The new Bing also cites all its sources, so you’re able to see links to the web content it references.

empowers you to refine your search until you get the complete answer you are looking for by asking for more details, clarity and ideas – with links available so you can immediately act on your decisions.

reviews results from across the web to find and summarize the answer you’re looking for.

Editable metadata – identifiers’ metadata must be able to be edited in order to allow their owners to update details of the thing they are referring to, such as its location, as they will inevitably change.

Ownership – identifiers created must be able to have their management restricted to particular agent;

articulates requirements for readability sating that identifiers must be: Any printable characters from the Universal Character Set of ISO/IEC 10646 (ISO 2012):UTF-8 encoding is required; Case insensitive:Only ASCII case folding is allowed.

The reason for broadening them is that identifier resolution systems may be forced to change protocols over time and what is acceptable for one protocol may not be for another.

Creating identifiers that are independent of any particular technology or organisation and are able to be unambiguously understood are well-known requirement for PID systems.

Uniqueness – within some scope, not necessarily globally, to avoid clashes;

In addition, data model policy requires that RAs maintain a record of the date of allocation of a DOI name, and the identity of the registrant on whose behalf the DOI name was allocated.

The policy provides a simple test of an RA’s competence: the ability to make a DOI Kernel Declaration, which requires that the RA has an internal system which can support the unambiguous allocation of a DOI name, and is fundamentally sound enough to support interoperability within the network.

The second aim of DOI data model policy is “to ensure minimum standards of quality of administration of DOI names by Registration Agencies, and facilitate the administration of the DOI system as a whole”.

Designing and implementing specific operational processes for e.g. quality control of input data and output data; Integrating the community into other DOI related activities and services.

Providing applications, services, marketing, outreach, business cases etc. to introduce the DOI system to the community; Designing and implementing specific operational processes for e.g. quality control of input data and output data;

Providing information and advice to the community

Registration Agencies must comply with the policies and technical standards established by the IDF, but are free to develop their own business model for running their businesses. There is no appropriate “one size fits all” model; RAs may be for-profit or not-for-profit organisations. The costs of providing DOI registration may be included in the services offered by an RA provision and not separately distinguished from these. Examples of possible business models may involve explicit charging based on the number of prefixes allocated or the number of DOI names allocated; volume discounts, usage discounts, stepped charges, or any mix of these; indirect charging through inclusion of the basic registration functions in related value added services; and cross-subsidy from other sources.

Integrating the community into other DOI related activities and services

More sophisticated functionality available, e.g., multiple resolution, data typing

URNs are globally unique persistent identifiers assigned within defined namespaces so they will be available for a long period of time, even after the resource which they identify ceases to exist or becomes unavailable.

Approximately sixty formal URN namespace identifiers have been registered.

In order to ensure the global uniqueness of URN namespaces, their identifiers (NIDs) are required to be registered with the IANA. Registered namespaces may be "formal" or "informal".

A Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that uses the urn scheme. URNs are globally unique persistent identifiers assigned within defined namespaces so they will be available for a long period of time, even after the resource which they identify ceases to exist or becomes unavailable

existence, and ability to be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner, without a stated time limit

specification by a DOI name (3.2) of one and only one referent (3.16)

process of submitting a DOI name (3.2) to a network service and receiving in return one or more pieces of current information related to the identified object such as metadata or a location of the object or of metadata

— dynamic updating of metadata, applications and services.

— single management of data for multiple output formats (platform independence),

— interoperability with other data from other sources,

— persistence, if material is moved, rearranged, or bookmarked,

— extensibility by adding new features and services through management of groups of DOI names,

Patent non-assertion – The organisation should commit to a patent non-assertion covenant. The organisation may obtain patents to protect its own operations, but not use them to prevent the community from replicating the infrastructure.

Open source – All software required to run the infrastructure should be available under an open source license. This does not include other software that may be involved with running the organisation.

Open data (within constraints of privacy laws) – For an infrastructure to be forked it will be necessary to replicate all relevant data. The CC0 waiver is best practice in making data legally available. Privacy and data protection laws will limit the extent to which this is possible

Available data (within constraints of privacy laws) – It is not enough that the data be made “open” if there is not a practical way to actually obtain it. Underlying data should be made easily available via periodic data dumps.

Revenue based on services, not data – data related to the running of the research enterprise should be a community property. Appropriate revenue sources might include value-added services, consulting, API Service Level Agreements or membership fees.

Mission-consistent revenue generation – potential revenue sources should be considered for consistency with the organisational mission and not run counter to the aims of the organisation

Goal to create contingency fund to support operations for 12 months – a high priority should be generating a contingency fund that can support a complete, orderly wind down (12 months in most cases). This fund should be separate from those allocated to covering operating risk and investment in development.

Goal to generate surplus – organisations which define sustainability based merely on recovering costs are brittle and stagnant. It is not enough to merely survive, it has to be able to adapt and change. To weather economic, social and technological volatility, they need financial resources beyond immediate operating costs.

Time-limited funds are used only for time-limited activities – day to day operations should be supported by day to day sustainable revenue sources. Grant dependency for funding operations makes them fragile and more easily distracted from building core infrastructure.

Formal incentives to fulfil mission & wind-down – infrastructures exist for a specific purpose and that purpose can be radically simplified or even rendered unnecessary by technological or social change. If it is possible the organisation (and staff) should have direct incentives to deliver on the mission and wind down.

Living will – a powerful way to create trust is to publicly describe a plan addressing the condition under which an organisation would be wound down, how this would happen, and how any ongoing assets could be archived and preserved when passed to a successor organisation. Any such organisation would need to honour this same set of principles.

Cannot lobby – the community, not infrastructure organisations, should collectively drive regulatory change. An infrastructure organisation’s role is to provide a base for others to work on and should depend on its community to support the creation of a legislative environment that affects it.

Transparent operations – achieving trust in the selection of representatives to governance groups will be best achieved through transparent processes and operations in general (within the constraints of privacy laws).

Non-discriminatory membership – we see the best option as an “opt-in” approach with a principle of non-discrimination where any stakeholder group may express an interest and should be welcome. The process of representation in day to day governance must also be inclusive with governance that reflects the demographics of the membership.

Stakeholder Governed – a board-governed organisation drawn from the stakeholder community builds more confidence that the organisation will take decisions driven by community consensus and consideration of different interests.

Coverage across the research enterprise – it is increasingly clear that research transcends disciplines, geography, institutions and stakeholders. The infrastructure that supports it needs to do the same.

this specification permits several other cases of URN resolution as well as URNs for resources that do not involve information retrieval systems. This is true either individually for particular URNs or (as defined below) collectively for entire URN namespaces.