Royal KH Vintage Antique Typewriter Cleaning Wash Glossy Black Enamel Paint Tobacco removal by [[Phoenix Typewriter]]
This is a fantastic advertisement for why one shouldn't smoke. The brown is just the part that settled on the typewriter and is just a tiny fraction of what entered the typist's body.
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nicotine supplementation significantly decreased HRV
This disproves my suggestion that 2 mg might increase HRV, but I was looking for 1 mg rather than 2. The 2 mg gum is still plausibly a higher dose than a 7 mg patch. I'm struggling to find studies in the lower doses. This may be because everyone wants to prove the harm of nicotine. There may even be publication bias (especially if there's no effect).
Heart rate variability showed no differences between the 2 nights, but the low to high ratio (a parameter indicative of sympathetic nervous system activity) positively correlated with wake after sleep onset in night with nicotine patch.
This was with a 14 mg patch. A 21 mg patch would probably reduce HRV given that a 4 mg lozenge does so.
I still expect to find enhance HRV with 7 mg. This study supports that hypothesis to an extent. That it, it shows that 14 mg may be the tipping point between increased or decreased HRV from nicotine.
4 mg oral nicotine lozenge or placebo.
Assuming a half life of two hours, I calculated a 7 mg per day patch delivers a peak dosage of around 0.8 mg. Given that a 4mg lozenge has a bioavailability of 79%, this is equivalent to a 21 mg patch.
Given that we know anything above a 7 mg patch disrupts sleep (while 7 mg enhances sleep), it's unsurprising that HRV was reduced. I expect that a 1 mg lozenge or gum would increase HRV. Given that the above citation lists the bioavailability of a 2 mg lozenge at 50%, 2 mg may also increase HRV.
it undergoes first-pass hepatic metabolism, resulting in low (30%–40%) bioavailability.
I'll need to review this later. This is a more precise figure than I was familiar with. I think I read somewhere between 20% and 50%; I believe I cited that figure in one of my college papers.
Because improvements occurred among nonsmokers, the nicotine effect appears not to be merely a relief of withdrawal symptoms.
As expected. This study was placebo controlled, too.
acetylcholine
This is supported by a single-blind study on nicotine for akathisia.
14 mg nicotine
I'd be interested to see the effect of a 7 mg patch. 14 mg is too high for sleep, so I wonder if it is also too high for akathisia.
but there was no difference in levels of withdrawal between those on NRT patches and those on placebo.
Data like this seems to be definitive proof that nicotine is nothing like tobacco. I'm not aware of any evidence that nicotine itself is addictive, save for a few anecdotes. I don't put much stock in these anecdotes because people also report habit-withdrawal symptoms when they quit zero nicotine e-juice. That is to say, without placebo controls we cannot conclude drug withdrawal is the cause because it can also be explained by psychology.
That said, I'm reasonably certain that nicotine contributes to tobacco addiction. While I think nicotine is fairly non-addictive, I believe it enhances the addictiveness of other drugs. I think this is partly due to an entourage effect that alters the high, and also a memory-enhancing effect so one remembers the high more vividly.
Day 2: extremely difficult. My brain was convincing me time and again to light one . It was trying to convince me that i Needed one. Almost lit one but put it down. It felt like i had gulped down a pre workout or a protein shake and had not worked out. Felt frisky and restless. Dependent on a vape - 9/10
Sounds like withdrawal. Why is information like this so hard to find?
While somewhat modest in size, the literature on chronic tolerance to nicotine in humans is reasonably consistent in showing clear evidence of tolerance to subjective mood effects but little or no tolerance to cardiovascular, performance or other nicotine effects
This is what I'd expect for tobacco, but it tells me little about nicotine. Most of the subjective effects are not from tobacco, so It's still plausible that nicotine does not develop tolerance. Indeed, the effects that don't go away are the effects expected from nicotine.
Hippocampal size of nonusers reflects a direct relationship to memory function; the smaller the hippocampus, the poorer the memory function. Individuals who use marijuana and tobacco show an inverse relationship, i.e., the smaller the hippocampus size, the greater memory the function. Furthermore the number of nicotine cigarettes smoked per day in the marijuana and nicotine using group appears to be related to the severity of hippocampal shrinkage. The greater the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the smaller the hippocampal volume and the greater the memory performance. There were no significant associations between hippocampal size and memory performance in individuals who only use tobacco or only use marijuana.
They mention abstainers below. It appears that they are saying that there is memory improvement compared to complete non-smokers. Will need to check actual study. Note that my interest in nicotine is confounded by the use of tobacco.
Edit: eyeballing the graphs, it appears that the tobacco group did the best, while the marijuana plus tobacco group did the worst. Given the small sample size and high variability, these are not statistically significant. Nonetheless, that suggests that marijuana never benefits memory. Edit: eyeballing the graphs, it appears the tobacco group did the best, while the marijuana plus tobacco group performed worst. Given the small sample size and high variability, these results are not statistically significant. Nonetheless, it suggests that marijuana is never a benefit to memory.
16S sequencing showed that nicotine perturbed bacterial diversity and community composition of gut microbiota more pronouncedly in HFD mice.
Note that nicotine by itself had minimal impact on the microbiome. Nicotine speeds up transit through the intestine. Thus, the reason nicotine plus a high fat diet was detrimental is likely that nicotine is increasing the throughput of harmful prebiotics (e.g. protein in particular). When lots of fiber and resistant starch is present (will need to see if they provide this info for their diets), then nicotine mostly just carries it to the small intestine faster (and possibly reduces fermentation time).
Given that opioids have a negative effect on the microbiome, I was expecting nicotine to have a positive effect. Perhaps it would have a positive effect were there more resistant starch in the diet.
Nicotine is composed of a pyridine ring and a pyrrolidine ring, synthesized from two separate branches as demonstrated in Figure S1
This is interesting!