844 Matching Annotations
  1. Sep 2016
    1. The free rider problem

      This also reminds me of Michael Hechter's article on Sociological Rational Choice theory in 1997. In describing how members of church face a collective action problem, Hechter explains that strict churches often impose 'costly and esoteric' requirements on their members, which helps them solve 'free riders' problem as only those who are really committed to church will join the church, making churches more successful and strong.

    2. Exchange theory explains the individual, while rational choice theory explains the collective.

      Exchange theory can be thought of as the application of rational choice theory based upon the various levels of social interaction, involving a cost/benefit analysis and involving or weighing the socially approvable behavior or socially unapprovable behavior while seeking to maiximize profits

    3. Exchange/Rational Choice theories describes how social exchanges are a system of rewards and costs

      In addition it is important to mention from reading ADE a basic principle of Homan's that individual choices that result in action(s) are occur along the continuum of rationality and individual to collectiveness so to better understand Rational Choice Theory it includes individual choice based upon rewards and costs and the choices one makes occur as a result of a level of rational thinking and individual or collective choice.

    4. phenomenon of “the free rider”

      ADE and Collins both discuss the problem of 'free rider' in their books. This issue was formulated by Mancur Olson in 1965. Olivia does a great job of explaining how rational actors 'free ride'. In my opinion, many of us are guilty of 'free riding'. At least, I am. The basic assumption behind it is, "whether I make a contribution to the cause or not, the output will not change, then why to bother?" Collins explains the 'free rider' problem by giving an example of free bus service and ADE describes by giving an example of the fight for the protection of natural environment. In a rational mind, it makes sense to not contribute to some cause if the benefits will be free anyway when other people contribute to it. Olivia doesn't mention here but both Collins and ADE explain the different solutions offered by rational choice theorists which can help prevent 'free rider' problem. For example, selective incentives - when those who participate are rewarded exclusively, and negatively sanctioning those who do not participate in the cause to the public good.

    5. This calculated exchange is exampled in the book like so:

      ADE provides the same example for describing the role of trustor and trustee in an exchange. Olivia does a great job by presenting this example, as in my opinion, all of us can relate to it because all of us have been through similar kind of situation where we had to weigh our gains and losses. If the gain in this situation outweighs the possible losses, one might consider the risk worth taking. The 'trust' in another person depends on the rational calculations which are based on the information available on another person (their reputation of being trustworthy). In the case of Julia and Malika, Malika will be able to make her decision based on a rational calculation of if she can place a bet on Julia's trustworthiness. As given in ADE, it is of advantage for Julia to be trustworthy to receive benefits ($200) and it is of advantage for Malika to trust Julia to when possible gain outweighs the possible loss.

    6. while rational choice theory explains the collective

      The content in ADE emphasizes that exchange theorists focus their attention on the strategic decision-making of the individuals and how these particular decisions can have an impact on social relationships within small groups. On the other hand, rational choice theorists examine how these strategic decisions and rational interactions between the individuals can have an influence on group dynamics in broader social conditions by "producing group solidarity, norms, and control of resources" (ADE).

  2. Aug 2016
    1. California Crisis

      Geographical limiters and case studies.

    2. Quoted in “A Gathering Storm — ViolentCrime in America,” Police Executive ResearchForum, October 2006, p. 9, www.policefo-rum.org/upload/Gathering-Storm-PRINT-Final_110473745_1027200610304.pdf.

      Track down citations that look interesting to you.

    3. Should nonviolent drug offendersbe sent to prison?

      Sub-question and division in the topic. Also specifies a particular population in the issue. Maybe you wish to focus only on nonviolent drug offenses.

  3. Jul 2016
    1. Library (originally from Mozilla) for building components based on the W3C Web Components specs

    1. It is interesting to see the debate between animal rights and animal welfare issues.

      I think that this ties nicely with what is going on digitally too- there are a lot of view point as to what is right and wrong.

    2. here are federal regulations and then there are local regulation on top of those that require an additional inspection of safety practices.

      And there are really none for all this chatting and such that we do in this digital affinity space- hmmm

    3. When it comes to digital story telling I have a hard time stepping outside of it having to be a video production of sorts. I know this to be wrong of me but I continue to go back to videos. So seeing a blog as a digital story is quite intriguing.

      And I keep reading things and forget to look at videos, memes and everything else. digital Story telling encompasses so much and there are so many different ways to go about it.

    4. I struggled with was having those who comment be considered co-authors.

      I too was a little confused about this, do people really go in a change what they wrote in a blog because or for a comment? I would think that it would spark another convo, but not editing the current. I fell like that is like saying, um forget I said that during a conversation and then editing in something else, we don't forget, and really it would be hard for me not to focus on it then!

    5. I am not the only one that struggles

      Of course not, we all have our own 'hang' ups. For some blogging is easy where annotating is harder, it is all a learning process! Learn on!

    6. I gained some familiarity with some terms such as autoethnographic and hypertext

      Yes! Some great opportunities to learn some new vocabulary and broaden our digital horizons

  4. Jun 2016
  5. Apr 2016
    1. ¿Dónde ha quedado el correo postal? Sustituido por el e-mail para comunicaciones igualmente reposadas, pero de mucha mayor comodidad, y en gran parte por el tuit, instantáneamente comunicado y expuesto a la curiosidad universal. Podemos discutir, como se ha hecho ya en esta serie de artículos, en qué medida Twitter inaugura algún tipo de periodismo, pero lo seguro es que pone a todo el mundo en comunicación con todo el mundo, a la velocidad de un chasquido. Pero, ¿cómo se escribe? ¿Sentimos la vergüenza de salir a escena con harapos o decentemente ataviados? 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vx.debug(po); player = po; // configurable - time in seconds between ad breaks player.startAdbreakTimer(30); // configure mouse enter/leave to unmute/mute vx.addListener(contDiv, "mouseenter", function(event) { vx.debug("mouseenter,unmute"); player.setMute(false); }); vx.addListener(contDiv, "mouseleave", function(event) { vx.debug("mouseleave, mute"); player.setMute(true); }); dvptrack('wf', '{"wf":"98: init function exit"}'); }); }); dvptrack('wf', '{"wf":"99: outside init function"}'); })(); Taylor Swift Tiene su Propio 'Premio Taylor Swift' de BMI La primera artista galardonada con el Premio de la marca nueva de Taylor Swift para los premios BMI Pop Awards será ... Taylor Swift. La cantante de ... Sponsored Content   El nobel mexicano Octavio Paz decía: “La corrupción del lenguaje es la corrupción de la realidad”. Lo que describimos mal queda ahí para los restos y perjudica la imagen de la realidad toda. Y Víctor García de la Concha, director del Instituto Cervantes y antiguo director de la Real Academia, abunda en lo concerniente a los hispanohablantes acusándonos de hablar “un español zarrapastroso” (EL PAÍS, 4-12-2012); de forma indigente, omisa, indiferente a la potencia y sabiduría de nuestra lengua. Y cuando el académico decía que “se habla”, se refería por elevación a esa forma tan próxima a la oralidad que es el tuit; apenas una transcripción apresurada de nuestros pensamientos, porque, puede que en parte por el anonimato en el que cabe refugiarse en esta red social, lo que difícilmente consignaríamos en el manuscrito o en el e-mail encuentra acomodo en Twitter, sin excluir el exabrupto, el disparate lingüístico, el caos de puntuación o su más completa ausencia. No nos importa, en muchos casos nos sentimos como quien habla acodado en la barra del bar, en lugar de estar mandando un mensaje, con la seriedad que antiguamente habría requerido lo escrito. Por eso, rechazo, pero que cada uno haga de su capa un sayo, que se introduzcan fórmulas de abreviatura —supresión de signos ortográficos, escritura fonética y tantos otros recursos— para decir lo más posible —y peor— con el menor número de caracteres. Y aquí sí que entramos en el terreno de lo periodístico, con el calentamiento en 140 caracteres que supone el tuit, lo que exige claridad de ideas, precisión, pero también corrección gramatical, para que sirva de algo en la práctica de la información profesionalizada. Somos lo que escribimos, aún más que lo que hablamos Pero es que hay algo más y de suma importancia que se desprende de los tuits que botamos al éter: nuestra propia imagen. Como escribe Álex Grijelmo (EL PAÍS, 20-1-2016), esos esbozos de idea, apuntaciones o hasta rebotes del subconsciente “constituyen un escaparate que exhibe a la vista de cualquiera la ortografía de una persona, su léxico, su capacidad para estructurar el pensamiento”. Y en muchos casos, siempre como dijo Grijelmo, con el riesgo de caer en “un escándalo silencioso”. Somos lo que escribimos, aún más que lo que hablamos. Y si no que se lo digan a un concejal, elegido para el Ayuntamiento de Madrid, al que se le ocurrió hacer una desafortunada broma en Twitter sobre el Holocausto, aunque probablemente no implicara el desliz ningún sentimiento profundo ni determinante sobre el caso. Y también revela el tuit, y yo mismo puedo ser tan culpable como cualquiera, una necesidad muy hispánica de corregir, desde el pináculo de la verdad revelada, de enmendar la plana al prójimo. En mi descargo diré que mis correcciones son solo lingüísticas o periodísticas y jamás formuladas directamente a personas o instituciones. Por todo lo anterior, una estadística concienzuda de lo que los españoles e hispanohablantes, en general, mandamos a navegar en las redes, nos diría seguramente muchísimo sobre quiénes creemos que somos y lo que nos falta para conseguirlo. Y el diagnóstico no sería necesariamente halagüeño. Archivado en: Twitter Redes sociales Lengua Internet Empresas Cultura Economía Telecomunicaciones Comunicaciones if (typeof EPETshowHideTags == 'function') { //EPETshowHideTags('contenedorLista'); EPETshowHideTags('articulo-tags__interior'); } PBS.display('MPU1'); Vídeos Newsletters .caja_relacionadas .miniatura { float: right; margin-left: 10px; width: 140px; } .caja_relacionadas .foto{ height:auto; max-height:100px; overflow:hidden; } Te puede interesar¿Cuál es el mejor atún de lata?El experto en conservas Aleix Clavera cata a ciegas nueve marcas de atún en aceite, alaba las más logradas y castiga sin piedad a las peores.“Habrá que recomponer lo real y lo virtual”Joseba ElolaLa filósofa italoaustraliana aboga por construir un futuro posthumano mejor que el presente humano¿Cómo quiero vivir el resto de mi vida?Justine RobertsA los 40 años, muchas mujeres deciden reducir sus jornadas y renunciar a ascensos. Un error, según la autora de este textoRío de Janeiro y las musasJavier MontesRincones de la ciudad brasileña en los que cuatro escritores encontraron refugio. 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2¿Qué fue de los anteriores concursantes de ‘MasterChef’? 3VídeoMuere el escritor y activista Shangay Lily a los 53 años 4Mediaset se desmarca del plan del PP para adelantar el ‘prime time’ 5Indultado un bravísimo ‘victorino’ 6VídeoLa vida después del escenario 7VídeoCinco series que no te puedes perder en abril 8VídeoEstrenos y regresos de abril 9VídeoLa ropa interior entra en el museo 10VídeoPedro Almodóvar competirá con ‘Julieta’ en el festival de Cannes 1Griezmann pone al Atlético en semifinales 2Vídeo¿Cuál es el mejor atún de lata? 3VídeoLos 20 timos más flagrantes de la historia del pop 4Vídeo¿Qué series han sido renovadas y canceladas? 5El dilema del tren: por qué está mal visto matar a una persona aunque salves a cinco 6VídeoUn Atlético indiscutible 7VídeoEl juez envía a la cárcel a Conde por blanqueo y ocho delitos fiscales 8FotogaleríaUn atlas mundial sorprendente 9Lara Álvarez lanza un mensaje subliminal a Fernando Alonso 10Padre al 99,99% 1Atlético de Madri derrota o Barça e está na semifinal da Champions 2Griezmann pone al Atlético en semifinales 3VídeoLos 20 timos más flagrantes de la historia del pop 4Tras el rastro de chavistas en Miami 5“Se busca edecán fugitiva” 6VídeoKirchner usa su declaración ante un juez para regresar a la política 7FotogaleríaDía Internacional del Beso 2016 8VídeoUn Atlético indiscutible 9El dilema del tren: por qué está mal visto matar a una persona aunque salves a cinco 10El emocionante vídeo que muestra lo duro que es estar soltera en China 1VídeoKirchner usa su declaración ante un juez para regresar a la política 2VídeoKobe Bryant, apoteosis con 60 puntos y remontada en el Staples 3VídeoPablo Iglesias y Eduardo Madina, ¿cuestión de ‘feeling’ o de política? 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    2. de su invento, la escritura mecánica, habría de alcanzar su máxima expresión a comienzos del siglo XXI, gracias a algo que llamamos redes sociales y, quizá, principalmente Twitter; porque nunca se ha escrito en toda la historia tanto como hoy. Es el apogeo de Gutenberg. ¿Dónde ha quedado el correo postal? Sustituido por el e-mail para comunicaciones igualmente reposadas, pero de mucha mayor comodidad, y en gran parte por el tuit, instantáneamente comunicado y expuesto a la curiosidad universal. Podemos discutir, como se ha hecho ya en esta serie de artículos, en qué medida Twitter inaugura algún tipo de periodismo, pero lo seguro es que pone a todo el mundo en comunicación con todo el mundo, a la velocidad de un chasquido. Pero, ¿cómo se escribe? ¿Sentimos la vergüenza de salir a escena con harapos o decentemente ataviados? 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contentFrame.contentWindow.postMessage("mute", "*"); }, contentUnmute: function() { vx.debug("client - unmute fn"); contentFrame.contentWindow.postMessage("unmute", "*"); }, contentPause: function() { vx.debug("client - pause fn"); //adContainer.style.display = "block"; adContainer.style.zIndex = zindex_base+7; overlayDiv(contentFrame, adContainer); contentFrame.contentWindow.postMessage("pause", "*"); }, contentPlay: function() { vx.debug("client - play fn"); //adContainer.style.display = "none"; adContainer.style.zIndex = -1; contentFrame.contentWindow.postMessage("play", "*"); }, contentSetVolume: function(vol) { vx.debug("client - set volume:" + vol); contentFrame.contentWindow.postMessage("setVolume:" + vol, "*"); }, adFinished: function() { // this needs to be called after an ad finishes // or after an error vx.debug("***AdBreak finished") }, playlistFinished: function() { vx.debug("***AdBreak playlist over"); } } window.vxvideojsinit(options, function(po) { vx.debug("vxvideojsinit callback invoked!"); vx.debug(po); player = po; // configurable - time in seconds between ad breaks player.startAdbreakTimer(30); // configure mouse enter/leave to unmute/mute vx.addListener(contDiv, "mouseenter", function(event) { vx.debug("mouseenter,unmute"); player.setMute(false); }); vx.addListener(contDiv, "mouseleave", function(event) { vx.debug("mouseleave, mute"); player.setMute(true); }); dvptrack('wf', '{"wf":"98: init function exit"}'); }); }); dvptrack('wf', '{"wf":"99: outside init function"}'); })(); Taylor Swift Tiene su Propio 'Premio Taylor Swift' de BMI La primera artista galardonada con el Premio de la marca nueva de Taylor Swift para los premios BMI Pop Awards será ... Taylor Swift. La cantante de ... Sponsored Content   El nobel mexicano Octavio Paz decía: “La corrupción del lenguaje es la corrupción de la realidad”. Lo que describimos mal queda ahí para los restos y perjudica la imagen de la realidad toda. Y Víctor García de la Concha, director del Instituto Cervantes y antiguo director de la Real Academia, abunda en lo concerniente a los hispanohablantes acusándonos de hablar “un español zarrapastroso” (EL PAÍS, 4-12-2012); de forma indigente, omisa, indiferente a la potencia y sabiduría de nuestra lengua. Y cuando el académico decía que “se habla”, se refería por elevación a esa forma tan próxima a la oralidad que es el tuit; apenas una transcripción apresurada de nuestros pensamientos, porque, puede que en parte por el anonimato en el que cabe refugiarse en esta red social, lo que difícilmente consignaríamos en el manuscrito o en el e-mail encuentra acomodo en Twitter, sin excluir el exabrupto, el disparate lingüístico, el caos de puntuación o su más completa ausencia. No nos importa, en muchos casos nos sentimos como quien habla acodado en la barra del bar, en lugar de estar mandando un mensaje, con la seriedad que antiguamente habría requerido lo escrito. Por eso, rechazo, pero que cada uno haga de su capa un sayo, que se introduzcan fórmulas de abreviatura —supresión de signos ortográficos, escritura fonética y tantos otros recursos— para decir lo más posible —y peor— con el menor número de caracteres. Y aquí sí que entramos en el terreno de lo periodístico, con el calentamiento en 140 caracteres que supone el tuit, lo que exige claridad de ideas, precisión, pero también corrección gramatical, para que sirva de algo en la práctica de la información profesionalizada. Somos lo que escribimos, aún más que lo que hablamos Pero es que hay algo más y de suma importancia que se desprende de los tuits que botamos al éter: nuestra propia imagen. Como escribe Álex Grijelmo (EL PAÍS, 20-1-2016), esos esbozos de idea, apuntaciones o hasta rebotes del subconsciente “constituyen un escaparate que exhibe a la vista de cualquiera la ortografía de una persona, su léxico, su capacidad para estructurar el pensamiento”. Y en muchos casos, siempre como dijo Grijelmo, con el riesgo de caer en “un escándalo silencioso”. Somos lo que escribimos, aún más que lo que hablamos. Y si no que se lo digan a un concejal, elegido para el Ayuntamiento de Madrid, al que se le ocurrió hacer una desafortunada broma en Twitter sobre el Holocausto, aunque probablemente no implicara el desliz ningún sentimiento profundo ni determinante sobre el caso. Y también revela el tuit, y yo mismo puedo ser tan culpable como cualquiera, una necesidad muy hispánica de corregir, desde el pináculo de la verdad revelada, de enmendar la plana al prójimo. En mi descargo diré que mis correcciones son solo lingüísticas o periodísticas y jamás formuladas directamente a personas o instituciones. Por todo lo anterior, una estadística concienzuda de lo que los españoles e hispanohablantes, en general, mandamos a navegar en las redes, nos diría seguramente muchísimo sobre quiénes creemos que somos y lo que nos falta para conseguirlo. Y el diagnóstico no sería necesariamente halagüeño. Archivado en: Twitter Redes sociales Lengua Internet Empresas Cultura Economía Telecomunicaciones Comunicaciones if (typeof EPETshowHideTags == 'function') { //EPETshowHideTags('contenedorLista'); EPETshowHideTags('articulo-tags__interior'); } PBS.display('MPU1'); Vídeos Newsletters .caja_relacionadas .miniatura { float: right; margin-left: 10px; width: 140px; } .caja_relacionadas .foto{ height:auto; max-height:100px; overflow:hidden; } Te puede interesar¿Cuál es el mejor atún de lata?El experto en conservas Aleix Clavera cata a ciegas nueve marcas de atún en aceite, alaba las más logradas y castiga sin piedad a las peores.“Habrá que recomponer lo real y lo virtual”Joseba ElolaLa filósofa italoaustraliana aboga por construir un futuro posthumano mejor que el presente humano¿Cómo quiero vivir el resto de mi vida?Justine RobertsA los 40 años, muchas mujeres deciden reducir sus jornadas y renunciar a ascensos. Un error, según la autora de este textoRío de Janeiro y las musasJavier MontesRincones de la ciudad brasileña en los que cuatro escritores encontraron refugio. De la playa de Copacabana a Petrópolis PBS.display('MPU2'); function salta_a_lo_mas_visto() { if (document.getElementById('li_lmv_elpais').className.indexOf("activo") > -1) { if (document.getElementById('li_lmv_america').className.indexOf("activo") > -1) document.location = "http://elpais.com/lomasvisto/america.html"; else document.location = "http://elpais.com/lomasvisto/"; } else { if (document.getElementById('li_lmv_verne').className.indexOf("activo") > -1) document.location = "http://elpais.com/lomasvisto/verne.html"; else if (document.getElementById('li_lmv_twitter').className.indexOf("activo") > -1) document.location = "http://elpais.com/lomasvisto/twitter.html"; else document.location = "http://elpais.com/lomasvisto/"; } } function lmv_cambia_pestana(idpestana) { //Por defecto activo las vistas desde cualquier sitio document.getElementById('lmv_america').style.display = "none"; switch (idpestana) { case "lmv_elpais" : document.getElementById('lmv_todo').style.display = "block"; document.getElementById('lmv_twitter').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_verne').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_seccion').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_elpais').className = "activo"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_twitter').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_verne').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_seccion').className = ""; document.getElementById('lmv_subpestanas').style.display = "block"; lmv_cambia_subpestana("lmv_todo"); break; case "lmv_twitter" : document.getElementById('lmv_todo').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_twitter').style.display = "block"; document.getElementById('lmv_verne').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_seccion').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_elpais').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_twitter').className = "activo"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_verne').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_seccion').className = ""; document.getElementById('lmv_subpestanas').style.display = "none"; break; case "lmv_verne" : document.getElementById('lmv_todo').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_twitter').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_verne').style.display = "block"; document.getElementById('lmv_seccion').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_elpais').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_twitter').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_verne').className = "activo"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_seccion').className = ""; document.getElementById('lmv_subpestanas').style.display = "none"; break; case "lmv_seccion" : document.getElementById('lmv_todo').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_twitter').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_verne').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_seccion').style.display = "block"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_elpais').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_twitter').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_verne').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_seccion').className = "activo"; document.getElementById('lmv_subpestanas').style.display = "none"; break; } } function lmv_cambia_subpestana(idpestana) { //twitter, seccion ocultas document.getElementById('lmv_twitter').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_verne').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_seccion').style.display = "none"; switch (idpestana) { case "lmv_todo" : document.getElementById('lmv_todo').style.display = "block"; document.getElementById('lmv_america').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_todo').className = "activo"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_america').className = ""; break; case "lmv_america" : document.getElementById('lmv_todo').style.display = "none"; document.getElementById('lmv_america').style.display = "block"; document.getElementById('li_lmv_todo').className = ""; document.getElementById('li_lmv_america').className = "activo"; break; } } Lo más visto en... » Top 50 EL PAÍS Twitter Verne Cultura Desde España Desde América 1Vídeo¿Qué series han sido renovadas y canceladas? 2¿Qué fue de los anteriores concursantes de ‘MasterChef’? 3VídeoMuere el escritor y activista Shangay Lily a los 53 años 4Mediaset se desmarca del plan del PP para adelantar el ‘prime time’ 5Indultado un bravísimo ‘victorino’ 6VídeoLa vida después del escenario 7VídeoCinco series que no te puedes perder en abril 8VídeoEstrenos y regresos de abril 9VídeoLa ropa interior entra en el museo 10VídeoPedro Almodóvar competirá con ‘Julieta’ en el festival de Cannes 1Griezmann pone al Atlético en semifinales 2Vídeo¿Cuál es el mejor atún de lata? 3VídeoLos 20 timos más flagrantes de la historia del pop 4Vídeo¿Qué series han sido renovadas y canceladas? 5El dilema del tren: por qué está mal visto matar a una persona aunque salves a cinco 6VídeoUn Atlético indiscutible 7VídeoEl juez envía a la cárcel a Conde por blanqueo y ocho delitos fiscales 8FotogaleríaUn atlas mundial sorprendente 9Lara Álvarez lanza un mensaje subliminal a Fernando Alonso 10Padre al 99,99% 1Atlético de Madri derrota o Barça e está na semifinal da Champions 2Griezmann pone al Atlético en semifinales 3VídeoLos 20 timos más flagrantes de la historia del pop 4Tras el rastro de chavistas en Miami 5“Se busca edecán fugitiva” 6VídeoKirchner usa su declaración ante un juez para regresar a la política 7FotogaleríaDía Internacional del Beso 2016 8VídeoUn Atlético indiscutible 9El dilema del tren: por qué está mal visto matar a una persona aunque salves a cinco 10El emocionante vídeo que muestra lo duro que es estar soltera en China 1VídeoKirchner usa su declaración ante un juez para regresar a la política 2VídeoKobe Bryant, apoteosis con 60 puntos y remontada en el Staples 3VídeoPablo Iglesias y Eduardo Madina, ¿cuestión de ‘feeling’ o de política? 4VídeoEE UU confirma el vínculo del virus del Zika con la microcefalia 5"Si me traes una torta te doy cita" 6El narco impone su ley en la mitad de las cárceles mexicanas 7VídeoSobrevivir al matadero 8Simone de Beauvoir, la hermana mayor 9VídeoUn mosso mata a su mujer y se suicida en Sant Feliu de Llobregat 10El dilema del tren: por qué está mal visto matar a una persona aunque salves a cinco 1Vídeo#Carbonaragate: 37 segundos de receta que han cabreado a los italianos 2Vídeo¿Pero qué lleva la anestesia de los dentistas para que alguien se crea un holocausto zombi? 38 ejemplos de que te gusta la química (aunque quizás no lo sabías) 4Los chinos también se equivocan cuando se tatúan en otro idioma 5Así sonaría la música de Mozart si hubiera nacido en Sinaloa 6VídeoEste padre y su hijo abren cosas por la mitad para que tú no tengas que hacerlo 7Vídeo¿Por qué todo el mundo ama a Adele? 8VídeoCocinamos la pizza sin horno que se ha visto más de un millón de veces 9Bingo de 'personajes Mediaset' para el programa de Bertín Osborne 10La confusión sobre la muerte de Will Smith (el deportista) if (typeof aniade_track_caja == 'function') { aniade_track_caja('caja_lo_mas_visto', 'rel=lom'); } PBS.display('MPU3'); if ( pbs_dimensiones.ancho >= 728) document.write("<div id='elpais_gpt-LDB2' class='publi_luto_vertical'><script type='text/javascript'>PBS.display('LDB2');<\/script></div>"); else document.write("<div id='elpais_gpt-BTN1' class='publi_luto_vertical'><script type='text/javascript'>PBS.display('BTN1');<\/script></div>");

      MPW2

  6. Mar 2016
    1. This research is likely to be very useful in understanding the best ways to help military families, and the best directions to move in for future research.

      atleast this research is being used in a good way.

    2. The focus of the second section is the concept of working with gender-sensitive issues, as well as sexual-gender minority veterans, or veterans who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT).

      Is this still an issue?

    1. For the women who had run to the fire escape, the route down was terrifying. The landings and sloping stairs were wide enough for only one woman at a time. The fire escape ended over a basement skylight in an airshaft enclosed on all sides by the three buildings that occupied the city block. Realizing this, one woman opened the sixth floor shutters and broke through the window. Women followed her lead and ran to the stairwell on that floor only to find the doors locked. But they were the lucky ones. They were later rescued by a police officer who heard them pounding on the door. The fire escape soon collapsed taking dozens of women with it.

      Gives the info revolving around the fire escape incident.

  7. Feb 2016
    1. Family living abroad can be kept abreast of the latest happenings in your world as quickly as those living next door

      International families can stay in touch with their family in another country

    2. On Twitter you will follow those who have something to say that you’re interested in, making connections with like-minded individuals much easier than is possible offline.

      Finding people that are like you

    1. RSS signifie « Really Simple Syndication », « Rich Site Summary » ou encore « Rapid Site Summary ». Un flux RSS, quant à lui, est un fichier XML lié à un site web et qui est mis à jour régulièrement, dès que ledit site poste un nouvel article.

      Specification accessible ici:

      http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html

    1. “‘Slacktivism’ is the ideal type of activism for a lazy generation: why bother with sit-ins and the risk of arrest, police brutality, or torture if one can be as loud campaigning in the virtual space?

      Are we really that lazy? or have we found out a way to reach the masses?

  8. Jan 2016
    1. It is not possible to "capture" your notes and highlights, to organize, compile, arrange, or to print them out. Until there is a seamless way to do this, marginalia will remain sequestered in the margins, and the promise of electronic books will be unrealized"

      Got you there, JD.

    2. One of the great things about the new Web is that you can manipulate text, but the iPad treats you like a child.
  9. Dec 2015
  10. Nov 2015
    1. Harris, A., Evans, H., & Beckett, K. (2010). Drawing Blood from Stones: Monetary Sanctions, Punishment, and Inequality in the Contemporary United States. American Journal of Sociology 115, 1753-1799.

      In “Drawing Blood from Stones: Monetary Sanctions, Punishment, and Inequality in the Contemporary United States,” by Harris, Evans, and Beckett, the issue of legal financial obligations (LFO’s) and their effects on impoverished communities is discussed in detail. The authors begin the article by stating that the US incarceration rate is 6-12 times higher than those in comparable western European countries (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1753). The authors also point out that “Between 1980 and 2007, the total number of people under criminal justice supervision- which includes the incarceration and those on probation and parole- jumped from roughly 2 million to over 7 million” (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1754). These statistics are important to note, because the amount of LFO’s imposed on defendants who commit crimes, and those who are simply accused of crimes are increasing nationwide.

      The method the authors used in their research was to analyze data from the Survey of Inmates in the State and Federal Correctional Facilities and from the Bureau of Justice Statistics data on sentencing. They also drew interviews with 50 Washington State residents living with felony convictions to determine how legal debt affects those who have it (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 210, 1766).

      The majority of criminal punishment is concentrated in impoverished urban areas, and nearly 60% of young black men who have not graduated from high school have at some point been behind prison bars (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1754). LFO’s are concentrated on poor areas with high populations of minority citizens. The authors state on page 1755,

      “…The U.S. penal system is implicated in the accumulation of disadvantage and the reproduction of inequality for a number of reasons: the growing number of (mainly poor) people whose lives it touches, the impact of criminal conviction on employment and earnings…mass incarcerations’ destabilizing effects on families in urban communities, and the widespread imposition of ‘collateral’ or ‘invisible’ sanctions that transform punishment from a temporally limited experience to a long-term status” (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1755).

      LFO’s not only include general court fees, but fines and restitution orders. Not only is the national average according to the author’s research exceed $7,000 per offender, but all fines are subject to interest, surcharges, and collection fees (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1759).

      Furthermore, we have even gone so far as to impose fees on those utilizing indigent defense. Meaning, those who need a public defender because they cannot afford a private attorney, must pay a user fee regardless of the Gideon v. Wainwright decision (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1758). That was decided in Oregon- a liberal state. Additionally, in Washington, Superior Court judges can now impose up to 17 fees on felony defendants when they are sentenced. In New York, they can impose 19 different fees (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1758).

      This is all important to the issue of impoverished communities because LFO’s are affecting the innocent sometimes more than those incarcerated or sentenced. This is because most defendants have children, for whom they have been mandated to pay child support for. When they cannot pay because of legal fees, their children and overall family health and structure suffer and deteriorate (Harris, Evans & Beckett, 2010, 1760). This only perpetuates the cycle of poverty and family disenfranchisement that is common in poor urban areas. LFO’s are in essence, helping to keep poor areas poor.

  11. Oct 2015
    1. In John Crank’s book "Imagining Justice," there is a section entitled "Ethnicity, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System," which explores the issue of injustices throughout the criminal justice system that emerge on the basis of race. Crank starts off the section by immediately stating the contemporary issues surrounding this topic. On criminality and immigration, he states “When criminality among immigrants are examined, no clear pattern of behavior emerges. Criminal behavior, when identified, appears to be contextualized by the process of immigration and resettlement” (Crank, 2003, 261). Crank goes on to suggest that the reasons for someone’s immigration can play a role in determining whether or not people will commit crimes.

      Crank goes on to explain that generalizations are made about immigrant populations and how they have adapted to American culture. Crank attributes the emergence and desistence of crime to three factors: the age structure, the loss of traditional authority, and the degree of social cohesion (Crank, 2003, 262). The age structure refers to the fact that there are a high proportion of immigrant youth to each immigrant adult which can mean that high rates of youth may be predisposed to crime during their socialization. The loss of traditional authority refers to a parent’s inability to maintain control within the adaptation process- which is difficult because it is a challenge to traditional norms for them. And third, the degree of social cohesion, refers to the availability of community resources within immigrant communities that allow youth and immigrant adults to ease into their communities while being able to practice traditional norms (Crank, 2003, 262). All of these factors play an important role in adaptability for immigrant populations according to Crank.

      Without proper modes of adaptation, Crank argues, criminal activity emerges. One interesting fact found in this section in relation to sentencing, is when Crank states, “Seemingly neutral case processing practices, especially concerning pretrial confinement decisions and sentence reductions for guilty pleas, operate to the systematic disadvantage of members of minority groups” (Crank, 2003, 265). Crank lists these disadvantages as, “pretrial confinement is typically aimed at those least likely to appear for trial. Those least likely to appear are those who lead unsettled lives, lack permanent residents and stable jobs. This falls disproportionately on disadvantaged minority groups” (Crank, 2003, 265). Lastly and most relevantly, “minority members are less likely to receive favorable sentence reductions for guilty pleas. Tonry suggests that this may stem from the distrust minorities have a country’s justice system and a belief that they are treated unfairly… This means that defendants who plead guilty earlier in justice proceedings receive shorter sentences” (Crank, 2003, 265).

      Crank goes on to discuss the false assumptions surrounding immigrants in the US. For example, there is the misconception that all Latin Americans are Mexican. This is of course not true, and there is a very diverse groups of Latino/a immigrants in the US. Crank states, “Mexicans make up 61.2 percent of the Latino population in the United States. However, only about 33 percent of Mexicans are foreign born- most are resident United States citizens” (Crank, 2003, 266). Crank goes on to discuss the political ideologies surrounding assimilation and immigration. There is an ongoing attempt to learn how to adjust and assimilate in a new society. I think this- the difficulty of adaptation- is the main point of this section, and this is Crank’s argument for why and how the justice system affects immigrants. This was an interesting section, although I am not sure it adequately discusses how unfairly immigrants are treated by our criminal justice system- particularly in terms of sentencing measures.

      Crank, John P. “Imagining Justice” (2003). Pages 261-276. Anderson Publishing Co. Cincinatti, OH. Print.

    2. “The Rise and Fall of the Indeterminate Sentencing Ideal” from "But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry" by Jeremy Travis. Pages 7-20, 2005.

      Chapter 1 of "But They All Come Back" by Jeremy Travis discusses indeterminate and determinate sentencing in great detail. It discusses its origin, its purpose, and its effect on the criminal justice system. Discretion being the main element of indeterminate sentencing- its role and legitimacy is often questioned. When judges determine a sentence for a person who has been convicted of a crime, they are supposed to take several things into account under this lens. “…the crime’s severity, the extent of any prior criminal convictions, the offender’s family circumstances, and his or her prospects for rehabilitation” (Travis, 2005, 15). Parole boards and parole officers are also supposed to take such factors into consideration when determining what the offender requires and needs after incarceration or custody.

      The author goes on to discuss the purpose of the criminal sanction. Travis argues that the main point of a sanction is in fact rehabilitation rather than the commonly presumed punishment. However, Travis goes on to say that under indeterminate sentencing, rehabilitation is difficult to achieve because indeterminate sentencing requires that judges decide how an offender will be rehabilitated as well as parole boards and officers.

      Furthermore, Travis discusses the criticism of indeterminate sentencing. These include racial discrimination, too much reliance on judicial discretion and much more. Specifically, “The practice of assigning significant sentencing responsibilities to the judicial branch was criticized as an inappropriate exercise of unchecked, unguided, and unreviewable power” (Travis, 2005, 17). Alternatively, “…the goal of rehabilitation was roundly characterized as tantamount to coddling criminals” (Travis, 2005, 17). The author goes on to cite the “Nothing Works!” report as a reason for the collapse of the rehabilitative ideal when relating to prisons.

      Travis ends the chapter by stating there has been no new framework proposed, and “A number of states have enacted laws imposing mandatory minimum sentences, thereby depriving judges of the community supervision option and generally increasing the size of the prison population” (Travis, 2005, 20). This chapter have an interesting background on indeterminate sentencing, as well as granted insight into the rise of mandatory minimum sentences.

      “But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry” by Jeremy Travis. 2005. The Urban Institute Press. Washington D.C. 1st Edition. Pages 7-20. Print.

    3. "Too Severe?: A Defense of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (and a Critique of Federal Mandatory Minimums)" by Paul G. Cassell

      In the article "Too Severe?: A Defense of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (and a Critique of Federal Mandatory Minimums)," author Paul Cassell attempts to shed light on whether or not an argument of undue severity can be made against mandatory minimums. According to Cassell, this is an argument that has not been made, although I would beg to differ. However, Cassell claims the guidelines associated with federal sentencing guidelines are not too severe because they fit social norms as prescribes by the public, as well as provide deterrence benefits and have “strong potential for being cost-effective crime control measures” (Cassell, 2004, 1018).

      Cassell begins his argument by addressing a speech given by Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, which prompted a nationwide discussion about the severity and the need for a reduction in mandatory minimums across the board. The author does note before going into methods and literature, this his approach will not fully delve into the issue of all discretionary sentencing measures. He posits that it is “fair to say that some calls for more “discretion” are, in truth, calls for lower sentences” (Cassell, 2004, 1019).

      Crime control and just deserts have been known to be the purpose of punishment and adjudication in the criminal justice field. Cassell aims to assess these elements of sentencing as a way to measure punishment severity. The author goes on to present a table that shows the federal sentencing guidelines for crimes seen more frequently in court versus what the public feels the penalty should be. Most of them were fairly consistent. However, the public generally has a “tough on crime” approach to all things criminal justice, which implies that the federal government maintains the same way of thinking since their answers were almost identical.

      An interesting part of this article however, is when Cassell states how many cases end up with a lesser sentence due to pleading down. “According to a recent General Accounting Office Study of downward departures, 36% of all federal sentenced involved a downward departure, including 44% of all drug sentences. While most of these departures are apparently for “substantial assistance” to government prosecutors or for the “fast tracking” of immigration offenses… the great bulk of federal cases (more than 95%) are resolved by a plea arrangement…” (Cassell, 2004, 1029). Here, the Cassell is positing that discretionary sentencing is making it so those on trial do not have to accept full responsibility- which is determined by the federal government sentencing guidelines.

      This article was good in that it presented a point of view that is not seen very often in criminal justice: that mandatory minimums and discretionary sentencing are soft on sentencing. Cassell presented a lot of interesting data, and I think the argument is interesting.

      Stanford Law Review Vol. 56, No. 5, 2004 Stanford Law Review Symposium: Punishment and Its Purposes (Apr., 2004), pp. 1017-1048

      URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040172

    1. “moving things rapidly may increase a general state of inertia; fixing things in place before alternatives have the chance of developing.”
    1. Niu, S.X. (2014). Leaving home state for college: Differences by race/ethnicity and parental education. Research in Higher Education. 56 (4) pg. 325-359.

      Attending college out-of-state is usually more expensive because of transportation and housing costs, but Niu (2014) makes the normative claim that “leaving home states for college provides additional benefits compared with attending college in home states” (pg. 347). This is mainly due to the finding that students who are attending out-of-state institutions are likely attending “a private, a 4-year, and a selective institution” (pg. 347), but Niu seems to believe that inequitable out-of-state college attendance should be noticed.

      Niu cites other researchers who found that high-income students were more likely to apply to many schools as well as more selective schools. Previous research found that a student’s “likelihood of leaving home for college was found to be positively affected by the father’s education and the parental income” (pg. 327).

      Niu conducted a study to examine where graduating seniors from 2010 actually attended, rather than focusing on college choices of students that were not confirmed with actual attendance in previous research. The study used secondary data from the SAT exam and then tracked where the students actually attended using data from the National Student Clearinghouse (pg. 329). In order to rank the selectivity of specific colleges, Niu used the Barron’s college selectivity index.

      Based on the college(s) a specific student chose to have their SAT scores sent to (in-state vs. out-of-state), Niu looked at whether a student was more or less likely to request out-of-state colleges in comparison to the student’s race/ethnicity and parental education.

      After descriptive and multivariate analyses were completed, Niu determined that White students had the highest rate of sending test scores to out-of-state colleges, while Hispanic students had the least likelihood of sending scores out-of-state (pg. 332). The increased likelihood of a student sending their test scores out-of-state was also correlated with higher levels of parental education. When this pattern was compared to where students actually attended, the correlation remained that White students with parents of high education levels were the most likely to attend out-of-state college, compared to Black, Hispanic and Asian students. This study notes that Black and Hispanic students who attended out-of-state colleges were likely attending colleges with ‘need-based’ financial aid practices, which provided additional need to students with low income.

      These factors are in support of Brody’s two articles posted in the “PolEdu” tag, which analyzes a student’s ability to relocate to attend college as well as have access to transportation in order to attend. Public policy makers should be aware of possible barriers to students and seek ways to assist the public with overcoming these additional barriers.

      -N Brusseau (9-28-15)

  12. Sep 2015
    1. In the article "Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences" by Jeffrey Ulmer, Megan Kurlychek, and John Kramer, the prosecutorial discretion in the courtroom and its effects on sentencing outcomes is discussed. This article emerged out of the "Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency" in 2007. The article begins by discussing the popular and abrupt trend of distrust in judges which caused the emergence of mandatory minimums. This then led to the ultimate trust in prosecutors (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 427). Overall, this article is a summary and analysis of what it means for a prosecutor to not only act as a judge, but to apply mandatory minimum sentencing eligibility to different kinds of offenders.

      The findings of the article were not entirely surprising. Based on the author’s multivariate analysis, prosecutors granted more mandatory minimums far less often to those who “negotiated guilty pleas in the full sample and drug subsample and substantially less often to those with non-negotiated guilty pleas in the three-strikes subsample” (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). Furthermore, the findings suggest that prosecutors may use the “threat of applying longer mandatory sentence as a key piece of leverage to obtain guilty pleas… and thus more certain convictions (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). It is also interesting to note that those who enter into a non-negotiated plea are far less likely to receive mandatory imposition (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). According to the authors, this is due to the fact that it may look remorseful and can look like the start of rehabilitation if the offender automatically accepts a “guilty” plea because it shows they are taking responsibility.

      In terms of the offender’s race playing a role in the type of sentencing they received, there was little data found that suggested being Black increased the chances of receiving a mandatory minimum. However, Hispanic people were more likely to receive mandatory minimums. Males are also more likely than women to receive mandatory minimums because they are seen as less blameworthy and dangerous (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 451).

      The article ends with a general discussion about how mandatory minimums are not necessarily mandatory at all considering how prosecutors pick and choose who receives them. When other factors than the actual offense are considered, like race and gender, it becomes increasingly clear that prosecutors are given substantial unilateral authority in determining sentences for people who have in some cases committed the same crimes. Overall, I feel the theme of this article was that the need for expediency and quick justice is getting in the way of judicial discretion and fairer outcomes.

      Ulmer, J. T., M. C. Kurlychek, and J. H. Kramer. 2007. "Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 44.4: 427-58. Web.

      http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:2656/content/44/4/427.full.pdf+html

  13. Aug 2015
  14. Jul 2015
    1. The theme of many Disney movies, but not often seen in life!

  15. Jan 2015
    1. git clone will give you the whole repository. After the clone, you can list the tags with git tag -l and then checkout a specific tag: git checkout tags/<tag_name>

      How to install a previous release/version via github