysis as described by Sobie et al.) and appropriate brief explanations of these techniques are provided. The manoeuvre used to represent stochastic effects on voltage dynamics is particularly clever and something I have not personally encountered before. Collectively, these strengthen the credibility of the model and greatly enrich the manuscript.

• Broadly speaking, the Results section describes findings that robustly support the three key scientific claims outlined in my summary. While there is certainly room for further discussion of some nuanced points as outlined below, it is evident these experiments were carefully designed and carried out with care and intentionality. In the present version of the manuscript, there are a few figures in which experimental data is shown side-by-side with outputs from the corresponding models. These are an excellent illustration of the power of the authors' novel sex-specific computational simulation platform. I think these figures will benefit from some modest additional quantitative analysis to substantiate the similarities between experimental and computational data, but there is already clear evidence of a good match.

Areas for Improvement:<br /> • The authors used experimental data from a prior publication to calibrate their model of the BKCa current. As indicated in the manuscript, these data are for channel activity measured in a heterologous expression system (Xenopus oocytes). A similar principle applies to other major ion channels/pumps/etc. Is it possible there might be relevant sex-specific differences in these players as well? In the context of the present work, this feels like an important potential caveat to highlight, in case male/female differences in the activity of BKCa or other currents might influence model-predicted differences (e.g., the relative importance of KV1.5 and KV2.1). This should be discussed, and, if possible, related to the elegant sensitivity analysis presented in Fig. 5C (which shows, for example, that the models are relatively insensitive to variation in GBK).

• The authors state that their model can be expanded to 2D/3D applications, "transitioning seamlessly from single-cell to tissue-level simulations". I would like to see more discussion of this. For example, given the modest complexity of the cell-scale model, how considerable would the computational burden be to implement a large network model of a subset of the human female or male arterial system? Are there sex-specific differences in vessel and/or network macro-structure that would need to be considered? How would this influence feasibility? Rather than a 1D cable as implemented here, I imagine a multi-scale implementation would involve the representation of myocytes wrapped around vessels. How would the behaviour of such a system differ from the authors' presented work using a 1D representation of 100 myocytes coupled end-to-end? Could these differences partially explain why the traces in Fig. 8D are smoother than those in Fig. 8C? From my standpoint, discussing these points would enrich the paper.

• The nifedipine data presented in Fig. 9 are quite compelling, and a nice demonstration of the potential power of the new models. How does this relate to what is known about the clinical male/female responses to nifedipine? Are there sex differences in drug efficacy?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Diechsel et al. provide important and valuable insights into how Notch signalling is shut down in response to parasitic wasp infestation in order to suppress crystal cell fate and favour lamellocyte production. The study shows that CSL transcription factor Su(H) is phosphorylated at S269A in response to parasitic wasp infestation and this inhibitory phosphorylation is critical for shutting down Notch. The authors go on to perform a screen for kinases responsible for this phosphorylation and have identified Pkc53E as the specific kinase acting on Su(H) at S269A. Using analysis of mutants, RNAi and biochemistry-based approaches the authors convincingly show how Pkc53E-Su(H) interaction is critical for remodelling hematopoiesis upon wasp challenge. The data presented supports the overall conclusions made by the authors. There are a few points below that need to be addressed by the authors to strengthen the conclusions:

1) The authors should check melanized crystal cells in Su(H)gwt and Su(H)S269A in presence of PMA and Staurosporine?<br /> 2) Data for number of dead pupae, flies eclosed, wasps emerged post infestation should be monitored for the following genotypes and should be included: Pkc53EΔ28, Su(H)S269A, Pkc53EΔ28 Su(H)S269A, Su(H)S269D, Su(H)S269D Pkc53EΔ28<br /> 3) The exact molecular trigger for activation of Pkc53E upon wasp infestation is not clear.<br /> 4) The authors should check if activating ROS alone or induction of Calcium pulses/DUOX activation can mimic this condition and can trigger activation of Pkc53E and thereby cause phosphorylation of Su(H) at S269<br /> 5) Does Pkc53E get activated during sterile inflammation?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

A summary of what the authors were trying to achieve:<br /> - TNFAIP2 promotes TNBC drug resistance and DNA damage repair.<br /> - Mechanistically, TNFAIP2 interacts with IQGAP1 and Integrin β4 to mediate RAC1 activation and thus promotes TNBC drug resistance.<br /> - Clinically, TNFAIP2 expression levels positively correlated with ITGB4 in TNBC tissues.<br /> - ITGB4 and TNFAIP2 might serve as promising therapeutic targets for TNBC.<br /> -An account of the major strengths and weaknesses of the methods and results.<br /> The authors performed numerous rescue experiments in vitro to confirm the relationship among ITGB4, TNFAIP2, IQGAP1 and Rac1. However, clinical relevance is somehow limited. Additional experiments are needed to demonstrate the above conclusions in clinical samples.<br /> -An appraisal of whether the authors achieved their aims, and whether the results support their conclusions.<br /> To most extent, the authors achieved their aims, and the results demonstrate their conclusions "TNFAIP2 interacts with IQGAP1 and ITGB4. ITGB4 promotes TNBC drug resistance via the TNFAIP2/IQGAP1/RAC1 axis by promoting DNA damage repair".<br /> -A discussion of the likely impact of the work on the field, and the utility of the methods and data to the community.<br /> Drug resistance is always a challenge for TNBC treatment. This paper found that TNFAIP2 interacts with IQGAP1 and ITGB4 to activate Rac1, thus conferring DNA chemo-resistance to TNBC cells. In addition, positive correlation between the expression of TNFAIP2 and ITGB4 in TNBC tissues were presented. This paper suggests that the ITGB4/TNFAIP2/IQGAP1/Rac1 axis provides potential therapeutic targets to overcome chemo-resistance (DNA damage drugs) in fighting with TNBC.

Additional context to help readers interpret or understand the significance of the work:<br /> This work reported a new mechanism related to TNBC chemo-resistance, which mainly depends on ordered interactions among ITGB4/TNFAIP2/IQGAP1/Rac1 and the following activation of pathways. Thus micro-peptide targeting technique, which is widely used to develop targeted drugs for protein-protein interactions, could show extraordinary potentials and application significance.<br /> At present, cell penetrating peptide, a type of micro-peptide targeting technique, makes functional micro-peptides more stable by cross-linking some amino acid side chains. In recent years, it has been found that binding peptides can not only stabilize peptides, make them easier to enter cells, but also not easy to be hydrolyzed by proteases. At the same time, they have high affinity for targets and can target protein interactions, thus becoming a new way to develop protein interaction targeting inhibitors. To make it easier to enter cells, cell-penetrating peptides can be used in combination, such as HIV TAT. Cell-penetrating peptides can carry a variety of biologically active substances into the cell, is a good targeting drug carrier, with low toxicity, not limited by cell type, into the cell speed and high transduction efficiency. Based on the mechanism reported here, researchers can explore new micro-peptides targeting the interactions between ITGB4 and TNFAIP2 or TNFAIP2 and IQGAP1 to enhance the sensitivity of TNBC cells to drugs by cell-penetrating peptide technology.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) The authors defined "metabolism-type" and "kinase-type" in unclassified sporadic PCC patients through the single-cell transcriptomics-based differentially expressed genes and functional enrichment analyses. (2) They identified the limitation of Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal gland Scaled Score (PASS) system and suggested the combination of molecular diagnostic methods like scRNA-seq with pathological tools like PASS in aiding the clinical evaluation of PCCs. (3) Analysis of the PCC microenvironment revealed a lack of immune cell infiltration in both metabolism-type and kinase-type PCCs, while only the kinase-type PCC patient exhibited the low expression of HLA-Ⅰ that potentially regulated by RET, providing clues for the combined therapy with kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy in kinase-type PCC patients.

The main strength of this manuscript is that it involves scRNA-seq analysis of an extremely rare tumor type-PCCs, which presents a single-cell transcriptomics-based molecular classification and microenvironment characterization of PCCs and further provides clues for potential therapeutic strategies to treat PCCs. The authors also validated the scRNA-seq analysis results (such as the expression levels of marker genes and the distribution of immune cells in the PCC microenvironment) with immunocytochemistry and multispectral immunofluorescent staining. In summary, the findings in this manuscript are quite interesting and significant, which will potentially be valuable for the molecular classification of PCCs.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Gaynes et al. investigated the presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms of starburst amacrine cell (SAC) direction selectivity in the mouse retina by computational modeling and glutamate sensitivity (iGluSnFR) imaging methods. Using the SAC computational simulation, the authors initially tested bipolar cell contributions (space-time wiring model, presynaptic effect) and SAC axial resistance contributions (postsynaptic effect) to the SAC DS. Then, the authors conducted two-photon iGluSnFR imaging from SACs to examine the presynaptic glutamate release, and found seven clusters of ON-responding and six clusters of OFF-responding bipolar cells. They were categorized based on their response kinetics: delay, onset phase, decay time, and others. Finally, the authors generated a model consisting of multiple clusters of bipolar cells on proximal and distal SAC dendrites. When the SAC DS was measured using this model, they found that the space-time wiring model accounted for only a fraction of SAC DS.

The article has many interesting findings, and the data presentation is superb. Strengths and weaknesses are summarized below.

Major Strengths:<br /> • The authors utilized solid technology to conduct computational modeling with Neuron software and a machine-learning approach based on evolutionary algorithms. Results are effectively and thoroughly presented.

• The space-time wiring model was evaluated by changing bipolar cell response properties in the proximal and distal SAC dendrites. Many response parameters in bipolar cells are compared, and DSI was compared in Figure 3.

• Two-photon microscopy was used to measure the bipolar cell glutamate outputs onto SACs by conducting iGluSnFR imaging. All the data sets, including images and transients, are elegantly presented. The authors analyzed the response based on various parameters, which generated more than several response clusters. The clustering is convincing.

Major Weaknesses:<br /> • In Figure 9, the authors generated the bipolar cell cluster alignment based on the space-time wiring model. The space-time wiring model has been proposed based on the EM study that distinct types of bipolar cells synapse on distinct parts of SAC dendrites (Green et al 2016, Kim et al 2014). While this is one of the representative Reicardt models, it is not fully agreed upon in the field (see Stincic et al 2016). While the authors' approach of testing the space-time wiring model and conclusions is interesting and appreciated, the authors could address more issues: mainly two clusters were used to generate the model, but more numbers of clusters should be applied. Although the location of each cluster on the SAC dendrites is unknown, the authors should know the populations of clusters by iGluSnFR experiments. Furthermore, the authors could provide more suggestive mechanisms after declining postsynaptic factors and the space-time wiring model.<br /> • The computational modeling demonstrates intriguing results: SAC dendritic morphology produces dendritic isolation, and a massive input overcomes the dendritic isolation (Figure 1). This modeling seems to be generated by basic dendritic cable properties. However, it has been reported that SAC dendrites express Kv3 and voltage-gated Ca channels. It seems to be that these channels are not incorporated in this model.

• In Figure 5B, representative traces are shown responding to moving bars in horizontal directions. These did not show different responses to two directional stimuli. It is unclear whether directional preference was not detected, which was shown by Yonehara's group recently (Matsumoto et al 2021). Or that was not investigated as described in the Discussion.

• The authors found seven ON clusters and six OFF clusters, which are supposed to be bipolar cell terminals. However, bipolar cells reported to provide synaptic inputs are T-7, T-6, and multiple T-5s for ON SACs and T-1, T-2, and T-3s for OFF SACs. The number of types is less than the number of clusters. Potentially, clusters might belong to glutamatergic amacrine cells. These points are not fully discussed.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary: The manuscript by de Guglielmo et al. presents data demonstrating that escalation of drug intake, increased motivation for drug under a progressive ratio, and drug-seeking despite adverse consequence can be explained by the same construct, while irritability-like behavior during withdrawal is statistically unrelated to an addiction-like phenotype.

Strengths: It is commendable that the authors used large cohorts of heterogenous male and female rats to mitigate common preclinical limitations that can hinder the translational relevance of research findings. The overall question is important and the authors provide a large amount of data to support their claim.

Weaknesses: However, there are a number of factors - such as behavioral rate - that are not considered and likely co-vary with other measures. This is critical as previous work has shown that rate of behavior in reinforcement tasks is a large determinant of sensitivity to both drug effects on that behavior and punishers. This is not considered and but additional information and tempering the interpretation of the data would further strengthen the manuscript.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The current manuscript claims that 14-3-3 interacts with Spastin and that the 14-3-3/spastin interaction is important to regulate axon regeneration after spinal cord injury.

Strengths:<br /> In its present form, this reviewer identified no clear strengths for this manuscript.

Weaknesses:<br /> In general, most of the figures lack sufficient quality to allow analyses and support the author's claims (detailed below). The legends also fail to provide enough information on the figures which makes it hard to interpret some of them. Most of the quantifications were done based on pseudo-replication. The number of independent experiments (that should be defined as n) is not shown. The overall quality of the written text is also low and typos are too many to list. The original nature of the spinal cord injury-related experiments is unclear as the role of 14-3-3 (and Spastin) in axon regeneration has been extensively explored in the past.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This paper studies chromatic coding in mouse primary visual cortex. Calcium responses of a large collection of cells are measured in response to a simple spot stimulus. These responses are used to estimate chromatic tuning properties - specifically sensitivity to UV and green stimuli presented in a large central spot or a larger still surrounding region. Cells are divided based on their responses to these stimuli into luminance or chromatic sensitive groups. Several technical concerns limit how clearly the data support the conclusions. If these issues can be fixed, the paper would make a valuable contribution to how color is coded in mouse V1.

Analysis<br /> The central tool used to analyze the data is a "spike triggered average" of the responses to randomly varying stimuli. There are several steps in this analysis that are not documented, and hence evaluating how well it works is difficult. Central to this is that the paper does not measure spikes. Instead, measured calcium traces are converted to estimated spike rates, which are then used to estimate STAs. There are no raw calcium traces shown, and the approach to estimate spike rates is not described in any detail. Confirming the accuracy of these steps is essential for a reader to be able to evaluate the paper. Further, it is not clear why the linear filters connecting the recorded calcium traces and the stimulus cannot be estimated directly, without the intermediate step of estimating spike rates.

A further issue about the STAs is that the inclusion criterion (correlation of predicted vs measured responses of 0.25) is pretty forgiving. It would be helpful to see a distribution of those correlation values, and some control analyses to check whether the STA is providing a sufficiently accurate measure to support the results (e.g. do the central results hold for the cells with the highest correlations).

Limitations of stimulus choice<br /> The paper relies on responses to a large (37.5 degree diameter) modulated spot and surrounding region. This spot is considerably larger than the receptive fields of both V1 cells and retinal ganglion cells. As a result, the spot itself is very likely to strongly activate both center and surround mechanisms, and responses of cells are likely to depend on where the receptive fields are located within the spot (and, e.g., how much of the true neural surround samples the center spot vs the surround region). The impact of these issues on the conclusions is considered briefly at the start of the results but needs to be evaluated in considerably more detail. This is particularly true for retinal ganglion cells given the size of their receptive fields (see also next point).

Comparison with retina<br /> A key conclusion of the paper is that the chromatic tuning in V1 is not inherited from retinal ganglion cells. This conclusion comes from comparing chromatic tuning in a previously-collected data set from retina with the present results. But the retina recordings were made using a considerably smaller spot, and hence it is not clear that the comparison made in the paper is accurate. This issue may be handled by the analysis presented in the paper, but if so it needs to be described more clearly.<br /> The paper from which the retina data is taken argues that rod-cone chromatic opponency originates largely in the outer retina. This mechanism would be expected to be shared across retinal outputs. Thus it is not clear how the Green-On/UV-Off vs Green-Off/UV-On asymmetry could originate. This should be discussed.

Residual chromatic cells at low mesopic light levels<br /> The presence of chromatically tuned cells at the lowest light level probed is surprising. The authors describe these conditions as rod-dominated, in which case chromatic tuning should not be possible. This again is discussed only briefly. It either reflects the presence of an unexpected pathway that amplifies weak cone signals under low mesopic conditions such that they can create spectral opponency or something amiss in the calibrations or analysis. Data collected at still lower light levels would help resolve this.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This study demonstrates that the axon guidance molecule Sema7a patterns the innervation of hair cells in the neuromasts of the zebrafish lateral line, as revealed by quantifying gain- and loss-of function effects on the three-dimensional topology of sensory axon arbors over developmental time. Alternative splicing can produce either a diffusible or membrane-bound form of Sema7a, which is increasingly localized to the basolateral pole of hair cells as they develop (Figure 1). In sema7a mutant zebrafish, sensory axon arbors still grow to the neuromast, but they do not form the same arborization patterns as in controls, with many arbors overextending, curving less, and forming fewer loops even as they lengthen (Figure 2,3). These phenotypes only become significant later in development, indicating that Sema7a functions to pattern local microcircuitry, not the gross wiring pattern. Further, upon ectopic expression of the diffusible form of Sema7a, sensory axons grow towards the Sema7a source (Figure 4). The data also show changes in the synapses that form when mutant terminals contact hair cells, evidenced by significantly smaller pre- and post-synaptic punctae (Figure 5). Finally, by replotting single cell RNA-sequencing data (Figure 6), the authors show that several other potential cues are also produced by hair cells and might explain why the sema7a phenotype does not reflect a change in growth towards the neuromast. In summary, the data strongly indicate that Sema7a plays a role in shaping connectivity within the neuromast.

Strengths:

The main strength of this study is the sophisticated analysis that was used to demonstrate fine-level effects on connectivity. Rather than asking "did the axon reach its target?", the authors asked "how does the axon behave within the target?". This type of deep analysis is much more powerful than what is typical for the field and should be done more often. The breadth of analysis is also impressive, in that axon arborization patterns and synaptic connectivity were examined at 3 stages of development and in three-dimensions.

Weaknesses:

The main weakness is that the data do not cleanly distinguish between activities for the secreted and membrane-bound forms of Sema7a, which the authors speculate may influence axon growth and synapse formation respectively. The authors do not overstate the claims, but it would have been nice to see some additional experimentation along these lines, such as the effects of overexpressing the membrane-bound form, some analysis of the distance over which the "diffusible" form of Sema7a might act (many secreted ligands are not in fact all that diffusible), or some live-imaging of axons before they reach the target (predicted to be the same in control and mutants) and then within the target (predicted to be different). Clearly, although the gain-of-function studies show that Sema7a can act at a distance, other cues are sufficient. Although the lack of a phenotype could be due to compensation, it is also possible that Sema7a does not actually act in a diffusible manner within its natural context.

Overall, the data support the authors' carefully worded conclusions. While certain ideas are put forward as possibilities, the authors recognize that more work is needed. The main shortcoming is that the study does not actually distinguish between the effects of the two forms of Sema7a, which are predicted but not actually shown to be either diffusible or membrane linked (the membrane linkage can be cleaved). Although the study starts by presenting the splice forms, there is no description of when and where each splice form is transcribed. Additionally, since the mutants are predicted to disrupt both forms, it is a bit difficult to disentangle the synaptic phenotype from the earlier changes in circuit topology - perhaps the change at the level of the synapse is secondary to the change in topology. Further, the authors do not provide any data supporting the idea that the membrane bound form of Sema7a acts only locally. Without these kinds of data, the authors are unable to attribute activities to either form.

The main impact on the field will be the nature of the analysis. The field of axon guidance benefits from this kind of robust quantification of growing axon trajectories, versus their ability to actually reach a target. This study highlights the value of more careful analysis and as a result, makes the point that circuit assembly is not just a matter of painting out paths using chemoattractants and repellants, but is also about how axons respond to local cues. The study also points to the likely importance of alternative splice forms and to the complex functions that can be achieved using different forms of the same ligand.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Onck and co-workers present in this work the identification of binding partners and sites of polyPR on various nuclear transport components and elucidate how polyPR might potentially influence the transport process. It's interesting to note that some interaction sites on transport components also serve as their inherent/functional binding sites. The difference in the effects between short polyPR (PR7) and long polyPR (PR50) is also evident, although the authors might need to clarify the mechanisms better. Overall, the manuscript is well organized and concisely written, and it would greatly enhance our understanding of the toxicity induced by polyPR. In general, the 1-bead per atom force field model used in the study is well-tuned for studying the interactions between polyPR and proteins, as the essential cation-pi interactions (between Arg and Phe/Tyr/Trp) were included using an 8-6 LJ model.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> This study used prolonged stimulation of a limb to examine possible plasticity in somatosensory evoked potentials induced by the stimulation. They also studied the extent that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was opened by prolonged stimulation and whether that played a role in the plasticity. They found that there was potentiation of the amplitude and area under the curve of the evoked potential after prolonged stimulation and this was long-lasting (>5 hrs). They also implicated extravasation of serum albumin, caveolae-mediated transcytosis, and TGFb signalling, as well as neuronal activity and upregulation of PSD95. Transcriptomics was done and implicated plasticity-related genes in the changes after prolonged stimulation, but not proteins associated with the BBB or inflammation. Next, they address the application to humans using a squeeze ball task. They imaged the brain and suggested that the hand activity led to an increased permeability of the vessels, suggesting modulation of the BBB.

Strengths:<br /> The strengths of the paper are the novelty of the idea that stimulation of the limb can induce cortical plasticity in a normal condition, and it involves the opening of the BBB with albumin entry. In addition, there are many datasets and both rat and human data.

Weaknesses:<br /> The conclusions are not compelling however because of a lack of explanation of methods and quantification. It also is not clear whether the prolonged stimulation in the rat was normal conditions. To their credit, the authors recorded the neuronal activity during stimulation, but it seemed excessive excitation. Since seizures open the BBB this result calls into question one of the conclusions. that the results reflect a normal brain. The authors could either conduct studies with stimulation that is more physiological or discuss the caveats of using a supraphysiological stimulus to infer healthy brain function.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The manuscript presents novel findings regarding the judgment of difficulty of perceptual decisions. In the main task (Experiment 1), participants accumulated evidence over time about two tasks, patches of random dot motion, and were asked to report for which patch it would be easier to make a decision about its dominant color, while not explicitly making such decision(s). By fitting several alternative models, authors demonstrated that while accuracy changes as a function of the difference between stimulus strengths, reaction times of such decisions are not solely governed by the difference in stimulus strength, but (also) by the difference in absolute accumulated evidence for color judgment of the two stimuli ('Difference model'). Predictions from the best fitted model were then tested with a new set of conditions and participants (Experiment 2). Here, authors eliminated part of the uncertainty by informing participants about the dominant color of the two stimuli ('known color' condition) and showing that reaction times were faster compared to the 'unknown color' task, and only depended on the difference between stimulus strengths.

The paper deals with a valuable question about a metacognitive aspect of perceptual decision making, which was only sparsely addressed before. The paper is very well written, figures and illustrations clearly accompanied the text, and methods and modeling are rigor. The authors also address the concern that a difficulty judgment might be a confidence estimation, another metacognitive judgment of perceptual decisions, by fitting a Confidence model to the 'known color' condition in Experiment 2 and showing that this model performs worse compared to the Difference model. This is an important control analysis, given the possibility that humans might make an implicit decision about the dominant color of each patch, and then report their level of confidence.

This work is likely to be of great interest in the field of behavioral modeling of perceptual decision making, and might encourage further investigations of how judging the difficulty of a task affects subsequent decisions about the same task.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The authors aimed to investigate how genetic and environmental factors influence the muscle insulin signaling network and its impact on metabolism. They utilized mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics to quantify phosphosites in the skeletal muscle of genetically distinct mouse strains in different dietary environments, with and without insulin stimulation. The results showed that genetic background and diet both affected insulin signaling, with almost half of the insulin-regulated phosphoproteome being modified by genetic background on an ordinary diet, and high-fat high-sugar feeding affecting insulin signaling in a strain-dependent manner.

Strengths:<br /> The study uses state-of-the-art phosphoproteomics workflow allowing quantification of a large number of phosphosites in skeletal muscle, providing a comprehensive view of the muscle insulin signaling network. The study examined five genetically distinct mouse strains in two dietary environments, allowing for the investigation of the impact of genetic and environmental factors on insulin signaling. The identification of coregulated subnetworks within the insulin signaling pathway expanded our understanding of its organization and provided insights into potential regulatory mechanisms. The study associated diverse signaling responses with insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, uncovering regulators of muscle insulin responsiveness.

Weaknesses:<br /> Different mouse strains have huge differences in body weight on normal and high-fat high-sugar diets, which makes comparison between the models challenging. The proteome of muscle across different strains is bound to be different but the changes in protein abundance on phosphosite changes were not assessed. Authors do get around this by calculating 'insulin response' because short insulin treatment should not affect protein abundance. The limitations acknowledged by the authors, such as the need for larger cohorts and the inclusion of female mice, suggest that further research is needed to validate and expand upon the findings.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The authors aim to study the role of axoneme radial spoke proteins in forming the three radial spokes that connect the central pair microtubules with the doublet microtubules of the ciliary axoneme. They combined existing and novel mutants to first study ciliary dynamics, followed by cryoET structure and proteomics to identify known and new radial spoke protein components, and assign those with radial spoke(s) to which they belong.

Strengths: / Weaknesses:<br /> The strengths of this study are in the genetic mutants combined with the cryoET to study the unique structural impacts of each mutant on the three radial spokes. The proteomics to study protein loss and interactions also enabled a comprehensive comparison of proteins at the radial spoke under normal and mutant conditions. This allowed the authors to predict that there are several classes of each type of radial spoke. While there are some limitations with overlapping phenotypes between the mutants, this tactic allows the authors to predict known and new proteins that are predicted to localize to each of the three radial spokes. However, in some places, the conclusions are overstated and the list of molecules without functional insight simply identifies new components that will need to be the target of future studies. Two examples of this are that the authors claim to have "solved the composition of individual radial spokes" and that "adenylate kinases [that] dock to specific RSs". Neither of these statements should be made based on the results in this manuscript. Moreover, the authors state that Rsp3Bp does not change in rsp3C knockouts and conclude that Rsp3B from the A-C heterodimer is still attached to the axoneme without maintaining the RS2 structure. To me, this makes a series of strongly stated conclusions without the results to justify the statement. The authors also report on unique features of ciliary dynamics resulting from the loss of each of the three Tetrahymena RSP3 genes. This showed a strong phenotype for rsp3b knockout. However, a quantitative measure of ciliary dynamics to understand how much the presented data represent the ciliary dynamics was not clear. Furthermore, the authors argue that metachrony or coordination between cilia was affected but the presented data are not interpretable or quantified. Furthermore, the authors state that all three Rsp3 paralogs localize along the entire length of the cilium. However, Rsp3A and B do not localize to ciliary tips, while Rsp3C does. This may inform the differences found in the ciliary waveform for rsp3C mutants compared to rsp3A and rsp3B. The authors state that they have defined a "large part of the protein composition of individual RSs...". It is not clear to me that they know how much of the total RS proteome they have identified.

This manuscript identifies new candidate proteins that may function with radial spokes, future work will be required to 1) confirm their localization to the radial spoke and 2) to study their function within radial spokes.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The starting point of the paper is the observation by the group of Matthew Chafee that zero-lag correlations in pairs of prefrontal cortex neurons transiently increase close to the motor response in a dot-pattern expectancy task', and that this increase in synchrony is abolished by NMDA blockers. The goal of this paper is to understand the mechanisms of this NMDA-dependent increase in synchrony using computational modeling. They simulate and analyze a network of sparsely connected spiking neurons in which synaptic interactions are mediated by AMPA, NMDA, and GABA conductances with realistic time constants. In this network, it had been shown previously that when parameters are such that the network is close to a bifurcation separating asynchronous from synchronous oscillatory states, an<br /> increase in external inputs can push the network towards synchrony. They show that when the NMDA component of synaptic inputs is removed, the network moves away from the bifurcation, and thus the same increase in external inputs no longer leads to a significant increase in synchronization.

Thus, this study provides a potential explanation for the NMDA-dependent increase of synchrony observed in their data. The authors further argue that this effect might be responsible for symptoms observed in schizophrenia, through spike-timing-dependent mechanisms. Overall, this is an interesting study, but there are<br /> several weaknesses that dampened my initial enthusiasm: In particular, the model predicts a tight link between synchrony and mean firing rate that should hold during the whole task, not only at the time of the motor response but this is not explored by the authors.

Also, the relationship between changes in synchrony due to NMDAR dysfunction and schizophrenia is not very convincing. Many forms of synaptic plasticity, including STDP are dependent on NMDA receptors, and thus synaptic plasticity in schizophrenic patients is likely to be impacted independently of any synchrony. Thus, the link between the results of this paper and schizophrenia seems tenuous.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Higgins et al. examine the interaction between erythrocyte basigin and malaria parasite RH5. They use sophisticated biochemical and biophysical studies to establish that basigin on erythrocyte membranes exists primarily in association with either MCT1 or PMCA4b, that these complexes facilitate tighter binding of RH5 to basigin, and that RH5-basigin interaction does not appear to change the activity of the PMCA4b Ca++ pump. They determine that some antibodies that interfere with RH5-basigin interaction to interfere with the pathogen's entry into erythrocytes are effective only when tested in the presence of MCT1 or PMCA4b association. The studies are rigorously performed and have the potential to guide the development of better vaccines that block this invasion process.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Over the past decade, novel approaches to understanding beta cell connectivity and how that contributes to the overall function of the pancreatic islet have emerged. The application of network theory to beta cell connectivity has been an extremely useful tool to understand functional hierarchies amongst beta cells within an islet. This helps to provide functional relevance to observations from structural and gene expression data that beta cells are not all identical.

There are a number of "controversies" in this field that have arisen from the mathematical and subsequent experimental identification of beta "hub" cells. These are small populations of beta cells that are very highly connected to other beta cells, as assessed by applying correlation statistics to individual beta cell calcium traces across the islet.

In this paper Briggs et al set out to answer the following areas of debate:<br /> 1. They use computational datasets, based on established models of beta cells acting in concert (electrically coupled) within an islet-like structure, to show that it is similarities in metabolic parameters rather than "structural" connections (ie proximity which subserves gap junction coupling) that drives functional network behaviour. Whilst the computational models are quite relevant, the fact that the parameters (eg connectivity coefficients) are quite different to what is measured experimentally, confirm the limitations of this model. Therefore it was important for the authors to back up this finding by performing both calcium and metabolic imaging of islet beta cells. These experimental data are reported to confirm that metabolic coupling was more strongly related to functional connectivity than gap junction coupling. However, a limitation here is that the metabolic imaging data confirmed a strong link between disconnected beta cells and low metabolic coupling but did not robustly show the opposite. Similarly, I was not convinced that the FRAP studies, which indirectly measured GJ ("structural") connections were powered well enough to be related to measures of beta cell connectivity.<br /> 2. The group goes on to provide further analytical and experimental data with a model of increasing loss of GJ connectivity (by calcium imaging islets from WT, heterozygous (50% GJ loss), and homozygous (100% loss). Given the former conclusion that it was metabolic not GJ connectivity that drives small world network behaviour, it was surprising to see such a great effect on the loss of hubs in the homs. That said, the analytical approaches in this model did help the authors confirm that the loss of gap junctions does not alter the preferential existence of beta cell connectivity and confirms the important contribution of metabolic "coupling". One perhaps can therefore conclude that there are two types of network behaviour in an islet (maybe more) and the field should move towards an understanding of overlapping network communities as has been done in brain networks.

Overall this is an extremely well-written paper which was a pleasure to read. This group has neatly and expertly provided both computational and experimental data to support the notion that it is metabolic but not "structural" ie GJ coupling that drives our observations of hubs and functional connectivity. However, there is still much work to do to understand whether this metabolic coupling is just a random epiphenomenon or somehow fated, the extent to which other elements of "structural" coupling - ie the presence of other endocrine cell types, the spatial distribution of paracrine hormone receptors, blood vessels and nerve terminals are also important.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This is an interesting manuscript from Sparta and colleagues that investigates dynamics of MTOR and TFEB signalling. The main strength is that the study is based on a systems biology approach using live cell imaging of a range of MTOR downstream readouts, capturing data on a single-cell level with capabilities to multiplex tracking over time. To monitor downstream signalling, the authors primarily rely on measuring nuclear translocation of a fluorescent reporter of TFEB, truncated to remove C-terminal DNA-binding domain and the AKT phosphorylation site. The authors further show that a TFEB reporter with 3x S>A mutations at 3 GSK3beta phosphorylation sites (134, 138 and 142) was dramatically less sensitive to stimulation by amino acids, or by insulin. The authors use these single cell tools to determine whether MTOR-TFEB signalling better fits a gated / digital pattern of response vs a gradual/ analogue mode. Data based on concentration-dependent titrations provide further support of the ability of MTOR-TFEB to respond to amino acid or insulin stimulations with gradual/incremental sensitivity. To understand how MTOR, AMPK and AKT pathways respond and integrate to multiple signals, the authors were also able to use single cell imaging approaches, comparing: TFEB, AMPK-FRET, and FOXO reporters. As follows, the authors were able to track downstream signalling following various patterns of sequential stimulation by glucose, amino acids and insulin. This work is thus able to provide further insight and illustrate how single cells within a population function during nutrient sensing signalling. The results highlight the power of single cell multi-channel imaging to interrogate signalling in real time.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The authors use a full-likelihood multispecies coalescent (MSC) approach to identify major introgression events throughout the radiation of Heliconius butterflies, thereby improving estimates of the phylogeny. First, the authors conclude that H. aoede is the likely outgroup relative to other Heliconius species; miocene introgression into the ancestor of H. aoede makes it appear to branch later. Topologies at most loci were not concordant with this scenario, though 'aoede-early' topologies were enriched in regions of the genome where interspecific introgression is expected to be reduced: the Z chromosome and larger autosomes. The revised phylogeny is interesting because it would mean that no extant Heliconius species has reverted to a non-pollen-feeding ancestral state. Second, the authors focus on a particularly challenging clade in which ancient and ongoing gene flow is extensive, concluding that silvaniform species are not monophyletic. Building on these results, a third set of analyses investigates the origin of the P1 inversion, which harbours multiple wing patterning loci, and which is maintained as a balanced polymorphism in H. numata. The authors present data supporting a new scenario in which P1 arises in H. numata or its ancestor and is introduced to the ancestor of H. pardilinus and H. elevatus - introgression in the opposite direction to what has previously been proposed using a smaller set of taxa and different methods.

The analyses were extensive and methodologically sound. Care was taken to control for potential sources of error arising from incorrect genotype calls and the choice of a reference genome. The argument for H. aoede as the earliest-diverging Heliconius lineage was compelling, and analyses of the melpomene-silvaniform clade were thorough.

The discussion is quite short in its current form. In my view, this is a missed opportunity to summarise the level of support and biological significance of key results. This applies to the revised Melpomene-silvaniform phylogeny and, in particular, the proposed H. numata origin of P1. It would be useful to have a brief overview of the relationships that remain unclear, and which data (if any) might improve estimates.

It was good to see the authors reflect on the utility of full-likelihood approaches more generally, though the discussion of their feasibility and superiority was at times somewhat overstated and reductive. Alternative MSC-based methods that use gene tree frequencies or coalescence times can be used to infer the direction and extent of introgression with accuracy that is satisfactory for a wide variety of research questions. In practice, a combination of both approaches has often been successful. Although full-likelihood approaches can certainly provide richer information if specific parameter estimates are of interest, they quickly become intractable in large species complexes where there is extensive gene flow or significant shifts in population size. In such cases, there may be hundreds of potentially important parameters to estimate, and alternate introgression scenarios may be impossible to disentangle. This is particularly challenging in systems, unlike Heliconius where there is little a priori knowledge of reproductive isolation, genome evolution, and the unique life history traits of each species. It would be useful for the authors to expand on their discussion of strategies that can simplify inference problems in such systems, acknowledging the difficulties therein.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The work presented by Ascencao and coworkers aims to deepen into the process of sex chromosome inactivation during meiosis (MSCI) as a critical factor in the regulation of meiosis progression in male mammals. For this purpose, they have generated a transgenic mouse model in which a specific domain of TOPBP1 protein has been mutated, hampering the binding of a number of protein partners and interfering with the regulatory cascade initiated by ATR. Through the use of immunolocalization of an impressive number of markers of MSCI, phosphoproteomics and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), the authors are able to show that despite a proper morphological formation of the sex body and the incorporation of most canonical MSCI makers, sex chromosome-liked genes are reactivated at some point during pachytene and this triggers meiosis progression breakdown, likely due to a defective phosphorylation of the helicase SETX.

The manuscript presents a clear advance in the understanding of MSCI and meiosis progression with two main strengths. First, the generation of a mouse model with a very uncommon phenotype. Second, the use of a vast methodological approach. The results are well presented and illustrated. Nevertheless, the discussion could be still a bit tuned by the inclusion of some ideas, and perhaps speculations, that have not been considered.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study presents a new method to highly purify live human pancreatic α cells using the zinc-based reaction probe DA-ZP1. After demonstrating this probe is capable of separating β and α cells from other islet and non-islet cells based on florescence intensity, the authors employ a variety of experimental approaches to demonstrate that these isolated α cells are functional and capable of maintaining their viability and identity in culture over time. The authors also investigate the impact of islet dissociation and cell reaggregation on the islet cell transcriptome, where they primarily identified downregulation of pathways associated with extracellular matrix organization, cell surface interactions, and focal adhesion. Overall, this study adds an additional tool to isolate human α cells to the islet biology community, which may aid in further understanding of human α cell biology under both normal and diabetic conditions. However, some caveats of this study include:

1) While the authors claim that this method improves human α cell yield over antibody-based approaches, they provide no direct comparison between the two methods.<br /> 2) The strength of studies determining cell fraction purity and α cell characteristics (function, viability, proliferation, and apoptosis rates) would be strengthened by performing these studies across multiple donors rather than multiple replicates from the same donor.<br /> 3) Given the heterogeneous nature of the human islet, the use of bulk RNA-sequencing makes the interpretation of genes obtained via the comparison of α-pseudoislets and unsorted pseudoislets difficult. Some cell-specific signals will be missed or masked by differences in cell mixture between groups. It is unclear whether these expression changes are due to α-intrinsic changes or simply the loss of other cell types.<br /> 4) Supplementary files concerning bulk sequencing data is not transparent, with only the direction of the gene expression noted.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This study examined the role that the activation and plasma membrane localisation of a calcium dependent protein kinase (CPK3) plays in plant defence against viruses.

The authors clearly demonstrate that the ability to hamper the cell-to-cell spread of the virus P1AMV is not common to other CPKs which have roles in defence against different types of pathogens, but appears to be specific to CPK3 in Arabidopsis. Further they show that lateral diffusion of CPK3 in the plasma membrane is reduced upon P1AMV infection, with CPK3 likely present in nano-domains. This stabilisation however, depends on one of its phosphorylation substrates a Remorin scaffold protein REM1-2. However, when REM1-2 lateral diffusion was tracked, it showed an increase in movement in response to P1AMV infection. These contrary responses to P1AMV infection were further demonstrated to be interdependent, which led the authors to propose a model in which activated CPK3 is stabilised in nano-domains in part by its interaction with REM1.2, which it binds and phosphorylates, allowing REM1-2 to diffuse more dynamically within the membrane.

The likely impact of this work is that it will lead to closer examination of the formation of nano-domains in the plasma membrane and dissection of their role in immunity to viruses, as well as further investigation into the specific mechanisms by which CPK3 and REM1-2 inhibit the cell-to-cell spread of viruses.

Strengths:

The paper provided compelling evidence about the roles of CPK3 and REM1-2 through a combination of logical reverse genetics experiments and advanced microscopy techniques, particularly in single particle tracking.

Weaknesses:

There is a lack of evidence for the downstream pathways, specifically whether the role that CPK3 has in cytoskeletal organisation may play a role in the plant's defence against viral propagation. Also, there is limited discussion about the localisation of the nano-domains and whether there is any overlap with plasmodesmata, which as plant viruses utilise PD to move from cell to cell seems an obvious avenue to investigate.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The major strength of this manuscript is the "anvi-estimate-metabolism' tool, which is already accessible online, extensively documented, and potentially broadly useful to microbial ecologists. However, the context for this tool and its validation is lacking in the current version of the manuscript. It is unclear whether similar tools exist; if so, it would help to benchmark this new tool against prior methods. Simulated datasets could be used to validate the approach and test its robustness to different levels of bacterial richness, genome sizes, and annotation level.

The concept of metabolic independence was intriguing, although it also raises some concerns about the overinterpretation of metagenomic data. As mentioned by the authors, IBD is associated with taxonomic shifts that could confound the copy number estimates that are the primary focus of this analysis. It is unclear if the current results can be explained by IBD-associated shifts in taxonomic composition and/or average genome size. The level of prior knowledge varies a lot between taxa; especially for the IBD-associated gamma-Proteobacteria. It can be difficult to distinguish genes for biosynthesis and catabolism just from the KEGG module names and the new normalization tool proposed herein markedly affects the results relative to more traditional analyses. As such, it seems safer to view the current analysis as hypothesis-generating, requiring additional data to assess the degree to which metabolic dependencies are linked to IBD.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In the present study, Chen et al. revealed the fungal composition and explored its interaction with bacteria in Caesarean section scar diverticulum (CSD) patients. Performing metagenomic and mass spectrometry analysis, they found specific fungi could alter bacterial abundance through regulating the production of several metabolites such as Goyaglycoside A and Janthitrem E, which results in disruption of bacterial composition stability. Their study drew a conclusion that abnormal fungal composition and activity are essential drivers for bacterial dysbiosis in CSD patients. However, the results are not substantial enough and there are many format errors throughout the manuscript. In addition, I have some concerns or suggestions that may help to improve this work.

Major<br /> 1. Smoke or drink conditions, as well as diseases like hypertension and diabetes are important factors that could influence the metabolism of the host, thus the authors should add them in the exclusion criteria in the Methods.<br /> 2. The sample size of this study is not large enough to draw a convincing conclusion.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The authors use several quantitative approaches to characterize the feeding ecologies of bohaiornithid enantiornithines, including allometric data, mechanical advantage and finite element analyses of the jaw, and morphometric analyses of the claws. The authors combine their results with data for other enantiornithines collected from the literature to shed new insight on the ecological evolution of Enantiornithes as a clade.

The approaches used by the authors are generally appropriate for the questions being asked, their comparisons are thorough, and the interpretations are generally reasonable. However, there are a number of major flaws to the comparisons used that should at least be addressed by the authors, if not overcome by modifying the methodology. Smaller concerns/comments are provided in "Recommendations for the authors."

My first major concern is about how the presence of teeth might influence both qualitative and quantitative comparisons to extant birds. The authors should discuss how the presence of teeth might facilitate or prevent feeding strategies that might be inconsistent with (for example) patterns reconstructed using finite element analysis for a comparative sample of toothless birds.

Next, the authors should discuss the potential impact that cranial kinesis might have on the functionality of the jaws - especially with regards to the mitigation of stresses experienced by the skull. Do the quantitative approaches used here to characterize the mechanics of the jaws account for kinesis in extant birds? If so, how? If not, how do the authors' account for that mechanical difference in their interpretations?

My next concern regards potential biases introduced by the approach taken to reconstruct the bohaiornithid skulls sampled here. Using elements from closely related taxa to fill out an incomplete skull during reconstruction is reasonable, but it may influence the results of subsequent shape comparisons - especially when the "donor" skull is compared to the recipient. The authors should explain how they accounted for this possibility in their methods or their interpretations.

Next, it is unclear how or where much of the data used or generated by this study are made available. I appreciate that the authors thoroughly cite the literature from which some data (e.g., extant FEA data), but all data used should be provided in the supplement. Likewise for the FEA models generated for the newly sampled taxa. The authors indicate that some R scripts are available online (Lines 787-788), but that link is currently non-functional, so I could not verify what was made available. And unless I missed it, the authors don't indicate that other data (e.g., FEA models) are also available there. Any data used in, or generated by, this paper should be made available online - including FEA models, tree files and analysis output files.

Also pertaining to the methods, in some places, the methods the authors used to analyze their data were not specified. For example, the authors mention that "all analyses of the [MA/FEA] data were performed in R" and "scripts [are] available" online (Lines 786-787), but the authors don't specify what those analyses actually are - unless that was specified elsewhere and I missed it? I know very little about FEA or MA analyses, so maybe these approaches are well understood in those circles, but I am unable to assess the approaches here without downloading and digging into the scripts.

A broader recommendation here: in several places, I found this paper difficult to follow. That's partly understandable, the authors are discussing and comparing trends across a wide variety of data types and analyses - which is certainly both challenging and commendable. But that variety of analyses has resulted in a staggering variety of acronyms that I found nearly impossible to keep track of. Minimally, I recommend that the authors redefine the most important acronyms at the start of each major subheading.

Related to that last point, in the discussion, I often found myself missing the forest for the trees, so to speak - the authors paid much attention to interpreting the results of each analytical approach for each taxon (which I appreciate), but I found it difficult to keep track of the take-home message the authors were trying to convey. I would recommend a reorganization of the discussion that follows a backbone based on the authors' key messages - for example, a section on species-level interpretations (maybe with sub-headings for each approach discussed), followed by larger-picture discussions of Bohaiornithidae and Enantiornithes more generally. The authors included a section at the end of their discussion that already provides that larger picture for Enantiornithes, but the section on "Bohaiornithid Ecology and Evolution" includes a lot of species-level comparison that I think would be better suited for species-focused sub-sections, and I think the paper would be better served by reserving this section for a bohaiornithid-level survey.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> In this study, the authors analyzed data from 99 individuals with implanted electrodes who were performing a word-list recall task. Because the task involves successively encoding and then recalling 25 lists in a row, they were able to measure the similarity in neural responses for items within the same list as well as items across different lists, allowing them to test hypotheses about the impact of between-list boundaries on neural responses. They find that, in addition to slow drift in responses across items, there is boundary-related structure in the medial parietal lobe such that early items in each list show similarity (for recalled items) and late items in each list show similarity (for not recalled items).

Strengths:<br /> The dataset used in this paper is substantially larger than most iEEG datasets, allowing for the detection of nuanced differences between item positions and for analyses of individual differences in boundary-related responses. There are excellent visualizations of the similarity structure between items for each region, and this work connects to a growing literature on the role of event boundaries in structuring neural responses.

Weaknesses:<br /> 1) My primary confusion in the current version of this paper is that the analyses don't seem to directly compare the two proposed models illustrated in Fig 1B, i.e. the temporal context model (with smooth drifts between items, including across lists) versus the boundary model (with similarities across all lists for items near boundaries). After examining smooth drift in the within-list analysis (Fig 2), the across-list analyses (Figs 3-5) use a model with two predictors (boundary proximity and list distance), neither of which is a smoothly-drifting context. Therefore there does not appear to be a quantitative analysis supporting the conclusion that in lateral temporal cortex "drift exhibits a relationship with elapsed time regardless of the presences of intervening boundaries" (lines 272-3).

2) The feature representation used for the neural response to each item is a gamma power time-frequency matrix. This makes it unclear what characteristics of the neural response are driving the observed similarity effects. It appears that a simple overall scaling of the response after boundaries (stronger responses to initial items during the beginning portion of the 1.6s time window) would lead to the increased cosine similarity between initial items, but wouldn't necessarily reflect meaningful differences in the neural representation or context of these items.

3) The specific form of the boundary proximity models is not well justified. For initial items, a model of e^(1-d) is used (with d being serial position), but it is not stated how the falloff scale of this model was selected (as opposed to e.g. e^((1-d)/2)). For final items, a different model of d/#items is used, which seems to have a somewhat different interpretation (about drift between boundaries, rather than an effect specific to items near a final boundary). The schematic in Fig 1B appears to show a hypothesis which is not tested, with symmetric effects at initial and final boundaries.

4) The main text description of Fig 2 only describes drift effects in lateral temporal cortex, but Fig 2 - supplement 1 shows that there is also drift and a significant subsequent memory effect in the other two ROIs as well. There is not a significant memory x drift slope interaction in these regions; are the authors arguing that the lack of this interaction (different drift rates for remembered versus forgotten items) is critical for interpreting the roles of lateral temporal cortex versus medial parietal and hippocampal regions?

5) The parameter fits for the "list distance" regressor are not shown or analyzed, though they do appear to be important for the observed similarity structure (e.g. Fig 3E). I would interpret this regressor as also being "boundary-related" in the sense that it assumes discrete changes in similarity at boundaries.

6) It is unclear to me whether the authors believe that the observed similarity after boundaries is due to an active process in which "the medial parietal lobe uses drift-resets" (line 16) to reinstate a boundary-related context, or that this similarity is simply because "the context for the first item may be the boundary itself" (lines 246-7), and therefore this effect would emerge naturally from a temporal context model that incorporates the full task structure as the "items."

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> This is a strong manuscript by Basson and colleagues which contributes to our understanding of gender disparities in scientific publishing. The authors examine attitudes and behaviors related to manuscript submission in influential journals (specifically, Science, Nature and PNAS). The authors rightly note that much attention has been paid to gender disparities in work that is already published, but this fails to capture the unseen hurdles that occur prior to publication (which include decisions about where to publish, desk rejections, revisions and resubmissions, etc.). They conducted a survey study to address some of these components and their results are interesting:

They find that women are less likely to submit their manuscript to Science, Nature or PNAS. While both men and women feel their work would be better suited for more specialized journals, women were more likely to think their work was 'less novel or groundbreaking.'

A smaller proportion of respondents indicated that they were actively discouraged from submitting their manuscripts to these journals. In this instance, women were more likely to receive this advice than men.

Lastly, the authors also looked at self-reported acceptance and rejection rates and found that there were no gender differences in acceptance or rejection rates.

These data are helpful in developing strategies to mitigate gender disparities in influential journals.

Comments:<br /> The methods the authors used are appropriate for this study. The low response rate is common for this type of recruitment strategy. The authors provide a thoughtful interpretation of their data in the Discussion.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The authors present in this study the characterization of two mutant lines of the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki, a unicellular holozoan with a key phylogenetic position to understand multicellular development in animals. The present study is built on a previous work from the same research group, on the mutant of the orthologue of the Yorki gene in C. owczarzaki. By knocking out the two upstream kinases of the same pathway, coHpo-/- and coWts-/-, in single cell and aggregates of C. owkzarzaki, they now have mutated the entire pathway and in different cellular contexts.

The authors obtain results in the same direction as the previous work, demonstrating that the Hippo pathway of the unicellular holozoan C. owczarzaki, is not involved in the control of cell proliferation but is related with cytoskeletal dynamics through the actin-myosin mechanism.

The work carried out in this study is technically precise at all levels, molecular, cellular and microscopy. The reviewer here acknowledges how difficult is to work and develop tools and mutant lines in a non-model organism and therefore congratulates the authors in their efforts. The authors have done excellent work in this sense and all data presented seems to be solid.

Nevertheless, some of the observations, in my opinion, should be further investigated before taking the conclusion that the Hippo pathway controls cell density and a contractile behavior in the C. owczarzaki. On the hand the authors claim as main conclusions what they have partially already claimed in the previous work (Phillips et al. eLife 2022;0:e77598).

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Fission yeast is an important model organism and studies on fission yeast have provided many key insights into the understanding of genes and biological pathways. However, even in such a well-studied model organism, there are still many genes without known functions.

In this work, the authors took advantage of the availability of genome-wide fission yeast deletion mutants to systematically analyze the mutant phenotypes under 131 different conditions. This effort generated a genotype-phenotype dataset larger than the currently curated genotype-phenotype dataset, which is derived from studies over many decades by hundreds of fission yeast laboratories. The authors used the dataset to construct gene clusters that provide functional clues for many genes without previously known functions, including ones conserved in humans. This rich resource will surely be highly useful to the fission yeast community and beyond.

In addition, the authors also used machine learning to generate functional predictions of fission yeast genes and yield novel understandings, which are validated by experimental analysis of new ageing-related genes.

Overall, this study provides unprecedented and highly valuable resources for understanding fission yeast gene functions.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This manuscript presents a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms that explain the presence of TADs (P-TADs) in cells where cohesin has been removed. In particular, to study TADs in wildtype and cohesin depleted cells, the authors use a combination of polymer simulations to predict whole chromosome structures de novo and from Hi-C data. Interestingly, they find that those TADs that survive cohesin removal contain a switch in epigenetic marks (from compartment A to B or B to A) at the boundary. Additionally, they find that the P-TADs are needed to retain enhancer-promoter and promoter-promoter interactions.

Overall, the study is well-executed, and the evidence found provides interesting insights into genome folding and interpretations of conflicting results on the role of cohesin on TAD formation.

To strengthen their claims, the authors should compare their de-novo prediction approach to their data-driven predictions at the single cell level.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Chan and collaborators investigate the role of CDPK1 in regulating microneme trafficking and exocytosis in Toxoplasma gondii. Micronemes are apicomplexan-specific organelles localized at the apical end of the parasite and depending on cortical microtubules. Micronemes contain proteins that are exocytosed in a Ca²+-dependent manner and are required for T. gondii egress, motility, and host-cell invasion. In Apicomplexa, Ca²+ signaling is dependent on Ca²+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs). CDPK1 has been demonstrated to be essential for Ca²+-stimulated micronemes exocytosis allowing parasite egress, gliding motility, and invasion. It is also known that intracellular calcium storages are mobilized following a cyclic nucleotide-mediated activation of protein kinase G. This step, occurs upstream of CDPK1 functions. However, the exact signaling pathway regulated by CDPK1 remains unknown. In this paper, the authors used phosphoproteomic analysis to identify new proteins phosphorylated by CDPK1. They demonstrated that CDPK1 activity is required for calcium-stimulated trafficking of micronemes to the apical end, depending on a complex of proteins that include HOOK and FTS, which are known to link cargo to the dynein machinery for trafficking along microtubules. Overall, the authors identified evidence for a new protein complex involved in microneme trafficking through the exocytosis process for which circumstantial evidence of its functionality is demonstrated here.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this study, the authors analyzed a unique and very stable microtubule bundle that is formed in yeast cells entering quiescence. They show that the structure is required for yeast cells to maintain viability during quiescence and that it needs to be disassembled for cell cycle re-entry. They identify different stages during the assembly process and focus on the molecular players required for microtubule bundle formation and stabilization. They identify kinetochore as well as molecular motors such as auroraB, kinesin-14, and kinesin-5 that assemble, stabilize and crosslink the microtubules of the bundle. The paper also investigates the disassembly of the structure and shows that disassembly is required for cell cycle re-entry.

The study is very comprehensive, provides quantifications to support claims, and identifies various players involved in these processes, providing mechanistic insight. It also presents various control experiments to exclude alternative explanations and support the proposed model.

It is the first molecular-level insight into how this very stable microtubule structure can be assembled, maintained, and disassembled, and how this is coordinated with cell cycle exit and re-entry. This information may be very useful when analyzing similarly stable, microtubule-based structures in other organisms such as cilia in animals, which also display cell cycle-coordinated dynamics.

Overall, this is a nicely presented study that provides important insight into the field and beyond, but there are a few points that need to be addressed regarding methods used for quantifications and data presentation.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Bae et al. described the key roles of pericytes in cavernous tissues in diabetic erectile dysfunction using both mouse and human single-cell transcriptomic analysis. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is caused by dysfunction of the cavernous tissue and affects a significant proportion of men aged 40-70. The most common treatment for ED is phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors; however, these are less effective in patients with diabetic ED. Therefore, there is an unmet need for a better understanding of the cavernous microenvironment, cell-cell communications in patients with diabetic ED, and the development of new therapeutic treatments to improve the quality of life.

Pericytes are mesenchymal-derived mural cells that directly interact with capillary endothelial cells (ECs). They play a vital role in the pathogenesis of erectile function as their interactions with ECs are essential for penile erection. Loss of pericytes has been associated with diabetic retinopathy, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease and has been investigated in relation to the permeability of cavernous blood vessels and neurovascular regeneration in the authors' previous studies. This manuscript explores the mechanisms underlying the effect of diabetes on pericyte dysfunction in ED. Additionally, the cellular landscape of cavernous tissues and cell type-specific transcriptional changes were carefully examined using both mouse and human single-cell RNA sequencing in diabetic ED. The novelty of this work lies in the identification of a newly identified pericyte (PC)-specific marker, LBH, in mouse and human cavernous tissues, which distinguishes pericytes from smooth muscle cells. LBH not only serves as a cavernous pericyte marker, but its expression level is also reduced in diabetic conditions. The LBH-interacting proteins (Cryab and Vim) were further identified in mouse cavernous pericytes, indicating that these signaling interactions are critical for maintaining normal pericyte function. Overall, this study demonstrates the novel marker of pericytes and highlights the critical role of pericytes in diabetic ED.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Yang et al. investigated in mice how hypobaric hypoxia can modify the RBC clearance function of the spleen, a concept that is of interest. Via interpretation of their data, the authors proposed a model that hypoxia causes an increase in cellular iron levels, possibly in RPMs, leading to ferroptosis, and downregulates their erythrophagocytic capacity. However, most of the data is generated on total splenocytes/total spleen, and the conclusions are not always supported by the presented data. The model of the authors could be questioned by the paper by Youssef et al. (which the authors cite, but in an unclear context) that the ferroptosis in RPMs could be mediated by augmented erythrophagocytosis. As such, the loss of RPMs in vivo which is indeed clear in the histological section shown (and is a strong and interesting finding) can be not directly caused by hypoxia, but by enhanced RBC clearance. Such a possibility should be taken into account.

Major points:

1) The authors present data from total splenocytes and then relate the obtained data to RPMs, which are quantitatively a minor population in the spleen. Eg, labile iron is increased in the splenocytes upon HH, but the manuscript does not show that this occurs in the red pulp or RPMs. They also measure gene/protein expression changes in the total spleen and connect them to changes in macrophages, as indicated in the model Figure (Fig. 7). HO-1 and levels of Ferritin (L and H) can be attributed to the drop in RPMs in the spleen. Are any of these changes preserved cell-intrinsically in cultured macrophages? This should be shown to support the model (relates also to lines 487-88, where the authors again speculate that hypoxia decreases HO-1 which was not demonstrated). In the current stage, for example, we do not know if the labile iron increase in cultured cells and in the spleen in vivo upon hypoxia is the same phenomenon, and why labile iron is increased. To improve the manuscript, the authors should study specifically RPMs.

2) The paper uses flow cytometry, but how this method was applied is suboptimal: there are no gating strategies, no indication if single events were determined, and how cell viability was assessed, which are the parent populations when % of cells is shown on the graphs. How RBCs in the spleen could be analyzed without dedicated cell surface markers? A drop in splenic RPMs is presented as the key finding of the manuscript but Fig. 3M shows gating (suboptimal) for monocytes, not RPMs. RPMs are typically F4/80-high, CD11-low (again no gating strategy is shown for RPMs). Also, the authors used single-cell RNAseq to detect a drop in splenic macrophages upon HH, but they do not indicate in Fig. A-C which cluster of cells relates to macrophages. Cell clusters are not identified in these panels, hence the data is not interpretable).

3) The authors draw conclusions that are not supported by the data, some examples:

a) They cannot exclude eg the compensatory involvement of the liver in the RBCs clearance (the differences between HH sham and HH splenectomy is mild in Fig. 2 E, F and G)

b) Splenomegaly is typically caused by increased extramedullary erythropoiesis, not RBC retention. Why do the authors support the second possibility? Related to this, why do the authors conclude that data in Fig. 4 G,H support the model of RBC retention? A significant drop in splenic RBCs (poorly gated) was observed at 7 days, between NN and HH groups, which could actually indicate increased RBC clearance capacity = less retention.

c) Lines 452-54: there is no data for decreased phagocytosis in vivo, especially in the context of erythrophagocytosis. This should be done with stressed RBCs transfusion assays, very good examples, like from Youssef et al. or Threul et al. are available in the literature.

d) Line 475 - ferritinophagy was not shown in response to hypoxia by the manuscript, especially that NCOA4 is decreased, at least in the total spleen.

4) In a few cases, the authors show only representative dot plots or histograms, without quantification for n>1. In Fig. 4B the authors write about a significant decrease (although with n=1 no statistics could be applied here; of note, it is not clear what kind of samples were analyzed here). Another example is Fig. 6I. In this case, it is even more important as the data are conflicting the cited article and the new one: PMCID: PMC9908853 which shows that hypoxia stimulates efferocytosis. Sometimes the manuscript claim that some changes are observed, although they are not visible in representative figures (eg for M1 and M2 macrophages in Fig. 3M)

5) There are several unclear issues in methodology:

- what is the purity of primary RPMs in the culture? RPMs are quantitatively poorly represented in splenocyte single-cell suspensions. This reviewer is quite skeptical that the processing of splenocytes from approx 1 mm3 of tissue was sufficient to establish primary RPM cultures. The authors should prove that the cultured cells were indeed RPMs, not monocyte-derived macrophages or other splenic macrophage subtypes.<br /> - (around line 183) In the description of flow cytometry, there are several missing issues. In 1) it is unclear which type of samples were analyzed. In 2) it is not clear how splenocyte cell suspension was prepared.<br /> - In line 192: what does it mean: 'This step can be omitted from cell samples'?<br /> - 'TO method' is not commonly used anymore and hence it was unclear to this Reviewer. Reticulocytes should be analyzed with proper gating, using cell surface markers.<br /> - The description of 'phagocytosis of E. coli and RBCs' in the Methods section is unclear and incomplete. The Results section suggests that for the biotinylated RBCs, phagocytosis? or retention? Of RBCs was quantified in vivo, upon transfusion. However, the Methods section suggests either in vitro/ex vivo approach. It is vague what was indeed performed and how in detail. If RBC transfusion was done, this should be properly described. Of note, biotinylation of RBCs is typically done in vivo only, being a first step in RBC lifespan assay. The such assay is missing in the manuscript. Also, it is not clear if the detection of biotinylated RBCs was performed in permeablized cells (this would be required).

The authors did not substantially improve the quality of their manuscript in the revised version, at least in the case of the limitations which I have spotted. The major points which remain unclear:<br /> 1. No gating strategies for flow cytometry are provided.<br /> 2. Figure 3M still does not show a typical F4/80 vs CD11b gating, with a population of true RPMs gated.<br /> 3. In a few cases data still lack biological replicates+statistics.<br /> 4. Results from scRNA-seq are not presented more clearly (=clusters in Fig 3E are described as macrophages, but it is not explained which among the clusters are RPMs).<br /> 5. The compensatory role of liver macrophages is omitted.<br /> 6. The authors misunderstood by suggestion to perform in vivo erythrophagocytosis assay using stained RBCs. This assay quantifies the true capacity for erythrophagocytosis in RPMs or KCs in the organ, regardless of the ferroptosis that may be a subsequent consequence (please, see initial Figures in Yousseff et al. paper). Using the percentage of biotin-positive RBCs in the spleen (although this method is not well described in the Methods), the authors rather show increased RBCs clearance at 7 days following hypoxia. Hence, the model where first hypoxia increases erythrophagocytosis in RPMs, consequently leading to their ferroptosis still cannot be excluded.<br /> 7. The Methods are poorly described and unclear - the authors claimed that they have used in vivo biotinylation assay to assess the lifespan of RBCs but it is not described. Instead, the paragraph „Phagocytosis of E. coli and RBCs" suggests that RBCs were stained with biotin for phagocytic assay in culture with macrophages. Phagocytosis of E. coli is still described in the Methods although the authors opted to remove the data from the revised manuscript.<br /> Some points are unclear in the current version of the manuscript, after the addition of new data:<br /> 8. Data in Figure 4D versus 4E,F are not consistent, showing less retention versus increased retention of RBCs in the spleen (retention of senescent RBCs in the spleen should be measured anyway quantitatively, eg, with proper flow cytometry)<br /> 9. The increase of labile iron in the red pulp might not be in RPMs - especially since they seem depleted. Flow cytometry should be used to assess which cell types show increased iron levels.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary: The manuscript by Cullinan et al., uses ANAP-tmFRET to test the hypothesis that the NTD and CTD form a complex at rest and to probe these domains for acid-induced conformational changes. They find convincing evidence that the NTD and CTD do not have a propensity to form a complex. They also report these domains are parallel to the membrane and that the NTD moves towards, and the CTD away, from the membrane upon acidification.

Strengths:<br /> The major strength of the paper is the use of tmFRET, which excels at measuring short distances and is insensitive to orientation effects. The donor-acceptor pairs here are also great choices as they are minimally disruptive to the structure being studied.

Furthermore, they conduct these measurements over several positions with the N and C tails, both between the tails and to the membrane. Finally, to support their main point, MST is conducted to measure the association of recombinant N and C peptides, finding no evidence of association or complex formation.

Weaknesses:<br /> While tmFRET is a strength, using ANAP as a donor requires the cells to be unroofed to eliminate background signal. This causes two problems. First, it removes any possible low affinity interacting proteins such as actinin (PMID 19028690). Second, the pH changes now occur to both 'extracellular' and 'intracellular' lipid planes. Thus, it is unclear if any conformational changes in the N and CTDs arise from desensitization of the receptor or protonation of specific amino acids in the N or CTDs or even protonation of certain phospholipid groups such as in phosphatidylserine. The authors do comment that prolonged extracellular acidification leads to intracellular acidification as well. But the concerns over disruption by unroofing/washing and relevance of the changes remain.

The distances calculated depend on the R0 between donor and acceptor. In turn, this depends on the donor's emission spectrum and quantum yield. The spectrum and yield of ANAP is very sensitive to local environment. It is a useful fluorophore for patch fluorometry for precisely this reason, and gating-induced conformational changes in the CTD have been reported just from changes in ANAP emission alone (PMID 29425514). Therefore, using a single R0 value for all positions (and both pHs at a single position) is inappropriate. The authors should either include this caveat and give some estimate of how big an impact changes spectrum and yield might have, or actually measure the emission spectra at all positions tested.

Overall, the writing and presentation of figures could be much improved with specific points mentioned in the recommendations for authors section.

The authors argue that the CTD is largely parallel to the plasma membrane, yet appear to base this conclusion on ANAP to membrane FRET of positions S464 and M505. Two positions is insufficient evidence to support such a claim. Some intermediate positions are needed.

Upon acidification, NTD position Q14 moves towards the plasma membrane (Figure 8B). Q14 also gets closer to C515 or doesn't change relative to 505 (Figures 7C and B) upon acidification. Yet position 505 moves away from the membrane (Figure 8D). How can the NTD move closer to the membrane, and to the CTD but yet the CTD move further from the membrane? Some comment or clarification is needed.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The manuscript by Nagel et al. describes studies of mouse vomeronasal sensory neuron (VSN) tuning to mouse urine samples across different sexes and strains, including wild mice, alongside mass spectrometry analysis of the same samples. The authors performed live Ca2+ imaging (CAL520 dye) of VSNs in acute vomeronasal organ (VNO) slices to determine how VSNs are tuned to pairs of stimuli that differ in their origin (e.g. male C57BL/6 versus male BALB/c urine, male C57BL/6 versus female C57BL/6, etc.). For each pair of tested odorants, the results measure the proportion of VSNs that respond to both stimuli ("generalists") or just one of the two ("specialists"), as well as metrics of tuning preference and response reliability. The authors find in most cases that generalists make up a larger proportion of responsive VSNs than specialists, but several pairwise comparisons showed a high degree of strain selectivity. Notably, the authors evaluated VSN tuning in both male C57BL/6 and male BALB/c VNOs, finding strain-dependent differences in the representation of mouse urine. Alongside these measurements of VSN tuning, the authors report results of mass spectrometry analyses of volatiles and proteins in the same urine samples. These analyses indicated a number of molecules in each category that vary across sex and strain, and therefore represent candidate vomeronasal ligands. However, this study did not directly test whether any of these candidate molecules drives VSN activity, limiting the interpretability of these comparisons. Overall, this work provides useful information related to mouse vomeronasal chemosensation, but future work will be necessary to link the physiological measurements to the observed molecular diversity.

Strengths:<br /> A strength of the current study is its focus on characterizing the neural responses of the VNO to urine derived from wild mice. The majority of existing vomeronasal system research has relied on the use of inbred strains for both neural response recordings and investigations of candidate vomeronasal system ligands. Inbreeding in laboratory environments may alter the chemical composition of bodily secretions, thereby potentially changing the information they contain. Moreover, the more homogeneous nature of inbred strains could be critical when studying the AOS mediated social aspects. If there exist noticeable differences in the chemical composition of secretions from wild animals compared to inbred strains, this would suggest that future research must consider natural sources of candidate ligands outside of inbred strains. This work identifies some intriguing differences - worthy of further exploration - between the urine composition of wild mice versus inbred mice, as well as disparities in how the VNO responds to urine from these different sources. However, the molecular composition and VNO responsiveness to wild mouse urine was found to be highly overlapping with inbred mouse urine, supporting the continued investigation of candidate ligands found in inbred mouse urine.

Another positive aspect of this work is its use of the same set of stimuli as a previous study by the same authors (Bansal et al., 2021) in the downstream accessory olfactory bulb. The consistency in stimulus selection facilitates a comparison of information processing of sex and strain information from the sensory periphery to the brain. Although comparisons between the two connected regions are not a focus of this work, and methodological differences (e.g., Ca2+ imaging versus electrophysiology) may introduce caveats into comparisons, the support of "apples to apples" comparisons across connected circuits is critical to progress in the field.

Finally, this study directly measured VSN tuning in both male C57BL/6 and male BALB/c VNOs, finding subtle but important differences in the representation of mouse urine in these two recipient strains. Given that there is a long history of research into strain-specific differences in social behavior, this research paves the way for future studies into how different mouse strains detect and process social chemosignals.

Weaknesses:<br /> One of the primary objectives in this study is to ascertain the extent to which the response profiles of VSNs are specific to sex and strain. The design of these Ca2+ imaging experiments uses a simple stimulus design, using two interleaved bouts of stimulation with pairs of urine (e.g. male versus female C57BL/6, male C57BL/6 versus male BALB/c) at a single dilution factor (1:100). This introduces two significant limitations: (1) the "generalist" versus "specialist" descriptors pertain only to the specific pairwise comparisons made and (2) there is no information about the sensitivity/concentration-dependence of the responses.

The functional measurements of VSN tuning to various pairs of urine stimuli are consistently presented alongside mass spectrometry-based comparisons. Although it is clear from the manuscript text that the mass spectrometry-based analysis was separated from the VSN tuning experiments/analysis, the juxtaposition of VSN tuning measurements with independent molecular diversity measurements gives the appearance to readers that these experiments were integrated (i.e., that the diversity of ligands was underlying the diversity of physiological responses). This is a hypothesis raised by the parallel studies, not a supported conclusion of the work. This data presentation style risks confusing readers.

The impact of mass spectrometry findings is limited by the fact that none of these molecules (in bulk, fractions, or monomolecular candidate ligands) were tested on VSNs. It is possible that only a very small number of these ligands activate the VNO. The list of variably expressed proteins - especially several proteins that are preferentially found in female urine - is compelling, but, again, there is no evidence presented that indicates whether or not these candidate ligands drive VSN activity. It is noteworthy that the largest class of known natural ligands for VSNs are small nonvolatiles that are found at high levels in mouse urine. These molecules were almost certainly involved in driving VSN activity in the physiology assays (both "generalist" and "specialist"), but they are absent from the molecular analysis.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> This study tackles the important subject of sensory driven suppression of alpha oscillations using a unique intracranial dataset in human patients. Using a model-based approach to separate changes in alpha oscillations from broadband power changes, the authors try to demonstrate that alpha suppression is spatially tuned, with similar center location as high broadband power changes, but much larger receptive field. They also point to interesting differences between low-order (V1-V3) and higher-order (dorsolateral) visual cortex. While I find some of the methodology convincing, I also find significant parts of the data analysis, statistics and their presentation incomplete. Thus, I find that some of the main claims are not sufficiently supported. If these aspects could be improved upon, this study could potentially serve as an important contribution to the literature with implications for invasive and non-invasive electrophysiological studies in humans.

Strengths:<br /> The study utilizes a unique dataset (ECOG & high-density ECOG) to elucidate an important phenomenon of visually driven alpha suppression. The central question is important and the general approach is sound. The manuscript is clearly written and the methods are generally described transparently (and with reference to the corresponding code used to generate them). The model-based approach for separating alpha from broadband power changes is especially convincing and well-motivated. The link to exogenous attention behavioral findings (figure 8) is also very interesting. Overall, the main claims are potentially important, but they need to be further substantiated (see weaknesses).

Weaknesses:<br /> I have three major concerns:<br /> 1. Low N / no single subject results/statistics: The crucial results of Figure 4,5 hang on 53 electrodes from four patients (Table 2). Almost half of these electrodes (25/53) are from a single subject. Data and statistical analysis seem to just pool all electrodes, as if these were statistically independent, and without taking into account subject-specific variability. The mean effect per each patient was not described in text or presented in figures. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the results could be skewed by a single unrepresentative patient. This is crucial for readers to be able to assess the robustness of the results. N of subjects should also be explicitly specified next to each result.

2. Separation between V1-V3 and dorsolateral electrodes: Out of 53 electrodes, 27 were doubly assigned as both V1-V3 and dorsolateral (Table 2, Figures 4,5). That means that out of 35 V1-V3 electrodes, 27 might actually be dorsolateral. This problem is exasperated by the low N. for example all the 20 electrodes in patient 8 assigned as V1-V3 might as well be dorsolateral. This double assignment didn't make sense to me and I wasn't convinced by the authors' reasoning. I think it needlessly inflates the N for comparing the two groups and casts doubts on the robustness of these analyses.

3. Alpha pRFs are larger than broadband pRFs: first, as broadband pRF models were on average better fit to the data than alpha pRF models (dark bars in Supp Fig 3. Top row), I wonder if this could entirely explain the larger Alpha pRF (i.e. worse fits lead to larger pRFs). There was no anlaysis to rule out this possibility. Second, examining closely the entire 2.4 section there wasn't any formal statistical test to back up any of the claims (not a single p-value is mentioned). It is crucial in my opinion to support each of the main claims of the paper with formal statistical testing.

While I judge these issues as crucial, I can also appreciate the considerable effort and thoughtfulness that went into this study. I think that addressing these concerns will substantially raise the confidence of the readership in the study's findings, which are potentially important and interesting.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The paper proposes an alternative to the attractor hypothesis, as an explanation for the fact that grid cell population activity patterns (within a module) span a toroidal manifold. The proposal is based on a class of models that were extensively studied in the past, in which grid cells are driven by synaptic inputs from place cells in the hippocampus. The synapses are updated according to a Hebbian plasticity rule. Combined with an adaptation mechanism, this leads to patterning of the inputs from place cells to grid cells such that the spatial activity patterns are organized as an array of localized firing fields with hexagonal order. I refer to these models below as feedforward models.

It has already been shown by Si, Kropff, and Treves in 2012 that recurrent connections between grid cells can lead to alignment of their spatial response patterns. This idea was revisited by Urdapilleta, Si, and Treves in 2017. Thus, it should already be clear that in such models, the population activity pattern spans a manifold with toroidal topology. The main new contributions in the present paper are (i) in considering some forms of recurrent connectivity that were not directly addressed before (but see comments below). (ii) in applying topological analysis to simulations of the model. (iii) in interpreting the results as a potential explanation for the observations of Gardner et al.

Strengths:

The exploration of learning in a feedforward model, when recurrent connectivity in the grid cell layer is structured in a ring topology, is interesting. The insight that this not only aligns the grid cells in a common direction but also creates a correspondence between their intrinsic coordinate (in terms of the ring-like recurrent connectivity) and their tuning on the torus is interesting as well, and the paper as a whole may influence future theoretical thinking on the mechanisms giving rise to the properties of grid cells.

Weaknesses:

1. It is not clear to me that the proposal here is fundamentally new. In Si, Kropff and Treves (2012) recurrent connectivity was dependent on the head direction tuning and thus had a ring structure. Urdapilleta, Si, and Treves considered connectivity that depends on the distance on a 2d plane.

2. The paper refers to the connectivity within the grid cell layer as an attractor. However, would this connectivity, on its own, indeed sustain persistent attractor states? This is not examined in the paper. Furthermore, is this even necessary to obtain the results in the model? Perhaps weak connections that do not produce an attractor would be sufficient to align the spatial response patterns during the learning of feedforward weights, and reproduce the results? In general, there is no exploration of how the strength of collateral interactions affects the outcome.

3. I did not understand what is learned from the local topology analysis. Given that all the grid cells are driven by an input from place cells that spans a 2d manifold, and that the activity in the grid cell network settles on a steady state that depends only on the inputs, isn't it quite obvious that the manifold of activity in the grid cell layer would have, locally, a 2d structure?

4. The modeling is all done in planar 2d environments, where the feedforward learning mechanism promotes the emergence of a hexagonal pattern in the single neuron tuning curve. This, combined with the fact that all neurons develop spatial patterns with the same spacing and orientation, implies even without any topological analysis that the emerging topology of the population activity is a torus.

However, the toroidal topology of grid cells in reality has been observed by Gardner et al also in the wagon wheel environment and in sleep, and there is substantial evidence based on pairwise correlations that it persists also in various other situations, in which the spatial response pattern is not a hexagonal firing pattern. It is not clear that the mechanism proposed in the present paper would generate toroidal topology of the population activity in more complex environments. In fact, it seems likely that it will not do so.

5. Moreover, the recent work of Gardner et al. demonstrated much more than the preservation of the topology in the different environments and in sleep: the toroidal tuning curves of individual neurons remained the same in different environments. Previous works, that analyzed pairwise correlations under hippocampal inactivation and various other manipulations, also pointed towards the same conclusion. Thus, the same population activity patterns are expressed in many different conditions. In the present model, the results of Figure 6 suggest that even across distinct rectangular environments, toroidal tuning curves will not be preserved, because there are multiple possible arrangements of the phases on the torus which emerge in different simulations.

6. In real grid cells, there is a dense and fairly uniform representation of all phases (see the toroidal tuning of grid cells measured by Gardner et al). Here the distribution of phases is not shown, but Figure 7 suggests that phases are non uniformly represented, with significant clustering around a few discrete phases. This, I believe, is also the origin for the difficulty in identifying the toroidal topology based on the transpose of the matrix M: vectors representing the spatial response patterns of individual neurons are localized near the clusters, and there are only a few of them that represent other phases. Therefore, there is no dense coverage of the toroidal manifold that would exist if all phases were represented equally. This is not just a technical issue, however: there appears to be a mismatch between the results of the model and the experimental reality, in terms of the phase coverage.

7. The manuscript makes several strong claims that incorrectly represent the relation between experimental data and attractor models, on one hand, and the present model on the other hand. For the latter, see the comments above. For the former, I provide a detailed list in the recommendations to the authors, but in short: the paper claims that attractor models induce rigidness in the neural activity which is incompatible with distortions seen in the spatial response patterns of grid cells. However, this claim seems to confuse distortions in the spatial response pattern, which are fully compatible with the attractor model, with distortions in the population activity patterns, which would be incompatible with the attractor model. The attractor model has withstood numerous tests showing that the population activity manifold is rigidly preserved across conditions - a strong prediction (which is not made, as far as I can see, by feedforward models). I am not aware of any data set where distortions of the population activity manifold have been identified, and the preservation has been demonstrated in many examples where the spatial response pattern is disrupted. This is the main point of two papers cited in the present manuscript: by Yoon et al, and Gardner et al.

8. There is also some weakness in the mathematical description of the dynamics. Mathematical equations are formulated in discrete time steps, without a clear interpretation in terms of biophysically relevant time scales. It appears that there are no terms in the dynamics associated with an intrinsic time scale of the neurons or the synapses, and this introduces a difficulty in interpreting synaptic weights as being weak or strong. As mentioned above, the nature of the recurrent dynamics within the grid cell network (whether it exhibits continuous attractor behavior) is not sufficiently clear.

In my view, the weaknesses discussed above limit the ability of the model, as it stands, to offer a compelling explanation for the toroidal topology of grid cell population activity patterns, and especially the rigidity of the manifold across environments and behavioral states. Still, the work offers an interesting way of thinking on how the toroidal topology might emerge. Perhaps with certain additional elements this may motivate new theoretical insights.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary: This is a careful examination of the distribution of mitochondria in the basal dendrites of ferret visual cortex in a previously published volume electron microscopy dataset. The authors report that mitochondria are sparsely, as opposed to continuously distributed in the dendritic shafts, and that they tend to cluster near dendritic spines with heterogeneous orientation selectivity.

Strengths: Volume EM is the gold standard for quantification of organelle morphology. An unusual strength of this particular dataset is that the orientation selectivity of the dendritic spines was measured by calcium imaging prior to EM reconstruction. This allowed the authors to assess how spines with varying selectivity are organized relative to mitochondria, leading to an intriguing observation that they localize to heterogeneous spine clusters. The analysis is carefully performed.

Weaknesses: Using threshold distances between mitochondria and synapses as opposed to absolute distances may overlook important relationships in the data.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this study, the authors identified homozygous ZMYND12 variants in four unrelated patients. In sperm cells from these individuals, immunofluorescence revealed altered localization of DNAH1, DNALI1, WDR66, and TTC29. Axonemal localization of ZMYND12 ortholog TbTAX-1 was confirmed using the Trypanosoma brucei model. RNAi knock-down of TbTAX-1 dramatically affected flagellar motility, with a phenotype similar to ZMYND12-variant-bearing human sperm. Co-immunoprecipitation and ultrastructure expansion microscopy in T. brucei revealed TbTAX-1 to form a complex with TTC29. Comparative proteomics with samples from Trypanosoma and Ttc29 KO mice identified a third member of this complex: DNAH1. The data presented revealed that ZMYND12 is part of the same axonemal complex as TTC29 and DNAH1, which is critical for flagellum function and assembly in humans, and Trypanosoma. The manuscript is informative for the clinical and basic researchers in the field of spermatogenesis and male infertility.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In "Trophic eggs affect caste determination in the ant Pogonomyrmex rugosus" Genzoni et al. probe a fundamental question in sociobiology, what are the molecular and developmental processes governing caste determination? In many social insect lineages, caste determination is a major ontogenetic milestone that establishes the discrete queen and worker life histories that make up the fundamental units of their colonies. Over the last century, mechanisms of caste determination, particularly regulators of caste during development, have remained relatively elusive. Here, Genzoni et al. discovered an unexpected role for trophic eggs in suppressing queen development - where bi-potential larvae fed trophic eggs become significantly more likely to develop into workers instead of gynes (new queens). These results are unexpected, and potentially paradigm-shifting, given that previously trophic eggs have been hypothesized to evolve to act as an additional intra-colony resource for colonies in potentially competitive environments or during specific times in colony ontogeny (colony foundation), where additional food sources independent of foraging would be beneficial. While the evidence and methods used are compelling (e.g., the sequence of reproductive vs. trophic egg deposition by single queens, which highlights that the production of trophic eggs is tightly regulated), the connective tissue linking many experiments is missing and the downstream mechanism is speculative (e.g., whether miRNA, proteins, triglycerides, glycogen levels in trophic eggs is what suppresses queen development). Overall, this research elevates the importance of trophic eggs in regulating queen and worker development but how this is achieved remains unknown.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> In this study, the researchers used ancient environmental DNA (aeDNA) retrieved from sediment cores, from two lakes in the Arctic, on the Yamal peninsula, in Siberia. The dating of one of the cores, showed that the sediment layers were very recent (ranging between the years 2019 - 1895). From this core they sequenced 23 libraries which were enriched for mammal mitochondrial genomes. They found a high proportion of two species that have been extinct for thousands of years, the mammoth and the woolly rhinoceros. The highest proportion of mammoth reads were found in very young layer (~81 years old) and as this initial finding does not match the temporal occurrence of the species, they confirmed the identification with several other methods. Additionally, they applied a different dating method on some samples and found that the aging of the samples was not completely congruent. The authors suggest the that the presence of these two Pleistocene megafauna in such recent sediment layers is a consequence of physical processes, specific to the study site, and that the high quality of the aeDNA recovered is a result of permafrost preservation.

Strengths:<br /> The strengths of the study are in the rigorous confirmation of the identification of the taxa with four different PCR and sequencing techniques being used, the initial enrichment panel, and then subsequent metabarcoding PCRs, and taxa specific PCR for COI and cytB. Along with the ancient DNA protocol applied, this is therefore very convincing that the DNA detected in the samples is indeed from the Pleistocene mammals. Additionally, two methods were used to age the sediment cores, and although the depth of the samples tested do not overlap, they give reasonable ages (apart from the anomalous sample) and all together these are robust results.

Weaknesses:<br /> The paper could benefit from clearer aims in the introductions because as it stands the initial aim states that the authors are looking for Arctic mammal abundances through time. However, there are no results relating to general arctic mammal biodiversity presented, which leaves the reader wondering. Perhaps the focus of the study is more on identifying and dating the Pleistocene megafauna. Additionally, it is presented as an analysis on the two taxa, but it feels like the woolly rhinoceros does not receive the same treatment as the mammoth, as there are no additional molecular results, confirmation or figures relating to DNA from this taxa.

Overall the results support that there has been some movement of DNA throughout the sediment core which may impact the dating of the last occurrence of particular extinct taxa. As highlighted, though the geological processes by which this may have arisen are specific to this particular lake and may not be broadly relevant, therefore highlighting that knowledge of each system is important to understanding DNA distribution.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Neininger-Castro and colleagues developed software tools for the quantification of sarcomeres and sarcomere-precursor features in immunostained human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (hiCMs). In the first part they used a deep-learning- based model called a U-Net to construct and train a network for binarization of immunostained cardiomyocyte images. They also wrote graphical user interface (GUI) software that will assist other labs to use this approach and made it publicly available. They did not compare their approach to existing ones, but example from one image suggests their binarization tool outperforms Otsu thresholding binarization.

In the second part they developed a software tool called sarcApp that classifies sarcomere structures in the binarized image as a Z-Line or Z-Body and assigns each to either a myofibril or to stress fibers. The tools can then automatically count and measure multiple features (33 per cell and 24 per myofibril) and report them on a per-cell, per-myofibril, and per- stress fiber basis.

To test the tools they used Blebbistatin to inhibit sarcomere assembly and showed that the sarcApp tool could capture changes in multiple features such as fewer myofibrils, fewer Z-Lines, decreased myofibril persistence, decreased Z-Line length and altered myofibril orientation in the Blebbistatin treated cells. With some changes the tool was also shown to quantify sarcomeres in titin and myomesin stained cardiomyocytes.

Finally they used sarcApp to quantify the changes in sarcomere assembly after siRNA mediated knockout of MYH7, MYH7, or MYOM. The analysis indicates that neither MYH6 nor MYH7 knockdown perturbed the assembly of Z- or M-lines, and that knockdown of MYOM perturbed the A-band/M-Line but not the Z-Line assembly according to features captured by the sarcApp tool.

Overall the authors developed and made publicly available an excellent software tool that will be very useful for labs that are interested in studying sarcomere assembly. Multiple features that are difficult to measure or count manually can be automatically measured by the software quickly and accurately.

There are however some remaining questions about these tools:<br /> 1. The binarization tool which is tailored to sarcomere image binarization appears promising but was not systematically compared with existing approaches. Example from one cell suggests it outperforms Otsu's binarization approach.<br /> 2. How robust is the tool? The tool was tested on images from one type of cardiomyocytes (hiCMs) taken from one lab using Nikon Spinning Disk confocal microscope equipped with Apo TIRF Oil 100X 1.49 NA objective or instant Structured Illumination Microscopy (iSIM), using deconvolution (Microvolution software) and in a specific magnification. It remains to be seen whether the tool would be equally effective with images taken with other microscopy systems, with other cardiomyocytes (chick or neonatal rat), with different magnifications, live imaging, etc. The authors state that this approach is also useful in other situations, but the data is not included in this manuscript.<br /> 3. The tool was developed for evaluation of sarcomere assembly. The authors show that for this application it can detect the perturbation by Blebbistatin, or knockdown of sarcomeric genes. It remains to be seen if this tool is also useful for assessment of sarcomere structure for other questions beside sarcomere assembly and in other sarcomere pathologies.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> How does the brain distinguish stimulus intensity reduction from response reductions due to adaptation? Ling et al study whether and how the locust olfactory system encodes stimulus intensity and repetition differently. They show that these stimulus manipulations have distinguishable effects on population dynamics.

Strengths:<br /> 1. Provides a potential strategy with which the brain can distinguish intensity decrease from adaptation. -- while both conditions reduce overall spike counts, intensity decrease can also changes which neurons are activated and adaptation only changes the response magnitude without changing the active ensemble.<br /> 2. By interleaving a non-repeated odor, they show that these changes are odor-specific and not a non-specific effect.<br /> 3. Describes how proboscis orientation response (POR) changes with stimulus repetition., Unlike the spike counts, POR increases in probability with stimulus. The data portray the variability across subjects in a clear way.

Weaknesses:<br /> 1. Behavior<br /> a. While the "learning curve" of the POR is nicely described, the behavior itself receives very little description. What are the kinematics of the movement, and do these vary with repetition? Is the POR all-or-nothing or does it vary trial to trial?

b. What are the reaction times? This can constrain what time window is relevant in the neural responses. E.g., if the reaction time is 500 ms, then only the first 500 ms of the ensemble response deserves close scrutiny. Later spikes cannot contribute.

c. The behavioral methods are lacking some key information. While references are given to previous work, the reader should not be obligated to look at other papers to answer basic questions: how was the response measured? Video tracking? Hand scored?

d. Can we be sure that this is an odor response? Although airflow out of the olfactometer is ongoing throughout the experiment, opening and closing valves usually creates pressure jumps that are likely to activate mechanosensors in the antennae.

e. What is the baseline rate of PORs in the absence of stimuli?

e.What can you say about the purpose of the POR? I lack an intuition for why a fly would wiggle the maxillary palps. This is a question that is probably impossible to answer definitively, but even a speculative explanation would help the reader better understand.

2. Physiology<br /> a. Does stimulus repetition affect "spontaneous" activity (i.e., firing in the interstimulus interval? To study this question, in Figures 2b and c, it would be valuable to display more of the pre-stimulus period, and a quantification of the stability or lability of the inter-stimulus activity.

b. When does the response change stabilize? While the authors compare repetition 1 to repetition 25, from the rasters it appears that the changes have largely stabilized after the 3rd or 4th repetition. In Figure 5, there is a clear difference between repetition 1-3 or so and the rest. Are successive repetitions more similar than more temporally-separated repetitions (e.g., is rep 13 more similar to 14 than to 17?). I was not able to judge this based on the dendrograms of Figure 5. If the responses do stabilize at it appears, it would be more informative to focus on the dynamics of the first few repetitions.

c. How do temporal dynamics change? Locust PNs have richly varied temporal dynamics, but how these may be affected is not clear. The across-population average is poorly suited to capture this feature of the activity. For example, the PNs often have an early transient response, and these appear to be timed differently across the population. These structures will be obscured in a cross population average. Looking at the rasters, it looks like the initial transient changes its timing (e.g., PN40 responses move earlier; PN33 responses move later.). Quantification of latency to first spike after stimulus may make a useful measure of the dynamics.

d. How legitimate is the link between POR and physiology? While their changes can show a nice correlation, the fact the data were taken from separate animals makes them less compelling than they would be otherwise. How feasible is it to capture POR and physiology in the same prep? This would be most helpful, but I suspect may be too technically challenging to be within scope.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

A major finding of this work is that loss of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), specifically in stellate cells, can decrease fibrosis in the liver. However, the underlying mechanism whereby MCT1 influences stellate cells is not addressed. It is unclear if upstream/downstream metabolic flux within different cell types leads to fibrotic outcomes. Ultimately, the paper opens more questions than it answers: why does decreasing MCT1 expression in hepatocytes exacerbate disease, while silencing MCT1 in fibroblasts seems to alleviate collagen deposition? Mechanistic studies in isolated hepatocytes and stellate cells could enhance the work further to show the disparate pathways that mediate these opposing effects. The work highlights the complexity of cellular behavior and metabolism within a disease environment but does little to mechanistically explain it.

The observations presented are compelling and rigorous, but their impact is limited by the nearly complete lack of mechanistic insight presented in the manuscript. As also mentioned elsewhere, it is important to know whether lactate import or export (or the transport of another molecule-like ketone bodies, for example) is the decisive role of MCT1 for this phenotype. Beyond that, it would be interesting, albeit more difficult, to determine how that metabolic change leads to these fibrotic effects.

Kuppfer cells are initially analyzed and targeted. These cells may play a major role in fibrotic response. It will be interesting to determine the effects of lactate metabolism in other cells within the microenvironment, like Kuppfer cells, to gain a complete understanding of how metabolism is altered during fibrotic change.

The timing of MCT1 depletion raises concern, as this is a largely prophylactic experiment, and it remains unclear if altering MCT1 would aid in the regression of established fibrosis. Given the proposal for translation to clinical practice, this will be an important question to answer.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The authors provide a detailed analysis of the sulcal and sutural imprints preserved on the natural endocast and associated cranial vault fragments of the KNM-ER3732 early Homo specimen. The analyses indicate a primitive ape-like organization of this specimen's frontal cortex. Given the geological age of around 1.9 million years, this is the earliest well-documented evidence of a primitive brain organization in African Homo.

The various points raised by the reviewers and the responses provided by the authors illustrate that paleoneurology is a research field where little consensus has been reached over the past century. This is due not only to the fragmentary preservation of most fossil endocasts, but also to the limitations of scientific inference in general, and paleoneurological inference in particular. Like any scientific hypothesis, a paleoneurological hypothesis cannot be proven, but at best be falsified, leaving a wide field of possible alternative hypotheses. Furthermore, endocranial morphology does not equate cerebral morphology. A classical example: the endocranial Broca cap is not identical to the cortical Broca area. And last but not least, taxonomy cannot resolve questions of phylogeny.

what is "advanced" citizenship?

According to Parker, advanced citizenship builds on the progressive perspective but adds careful attention to take over tensions between pluralism and assimilation.

Questions I have: Does this add to the three conceptions on being a "good" citizen?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors discovered that the RdnE effector possesses DNase activity, and in competition, P. mirabilis having RdnE outcompetes the null strain. Additionally, they presented evidence that the RdnI immunity protein binds to RdnE, suppressing its toxicity. Interestingly, the authors demonstrated that the RdnI homolog from a different phylum (i.e., Actinomycetota) provides cross-species protection against RdnE injected from P. mirabilis, despite the limited identity between the immunity sequences. Finally, using metagenomic data from human-associated microbiomes, the authors provided bioinformatic evidence that the rdnE/rdnI gene pair is widespread and present in individual microbiomes. Overall, the discovery of broad protection by non-cognate immunity is intriguing, although not necessarily surprising in retrospect, considering the prolonged period during which Earth was a microbial battlefield/paradise.

Strengths:

The authors presented a strong rationale in the manuscript and characterized the molecular mechanism of the RdnE effector both in vitro and in the heterologous expression model. The utilization of the bacterial two-hybrid system, along with the competition assays, to study the protective action of RdnI immunity is informative. Furthermore, the authors conducted bioinformatic analyses throughout the manuscript, examining the primary sequence, predicted structural, and metagenomic levels, which significantly underscore the significance and importance of the EI pair.

Weaknesses:

1. The interaction between RdnI and RdnE appears to be complex and requires further investigation. The manuscript's data does not conclusively explain how RdnI provides a "promiscuous" immunity function, particularly concerning the RdnI mutant/chimera derivatives. The lack of protection observed in these cases might be attributed to other factors, such as a decrease in protein expression levels or misfolding of the proteins. Additionally, the transient nature of the binding interaction could be insufficient to offer effective defenses.

2. The results from the mixed population competition lack quantitative analysis. The swarm competition assays only yield binary outcomes (Yes or No), limiting the ability to obtain more detailed insights from the data.

3. The discovery of cross-species protection is solely evident in the heterologous expression-competition model. It remains uncertain whether this is an isolated occurrence or a common characteristic of RdnI immunity proteins across various scenarios. Further investigations are necessary to determine the generality of this behavior.

Comments from Reviewing Editor:

• In addition to the references provided by Reviewer #2, the first manuscript to show non-cognate binding of immunity proteins was Russell et al 2012 (PMID: 22607806).

• IdrD was shown to form a subfamily of effectors in this manuscript by Hespanhol et al 2022 PMID: 36226828 that analyzed several T6SS effectors belonging to PDDExK, and it should be cited.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary: The authors present a thought-provoking and comprehensive re-analysis of previously published human cell genomics data that seeks to understand the relationship between the sites where the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) binds chromatin, where the replicative helicase (Mcm2-7) is situated on chromatin, and where DNA replication actually beings (origins). The view that these should coincide is influenced by studies in yeast where ORC binds site-specifically to dedicated nucleosome-free origins where Mcm2-7 can be loaded and remains stably positioned for subsequent replication initiation. However, this is most certainly not the case in metazoans where it has already been reported that chromatin bindings sites of ORC, Mcm2-7, and origins do not necessarily overlap, likely because ORC loads the helicase in transcriptionally active regions of the genome and, since Mcm2-7 retains linear mobility (i.e., it can slide), it is displaced from its original position by other chromatin-contextualized processes (for example, see Gros et al., 2015 Mol Cell, Powell et al., 2015 EMBO J, Miotto et al., 2016 PNAS, and Prioleau et al., 2016 G&D amongst others). This study reaches a very similar conclusion: in short, they find a high degree of discordance between ORC, Mcm2-7, and origin positions in human cells.

Strengths: The strength of this work is its comprehensive and unbiased analysis of all relevant genomics datasets. To my knowledge, this is the first attempt to integrate these observations and the analyses employed were suited for the questions under consideration.

Weaknesses: The major weakness of this paper is that this comprehensive view failed to move the field forward from what was already known. Further, a substantial body of relevant prior genomics literature on the subject was neither cited nor discussed. This omission is important given that this group reaches very similar conclusions as studies published a number of years ago. Further, their study seems to present a unique opportunity to evaluate and shape our confidence in the different genomics techniques compared in this study. This, however, was also not discussed.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This is an interesting work reporting ferroptosis that is involved in the tooth morphogenesis. The authors showed that Gpx4, the core anti-lipid peroxidation enzyme in ferroptosis, is upregulated in tooth development using ex vivo culture system.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary: In this study, Peterson et al. longitudinally record and document the vocal repertoires of three Mongolian gerbil families. Using unsupervised learning techniques, they map the variability across these groups, finding that while overall statistics of, e.g., vocal emission rates and bout lengths are similar, families differed markedly in their distributions of syllable types and the transitions between these types within bouts. In addition, the large and rich data are likely to be valuable to others in the field.

Strengths:<br /> - Extensive data collection across multiple days in multiple family groups.<br /> - Thoughtful application of modern analysis techniques for analyzing vocal repertoires.<br /> - Careful examination of the statistical structure of vocal behavior, with indications that these gerbils, like naked mole rats, may differ in repertoire across families.

Weaknesses:<br /> - The work is largely descriptive, documenting behavior rather than testing a specific hypothesis.<br /> - The number of families (N=3) is somewhat limited.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this study, Zhu and authors investigate the expression and function of the clustered Protocadherins (cPcdhs) in synaptic connectivity in the mouse cortex. The cPcdhs encode a large family of cadherin-related transmembrane molecules hypothesized to regulate synaptic specificity through combinatorial expression and homophilic binding between neurons expressing matching cPcdh isoforms. But the evidence for combinatorial expression has been limited to a few cell types, and causal functions between cPcdh diversity and wiring specificity have been difficult to test experimentally. This study addresses two important but technically challenging questions in the mouse cortex: 1) Do single neurons in the cortex express different cPcdh isoform combinations? and 2) Does Pcdh isoform diversity or particular combinations among pyramidal neurons influence their connectivity patterns? Focusing on the Pcdh-gamma subcluster of 22 isoforms, the group performed 5'end-directed single-cell RNA sequencing from dissociated postnatal (P11) cortex. To address the functional role of Pcdhg diversity in cortical connectivity, they asked whether the Pcdhgs and isoform matching influence the likelihood of synaptic pairing between 2 nearby pyramidal neurons. They performed simultaneous whole-cell recordings of 6 pyramidal neurons in cortical slices, and measured paired connections by evoked monosynaptic responses. In these experiments, they measured synaptic connectivity between pyramidal neurons lacking the Pcdhgs, or overexpressing dissimilar or matching sets of Pcdhg isoforms introduced by electroporation of plasmids encoding Pcdhg cDNAs.

Overall, the study applies elegant methods that demonstrate that single cortical neurons express different combinations of Pcdh-gamma isoforms, including the upper layer Pyramidal cells that are assayed in paired recordings. The electrophysiology data demonstrate that nearby Pyramidal neurons lacking the entire Pcdhg cluster are more likely to be synaptically connected compared to the control neurons, and that overexpression of matching isoforms between pairs decreases the likelihood to be synaptically connected. These are important and compelling findings that advance the idea that the Pcdhgs are important for cortical synaptic connectivity, and that the repertoire of isoforms expressed by neurons influence their connectivity patterns potentially through a self/non-self discrimination mechanism. However, the findings are limited to probability in connectivity and do they do not support the authors' conclusions that Pcdhg isoforms regulate synaptic specificity, 'by preventing synapse formation with specific cells' or to 'unwanted partners'. Characterizations of the cellular basis of these defects are needed to determine whether they are secondary to other roles in cell positioning, axon/dendrite branching and synaptic pruning, and overall synaptic formation. Claims that Pcdh-alpha and Pcdhg C-type isoforms are not functionally required are premature, due to limitations of the experiments. Moreover, claims that 'similarity level of γ-PCDH isoforms between neurons regulate the synaptic formation' are not supported due to weak statistical analyses presented in Fig4. The overstatements should be corrected. There was also missed opportunity to clearly discuss these results in the context of other published work, including recent publications focused on the cortex.

Strengths:

- The 5' end sequencing with a Pcdhg-amplified library is a technical feat and addresses the pitfall of conventional scRNA-Seq methods due to the identical 3'sequences shared by all Pcdhg isoform and the low abundance of the variable exons. New figures with annotated cell types confirm that several pyramidal and inhibitory cortical subpopulations were captured.

-Statistical assessment of co-occurrence of isoform expression within clusters is also a strength.

- By establishing the combinatorial expression of Pcdhgs by maturing pyramidal cells, the study further substantiates the 'single neuron combinatorial code for cPcdhs' model. Although combinatorial expression is not universal (ie. serotonergic neurons), there was limited evidence. The findings that individual pyramidal neurons express ~1-3 variable Pcdhg transcripts plus the C-type transcripts aligns with single RT-PCR studies of single Purkinje cells (Esumi et al 2005; Toyoda et al 2014). They differ from the findings by Lv et al 2022, where C-type expression was lower among pyramidal neurons. OSNs also do not substantially express C-type isoforms (Mountoufaris et al 2017; Kiefer et al 2023). Differences, and the advantages of the 5'end -directed sequencing (vs. SmartSeq) could be raised in the discussion.

- Simultaneous whole-cell recordings and pairwise comparisons of pyramidal neurons is a technically outstanding approach. They assess the effects of Pcdhg OE isoform on the probability of paired connections.

- The connectivity assay between nearby pairs proved to be sensitive to quantify differences in probability in Pcdhg-cKO and overexpression mutants. The comparisons of connectivity across vertical vs lateral arrangement are also strengths. Overexpressing identical Pcdhg isoform (whether 1 or 6) reduces the probability of connectivity, but there are caveats to the interpretations (see below).

Weaknesses:

-The experiments support a role for the Pcdhgs in influencing the probability of synaptic connectivity between nearby pairs but are not sufficient evidence for synapse specificity. The cPcdhs play multiple roles in neurite arborization, synaptic density, and cell positioning. Kostadinov 2015 also showed that starburst cells lacking the Pcdhgs maintained increased % connectivity at maturity, suggesting a lack of refinement in the absence of Pcdhgs. The known roles raise questions on how these manipulations might have primary effects in these processes and then subsequently impact the probability of connectivity. Investigations of morphological aspects of pyramidal development would strengthen the study and potentially refine the findings. The authors should more clearly relate their findings to the body of cPcdh studies in the discussion.

- Pcdhg cKO-dependent effects on connectivity occur between closely spaced soma (50-100um - Figure 2E), highlighting the importance of spatial arrangement to connectivity (also noted by Tarusawa 2016). Was distance considered for the overexpression (OE) assays, and did the authors note changes in cell distribution which might diminish the connectivity? Recent work by Lv et al 2022 reported that manipulating Pcdhgs influences the dispersion of clonally-related pyramidal neurons, which also impacts the likelihood of connections. Overexpression of Pcdhgc3 increased cell dispersion and decreased the rate of connectivity between pairs. Though these papers are mentioned, they should be discussed in more detail and related to this work.

- Though the authors added suggested citations and improved the contextualization of the study, several statements do not accurately represent the cited literature. It is at the expense of crystalizing the novelty and importance of this present work. For instance, Garrett et al 2012 PMID: 22542181 was the first to describe roles for Pcdhgs in cortical pyramidal cells and dendrite arborization, and that pyramidal cell migration and survival are intact. Line 52 cited Wang et al 2002, but this was limited to gross inspection. Garrett et al is the correct citation for: 'The absence of γ-PCDH does not cause general abnormality in the development of the cerebral cortex, such as cell differentiation, migration, and survival (Wang et al., 2002).' Second, single cell cPcdh diversity is introduced very generally, as though all neuron types are expected to show combinatorial variable expression with ubiquitous C-Type expression. But those initial studies were limited to Purkinje cells (Esumi 2005 and Toyoda 2014). Profiling of serotonergic neurons and OSN reveals different patterns (citations needed for Chen 2017 PMID: 28450636; Mountofaris et al PMID: 2845063; Canzio 2023 PMID: 37347873), raising the idea that cPcdh diversity and ubiquitous C-type expression is not universal. Thus, the authors missed the opportunity to emphasize the gap regarding cPcdh diversity in the cortex.

- They have not shown rigorously and statistically that the rate of connectivity changes with% isoform matching. In Figure 4D, comparisons of % isoform matching in OE assays show a single statistical comparison between the control and 100% groups, but not between the 0%, 11% and 33% groups. Is there a significant difference between the other groups? Significant differences are claimed in the results section, but statistical tests are not provided. The regression analysis in 4E suggests a correlation between % isoform similarity and connectivity probability, but this is not sound as it is based on a mere 4 data points from 4D. The authors previously explained that they cannot evaluate the variance in these recordings as they must pool data together. However, there should be some treatment of variability, especially given the low baseline rate of connectivity. Or at the very least, they should acknowledge the limitations that prevent them from assessing this relationship. Claims in lines 230+ are not supported: ' Overall, our findings demonstrate a negative correlation between the probability of forming synaptic connections and the similarity level of γ-PCDH isoforms expressed in neuron pairs (Fig. 4E)".

-Figure 4 provides connectivity probability, but this result might be affected by overall synapse density. Did connection probability change with directionality (e.g between red to green cells, or green to red cells).

-Generally, the statistical approaches were not sufficiently described in the methods nor in the figure legends, making it difficult to assess the findings. They do not report on how they calculated FDR for connectivity data, when this is typically used for larger multivariate datasets.

- The possibility that the OE effects are driven by total Pcdhg levels, rather isoform matching, should be examined. As shown by qRT-PCR in Fig. 3, expression of individual isoforms can vary. It is reasonable that protein levels cannot be measured by IHC, although epitope tags could be considered as C-terminal tagging of cPcdhs preserves the function in mice (see Lefebvre 2008). Quantification of constant Pcdhg RNA levels by qRT-PCR or sc-RT-PCR would directly address the potential caveat that OE levels vary with isoform combinations.

-A caveat for the relative plasmid expression quantifications in Figure 3-S1 is that IHC was used to amplify the RFP-tagged isoform, and thus does not likely preserve the relationship between quantities and detection.

-Figure 1 didn't change in response to reviews to improve clarity. New panels relating to the scRNA-Seq analyses were added to supplementary data but many are central and should be included in Figure 1 (ie. S1-Fig6D). In the Results, the authors state that neuronal subpopulations generally show a combinatorial expression of some variable RNA isoforms and near ubiquitous C-type expression. But they only show data for the Layer 2/3 neuron-specific cluster in S1-Fig-6D, and so it is not clear if this pattern applies to other clusters. Fig. S1-5 show a low number of expressed isoforms per cell, but specific descriptions on whether these include C-type isoforms would be helpful. Figure 1F showing isoform profile in all neurons is not particularly meaningful. There is a lot of interest in neuron-type specific differences in cPcdh diversity, and the authors could highlight their data from S1-5 accordingly.

-The concept of co-occurrence and results should be explained within the results section, to more clearly relate this concept to data and interpretations. Explanations are now found in the methods, but this did not improve the clarity of this otherwise very interesting aspect of the study.

- The claim that C-type Pcdhgs do not functionally influence connectivity is premature. Tests were limited to PcdhgC4, which has unique properties compared to the other 2 C-type isoforms (Garrett et al 2019 PMID: 31877124; Mancia et al PMID: 36778455). The text should be corrected to limit the conclusion to PcdhgC4, and not generally to C-type. The authors should test PcdhgC3 and PcdhgC5 isoforms.

-The group generated a novel conditional Pcdh-alpha mouse allele using CRISPR methods, and state that there were no changes in synaptic connectivity in these Pcdh-alpha mutants. But this claim is premature. The Southern blots validate the targeting of the allele. But further validations are required to establish that this floxed allele can be efficiently recombined, disrupting Pcdha protein levels and function. Pcdha alleles have been validated by western blots and by demonstration of the prominent serotonergic axonal phenotype of Pcdha-KO (ie. Chen 2017 PMID: 28450636; Ing-Esteves 2018 PMID: 29439167).

-The Discussion would be strengthened by a deeper discussion of the findings to other cPcdh roles and studies, and of the limitations of the study. The idea that the Pcdhgs are influencing the rate of connectivity through a repulsion mechanism or synaptic formation (ie through negative interactions with synaptic organizers such as Nlgn - Molumby 2018, Steffen 2022) could be presented in a model, and supported by other literature.