Long ago my forefathers came across the sea. Far they came, in white ships tall as trees and on the land they built them wagons and covered them with sails of their ships. Far they travelled and spread their campfire ashes over this vast barbaric land. But now their children are tired, we want to build

The first strategy is called maximum automation. Here, each task that can be automated is allo-cated to a machine.

Shared control is about carrying out a task together with a competent partner [1, p. 511]:“In shared control, human(s) and robot(s) are interacting congruently in a perception–actioncycle to perform a dynamic task that either the human or the robot could execute individuallyunder ideal circumstances.”

An example of such control sharing is powersteering in a car: The car provides additional work to allow the driver to turn the wheels withless effort. An HCI example is mouse acceleration, which allows a user to move the cursor on thescreen farther than the physical movement of the mouse.

Second, control can be shared via relief, which means that the overall burden on the humanis reduced by the machine. An example is automatic shift transmission, which relieves the driverof the task of changing gears in a car. An HCI example is text entry using autocomplete, whichprevents the user from correcting typing mistakes as they type.

Third, control can be shared via partitioning. In this case, a task is decomposed into parts thatcan be addressed by humans and machines separately. An example of such control sharing is semi-automatic parallel parking, which provides the driver with some braking ability while the machinecontrols the speed and steering of the car. An HCI example is automatic spell checking, where thesystem detects and highlights incorrectly spelled words but does not change them. Instead, theuser has to take an explicit corrective action, such as selecting a misspelled word and choosing analternative.

Automation refers to technology that assists users by performing a task or a subtask on their behalf.

Automation technology is capable of doing things on its own. Wecall such technology an agent, also sometimes called a software agent, intelligent agent, conversa-tional agent, personal digital assistant, or intelligent interactive system.

Robustness refers to the communication partners' ability to achieve shared understanding even in light of misunderstandings and other unanticipated troubles.

Communication repair refers to the "work of restoring shared understanding" when conversational partners misunderstand each other.

Mixed-initiative interaction is the idea of organizing interaction in dialogue where both the computer and the human can take initiative.

Gulf of evaluation: This gulf refers to knowing how a perceived change in the computer has moved it closer to the intended goal state.

Gulf of execution: This gulf is about knowing what to do to bring about a desired state change in the computer.

Code-switching refers to a switch in language to match the capabilities of the communication partner.

An FSM is a model of discrete computation applicable to dialogues. In computer science, an FSM is a special case of a Turing machine that reads but does not write on the tape.

A mode refers to the variation in the interpretation of a user's input according to an internal state. In a modeless dialogue, all inputs are possible in all states and their interpretation is always the same.

The key idea in the dialogue view of interaction is the organization of communication as a series of turns. Dialogue evolves through communication turns between two or more partners. In one turn, an appropriate communication act is made by one partner based on the communication context. The act aims to get the other partner to do or understand something. This understanding then forms the context within which the other partner takes their turn.

Interaction may be viewed as a dialogue, that is, a conversation that occurs between two partners in a context for some purpose.

Accessibility is an extension of usability to ensure that as many people as possible find a tool easy to operate, regardless of individual capabilities.

Usability refers to the ease with which a tool is operated.

Utility captures how well a tool supports users in achieving their goals.

A model is a formally expressed set of propositions that follows some axiomatic system, such as algebra, logic, or a programming language.

The explanatory power of a theory refers to the empirical accuracy and coverage of the explanations offered by the theory.

A latent factor is something that affects observations about interaction without being directly observable.

Finally, in quantitative determination, interaction is described as a continuous unfolding of states.

In structural determination, the end results of the interaction are jointly determined by multiple causes that make up the whole.

In statistical determination, there is a stochastic relationship between the two entities.

In mechanical determination, an antecedent determines a consequent.

Propositions characterize entities and link them to other entities, some of which are conceptual.

All theories of interaction discussed in this part assume intentionality: People have goalsthat have a (mutually) causal role in interaction.

In teleological determination, goals or purposes determine interaction in some way.

Each state dynamically leads to a new state depend-ing on the forces involved.

Finally, in quantitative determination, interaction isdescribed as a continuous unfolding of states.

In mechanical determination, an antecedentdetermines a consequent.

Propositionscharacterize entities and link them to other entities, some of which are conceptual.

A proposition is a claim about the world.

In general, a theory consists of a set of propositions, or statements.

We obtain the concept, as we do the form, by overlooking what is individual and actual

Every concept arises from the equation of unequal things.