This is a very interesting claim. Was this the sole purpose of building it low? I truthfully find this hard to believe. In fact, I don't think the architecture of the bridge would have been effective in preventing people of color from accessing the beach.

Schindler’s article, Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment, delves into the issue of architectural segregation in our modern american society. She discusses many of the political and judicial actions that are not being taken to not resolve this issue.

She argues that our environments that have been constructed (whether it had been the MARTA of Atlanta, or the gated fences of predominately white communities) leaves a restraint on minority groups living in these communities. She adds that these communities are a result of judicial negligence and unlike other deterring architecture such as; Robert Moses’s low hanging bridges, makes life difficult for low economic communities to live in an equally balanced and distributed environment.

This connects my point about the handicap parking spots and the wheel chair accesible ramps. Many of these people cannot access these places because of these obsticles they have to cross in order to enter a simple store. Not only are homeless people,poor and african americans in this day and age still segregated but its all the speacial needs or the handicap. Unfortunetely there are establishments who do not create access in order for these poeple go enter their enviornment.

This is closely connected to the picture in my secondary article. It shows how far a apartment complex has gone to seperate themselves from homeless people with spikes. The actions oof there residents creates these detterants designed to keep the homeless out of sight. Right? Out of sight, Out of mind. The police did nothing about the spikes either. People had to get a pettiton signed in order to have the spikes removed. They restricted the access of that space from the homeless people.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This is very true. Just like the law allows for officers to arrest homeless people for loitering or just being somewhere for no apparent reason. The law does not protect the homeless poeple from the segregation that goes on with benches or seating or even the spikes. There is no law that focuses on them. The author was right we overlook things that do not concern us but play such a big role in our built enviornment and with segregation.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This is a good example of another way that people are seperated but its interesting how they segregate using pricing of houses. They know who has money and who is willing to spend that much. For some reason the misconception that white poeple are rich and african americans are poor runs the way in which realators and builders try and control neighborhoods. Thats a very interesting point the author brings up. Its not only the archetecture like the benches in the secondary article that were made to segregate but its the pricing of things also.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

Just like how Moses designed the bridges to be too short for buses to fit under, similar tactics have been used to deterr homeless people and other unwanted people, such as skateboarders. Some of these tactics include no loitering signs, metal spikes in the ground where homeless poeple usually would lay down, and studs placed on ledges to prevent skaters from grinding their skateboards against the ledge.

I find this interesting how they say that the build enviornment controls our behavior. In a way I do see what the author is talking about. Even in downtown Atlanta I see how detatched Geogia State University students are from the other people that live within the city and share our enviornment. Especially towards the homeless people. They are looked as "below" some of us and thats primarily because we see what kind of conditions they are dealt with in the enviornment.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

Schindler’s article brings to question whether businesses architectural choices are actually based on homelessness or on race. In rosenberger’s article it talks about how some businesses design their space to deter homelessness, but in doing so create a form of segregation; not between race but by living standard. This can be considered unethical, however this could be the result of businesses trying to satisfy their customers, while unintentionally being discriminatory.

https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/06/how-cities-use-design-to-drive-homeless-people-away/373067/

In the supplmentaly reading, it stated how over 130,000 signed a petition to have the metal spikes in the ground removed, which prevented homeless people from sleeping in those areas. The article continued on to say that despite this large number of people petitioning against the attempts to deterr homeless people, not many people have realized that everyday objects that we use, such as benches, have been strategically designed to prevent anyone from sleeping on them, homeless people more specifically.

Sadly enough, descrimination can be seen all over, not only in words or actions, but also in less obvious ways, such as architecture. The layout and placement of specific neighborhoods or cities, or how certain buildings, bridges, and roads are constructed is an example of how architecture can be used as a method of discrimination.

This is another way that the two articles connect. Both speak about the dispicable ways in which the homeless are detered and further labled as the "Untouchables".

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

If Schindler claims are that architectural decisions form a hindrance or control on our environment, then the design of our architectural environments should be a fair representation of our "class" society. According to the New York Times there was a rise in discriminatory housing toward minority groups during 2015: this indicates that there may me an unbalance of power in our society.

Like how Rober Moses built the Low brigde the people of Buckhead, GA are also intentionally trying to derail these poeple from persuing jobs and careers in that area. This is preventing them to even have a chance to edge out of being poor.

"How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away" Summary: Many cities have been implicating a variety of methods to deter homeless people, along with other people such as skateboarders. Using tools such as metal spikes in the ground, divided benches, individual seats rather than benches, no loitering signs, along with a multitude of other devices. These so called tools make it near impossible for homeless people to sleep on the benches or on the ground, and the no loitering signs and laws prevent homeless in specific from hanging around in one place for too long.

Homeless people are not the only ones being "picked on" so to say, skateboarders are dealing with similar issues. Handrails, ledges, benches, and any objects that are generally used as a tool in skateboarding, more specifically for grinding or sliding against, have been altered as well. Ledges and handrails have recently had studs added along the top of them, creating an uneven surface, thus making it difficult for grinding or sliding on. Not only ledges and rails, but benches have been modified too. They are no longer solid slabs of material, but rather divided into sections with armrests, or made using slats of metal which create ridgid edges.

Many people have petitioned the spikes in the ground, the spikes are an obvious deterrant for homeless people. One petition had over 130,000 people sign it, which shows that the people of that city do not think it is fair to go through such effort in hopes of deterring the homeless people. However, a lot of those people, unfortunately, are not aware of the less obvious devices, such as the benches separated by armrests and the no loitering signs.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

As you can see this is a crucial way in which builders and the government will deter people and segregate them purposely. This is the same thing that the government is doing with homeless people by not making the benches a good place to sleep and how this apartment building in the picture about put spikes so homeless people could not sleep over night there.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This brings us back to the point in the other article where it says that people are oblivious to the detterants which are set in place for the homeless people. Most detterants in the world are not even seen unless you actully analyze the architecture or you see someone compaining. Just like how some places do not have handicap parking or how they do not have a wheelchair excessible entrance. You would never notive these small things unless they were preventing you from doing something on a day to day basis.

"How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away" can be easily connected to this piece by showing how far some people go to segregate others that are not built to their standards. This article starts off with a picture showing an apartment building that has put spikes on the floor in one corner of the building in london. This picture was a picture someone tweeted with the caption "Anti Homeless floor studes. So much for sommunity spirit :( ". This act was used to discourage homeless people to sleep there at night. The author of this article goes on to speak about many other circumstances where the government or city has in one way or another made these people the "untouchables" of the community in which they reside. The author goes on to say how both mayors in London and Montreal both called the spikes "unacceptable" and "stupid". He talks about how concrete was poored over the spikes by protesters and how they manages to get 130,000 peopple to sign a petition to remove the spikes in London, Tesco, and Montreal. The spikes are the most obvious way in which people have tried to deter the homeless people away but there are other ways in which the government does it where people do not realize until payed close attention to. Skate boarders found ways to go around this deterrents with popping of the studs but then vendors found a way to respond to that action. It's like a ping pong game one goes around the detterant the other finds another one to stop the skateboarder. The same thing is happening with the homeless people. With homeless people the deternt is createing benches in which they could not sleep on. Many people ,like me, do not realize what these arm rests between each seat really do. Some people think its just making sure each person has their own space when sitting so they do not end up squished but in reality they're dettering the homeless people from sleep on them. The author goes on to talk about what kind of homeless detterants for benches there are and how some benches are made to be uncomfortable on purpose. These detterants present the homeless with obsticles they must surpass in order to find a safe place to sleep at night.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

“How Cities Use Designs to Drive Homeless People Away, “published by The Atlantic and authored by Robert Rosenberger, was a thought provoking article which suggested and brought into discussion how cities are strategically designed to detour certain behavior and groups, in this case the homeless population. Its first example of such designs are metal spikes built into the ground outside of an apartment building. While clearly the spikes were put there in hopes of keeping the “property” homeless people free, because of their obvious and apparent nature the community quickly took notice and went to action from signing petitions, contacting local representatives, and even sending an image of the deterrent viral. While all of these were great and caused this particular story to end in a nice and expeditious manner, the author brought into question the possibility of other architecture/design deterrents that aren’t as obvious to the human’s eye such as: skateboard deterrent devices, benches’ armrest, and even uncomfortable seats, just to name a few.

The difference between the metal spikes and the other deterrents is simply their subtleness. The article goes on to hint that the various subtle group deterrents create an “invisible problem”, saying that most people are, “like the non-skateboarder that walks unknowingly by the skateboard deterrents each day, (making) it’s easy to be someone moving through our world without seeing these power plays, enacted through design and policy, keeping the predicament of the homeless conveniently out of view. The problem remains, but it’s rendered “invisible”.

Another point the article made, one of the last in fact, was about the importance of figuring out what values should be taken into consideration and the need of hearing out and having empathy about others needs and “alternative values.” For instance, if homeless people had the opportunity to voice their opinion in making these decisions, the city or whoever is designing may find out that their opinions actually “warrant consideration”. Which if taken seriously and implemented, communities worldwide could one day serve every one.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This article takes time to introduce ideas of discrimination found through built environments. it breaks up into sections and goes through a list of different ways this can happen and different places it can be seen without day to day civilians even blinking an eye at it. Schindler defines these ideas as an ongoing problem, relevant before the people doing it even knew what they were doing. Since American culture hasn't always been as united as it is, we see architecture rejecting certain groups as far back as anyone can remember, even if there intentions through built environments weren't as direct at that time. Reading the opened my eyes to every one way street, neighborhoods lacking connecting sidewalks, and even bus stations that fail to construct in certain areas. Every form of environment around us depicts an understanding of some idea deeper than the building itself, and while sometimes lawmakers, judges, and courts can't always define them as what they are, we as the people now can work to eliminate this discrimination and work to connect it all.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.

There are so many modern examples of exclusionary building and design. For example, instead of building a wall to divide a historically black neighborhood from a historically white neighborhood, now in 2017,"northern suburbs" won't allow public transpiration to keep lower income "undesirables" out of them.

This to me is like giving a kid with no shoes sandals and walking away thinking "how you must of helped him/her" without ever stopping to realize that he lives in a coastal environment. While the intent was good, the kids circumstances are not that much better than before.However, this could all be solved by communicating with the person / group you are trying to help. Which draws back to the Atlantic article were the author suggested that, "it would be wise to take into consideration alternative values and needs when making decisions/designs in communities-- especially when the groups has varying needs than your own.

This is a very common theme within both articles and even within many of the issues that this "new america" faces. Being that this countries and worlds history is rooted in a dark past of racial segregation, inequality and brutal slavery there is no possible way to evade discussing how it effected and still effects every avenue of life--including architecture. So I think both articles are identifying a major root of this issue by discussing race, color, and history.

Many times the these regulations in urban communities serve as walls, fences, and specifically bridges that a lot of times create a feeling of exclusion --not in a good way and a feeling of imprisonment.

The supplemental text does not support,deny, or event explain the lasting effects of architecture, beyond there intended time. I wonder if there are any situations where cities/ communities make a conscious effort to rid there environment of some of these structures/designs. Or do people simply let them remain and continue to be conducive to an environment of inequality, even if its unconscious?

This exact example is discussed in the supplemental text from the Atlantic calling it a "pervasive homeless deterrence technology".However despite its pervasiveness for the one it is designed to deter, another person may simply see it as a "three person bench" without giving it much thought.

While this is not discussed in the Atlantic article, I have seen this occur around my home. The local school district has worked continuously to exclude the major apartment complexes in the community --which house most of the areas working class residents, from there school zones. While this was suppose to be subtle many saw its racial and economic bias, yet turned a blind eye. So I wonder if the problem is really invisible as said in the Atlantic artlice or just flat out ignored?

Not only has the law ignored the less obvious exclusionary features and design tactics but I believe the people have to.For example, the local civilians spoke up about the metal spikes near the apartment complex and rallied behind them being taken out simply because it was in there were more apparent. However, they pass and even use less obvious deterrents every day but do not stop to question or interpret there true purpose and meaning.

This seems very similar to the skateboard deterrent situation, being that it is one of those things in life you don't notice until it effects you. Just like a non- skateboarder would walk right past a skateboard deterrent a person with a car/ someone who doesn't rely on public buses would drive right under a low bridge without considering the actual implications/reasoning behind the design. Despite these being different situations, this is very reflective and conducive of the "invisible problem", that Robert Rosenberger mentions in his article.

This supports the article, "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away", being that homeless people are rarely homeless by choice and practically always because of some variant of a financial hardship.

Claim!!! Everything is more difficult for people of color and poor people !

This passage offers insight into the origin of Gulwadi and Scholl's perspectives as it emphasizes how the importance of location can be traced back to early American universities and their founders. It also states that these universities tended to be in rural, isolated areas and were self-sufficient, which are similar characteristics that the authors emulate.

It is important to understand that early American colleges and universities were primarily attended and designed by people that had higher socioeconomic statuses and more access to wealth, and because of this, their campus designs will tend to reflect that in some capacity, such as exclusionary building. Therefore, it is not surprising that the authors emphasize the importance of landscape and seclusion in their campus design because their perceptions are likewise focusing on universities that have comparatively more money to facilitate these accommodations.

In order to successfully bridge these two notions, the authors suggest focusing on communication and collaboration among the comprising stakeholders within the university, which is a problematic approach as it only pertains to the collective reasoning of university stakeholders. The authors illustrate a narrow perspective of the campus environment by assuming that the land where a university is located will only be inhabited by that university, thus seeing no need to include the opinions of others who are not directly associated with the university.

Georgia State University is a good of example of a college that conflicts with Gulwadi and Scholl’s stereotype of the built campus environment as it integrates with independent property owners in downtown Atlanta to create a campus that revolves around a shared space. The picture below of downtown Atlanta illustrates the level of congestion that property owners have within their community space. (photo credit: Brett Barnhill)

Thus, Georgia State University must communicate and collaborate with stakeholders that exist outside of its own realm when approaching campus design.

Gulwadi and Scholl’s vision of an ideal campus landscape seem to reflect environments that are isolated from cities and have natural access to beautiful scenery. Below, are pictures from Wake Forest University, which is consistently ranked among the top 25 universities in the country and is an exemplary depiction of a holistic learning environment.

(photo credit: Bryan Pollard) (photo credit: Bryan Pollard)

The problem with these pictures is that the campus is located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and the scenery is relative to the geological/ecological make-up of that specific area. It would be impossible to come across this landscape naturally if your university was located in the arid desert of the southwest, which is one reason why universities face limitations within their access to natural landscape. Furthermore, when considering these limitations, it becomes apparent that Gulwadi and Scholl’s vision of an ideal campus is flawed and only representative of their linear perspective.

The preservation and utilization of open space on a campus as an “attentional resource” are components that the authors describe as being essential in creating a holistic learning environment. Although these design plans are practical and relative to the scheme of creating a holistic learning environment, it is important to keep in mind that these concepts may not directly translate to all campus environments.

The preservation and utilization of open space on a campus as an “attentional resource” are components that the authors describe as being essential in creating a holistic learning environment. Although these design plans are practical and relative to the scheme of creating a holistic learning environment, it is important to keep in mind that these concepts may not directly translate to all campus environments.

Maybe the outdoor structure provides a balance for students, to be able to unwind from working to acheive good merits and meet expectation expected of them.

This was the concluding statement in which the authors still wanted to stretch the idea of "open space" being important to students in universities. In my opinion, this article was beneficial to me and taught me a lot about spacial learning, how their designs are, and the backgrounds behind them.

The outside environment of the classroom seems as if it can help students recuperate from the strains of accumulated academic responsibilities and help student gain some sort of inner peace subconciously.

I concur with Gulwadi and Scholl’s assertion that a student’s perception of the campus landscape and environmental opportunities offered may influence their overall experience, however the task of interpreting how each student may perceive the landscape is complicated.

There are many aspects to consider when attempting to interpret a student’s perception of campus landscape, such as the historical background of the location(as well as its surrounding neighbors). Also, universities contain subsets of schools that are distinct in their field of study, including schools of health, natural science, social science, law, business etc…which can collectively create conflict in perspective from students. But, these are just a small example of potential conflicts that may arise from environmental influences and do not include the laundry list of variables that are more specifically pertinent to the history of each student.

Thus, it is important to include a multitude of variables that can potentially affect a student’s perception of the campus landscape when attempting campus design.

I believe that Georgia State and other campuses that consist of an urban setting with minimal greenery, I think that the rushes and busyness of Atlanta is inspiring enough to be productive around campus.

Immediately I can strongly say that this can relate to Robert Rosenberger's article," How Cities Use Designs to Drive People Away"because of the campus "expresses something about the quality of academic life". This is similar to his article because he explained to his audience about "social roles." For instance, he stated that many people are unaware of these social roles, which can cause them to be blinded by many important things. With this being stated, "Recognizing Campus Landscape as Learning Spaces" by Kathleen Gscholl, and Gowri Betrabet Gulwadi, states that the campus expresses "something". This "something" can have a lot of social background that many may not be aware of just like the "social roles".

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.

This can be related to Robert Roseberger's article, "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away", because they are basing it off of a "design features" that may require the social role of association with attention restoration. People may or may not be aware of these but it clearly states here what the design is for.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.

With this being stated and with my prior research on this, is it possible for there to be too much of a focus on the environment/ nature. Could it disturb your previous knowledge or thinking?

It can be inferred that university campuses established around this time was able to have plenty "green space". unlike today, where universities thrive in rural as well as densely-populated, urbanized locations.

Define Holistic

"characterized by comprehension of the parts of something as intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole." (google)

This makes me think about the infrastructure of a college classroom or lecture hall as well as libraries and how all the buildings at Georgia State University are interconnected through open spaces.

Attention Restoration Theory (ART) (Kaplan, 1989, 1995) is a suggestion that gives a mental fatigue feeling and concentration to increase by time that is spent looking at environments and nature. It is supposed propose an exposure to nature which helps for a more effortless brain functioning by decreasing attention capacity.

Garside, Ruth, Dr. "Attention Restoration Theory: A Systematic Review | ECEHH." European Centre for Environment and Human Health | ECEHH. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

Over all, I understand this theory. I understand that natural settings are important. Going outside is important. Allowing your mind and body to take a break from pressures and relief in a holistic manner is important, but each student is different. Students are able to decide for themselves if they will benefit from a more holistic campus or if they prefer to be in a unbalanced or city setting. It all depends on what kind of environment an individual prefers for their own relaxation and education.

Another way these two articles I read contrast is, although this theory might not be accepted by all universities, it does talk about how it would be beneficial to the student's health and experience in college. 'Lazy Rivers and Student Debt doesn't necessarily speak of benefiting students at all. The rock walls and pools and $85 million doesn't get supported by evidence or studies tat student's will benefit from where their student fees are being involuntarily put towards.

This is the main focus of the journal. Throughout the text the writers discuss and support this claim.

This statement speaks of just how benifitial to all humans, not just college students. Although college students are under a lot of pressures and have tested to have very nigh stress levels, this statement could help influence many other places. Like i mentioned before, grade schools, as well as work places. Many adults who sit in an office all day long could benefit from outside time and natural rejuvenation.

I believe that people expect a university to have an academic feel to it. The reason for a scholarly atmosphere could be because of the landscape, along with the people there going about their day.

This quote instantly makes me think that universities want to have little space so they can include more buildings that will pertain to the school curriculum itself. I feel like universities are always trying to expand because of new technology coming into place and new material being taught in schools today. Therefore I feel like it is good to have a scarce amount of open space as long as it is beneficial to students.

This sentence seems contradicting to me. If a newer campus is amorphous, meaning without a recognizable shape or form, how can it also be integrative? Can a campus be considered unorganized but unifying at the same time?

I am curious to know what some of the "classic designs of America's first institutions" looked like, so I decided to include a couple of pictures below:

• This is Harvard University located in Massachusetts, which was established around 1636

• The College of William and Mary, which was esatblished in 1693.

And my question to this statement is if nature is supposed to have an affect on student learning? Does it help increase their thinking space?

"10 of the Oldest Universities in the US." Top Universities. N.p., 30 Sept. 2016. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

After reading this article and my supplemental Article, "Lazy Rivers and Student Debt", both have contradicting views as to what students are drawn towards when deciding which university to attend. This article presents a theory that natural environment stimulate students and help their progress, which is a point of interest. The other states that students are more worried about the recreational offers of the university and extra curricular advances the college presents. I disagree with both. I would like to think that most students pick where they want to gain a higher education from, based on the educational aspect of it. Which school has the best professors? Which school has the highest graduating hiring rate? Which school offers the best programs for my major?Not which school has the largest park or which school has the nicest lazy river and rock wall.

This is an image of Cornell University. As you can see their master plan is to utilize 2/3 of their land as natural open space in order to sustain this natural holistic landscape. Cornell was also established in 1865. This is a typical type of landscape for the schools created in 19th and early 20th centuries.

A student that wishes to be in an environment where there is many opportunities to spend time outside and many options of places to be a a natural setting, need to go to campuses that have this to offer. This theory doesn't work for schools in city environments such as Georgia State. We have one park on campus and it is barely a park. It's very small and over taken by the homeless. Students who come to universities like GSU, know the environment they are accepting to live in. There isn't anywhere to put in green houses or farms in the middle of Atlanta. Georgia State is tightly integrated with the public and overlaps most of the time, like the homeless situation. Although the students might appreciate a nice natural setting to relax in, they knew it wasn't available to them upon going to school there. But despite the lack of greenery at this particular campus, there are so many learning opportunities and other factors to influence the students' experience at GSU. The buildings might be influential to an architect student, the roads to a civil engineer, or even the homeless people to a student activist. The environment influences in which way a student wants it to influence them.

In the article "Lazy River and Student Debt", Kellie Woodhouse discusses and analyzes Governor Chris Christie and Senator Elizabeth Warren's views on luxurious college amenities. She explains that both Christie and Warren agree that colleges are spending massive amounts of money on these amenities to draw more students in. Woodhouse then cites studies that show that these methods have not been very effective in attracting students. She uses Louisiana State University as an example to discuss how practical these projects are, the student response, overall cost, and how much students pay. The author admits that luxurious amenities are not responsible for high student debt, but is still critical of their contribution to issue throughout the article.

The definition of holistic learning is, "a philosophy of education based on the premise that each person finds identity, meaning, and purpose in life through connections to the community, to the natural world, and to humanitarian values such as compassion and peace." Therefore, you can take away that the authors are trying to say that today it is expected for a college campus to be more than a place that promotes academic learning. A college campus must also encourage connections between the community of students to foster non-academic knowledge about life because people expect to "find themselves" during their years in college.

Scholl and Gulwadi's decision to include this piece of information in the historical context supports the idea that they have a somewhat biased opinion of what a college student is. Early on in the article, they make the claim that, "Americans expect a university campus to look different than other places and that the campus 'expresses something about the quality of academic life, as well as its role as a citizen of the community in which it is located.'" They also state that students only spend about one-fifth of their time in a classroom. Based on this, it is reasonable to believe that Scholl and Gulwadi's idea of a college student spends most of the remaining four-fifths of their time on campus. It is likely that this is true because they stress how important the look and feel of a campus are throughout the article. Explaining that the ideal campus to many university founders was similar to a bubble in the historical context may suggest that they have a similar view to the founders. Their suggestions throughout the article are only useful to insulated universities such as these. The opinions they offer could have very little impact on schools such as Georgia State University where, "18 percent of the students live in college-owned, -operated or -affiliated housing and 82 percent of students live off campus." The average student that lives off campus does not spend most of their time on campus and can also easily find a holistic landscape closer to home. Scholl and Gulwadi do not seem to have all universities in mind when writing this article. It seems that what they say could only be applied to an exclusive, expensive, and prestigious university and the students who attend such institutes. While their article has little to do with more common universities and commuting students.

I agree with this statement out of personal experience. When I spend most of my day focused on school work, I feel very refreshed and ready to go again after spending a little bit of time outdoors. However, in reference to "Lazy Rivers and Student Debt," after spending time focusing when I stay indoors and take advantage of the university amenities, such as the student center, I feel more irritable, tense, and hostile afterwards.

note: I had to search for external sources to be able to find information that can provide the writers with credibility.

Scholl: https://coe.uni.edu/departments/school-health-physical-education-leisure-services/faculty-staff/kathleen-g-scholl

Gulwadi: https://csbs.uni.edu/sahs/interior-design/faculty-directory/gowri-betrabet-gulwadi

Although the focus of the article is on campuses that have natural features and room to expand, Scholl and Gulwadi mention urban campuses in this section. They highlight that urban areas typically lack the natural features to assist in the type of rest that restores our ability to effectively pay attention, and they even give ideas for ways natural features could be included in urban campuses in the table. However, they do not discuss any of the unique challenges that urban college campuses encounter in trying to make green space available to students. For example, there are multiple urban parks surrounding Georgia State University that are open to the public. These parks provide the natural setting to restore our attentional capacities, but students are rarely seen taking advantage of them. For the most part, these parks are populated by the homeless. It would not be very ethical for a university in the center of a major city to make a popular city park exclusionary, because the park no more belongs to students than to the homeless. Therefore, it is much more difficult to have natural spaces for students to enjoy near an urban university. In an urban setting, the university must make sure students and the large surrounding population are all taken into account when making decisions.

An example of the kind of university Scholl and Gulwadi are describing here and throughout most of the article is The University of Colorado Boulder. A photo of the entire campus from above be found at the following link: http://www.colorado.edu/law/profiles/cu_law/themes/law/images/background.jpg A photo of the urban campus of Georgia State University from above can be found at the following link: http://video.realviewtv.com/education/gsu/ref/i/campus_atlanta_map.jpg A direct comparison of images of these two campuses shows that it could be very difficult to impossible to discuss their natural features at the same time. This makes a lot of the article problematic, if you are evaluating a campus that does not have a large number of free acres to implement the kind of green spaces being promoted.

Again, I am slightly frustrated with this article and this phrase. College is a time when students are expected to go off, live on their own, act like adults, and make their own decisions. Yes, we now live in a time of ultimate destruction. We have the entire world at our finger tips. You have the ultimate entertainer all inside your phone and, in college, no one to tell you to get off of it. Although outdoor time is important, getting fresh air and relaxing in a natural environment is proven to stimulate one's brain and help concentration, if a college student doesn't want to go outside, they won't. There is no "recess" in college where professors or RA's make the students go run around. Having the option to go outside is very important, I do agree. Alternatively, trying to convert every college campus into one that solely focuses on having a holistic campus might not be beneficial to all the students or campuses.

Because I am a college student , I do agree with this statement. I notice that when Im more involved in clubs/sports and organizations my grades have a significant increase all because i'm more active in what I am doing. Not only that but there are so many organizations that are regards to actual school work that are basically getting you to do even more with your time. So in all honesty, I agree with this statement 100%.

In the table under campus nature settings for urban typologies, green roofs were listed. I had never heard of a green roof before, so I did some research. Green roofs are defined as, "living roofs or vegetated roof covers, with growing media and plants taking the place of bare membrane, gravel ballast, shingles or tiles." I think that implementing green roofs on the lower levels of the Georgia State library, where the roof is visible from out of the windows could be very beneficial to students based on the evidence presented by Scholl and Gulwadi. I looked into the cost of implementing a green roof, and it is relatively affordable, "commonly the range is between $14 - $25/sq. ft." I believe that Georgia State could easily afford to place green roofs on the few roof tops that are visible to students out of windows in study areas. The following link shows an image of what green roofs look like from above: http://cookjenshel.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/131.jpg The following link takes you to the page where I found my information on green roofs. There are a lot of FAQs about green roofs on the page that are very informative. http://www.greenroofs.com/Greenroofs101/faqs.htm

"Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces" is a scholarly article that discusses the significance of the design of a college campus having the ability to somewhat "make or break" the ability to have a holistic learning experience. The article suggests that the interactions between students and the natural "green space" provided on college campuses help to set a positive perception of their experience of higher education, and for them to be able to avoid attentional fatigue and encourage efficiency in the learning environment due to the effects of natural stimuli on campus. The writers argue that when done correctly, the physique of a higher educational institution should do more good than harm by subconsciously setting students attune to the environment around them.

Overall, I found the author’s argument for greenspaces quite persuasive. After reading this, even if its not displayed in my responses, I do think that colleges need green spaces. However, I do not think it is as big of a priority as she does. Her conclusion effectively highlights her arguments for green spaces. I also like how she reviewed the cognitive attention points because it was the back bone of her argument. She also makes a point to mention that it will make the university more attractive as well as helping the students. This is one of the strongest points she makes because it is not only a call to action, but she shows the two way benefits of adding green spaces.

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The author displays many nice ways to employ green spaces to the campuses, but the author never mentions how the universities are supposed to pay for these. I want to refer to a simple economic principle; “There is no such thing as a free lunch” essentially means that the funds have to come from somewhere. Colleges, like LSU jack up student fee rates making college even more unaffordable to those who are struggling to pay tuition (Woodhouse). Students having to pay for these amenities by increasing student fees makes the campus more exclusive to the upper class. Much like I mentioned above, where in the past colleges were primarily for the rich. As colleges expand the amenities that colleges provide the more expensive and inaccessible college will be.

#Atlsprs17 #vacrr2

I agree with the first definition of nature in which it describes nature as something separate from human influence or touch. Adding green spaces is not really incorporating nature into the campus because it is just some plants, grass, and the sun. Being from the country, nature is when you are in the depths of the woods where there is not a sign of human hand. Green spaces are just a way of tricking the mind to be in nature. In the following paragraphs, the author describes how “green spaces” could reduce direct attention and activate indirect attention; thus, lowering the stress rates of students. However, I feel that green spaces would ultimately be a distraction from a student’s main focus – education. The reason I think this is because students would see the green space as another “hang out” spot, leaving even less time for studying. On the flip side, green spaces would be a relaxing spot for students to go, but I do not think it would contribute to their overall learning. I do agree with the fact that nature is healing. I just do not agree that green spaces are the same thing as nature. I think a better way for students to experience the connection with nature is to actually go to nature. By this I mean that the school could have set days where they provide a shuttle to a nice wooded area or walking trail where students are actually in the middle of nature instead a grass plot. Also, I feel that the cost of running a bus a few times a week would be more cost efficient than building a whole area on campus of green spaces.

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This passage fits nicely with the concept of the Built Environment Project. This is because pf he connection of the past to the present and ho the architecture reflects this idea. In the post- war era of our country, from 1955 to 1970 increase the number of students enrolling into University astronomically. I also think that this increase was due to transition movements such as the civil rights movement and women’s rights movement. This expanded colleges from the rich, white male to essentially anyone with means to go to college. The need for newer buildings was growing, thus making it necessary to integrate the new with the old- much like the city of Atlanta. As college campuses’ student demographics changes, then campuses have to change as well. Another example is the call for safe spaces. As mention in the Washington Post article by Ms. Strauss, students are demanding for safe spaces. One of the reasons for the call of safe spaces is that college student bodies are growing increasingly more diverse, creating an atmosphere for conflict. In the past we can see how the “grass roots” movement in the 1970’s and global warming awareness are two other ideas that changed the shape of college campuses by calling for more “green spaces”.

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I agree with this particular phrase and not just in the context of college campuses. An adult who wants to be learning actively is going to, usually, place themselves in an environment which they will learn in. It doesn't have to be a classroom. It can take place even inside their own home. College is a short 4-6 years typically. Although higher education is a very influential part of people's lives, it is only about 5.5% of their life time. Humans begin learning the second their brains are developed, even subconsciously. We learn without trying to. That is why this article was slightly frustrating for me. Standardized learning beings around age 4 or 5, where toddlers are placed into a room made of 4 cinderblock walls, with about 30 minutes of outside time per 7 hours in the classroom. Therefore, this entire theory of cognitive learning and holistic learning environments shouldn't be held off until the ages of 18-25 when humans brains are almost fully developed.

RR4

I want to address the quote "1/5 of a student's time is spent in the classroom" because it is quite revealing of the life of a student. This contrasts with the lives of high school students who typically spend 40 hours a week in class. College students really are not in class, so where are they? If they are serious about their education then they are in a quiet place studying, if they aren't you can find them at a dorm party or having a Netflix marathon. Most college students fall somewhere in between. With that being said, I am not sure why the author thinks that a grassy area would be a source of improvement of this. This idea would be more plausible if the green spaces were a dead zone. Most students are attached to their phones, so without self-discipline the stimulation and attention fatigue would more than likely stay the same

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj6-sLWk6rSAhWV14MKHWfcAcwQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F429249408203771040%2F&psig=AFQjCNGRdRv1zDupSi3hWXtd4NwWhaFmLA&ust=1488074508498612

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Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.

In this article, Robert Rosenberger talks about how how cities are using different architecture features around their towns to prevent homeless people from being there. For instance, there has been a a surprising and horrific idea that has surfaced the area of London, when regards to homeless people. Sometime around July 2014, an Instagram/Twitter photo had begun to splurge the internet. It was a picture of a London apartment complex that had a long chain of metal spike/studs that were built into the ground to prevent homeless people from sitting there and sleeping there over night. Luckily, many people did not agree with this new appearance. In fact, the mayor of London said it to be "ugly, self defeating & stupid".The spikes were later removed once a petiton almost reached 130,000 people. Even though many people agreed with this was a horrible and ugly act, many people are still blinded by the all over geographical anti-homeless acts around cities.

Robert took it into to effect to show everyone that the spikes that appeared in London to prevent homeless people from sleeping there, was not the only thing how cities and towns use creative designs to prevent homeless people, or as he said are "homeless deterrent." Some of there designs include: benches with slats between them, or with very long armrests in between them. There also some benches that are made very uncomfortable so it can help prevent homeless people from staying their to long. Robert intended to use a good example about how people are not aware and are in fact blinded for the reason they were made in the first place. The example he uses is an example about skateboarders deterrents. He says that when people who do not skateboard have no idea that they walk past skateboard deterrents all the time. Another name for them is called "skatestoppers", which doesn't allow skateboarders to do tricks and slides across straight horizontal planes. Everyday people who do not skateboard do not notice these social roles of the deterrents, but skateboards do and are affected by them.

Roberts knowledge about homeless people deterrents helps people understand how cities and towns are using designs to prevent homeless people. He made many people realize their actual social roles and how it is effecting the homeless. He ends his article questioning if people who now know about these other designs, if they will start to become more concerned and aware within the future.

I find the author's argument to be weak in this paragraph. This is because she fails to recognize that colleges do not follow this model. As cities and campuses grow, they will intertwine. We do not live in the 1700s where cities are miles apart; cities often are side by side. There just not enough space to have the luxury of a closed campus.

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RR2

Upon reflection of this passage, I could not help but to think of Georgia State. I started attending Georgia State University in fall of 2013. Since I have started here, there have been some significant changes. For one, parking is an absolute nightmare now. I never really thought about why this change occurred, but after reading this passage I have come to the conclusion is that universities as a whole are growing rapidly. Georgia State obviously has had an influx of students and since Georgia State is historically a commuter school, parking availability is critical ital. The same problem can be observed at UGA. Many students at University of Georgia have to live off campus because of the exclusivity of on campus housing. Because there is such a high demand for housing at UGA, they are able to jack of the prices on sub- par living quarters. Another unforeseen consequence of the rising rate of students that this article did not address or even acknowledge is it is giving colleges the ability to raise tuition, and make college more difficult for students to get into. This ultimately will give students who are have higher status or with superb athletic abilities to get into the bigger, more prestigious colleges.

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I believe that Kathleen G Scholl and Gowri Betrabet Gulwadi are credible sources on this topic. Their writing in, "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces" was published in an academic journal, giving us reason to believe it is credible. Also taking a look at their references, it is clear that they did an extensive amount of research to write a relatively short article. The references they cited all seem to be academic and credible as well. A quick google search of their names turns up more to support their credibility. Kathleen G Scholl is a professor of leisure, youth, and human services at the University of Northern Iowa. Scholl also has a Ph.D and is a Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist. More information about her can be found in the following link: https://coe.uni.edu/departments/school-health-physical-education-leisure-services/faculty-staff/kathleen-g-scholl Gowri Betrabet Gulwadi is a professor of interior design at the University of Northern Iowa. She also has a Ph.D and has many publications listed under her name. More information about her can be found in the following link: https://csbs.uni.edu/sahs/interior-design/faculty-directory/gowri-betrabet-gulwadi Based on the amount of research proven to have been done along with the topic of the article falling into Scholl and Gulwadi's areas of expertise, I have concluded that they are credible sources to get this information from.

RR1 The first supplementary reading I used was from the Washington Post’s article So you like the University of Chicago’s rejection of the ‘safe spaces for students? Consider this. The article discussed the reasons why students want safe spaces. The main argument was that students want safe spaces because of the increasing violent times and the more diverse student bodies. The counter argument against safe spaces was that there were for “snowflakes” that could not handle the real world.

The second supplementary reading I used was Are lazy rivers and climbing walls driving up the cost of college? This article was about LSU spending 85 million dollars on student amenities to make it more attractive to potential students. She reveals that the river was paid for by an increase in student fees and that making such additions attract students who are less academically focused.

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In the article, "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces" Scholl and Gulwadi explain the ways in which campuses designed to promote holistic education are higher quality learning environments for college students. They primarily use the article to expound the idea that viewing natural environments uses a kind of involuntary attention that allows for attention regeneration. Throughout the article, they discuss the value of natural features being present on a college campus and give examples of what a holistically designed campus looks like. They push the educational value of green space present in today's campuses by referencing credible resources on the topic and presenting the information in a clear and concise argument.

In relation to both "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces" and "Lazy Rivers and Student Debt", it is my opinion that amenities such as lazy rivers and rock climbing walls do nothing to promote holistic education. According to the Georgia State University website, student fees are $1,064 per semester for both Georgia residents and out-of-state residents. It seems absurd for a traditionally commuting college such as Georgia State University to have a recreational center with amenities that cost students so much per semester. It is clear that Georgia State is attempting to attract more students to live on campus, however the article "Lazy Rivers and Student Debt" states that amenities projects such as these have done very little to attract students. I am a student that lives off campus, and I have never visited the recreational center before. However, I am still required to pay $1,064 in student fees per semester. I do not think this is very fair when only 18% of the students at Georgia State University live on campus, giving them regular access to these amenities. Furthermore, I do not think that these amenities add to the holistic educational value of the university. I think that the amenities provided in the student center are solely a gimmick used by colleges to attract students. I have a close friend that is a student at Emory University. Emory is much more similar to the kind of university described by Scholl in her article, and my friend is the kind of student described by Scholl as well. Emory University could be easily described as a bubble. The students are required to live on campus for 2 years, they cannot have cars on campus until they are in their junior year, and the campus is separate from the city of Atlanta. My friend is able to leave campus regularly, as she grew up in the area and has friends at nearby schools who can pick her up. However, my friend has only met one other person who is from the state of Georgia attending Emory. As a result, the students of Emory University spend almost all of their time on campus. Despite this fact, my friend does not use Emory's recreational center. In my opinion, both Emory and Georgia State fail to promote holistic education. Georgia State as a whole does practically nothing to connect students to the community, natural world, or humanitarian values. On the other hand, Emory seems to push much too hard to promote holistic education. Forcing students to be part of a community can easily make them resentful of these requirements, in turn taking away from their educational experience.

In this thought-provoking excerpt, the authors suggest that the American expectation of academic life on campus drives universities to offer a learning environment which encompasses the entire campus space, thus creating a perceived "holistic learning experience". This notion raises interesting questions, particularly with regard to the intended experience that universities aim for, in contrast to the reality of each student's perceived experience.

For instance, Georgia State University's campus is located in the middle of downtown Atlanta where you have an array of businesses and organizations that share common ground with the university. One student may absorb this environment as a motivational showcase, as citizens from different walks of life are seen on a daily basis integrating and collectively contributing to society. Another student may focus their attention on the considerable amount of homeless people spread out amongst the downtown area and internalize the disparity between socioeconomic classes as people are seen disregarding homeless individuals everyday.

As the train of thought dissents between these two examples, it is easy to see how difficult it can be for a university to create a campus learning environment that acts as a "holistic learning experience" and is also conducive to all students' perceptions.

"Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces", by Kathleen G Scholl and Gowri Betrabet Gulwadi, is a fitting title conceptually to counter the main viewpoint offered in the supplemental reading, "The College Amenities Arms Race", by Carla Newlon. In this article, Newlon states that in less selective universities the campus environment has evolved to cater towards an influx of students that have become accustomed to a “much higher standard of living". While selective schools like Harvard maintain academic precedence in their built environment, less selective schools like High Point University tend to focus on providing luxuries and amenities to appease students. The author ultimately suggests that these universities are making a "smarter business decision" by adopting this strategy, gauging from the expectations that students primarily seek in their campus environment.

The emerging conflict between these two articles sheds light on a pattern that could be corrosive if not met with reason, and is indicative of the decisions universities face today when creating their campus environment. While both types of institutions generate high amounts of revenue, Scholl and Gulwadi would agree that weighing business decisions over academic decisions in the campus environment can be detrimental to the reputation and integrity of the school, as well as to its educational value for students. Thus, schools that aim to recognize campus landscapes as learning spaces, will have priorities that differ from those less selective universities described by Newlon, with regard to the needs and interests of the students that attend them. Students that value academia will be more inclined to attend schools that embody those values in its campus, while students that seek luxury and comfort may opt for the latter and obtain an education that is potentially inferior in educational quality.

Newlon, Cara. "The College Amenities Arms Race." Frobes 31 July. 2014,  https://www.forbes.com/sites/caranewlon/2014/07/31/the-college-amenities-arms-race/#5c9b17e04883

For my supplemental reading , I decided to read “Lazy rivers and Student debts” by Kellie Woodhouse. I chose this amongst all for the simple fact that 1) I have never heard of a “Lazy River” and 2) as a college student , I can relate to the student debt accumulating and becoming a problem in our lives.(https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/06/15/are-lazy-rivers-and-climbing-walls-driving-cost-college) Throughout the article Kellie Woodhouse like Kathleen G Scholl and Gowri Betrabet Gulwadi discussed the archistructures and space used for student benefits at universities. On one side of the spectrum, “Recognizing Campus Landscape as Learning space” discusses several main points which consist of the idea that students have better focus and attention when they study and learn in nature and open environment, that colleges are spending millions on upgrading student centers, but not enough on updating the nature parts of the campus and, the fact that college campuses should have more of a green space to help its students achieve the most can. The article focuses on how to make learning more efficient and how it is has evolved over time.

The second article that was discussed focused on colleges deterring away from educational matters of importance onto matters of recreational spending. The main similarities between these two articles is that they’re both persuasive articles. Kellie Woodhouse said “One is encouraging us to focus on the environment where the students are placed in while the other questions the wisdom of colleges choosing to upgrade their auxiliary facilities before they upgrade their academic ones.” In the same article Wellman said "One can ask whether they're appropriate expenditures given that many colleges are letting their infrastructures deteriorate, even while they're investing in these things that are supposed to attract students.”The similarities also include a focus on how college campuses are affecting students. For example both articles are giving evidence on how today’s practices are influencing successful learning. Successful learning is associated to the financial sustainability and how schools were making it less affordable because of their reckless spending on amenities. The second article focuses on the consequential question colleges face when competing. How to make the campuses better. Being better has different values attached to it. How many students can they attract. Vistas and amenities are factors students do look at aside from an educational standpoint. But there lies the dilemma. Are you willing to pay more for a higher education or for a higher standard of recreational living. The article tackles and criticizes the campuses that believe in amenities over higher standards of education. While the first article discussed topics revolving around the techniques to learning more efficiently.

Supplemental Reading: Lazy Rivers and Student Debt

This article from Inside Higher ED is a hot topic many college students discuss. Throughout this article Chris Christie and Elizabeth Warren, both influences in American politics, discuss their views on the large amount of money universities are spending on recreational complexes like lazy rivers and rock climbing walls. Although not all places of higher education are buying these two specific things, the price of college is going up, the rate of student debt is increasing, and students aren’t usually seeing how their student fees are benefiting them first hand. Although things like free pizza and movie nights or free t-shirts are all greatly appreciated by students, using the LSU example, $85 million renovation to the rec center might not have been where student fees needed to go, especially not when student fees were increased by $100 per semester. On a personal level, I don’t benefit what-so-ever from Grammy award winner Lil Wayne coming to perform at my school’s panther palooza this year, but for some reason my student fees went towards it. Meanwhile, every day we run out of parking, desks in Sparks hall, and the speakers in my music class are broken. (listening to music is pretty important in a music class) As a college student, I personally didn’t make a decision of where to college based of the rec center, even though I am very active in going to it and using the facility. If GSU put in a lazy river, I can agree with Jane Wellman, it wouldn’t influence the decision of prospective students. Updating dorms, expanding parking, making sure the education buildings are fully functioning, these things will draw more students in and raise profits.

Summary:

Universities nationwide carry a responsibility to bring a hospitable environment and nourishing enrichment with regards to learning processes students go through. There were various concepts and questions that were addressed in this excerpt “Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Space” by Kathleen G Scholl, Gowri Betrabet Gulwadi. From the role of the environment in fostering learning to the historical background behind campuses, learning was the biggest focus. Physical, social, and mental psyches were all a primary focus when discussing attention and its role within student learning. An example of what was discussed would be direct and indirect attention. Direct attention was described as an individual's ability to retain and comprehend information. While indirect is more natural process require stimuli and less work than direct. Learning and how modernization has also impacted it was a topic also discussed in minute length.

Learning has evolved hand and hand with technology but also hardships against our attention span. The environment is a very important space because it helps alleviate fatigue and other stresses that can affect one's learning. Student nature interactions were studied on how they affect students positively in a learning and environment and were shown to yield positive results. The main focal point of the excerpt was to back up their claim that open learning spaces and more nature oriented surroundings were an important mix in successful learning rather than being in a traditional closed and fixed setting . Kathleen G Scholl and Gowri Betrabet Gulwadi believed that a mixture was more commendable in terms of yielding a better and more positive results .

This made me think about how our education system is trying to stay aligned with the technological innovations that have sprung out of the twenty-first century.

I believe the decor and the environment a university showcases is ideal in making a stable learning environment for those that attend such university. Libraries , study rooms, and tutorial rooms are some of the examples that show a campus paying attention to its learning resources.

It is essential for individuals to partake in outside activities versus staying put inside a closed area. Being outside and meeting new people along with embracing new experiences helps open up a person to a more colorful world.

There seems to be a distinct connection between cognitive retention and being in a natural environmental setting. Just like in recent studies it was found that people studied better without music but if music was involved listing to classical music without lyrical content helped those to study and retain more information.

It is no secret that the processes of learning in today's culture can be seen through a physiological and psychological paradigm. Our learning styles have a direct connections to the type of psycho and behavioral techniques employed in today's classrooms.

Direct attention is the primary way of our students ability to retain and comprehend. Focus is one of the concepts that our learners aren't grasping at full capacity.

This could be a reoccurring problem for big cities such as New York or Atlanta. The lack of natural stimuli such as plants could possible reduce the amount of sleep a student may get which would possible affect their attention span during class.

Im personally glad this has been proven only because it is something that i have gotten into doing. Such as going to parks during the week when it is less populated and do some work. It seems to help my thinking process more than staying cooped up inside my dorm.

"Holistic is characterized by comprehension of the parts of something as intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole." A perfect word to describe the diversity communities in which majority of universities and institutions are located. Along with the individual needs for each student that needs to be met.

Would colleges with a more isolated campus suffer compared to colleges like Georgia State which is interactive with the community and forces students to get to know the community as well?

After reading this article, I would like to ask these questions:

Does Georgia State University neglect student’s needs for “holistic landscapes” and “student-nature interactions”? According to the reading, what negative impact could this have on student learning and achievement?

In my opinion, I do believe that Georgia State does neglect students needs for such environments. For example, the only outdoor space with grass is located in the Commons, but only students who live in housing has access to that space. To my awareness, there are no strictly natural spaces that are provided by Georgia State to fulfill students' need for restoration in nature. Some may argue that the quad acts as such a place, because their are trees and other small plants. I tend to disagree, because the space is a man-made, concrete structure. I also feel that public parks on campus, such as Hurt and Woodruff, cannot be argued for their inclusion, because they are not strictly provided by Georgia State University and many students feel uncomfortable spending time on the property.

According to the article, without spending time in nature students may experience "burnout" in their academic endeavors. I can personally attest to this phenomenon from my experience living on campus last semester. To be more specific, I became extremely depressed and anxious staying indoors constantly. It was only when I came home and could feel comfortable going outside to read that these symptoms were alleviated. However, I'm not sure whether this happened, because I have grown up spending time in nature. I think it would be interesting to see if someone who grew up in an urban environment experiences the same phenomenon.

I think this idea also relates to my supplemental article, because encourages me to be more critical of the amenities Georgia State has added. For example, instead of having so many parking decks could the institution spare one so that students have a getaway from the concrete jungle of the city? (I am think more along the line of a small gated park set aside for Georgia State students.) In sum both the supplemental article as well as the main piece allowed be to be more knowledgeable on a topic that caught my attention from my experience on campus.

For my supplemental text I choose to read "The College Amenities Arms Race" by Cara Newlon. More specifically, I selected this article, because the title somewhat stunned me but also resonated with my thinking.

The article begins with a list of relatively luxurious amenities recently add to some college campuses including "free movies [theaters]", "leisure [pools] with biometric hand scanners", and "climbing [walls] to make exercise interesting". As the article mentions, this may sound like an extravagant getaway, but it is becoming increasingly more common for college campus to possess such amenities or amenities of the same nature. As one might expect, this amenities come with a hefty price tag. In fact, "costs have been on the rise" following the depression, creating an atmosphere of competition between colleges' possession of amenities. However, as Newlon states "some of this construction has been necessary", due to an increase in enrollment.

This students are much different from the students of the past. They are a product of the amenities "arm race" and not only look for, but almost expect, such amenities to be provided. Although, these added amenities due contribute to the looming debt students face as they exit college and enter into the real world. Students, however, are willing to pay such high prices, which entices colleges to add amenities as a savvy "business decision". And so due to the encouraging business model, colleges continue to invest and compete by adding more and more amenities to catch future students' eyes.

I feel that this article relates to the main text, because the race for luxurious amenities somewhat takes away from the importance of incorporating nature into the academic environment. On a more obvious level, the amenities must be built on land that was previously unoccupied. This means that natural space is being taken away or at the very least diminished. Furthermore, such amenities promote activities outside of nature in man-made structures. In the same regard, this also diminishes the restorative property of nature for students. Overall, the amenities take away from what nature can offer. If thinking from the perspective of the article, is the business appeal of adding such amenities worth the potential health and happiness of college students?

Newlon, Cara. "The College Amenities Arms Race." Forbes, 31 July 2014, https://www.forbes.com/sites/caranewlon/2014/07/31/the-college-amenities-arms-race/#73afd2bd4883. Retrieved 19 February 2017.

In closing, I feel like this statements sums up both the main piece and the supplemental article perfectly. Colleges and universities have so much potential to develop their campuses into strong learning environments. But its up to the schools to make this decision. In so many cases, I find that institutions tend to look out more for their business interest, instead of their students. I personally believe that we as consumers of education should look closer at what we are paying for. Theses "miniature cities" may seem like fun for the next four years, but are they really what you need to prepare yourself for the future. In sum, I feel like we underestimate the simpler things like natural spaces, due to the consumerism push of our culture.

The three modes somewhat surprised me, because while reading the article I constantly assumed they were referring to the last mode, which is "intentional" interaction with nature. I am somewhat critical of the other two modes (especially the first one), because of what we learned about selective attention last semester in psychology. More specifically, in our daily lives we can only focus on a few stimuli at a time the rest of the world is there but that doesn't mean that we are completely aware of it. Here is an example of what I mean:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo

Just like many people don't see the gorilla, we also don't notice every tree and plant we pass by. Do they mean at a subconscious level nature can have a positive affect on students? Otherwise, I believe that students are less aware of their natural surroundings than the author assumes.

"Selective Attention Test." Youtube, uploaded by Daniel Simmons, 10 March 2010.

As a future teacher, learning about how nature or alternative natural spaces has been very intriguing. Of course this article was made with universities in mind, but I feel that it could also be applied to high school, middle school, and even elementary school classrooms. After all, younger students could benefit greatly from the potential of restoring "direct attention" from natural interactions. Below I have listed some ideas of how nature could be implemented in lower level programs.

• Outdoor Recess (Being outdoor would provide students with the opportunity to give their "involuntary attention" towards things that interest them or bring them joy.)
• Taking Nature Walks (This could act as a break to students who grow tired of sitting in chairs all day. Also, it could be used as a learning experience for subjects like Earth Science, Addition/Subtraction, or any for that matter.)
• Reading Outdoors (This may seem like it would be like a distraction, but I have found that changing the setting can make reading more exciting. This could also make books about nature more engaging, because they are experiencing what they are reading about.)

In sum, outdoor interaction could be beneficial to all students no matter whether they are in preschool or graduate school.

When I read this sentence it automatically made me think of the balcony at Aderhold on the GSU campus. This sentence and the ideas that follow somewhat refute my criticism of GSU neglecting student's needs for a natural space, because Aderhold and the Quad do have individual plants. Although, this seems questionable that a few plants can generate the same restorative affect in students as a park or more traditional natural setting would be able to.

All in all, I think what's truly important is that the definition of nature is subjective. More specifically, it depends on your experiences and expectations. For example, if a student moved from rural North Dakota to downtown Atlanta is would be difficult to argue the point that a few plants are to be considered nature. On the other hand, say someone moved from New York City to Atlanta. They are more likely to accept the validity of nature being represented by a few plants.

Picture of Aderhold Balcony. Retrieved from http://studentsinthecity.gsu.edu/the-best-commuter-hang-out-spots/

The statement above really resonated with my personal academic experiences. To be more specific, I think every college student can attest to the fact that college is extremely stressful and sometimes this stress can prevent productive, efficient behavior. In order to combat what some people may refer to as "burnout", one must find a place to clear the mind and motivate themselves to keep pushing ahead. Nature can act as that resource for many, if not all people. As Olmstead eloquently explains, nature has the power of both relaxation and motivation. Two things of which college students are in serious need of!

For example, I especially love to complete my English assignments outside. I believe this is the case, because I have always struggled with the subject and get easily frustrated with the assignments. By completing my assignments outside, I can just take a moment to look up and understand that its okay. In the same regard, when I'm looking for inspiration I sometimes concentrate on the sound of the leaves rustling in the wind or watch the clouds overhead. By using this distraction, I begin to relax and its no time at all before a new idea pops into my mind. (Here is picture of my view while completing this assignment!)

In summary, natural spaces set aside for students fulfill students most desperate needs for coping with the stress while also performing at their highest level. As previously discussed, this is due to nature's restorative quality.

However, this begs the question of whether constructed places can be just as effective? For example, would sitting at a library and people watching yield the same result?

This statement attests to the crucial role a natural environment plays for not only the student, but also the broader campus community. Below I have listed various ways both individual students and groups of students can utilized natural spaces to create an all around more positive college atmosphere.

Individual Uses of the Natural Environment

• Studying and Completing Assignments

• Interacting with nature and breathing fresh air

  Group/Community Uses of the Natural Enviroment

• Study Groups
• Information Fairs (e.g. clubs, jobs)
• Parties or other community gatherings (e.g. Freshman block party)
• Areas for speeches or peaceful demonstrations
• In general, a place for members of the institution to interact

As you can see from the list of ways natural spaces could be utilized, areas set aside for this purpose could lead to greater success in both student's academic endeavors and social relationships. Additionally, these spaces also provide a space for members of the institution to come together and connect. This, in turn, creates a more inclusive atmosphere and contributes to a healthier and happier campus.

Although, playing as the "devils advocate", college communities might also fulfill these needs through manmade amenities that boost the appeal of their school. I think that both have their advantages, but a glaring advantage of indoor spaces are available no matter the weather condition.

Would you prefer (or be more likely to attend) an event held in a natural space or indoors?

Going off of my previous annotation, I think it is also important to weigh the pros and cons of having natural spaces versus other man made amenities in order to see which is more favorable to create the characteristic listed above of an ideal learning environment. Below I have included a list that many college campus may consider, using both the main text as well as my supplementary text cited in the notes page.

Natural Spaces for Students

• These spaces provide a restorative quality that may help prevent "burnout" and improve student's attentional levels.
• Additionally, these spaces are less costly for both the students and the university.
• Students can use this space as an almost getaway to study and concentrate on assignments while breathing fresh air.

Man Made Amenities

• As mentioned in Newlon's article these space may be appealing to students and encourage completion in the business world of universities.
• They are provide a getaway to the stress college students may face.
• In addition, the more amenities the more debt students will accumulate.

Looking at this for a more personal level, I think having more natural space is better, because due to the evidence presented in the text it seems that it has only positive advantages. On the other had, other amenities definitely have their perks, but also have their drawbacks. For example, having activities such as a free movie theatre or indoor golf may act as a distraction from academics. Due to this reasoning, I believe universities and colleges alike should value natural spaces more than they do in the present.

I personally feel like this is a very interesting statement, especially in light of the supplemental article by Cara Newlon ("The College Amenities Arms Race"). More specifically, colleges are evolving into almost self-sufficent communities with the added amenities becoming more common. Further, I think it is fair to think critically about whether or not the isolation that college campuses encourage is beneficial for students. For example, its common to hear people say that college was the best four years of their life and they wish they could go back. I maybe in the minority, but I've always thought this statement sounded quite funny. To be more specific, I feel that college is supposed to be a time of preparation for your future. The amenities such as indoor waterparks, spas, and steak houses create a upperclass town-like atmosphere, but set students up for an unrealistic expectation of what life will be like outside the campus. In addition, I personally believe that creating the type of community described in the supplemental article is frivolous and only tacts on unneeded expenses to college student's debts, further lessening the quality of their life outside of college. However, going back to the main texts, adding more natural spaces to create the "ideal community" may be more beneficial for both student's pockets and happiness in the future. In sum, I think it's important to consider what is needed to create an "ideal space" that is conducive to learning and achievement later on in life.

Newlon, Cara. "The College Amenities Arms Race." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 31 July 2014. Web. 02 Feb. 2017.

In this article, Newlon describes the luxuries that modern colleges have become accustom to possess. Newlon provides specific comparisons to American colleges from the 20th century adjacent to the 21st century. Newlon further points out how some of the modernized college luxuries provide benefits for colleges and students overall.

Newlon's article discloses numerical data which demonstrates increasing costs of modernized college luxuries in America. Newlon also points out the expansion of college enrollment over a 10 year span (par. 4). The author suggests the idea of colleges having luxuries helps to generate more capital for the college (par. 10).

Each of the readings focused on college campuses, but had contrasting ideas on how its surrounding locations affect academia and the college essentially. The primary reading focuses on how the incorporation of natural outdoor spaces and landscapes can positively contribute to a students learning process. College campuses in cities more likely pose an issue with this integration because cities are usually over crowded with businesses, people, buildings, etc. (Scholl et al., 2015 par. 4). With all of these growing circumstances, it becomes more difficult for surrounding locations and landscapes to remain in its natural form, eventually alterations to natural areas can occur benefitting businesses and consumers. Colleges that are located near small-town/suburban area could stand a better chance of fusing together natural surroundings into academia due to fewer distractions. However, it ultimately depends on the persons individual ability to focus and learn (Scholl et al., 2015 par. 11)

The supplementary reading alludes to the benefits that added luxuries can provide for colleges. Luxuries such as, movie theaters, spas, arcades, ice rinks, etc., will attract more people and even business which allows for growing enrollment at colleges that provide such amenities. This also produces more assets for the college through businesses. Although colleges allow students to access these luxuries, ultimately it is the college that is able to capitalize on this (par. 10). In the long run, these added luxuries don't directly provide a higher quality of academia for students opposed to higher standards of living solely, but it does improve the prominence of the college resulting in more recognition, interest, and capital.

Scholl, Kathleen G., and Gowri B. Gulwadi. "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces | Scholl | Journal of Learning Spaces." Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces | Scholl | Journal of Learning Spaces. N.p., 2015. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.

This statement resonates with my personal experience for elementary and middle school. The high school that I attended and graduated (Arabia Mountain) did incorporate outdoor open spaces and academia which did allow for a balanced learning process for some students like myself, but not for all students.

Arabia Mountain high school provided a mixture of these settings: a greenhouse, classes held on trails,etc. which allowed for student-nature interactions.

This statement sounds like an opinion rather than a proven fact, if a study was done there would most likely be a range of outcomes.

Due to changing times it seems that universities have adapted to modern amenities to not only accommodate its students, but also for the campus in totality and its attraction to outside factors like businesses and consumers.

This ability is important, but not everyone can freely tune into it, one example would be parents, they are multitaskers and have to split their attention many ways especially when there are multiple children involved.

I agree with this statement in totality because when it comes to my learning process I have trained myself to give each subject my direct attention and ignore other factors that interfere. However, this may not be something that everyone can do willingly.

Personally I haven't experienced this to be true for others, however, I can ignore distractions and give my undivived attention to a subject no matter the location, but I have observed that some are not able to focus on a task period and a nature based study break sometimes poses as a distraction.

Regarding this statement, I believe expectations of a college campus depends on the location, if it is located in a familiar area then expectations of something different won't necessarily be met.

MIxing up the learning process by incorporating the natural outdoors sounds like a nice idea, but it also depends on surrounding areas when focusing on a campus specifically.

This is the main argument or which seems to be their hypothesis when dealing with students and universities connections. It seems that that believe that they want college college students today have more and more access to different and unique learning environments. Making a change in higher educations to increase learning spaces and outcomes in college students will always be beneficial in my opinion because I feel that it is good to know what will and what will not work in evolving college students learning spaces.

Summary: This article is about how the landscape of a college campus has a positive effect on the students who attend the college. The landscape can effect students focus, concentration, problem solving, and memory for the better when utilized in the proper manner. Scholl and Gulwadi focus on two topics within their article to further explain how the landscape can benefit the students. The first topic is that well-designed campus that combines natural landscapes with man made architecture will help improve students cognition skills. The second topic is that students should want to learn in a holistic place in order to improve their studies. When given the opportunity to combine the entire landscape, students will then be able to restore their attention and avoid mental fatigue.

Scruggs, Gregory. "'I love cities, but they don't all love me back,' advocate for disabled says before Habitat III." Citiscope. N.p., 4 Oct. 2016. Web. 15 Feb. 2017.

The article, written by Gregory Scruggs, explains the everyday obstacles that individuals with disabilities may face opposed to those without. Scruggs gathers quotes and background from those who have first-hand associations/experiences with disabilities as well as the opinions of those who do not. Numerical data is also included by Scruggs which compares how different countries have made adjustments to accommodate disabled persons.

Scruggs allows for people who have disabilities to express their person trials and concerns on the lack of accessibility, specifically in cities, prior to Habitat III. Individuals that Scruggs interviewed point out the injustice that they feel due to no accommodations for their disabilities (par. 4). Scruggs' opinions on this issue aligns well with those with disabilities that are facing difficulties on a day to day basis.

The primary and supplementary reading center around people with disabilities and some of the difficulties that they face with accessibility in cities. Both readings had a lot of similarities and a few differences throughout. In the primary reading, the author discusses in great detail her personal opinions and observations on the limited accessibility for those who are disabled in a Norwegian city. As a person who is not disabled, Lid tries to look in on the issue through the eyes of one who is disabled. Lid also interviews disabled individuals who have dealt with their own struggles on the subject. She discovers the effects that derive from the lack of accessibility, exclusion and avoidance, which people with disabilities may experience on a daily basis, particularly in cities (Lid 2016 par. 4).

As a nondisabled person, I have noticed these effects as well and some of the avoidance and exclusion takes place due to ignorance and biased ideas, which in that case it should not be forced upon disabled individuals to conform and try to put their personal complications to the side for others to feel comfortable about the issue. When disabled individuals express that there is a problem and adjustments need to be made then it is up to architects, politicians, etc. to come together and solve those issues and leave unnecessary prejudices out of the equation.

The supplementary reading was somewhat similar to the primary reading being that Scruggs also interviewed disabled individuals to get their personal experiences and opinions on the subject. Essentially, people who suffer with disabilities should not have to feel like an inconvenience for the way that they are, especially if it is how they were born (Scruggs 2016 par. 4). Accepting their differences and integrating them into society like human beings would speak highly on human decency, which is always a good quality for humankind.

This is perfect example of sloped curves for wheelchair accessability, and also provides benefits to other mobilities such as bikes, strollers, luggage, etc.

Reference link: http://mtv2day.info/znamezrez-zebra-crossing.html

These three factors align together to meet the end goal which enables persons with disabilities to receive normal/equal treatment that those without disabilities are graced with on an everyday basis.

I can agree with this statement because there are many disabilities out there, some that are still being determined, so I can see how trying to factor all of them into architecture may be difficult, but it's always good to try.

As stated earlier, when disabled persons are using their voices to connect with those who are able to make changes to promote/include equal accessibilty in areas, cities specifically, it further reveals some of the biases that may play into the non-existent or lack of accessibily available for diasbled persons.

Acknowledging the presence of those that are disabled allows for them to be included into the overall imagery of a city, overlooking them leads to ignoring the difficulties that they may face with accessibility in cities.

This interviewee gives meaning to the concept of not seeing/experiencing a problem individually so therefore there is no problem.

This could allow for disabled persons to have a voice, having a voice and using it can futher determine whether you were being ignored for the lack of using said voice or for other reasons may be biased.

Some architechs may not factor in accessibility for disabed persons because they are building based on their design, which may not primarily include people at all and/or more so as an after thought. However, those who may have knowledge/association with persons with disabilities would more likely incorporate accommodations.

After reading article "Placemaking on Main Street: Revitalizing Rural Communities" by Project of Public Places, we can understand why "Invitation to Vernacular Architecture" is a good subject to study, because people who created this strong communities and build their houses and businesses are forced to give it up all for new more modern businesses, by doing so it ruins community and people lose jobs and homes. I think good example would be World Cup 2014 in Brazil, where they destroyed many houses in poor areas just so they can build more stadiums which are now stand empty with no use, many people lost jobs homes, and Brazil still suffers from financial impact till this day. I believe that instead of destroying communities, businesses should learn the history of the community and try to find a common ground where both can benefit from it, and that's is where this subject vernacular architecture plays big role. It provides great tools to teach how to study the history of architecture of that particular community. In the article that I mentioned earlier Placemaking on Main Street: Revitalizing Rural Communities, we can see how communities are able to partnership with National Main Street Center (NMSC) and Project for Public Spaces in order to create a better healthier communities that can progress with new businesses and keep jobs and businesses. http://kcleconomics.com/a-look-back-to-2014brazil-and-the-world-cups-economic-impact/

This is a very good description of what this subject offers. I could never understand why people have houses this way, and knowing that maybe financial or other reasoning for it. Perhaps knowing this can help us understand little bit more about those families. I personally would like to have this type of brick layout on my house, it could represent ancient style or cave style not only because my finance won't allow me to afford better brick.

As I mentioned in my previous annotations, this book is focuses on architecture of our surrounding and its history. We can apply this knowledge to one of the articles such as "The morbid and mortal toll of sprawl" by Robert Steuteville. This article states that death on the highway has increased by 9%, I want to focus only on this part. I believe that architecture of highways are one of the reasons why we have car accidents, yes there are many other reasons, such as texting while driving or driving under influence of alcohol or drugs. Quick turns, speed limit, no individual lines with boarders on the sides, I believe that if each line had like fences on the sides that could prevent from a car accident that is not the cause of texting or alcohol. It would have been so convenient, because for example if one line had a an accident, instead of slowing down traffic, blocking two lines, only one line would be blocked and instead of using that line drivers would know that there were accident and will not enter that line and enter safe line. It is all based on design of the highway from the past, the history of it, why there is no individual line, no personal space for every driver, that is where this subject of architecture and history can give us many answers. And maybe we will be able to learn from the past and present for the better future.

Low class homes are always closer together in order to get a lot of people in the same space as possible. In a way I believe they are trying to keep classes separate this way. Higher income homes are always much bigger, nicer, and spread out with plenty of space. This keeps a difference in classes through architecture, I've never thought of it this way.

Well I would hope so because if we let people without training build buildings, We would all be in great danger giving the fact that we enter into buildings everyday .

Maybe the architects that built the sewage storage in Dekalb county were not educated enough or maybe they just couldn't predict how wasteful humans are.

Niesse, Mark. "Sewer Problems Threaten Dekalb's Growth." From the Atlanta Journal Constitution. Atlanta Journal Constitution, 2016. Web. 31 Aug. 2016.

Many people without college degrees have architectural jobs.

There are houses like these in Atlanta. I took a tour of the Margaret Mitchell house and it had the set up that this one describes; 2 families in one house.

Although the people in charge can't predict how much waste that there is going to be , They should always have a back up plan so that things like this don't happen. "Sewer Problems Threaten DeKalb's Growth." From the Atlanta Journal Constitution, 2016-08-26. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.

Never realized how much culture had to do with architecture.

I agree with this statement, because as I mention in my previous annotation, We can not survive without each other.

According to google thee definition of culture is; the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. I believe to find this statement true because us humans truly could not live in nature, especially without each other.

Well is there truly a basic way of teaching architecture ? If it was that basic , why can't there be something built to keep the waste contained in Dekalb county. I don't think that it's so basic

This reminds me of Atlanta. There are a lot of areas where buildings are down and boarded up, but those building could be right next to a high rise or an establishment that was just built. So, I disagree with this statement because, yes sometimes you can definitely tell the economic standing of an area based on it buildings and roads. But Atlanta is a perfect example of an area that is very mixed in especially downtown Atlanta.

This just remind me of African art. I have a lot of statues, masks, and paintings and each artifact can tell a story of a different tribes history or even an emotion that the artist wants to convey.through that art piece. I also think the same can be said for architecture.

I agree, because just like any profession. One has to study and work to sharpen their skills. Especially, because there are so many different types of buildings in the Us let alone around the world. To be the best at Vernacular Architecture one would need to know the language and the culture of many different places.

Carter and Cromley's Invitation to Vernacular Architecture explores into the history of architecture and built environments using information collected over the course of thirty years. Their purpose is to collect and make historical accounts on architecture accessible to instructors and students. The text describes the concept of a material culture

Carter,Cromley. Invitation to Vernacular Architecture, http://atlspaceplacerhets17.robinwharton.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Invitation-to-Vernacular-Architecture.pdf

I never thought about analyzing buildings in this way, but it reminds me of the same way you would examine a picture. In order to properly analyze a building and tell its story you have to use all the physical characteristics as well as your experience and any remaining documents to piece together what the culture/society was like for the people of that time.

In the article, "The morbid and total toll of sprawl", Steuteville states how the design of roadways are the main cause for fatalities. This is interesting because I see this becoming a reality. The roadways have become a symbolic representation of our society. Atlanta is a perfect example, we have 8 lane expressways, the traffic is horrible, and there is always an accident. This has become a norm in our society, so I definitely agree that buildings and architecture in general "reflect our cultural values".

I also feel that another drawback of trying to determine history through buildings is that it is based on perspective. I can look at a building and all of of its evidence and draw a different conclusion that someone else. But I guess that can be said about history in general.

I feel that this is exactly what is being done with the transit-oriented developments. The idea is to be as effective as possible without having to do extra work. I feel that the developments put everything in one place. Isn't that what a person looks for when deciding where to live or even where to stay when picking a hotel in a different city? The idea of convenience and accessibility is always going to be important. I also feel that overtime, as the developments begin to age, the area will establish its own culture and personality that will tell a story.

The article, "MARTA Breaks Ground on First Transit-Developemt Project" by Tasmin Shamma is a plan devised to help flourish and advance the community. The first location is Edgewood-Candler Park MARTA station. The developments will have apartments, restaurants, entertainment like a dance hall that can also be used for educational purposes.There will also be a park and traffic plans to help ease the hectic traffic in the area.

The development is going to be funded privately by a developer called Columbia Ventures LLC. The project is estimated to cost about 40 million dollars. With the help of these developments, MARTA is expected to see a large increase in the number of riders. Shamma also discusses how with the easy access of transportation next to these developments, there will no longer be a need for parking. The idea is to make everything easily accessible for the residents in the area. A percentage of the living complexes will be made affordable for people of lower incomes. This is just at the Edgewood-Candler locations.

There is talk about other developments around the city. the plans is to have a total of 6 transit-oriented developments in areas like Avondale, Chamblee, Brookhaven/Oglethrope University, King Memorial and the Lindgergh Arts Center station. http://news.wabe.org/post/marta-breaks-ground-first-transit-development-project

The article, "The morbid and mortal toll of sprawl" by Robert Steuteville is an article about how the design of roadways have played a large role in traffic deaths. The article tries to bring awareness by pointing out how the roadways have changed since the 1950's.A graph displays the the comparison of traffic fatalities before the 1950's and now. There is a clear discrepancy.

People love to claim that distracted driving is the leading cause of accidents but in actuality it is the architectural design of the roads. Steuteville claims that the reason for this climb in casualties is due to the road designs. They have made drivers feel comfortable. Wide lanes and large intersections encourage speeding and careless driving. Compared to other countries the US is dragging behind on road safety.<br> https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2016/08/26/morbid-and-mortal-toll-sprawl

Wow. So in history its okay to make our own story of what happened.

This just simply means that it can be helpful to consider people's interactions with one another in architectural environments to see how it influences their behavior.

How the MARTA developers are planning to build another project like the one discussed is an example of applying the known to the unknown. The developers apply the knowledge about the first project and it influences how the second project will play out.

When learning to read architecture how deep should you dig for influences?

The MARTA development project at Edgewood-Candler Park produced ideas for other projects like it to be developed to provide more convenient housing.

In the article discussing the Marta development project, the developers explain how they devised a way to make shelter, clothing, and feed the humans. The shops would help provide food and clothing.

Material culture is that physical cultural evidence from the past and present

For a supplementary reading, I selected "Marta Breaks Ground on First Transit Development Project". In the article it discusses how a private developer plans to construct affordable housing near a MARTA station to help provide a convienent living space near affordable transit. It points out how the developers plan to make some of the housing affordable for those that live under the median income rate. With this development they plan on seeing an increase in riders. I think the development was a good move. Those that live under the median eighty percent income should be able to obtain affordable housing near an affordable transit station. Parking is also always a problem in the city and I feel that this will assist the issue in parking as well. All in all, the supplementary reading article I chose relates to this article because it draws out important points about how location and the people in an area influenced the construction project.

Lanier, Gabrielle M. "Invitation to Vernacular Architecture: A Guide to the Study of Ordinary Buildings and Landscapes." Historical Archaeology 41.2 (2007): 165-66. Web. 2 Feb. 2017.

Basically studying buildings isn't easy. A person will have to put in a lot of work and time into studying to really get the information that they want.

In the "MARTA Breaks Ground On First Transit-Development Project" reading, it exhibits the thinking of the architectures when the build buildings in urban areas. I definitely understand this because I am currently residing in a city where parking is very difficult. I have a car down here but because of the troubles of parking I rather take other ways of transportation such as MARTA. To summarize this reading, MARTA is using the building of apartment complexes and a dance studio as a way to increase the number of people using their transportation.

This is an interesting excerpt because I know when I watch some movies in which the setting is dated back in the old days. A lot of poor families had a big house. It isn't really about the size of the house that determines the wealth. It's more then that.

I find this to be true because a smaller building in a poor area that looks runned down and old could be a lot newer then a bigger building with a nice exterior in a wealthier area because the owners has the money to keep it up.

This reminds me of my Great Grandparents old home (which just so happen to be next to their not so new home). Anyways, back before I was thought of my great grandparents home caught on fire and burnt most of everything. To this day I can peak into the home and see old picture and a huge hole in the floor. I can use context clues to know what room was where. It's really interesting actually.

Students who study vernacular architecture is said to be "library scholars" but in the text, it states that students have to do more then just do research and read upon studying buildings. That's true for a lot of aspects of life and studying things. In order for a student to be successful they have to physically study the buildings itself.

The study of vernacular architecture isn't easy and requires deeper thinking and the ability to see different perspectives and to see things that aren't always clear.

This is a great example of how the architecture and craft of a building tells a story to people who study buildings. This shows the values of the people at the time. It's amazing because this same format of a classroom is still used. Except that more then likely the desks are not bolted down.

This proves my point about how it doesnt matter hous old the building it is its about what its made out of etc.

I think this statement relates to the "MARTA Breaks Ground On First Transit-Development Project" reading. The fact that architectures are buildings park with restaurants, apartments complexes, etc so that it could create more people using MARTA says that a lot of things we do in society is money driven.

I believe that it is certainly an amazing idea to have this subject thought not just researches and scientist but everyday people as well. I believe it is very important to know your history not just through people or actions that took plays but through architecture as well.

With more research adding on to the research already done, we can inquire new ideas and new meanings about that specific architecture.

Since there is little to no information left behind a certain building, it makes the research less valuable? Would this also make others believe that it is a biased research if put into effect?

Garza represents those that are underrepresented. In a time where the Black Lives Matter movement is all encompassing and present, other movements can seem to be led with a lesser hand or put on the backburner. Garza brings attention to these movements.

This is a beautiful statement regarding the the literal equality needed for true freedom to be established and successful. Garza's involvement in the community does not cover just the Black Lives Matter movement, but also stretches to the National Domestic Workers Alliance and queer and transgender rights. It is a beautiful thing that the Black Lives Matter organziation acknlowedges that strength comes from unity and that inclues all people of all backgrounds.

Black people as a whole are a proud and dignified people. While the rest of America may forget or dismiss history and certain points in time, there is always another part of America which will not and like the article said they will not "be easily broken".

I continue to have a curiosity for those that disagree with this. This is not to be confused with rage or pity or anger. For the sake of this excerpt; I am curious. I have heard many people- pesonally- that have made the infamous argument "ALL lives matter" and "Why do they think they're special"?. "They" do not. However, I never knew how to explain it to others without offending them in some way. I heard it eloquently said a year ago. "Lets say rainforests are endangered, people are threatening it and cutting down the trees and wild life. If a group of people recognize this and start trying to save rainforests they're not telling everybody that other forests and biomes are irrelevant or unnecessary, but rather it is an imminent problem that must be addressed before it gets worse or too late."

In accordance to beliefs, a cultural "melting pot" is an area, region, state that exists in harmony with people of many different backgrounds and ethnicites. However, I have once read that the phrase "melting pot" is the same as saying "love has no color" or "I am blind to color" in that these phrases do not celebrate diversity, but rather sameness. If I am blind to a persons color- their identity- what are they? Yes, they have their personalities and many could argue that there isn't more to a person than what is inside. I would argue back that the outside does matter. The outside is what- almost- caused Howe and his peers to go unnoticed had it not been for their honorable service. The outside is what forms a persons inside through compliments and backlashes, through appraisals and negative side eye glances.

http://www.businessinsider.com/cost-of-living-single-people-2015-8 Attached is a link for a site that illustrates via graph/table what monthly and annual costs are for living in US major cities (as a single individual). In the article, Howe's life was essentially worth 27 dollars, for a family (not including food).

I find this statement interesting. If one looks up the definition of "free" the adjective form of the definition is: not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes. However, the adverb form is: without cost or payment. Granted, the state making sure or seeing to it "that these people were free" is not associated with "free" housing or "free" help to find their way and naviagte through a lens they (Cato Howe and others) may not have known or remembered. This statement shows the lack of care for these men, especially as they had served alongside respected and honrable men. Men that were most likely cared for by the state in a better manner.

"Parting Ways" by James F. Deetz is an article that covers the story about four african american men who turned an oppurtunity into something bigger.Their names were Carl Howe, Prince Goodwin, Plato Turner, and Quamany. Carl Howe was granted a small plot of land once he finished serving the continental army. During those times, work oppurtunities and housing were hard to come by for african americans, free or enslaved. So Carl Howe turned his little property to an entire community for african americans who couldnt obtain land themselves. James Deetz states that one of the men, Prince Goodwin, was still a slave due to deserting the war. Don't when a soldier deserts a war or the military he/she is punished with jailtime or even death? But instead Prince Goodwin returned to his original life as a slave which is also bad.

The supplemental reading that I chose was the TIME Person of the Year Runner Up: Black Lives Matter article. This article details the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, explaining its ideals and its growth over the past few years and creating a written timeline of its history. The piece begins by explaining that the Black Lives Matter originally started as an incidental hashtag on a facebook post made by Alicia Garza following the acquittal of George Zimmerman, the man who shot and killed Trayvon Martin; the same hashtag was used shortly thereafter on signs at protests demanding justice for Trayvon Martin. The author illustrates that while the movement has more or less solidified by this point in time, it is still widespread in its goals and actions of activism; from protests that have shut down busy streets to causing the removal of those abusing their positions of power to campaigns against school closures, Black Lives Matter continues to make their voices heard. The author's piece shows the growth of BLM movement from a single use of a hashtag to the group that was able to not only meet with but also influence Hillary Clinton in her presidential campaign. Continued protests and activism have kept the many issues that BLM fights against out of the dark, and will continues to do so until policy, government, and ultimately, the world, change.

Altman, A. (2015). TIME Person of the Year 2015 Runner-Up: Black Lives Matter. Retrieved February 05, 2017, from http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2015-runner-up-black-lives-matter/

Summary: In Parting Ways from In Small Things Forgotten James F. Deetz does a wonderful job of writing a captivating and very detailed beginning to the little history that took place in a place very close to the historical Plymouth. He mainly focus on the underrepresented life of 4 common African American men, Cato Howe,Prince Goodwin,Plato Turner, and Quamany. It touches on several theories such as, of material culture and middle class groups in colonial America which corresponds to racial stands as well. He also demonstrated the impact that regional differences had on the development of material culture in early America. He expressed the structures of the shot houses that resemble the house makers cultural roots. He claims that it is a way for blacks to claim "heritage through their building traditions in the face of the dominant culture". Although as time passes and there is a little bit of a newer sense, the primary culture still withstands within the building forms.

According to the article, these men fought in the war to protect the country, were freed, and given property. If there was some "respect" for them at the time, then why deem them slaves at their graves only to mention they were freed later? Why not simply "FREED MEN" or even "SOLDIERS"? Because of the fact that they were black.

This ties into my point about Africans still having a grip on their cultures even after being taken away from their homes and being forced to assimilate. The evidence shows us that both African and European lifestyles have transfused at the time because of artifacts found in the home.

I find this question interesting because it appears as if the men have brought their culture along with them to America and continued to embrace it regardless of being Americanized and given European names.

Investigating little archaeological details such as these can aid in painting a picture of what was here before. It also shows how artifacts in the physical word can tell just as many stories as information written on a piece of paper.

The collections of oral histories can be a bit risky at times because they are passed down by "word of mouth". As people continue to transfer these histories to others, they have a tendency to change in one way or another. Similar to the childrens' game "Telephone". In Telephone, a message is passed along a group of people. As the game progresses, it is inevitable that the message changes because of the different perceptions of the players. This relates to oral histories being passed over the years because a story can easily be changed depending on who tells it, and what they've heard.

The men had very little documentation. The things learned about our four men were synthesized from other external things along with documents, such as archaeological evidence from the home.

It seems as if it took fighting in the war for Cato to be documented enough for Deetz to be able to create a coherent picture of who he was. Had he not fought in the war, He would've been known as nothing more than a former slave due to lack of representation for Africans

In reference to today's currency, 27 dollars is not nearly enough to support oneself. Because of inflation/deflation the worth of the US dollar has changed significantly through time.

The term "melting pot" implies that as cultures come to the United States, the give way and become one in a homogeneous culture, which is absolutely not true. The US may have some cultural indicators that are specific to this country, but the individual cultures of each citizen still exist and are prevalent in today's society. Larger cultures continue to form as people find common connections, such as the belief that black lives truly do matter.

Today, black and African American history are what drive movements like Black Lives Matter to refuse to give in and to continue to push for change. The knowledge that the types of injustices that they face have existed since before the days of the Revolutionary War makes it all the more obvious that they cannot be allowed to continue

In another annotation, I explain what a shotgun house is. Because of their simple structure, shotgun houses are generally cheaper than others in modern architecture. Because of this, many homes is predominantly poor, black communities are in the shotgun style.

Although this quote is in direct reference to the oral history of the town, it can also be related to the reporting on police violence in America today. Most news sources are based in partisan politics, therefore skewing their views on many incidents where black people are killed. Because of this, conflicting stories crowd the news, making it difficult for the general public to discern what is ans isn't true.

Although deaths are useful in researching history because of their finality, it's still ironic that a committee on black history would start there. Today, as history is being made, many protests and other organized events, some stemming from BLM, are sparked by the unjust death of a black person at the hands of the police.

Although not specifically mentioned in the article, the BLM movement also champions fair and equal housing and government assistance for black families, especially in impoverished communities. Today, in Flint, Michigan, there is an ongoing water crisis due to extremely high lead levels in the water system. The city of Flint has a mainly black population, and many have suggested that the reason this crisis has gone without fix for so long is because the government does not care about a poor black town. The BLM movement has worked to bring attention to this and to work towards temporary and permanent solutions.

Saying "the black community of America" would be vastly inaccurate, because every individual person is different, and there are millions of black men, women, and others living in the United States today. However, many members of the black community experience oppression on similar scales on a day to day basis. This is the basis of the Black Lives Matter movement, and the reason why they protest and use other activism efforts to work towards change.

Although most would like to believe that society as a whole has changed over time, the treatment of African American or black citizens has remained relatively stagnant. Although released from slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, black Americans have experienced different forms of systematic oppression even up to the present day. On can draw a frighteningly large number of parallels between slavery, the Jim Crow era laws, and the modern police brutality and school-to-prison pipeline.

Today, society is experiencing a time of political change unparalleled at any point in the past. Many groups and individuals have stated that today people now are living the creation of history. However, as much of the action and change is brought about by groups, individual names will most likely not be remembered so much as the actions of their movements.