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  1. Apr 2021
    1. The most urgent task facing the British in India was that of modernizing the subcontinent’s transportation and commu- nication system and transforming the country into an inte- grated colonial state.
      • The British put a lot of investment into transportation, telegraphs, etc.
      • They also invested in irrigation plans
      • Resulted in one of the biggest railways in the world
      • Indians had to pay for it
      • Using the connections inside a geographic area to make it easier to control and make movement more efficient
    2. Indians were not to be appeased—and certainly not brought into British public life.
      • Indians were kept from entering politics or public life
      • After the British gov take over in 1858, the British gov seeked to not only have direct control instead of a company's control, but also direct control instead of letting Indians have control
    3. he Rebellion of 1857—-was the “greased cartridge” controversy.
      • In 1857, a rumor was spread that the British were using cow and pig fat in the cartitriges Indian soldiers had to bite off which caused a rebellion of soliers who believed this meant the British were trying to convert them to Christianity.
      • This event demonstrates that there was massive distrust in the British as well
      • People would not start a huge rebellion based on a small rumor if they were not already angry with the status quo and were waiting for the last straw.
    4. The government also decided to collect taxes directly from peasants, displacing the landed nobles as intermediaries.
      • British took taxes from peasants without letting Indian previous positions of power interfere
      • Peasants had to take out loans from moneylenders
      • Peasants who couldn't pay their loans would have to give up their land
    5. e petnte a government of his ow modeling it on the British administration.
      • The peasant Devi Singh made his own gov based on the British way of governing with a peasant army that went after the moneyloaners hated by peasants in debt
      • This may be evidence for the idea that the main sticking point for Indian peasants was the cultural and taxation policies of the British instead of the administrative part
    6. determined to destroy the religion
      • There was already massive distrust in the cultural/religious policies of the British before the cartridge controversy
      • It is notable that the main sticking point for the rebels was British religious enforcement, showing how displeased Indians were with British policies in the early 1800s to try to make Indians culturally British
    7. “Home charges” meant that India ended up balancing Britain’s huge trade deficits with the rest of the world,
      • Part of why Britain wanted its advantageous relationship with India was to pay off its debts to other powers, such as those in the New World.
    8. India was to become a consumer of British manufactures and a supplier of primary staples like cotton, jute, tea, wheat, and vegetable oil seeds.
      • The British economic strategy in India was to buy raw materials from India and sell Indians products, often made from those materials.
      • To do this, the British got rid of taxes and protections for local businesses so they could directly compete with them
      • This strategy succeeded sometimes and caused some traditional production industries to go out of business
      • This arrangement meant that overall, the British got to profit off of the manufacture of these items
    9. replacing East India Company rule by crown government in 1858,
      • The British government took over ruling India instead of the EIC in 1858
      • Perhaps the British government took over ruling India instead of the East India Company because after the uprising, ruling over colonial states was viewed as a more militant and political task than an economic one.
    10. it was the duty of the wealthy
      • Pattern: underprivileged groups convincing people in power (wealthy Indians) to support a cause for a reason (loss of religious practices) that is only one of the many reasons the underprivileged people support the cause (heavy taxation, loss of rights, etc.).
    11. revenues in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa and to trade free of duties throughout Mughal terri- tory.
      • The East India Company, as a for-profit, wanted to be able to do business without restrictions in India.
      • The best way to guarantee this was to gain political alliances (by paying the Mughal emperor to let them trade), then starting in the second half of the 1700s, control (by later actually conquering areas) of territories.
    12. During the first half of the nineteenth century the British rulers of India had dismantled most of the traditional powers of the nobility and the rights of peasants.

      The first half of the 1800s saw:

      • the disappearance of original Indian positions of power
      • the disappearance of original Indian state boundaries and sovereignties in 1848 by governor-general Lord Dalhousie