: Each school should have an organizedpolicy for language across the curriculum,
This official recommendation signifies institutional recognition of language’s importance in learning. It makes language development a collective responsibility across all subjects, reinforcing equity and literacy.
. Schools invarious places within Britain, in other countries of the British Commonwealth, and in the UnitedStates began to develop their own language policies, using the original document as a referencepoint.
This demonstrates the international diffusion of ideas, a local British educational innovation influencing schools worldwide. It also highlights how grassroots experimentation often precedes official endorsement.
In 1966 members of the London Association for the Teaching of English began to develop andextend their interest in the concept of ‘language across the curriculum’
This marks the historical beginning of formalized school language policies. The phrase "language across the curriculum" reflects a shift towards viewing language as a shared responsibility among all teachers, not just English instructors.
t identifies areas in the school's scope ofoperations and program where language problems exist
The policies role is diagnostic; it's about spotting and addressing communication challenges. Showing a problem solving orientation rather than just a regulatory one.
School language policies are viewed by many in education as an integral and necessary part of theadministration and the curriculum practice of modern schools.
The opening statement establishes that language policy is not just linguistic concern but a core component of school governance and curriculum development. It connects with language directly to educational structure and success.
A lot of the transitions took a moment to develop, leaving time for the audience to think about where they are going to be led, and where the next scene is going to take place. This also builds a lot of suspense in the audience and makes it like we are anticipating something to happen. The way it cuts to black and says "TOMORROW" also adds to that anticipation and storytelling nature.
For biloquialism to be an effective policy, then, it will have to be supported by a larger social context which respects rather than denigrates linguistic and cultural differences.
In a perfect world, this process would have already been integrated. However, there are too many opinions, politics, and blurred lines. The more people you involve in any sort of process, the more complicated the project can get.
«В ходе развития современной цивилизации природа, которой человек хотел овладеть, стремясь поэтому свести ее к механике, превратилась, как и вещь, в господина и хозяина человека, машина — в господина и хозяина жизни; что „вещи“ становились все умнее и мощнее, красивее и крупнее, а человек все больше превращался в деталь созданной им самим машины»
Observation teaches that, generally speaking, it is not well for the children that they should be so burdened. Neither is it well for the state. Beyond providing for the wife and daughters moderate sources of income, and very moderate allowances indeed, if any, for the sons, men may well hesitate, for it is no longer questionable that great sums bequeathed oftener work more for the injury than for the good of the recipients.
Carnegie argues through logos that large inheritances harm both children and society.
The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth
This is the main point of the paper
In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves;
To ensure that the aid is not wasted
Let the advocate of violent or radical change ponder well this thought.
what are the other possible reprocutions?
The price which society pays for the law of competition
What message are they trying to portray here?
I don’t think any of us disagree that it’s nice to have international students but then what arethe implications for teaching and learning because this course in its current format does notwork for that class. So does it mean that we change the learners or do we change the course?And then what does that mean for more local learners? Because we can’t do everything foreverybody.
This is basically saying that Kota’s experience shows how important instructors are in helping international students get fully involved and feel included in class. But it also points out that not all teachers or native-speaking students automatically have the skills or resources to help second-language learners and it’s not only international students who need to adjust to the academic community. Since classes are becoming more diverse, teaching should be flexible. Instructors might need to change the way they teach, adjust course content, or adapt requirements to fit both international and local students’ needs. Dr. Evans says that while it’s great to have international students, the way the course is set up right now doesn’t work well for a mixed group. She wonders whether the answer is to change the students or change the course and reminds us that we can’t meet everyone’s needs all the time.
Because I want them to understand what foreign students like myself are going through... . Ithink that local students can show more understanding to foreign students if foreign studentstalk to them privately outside the classroom.
Kota explains that language was his biggest challenge, so he tried various strategies: taking ESL/EAP courses, auditing classes, hiring private tutors, and speaking English at home. These helped somewhat, but they took time away from his main doctoral work, and ESL classes didn’t always match graduate-level needs. Private tutors were especially effective they offered a safe space to practice speaking, refine research ideas, and learn about Canadian academic culture. Kota also built connections by talking one-on-one with classmates outside of class. This allowed him to clarify course material, get feedback, learn about their backgrounds, and better understand the local academic community. He even reached out to those least interested in him, believing private conversations could help local students empathize more with the challenges faced by international students like himself.
She insisted on feminist perspectives. She also wanted to convince her students about herperspectives. I sometimes felt that there were limitations to discussing the history of universitiesonly from a feminist perspective.
Kota is saying he was critical of Dr. Evans’ teaching because she didn’t make enough use of international students’ unique viewpoints, focusing instead on their difficulties with the course material. He also felt she wasn’t open to perspectives beyond feminism and that looking at the history of universities only through a feminist lens was limiting.
There’s a gender issue. . . . It’s happened before and it’s with international students, male, andtheir respect for female instructors. ... The rules are different than they are in other culturesand it’s a problem for the student and for the instructor.... And it’s hard to confront. Notrespect as... it’s not a different sort of respect but just general respect for the teaching andlearning experience and sometimes that isn’t present.
I think this means that male international students sometimes struggle with respecting female instructors in the same way that’s expected here. It’s not always intentional disrespect, but cultural differences in views on teaching and learning. This can cause problems and is hard to address.
A third perspective, gender, provides another interesting way to look at Kota’s academicsocialization. There were two contexts where gender issues surfaced. One was the doctoralseminar where Kota felt particularly powerless mainly because of his self-percetvedlimited language skills and his minority status as the only international student. Asdiscussed earlier, another significant reason for his marginality seemed to be relatedto the gap between his research interest and the kinds of research approaches that hadcurrency in the department. Interestingly, gender seemed to be also relevant to thisgap in a subtle but potentially significant way. Whereas feminism, critical theories, andissues of minority education were popular in the department, Kota was interested inexploring university—industry collaboration from a perspective of economics — a viewpointthat he felt might be considered as ‘a male perspective’
This part is talking about gender as another way to understand Kota’s experience in grad school. Gender came up in two situations. First, in the doctoral seminar, Kota felt powerless because he thought his language skills weren’t good enough and he was the only international student. Second, his research focus was really different from what most people in the department were doing. While others focused on topics like feminism, critical theory, and minority education, Kota studied university industry collaboration through an economics lens. He felt this might be seen as more of a “male” perspective, which made him stand out even more. So, his sense of being on the outside wasn’t only about language or culture the type of research he did, and how it might be gendered, also played a part
Researching the micro is very popularhere. ... Feminism is also popular. ... I gradually understood this tendency. .. .
Kota begin to understand and accept these important trends and academic culture.
I was isolated in that sense. ...
Because his interest was unique, he felt intellectually alone and disconnected from the others.
In the doctoral seminar I was the only one who was interested in looking at education from aperspective of economics.
In the seminar, Kota focused on studying education using economics theories, but nobody else was interested doing the same.
I have always made a point to bring [international students’ experiences to the class.
The Kota deliberately includes the perspectives and stories of international students in classroom discussions.
probably because ofmy own background, I’m much more aware of that.
Kota personal experience maybe his multicultural background, they are more sensitive to lack diverse perspectives and try to address it.
We talk about globalization and internationalizationand much of what’s going on in the classrooms is purely Canadian ....
Even though terms like "globalization" and "internationalization" are discussed, the reality is that classroom content often reflects only Canadian viewpoint, ignoring other culture perspectives.
They areimportant not only for them because they have a sense of participation and ownership, but it’salso very important for Canadian students.
This matters for international students because it helps them feel involved, valued, and equally valuable for Canadian students so they can broaden their understanding.
I felt so uncomfortable ....
The situation made him feel isolated and uneasy.
I couldn’t say anything. The best I could do was to ask what they were talkingabout.
He just stayed quite, his only contribution was asking for clarification, rather than adding to the conversation.
t theparties] they were all having fun talking about different things of which I had no backgroundknowledge.
At social gatherings, his classmates chatted about topics he wasn't familiar with, so he couldn't follow or join in the conversations.
But there’s no such responsibility when we meet in a pub at night ....
Outside of class, like in informal setting, people aren't expected to stop and listen to him in the same way.
... in the classroom environment, people have the responsibility to listen and respond to me ifI start talking.
In class, there's an unspoken rule that if he speaks up, others will pay attention and respond; it's part of the structured environment.
so I feel psychological resistance to thisapproach.
Because of training, it feels mentally and emotionally uncomfortable for him to just throw out comments without preparation.
But I’ve been trained to speakJapanese very precisely at a high academic level. ..,
In Japan, his academic background taught him to speak only after careful thought, making sure everything is well formed.
speaking up would at least help to appeal my presence. ...
Talking more might make others notice him and acknowledge that he's there and engaged.
If my goal was to saysomething whether or not it makes any sense, I would be able to do so right now ...
He knows that if he didn't care about weather his comments were meaningful, he could speak up at any moment just to have his voice heard.
I feel as if I’m the only one outside the circle, simply listening....
He feels excluded from the main group in the seminar. Instead of being part of the active discussion, he's just sitting there listening from the sidelines.
It is also possible that Kota became more awareof and proactive about his participation and positioning through his engagement in thisresearch project, especially through interactive reporting with the researcher.
Being part of the study itself may have increased his self-awareness and proactive behavior, with researcher dialogue acting as a reflective tool.
Importantly,however, Kota continuously attempted to analyze and understand the difficulties he wasfaced with, and implemented various strategies in order to improve his participation as wellas to construct a more positive identity.
He reflected on problems and took intentional action to change, aiming to see himself as a more confident and involved doctoral student.
He was able to participate more actively in his other graduate courses, but alsofaced different kinds of challenges in different courses,
His engagement varied by course type, suggesting participation was strongly influenced by class structure, format, and expectations.
His reports also indicated that he oftenfelt overwhelmed and frustrated with his studies in general and his class participation inparticular.
This reveals the emotional side of the struggle stress and frustration likely lowered his motivation and confidence.
During the first year of his doctoral studies, Kota generally found it very difficult toparticipate actively in his courses. According to his weekly reports, he found it mostchallenging to participate in class discussions in his doctoral seminars; he often reportedthat he was the only person who did not provide any comments, while the rest of the classengaged in active and sometimes heated discussions.
In his first year, Kota struggled most with speaking up in seminars, often staying quiet while classmates debated, which made him feel separate and unsure how to join in
The biggest concern with cookies is that they enable targeted online advertising by sharing your usage and browsing data with advertisers. In addition, certain advertisers use cookies that can span across multiple websites (third-party cookies), collecting extensive data about your browsing behaviour and enabling advertisers to generate a detailed user profile of you based on your site-specific activities. This profile is anonymous; however, in addition to being a potential privacy violation, it can compromise equity of future information access.
I used to always just click "accept cookies" and moved on. I never knew (until recently) that these cookies are ways for websites to use your data. This is actually so terrifying because many people just accept them to get the pop up to disappear.
When downloading an app, stop and consider: Have you read the app’s terms of use? Do you know what you’re giving the app permission to access? (e.g., your camera, microphone, location information, contacts, etc.) Can you change the permissions you’ve given the app without affecting its functionality? Who gets access to the data collected through your use of the app, and how will it be used? What kind of privacy options does the app offer?
I feel like most people when reading terms and conditions dont actually read them. It's easiest to click "accept" and move on. This can lead to things being overlooked and not actually understood. I personally am guilty of this, and realize that I need to do better
Content or information on social media that may hurt your chance of being hired includes: Inappropriate or provocative pictures, videos, or comments. Evidence of drinking or using recreational drugs. Discriminatory comments. Negative or overly critical comments about previous employers or co-workers. Evidence of sub-par communication skills.
I feel this is such an important thing that people dont pay attention to until it is too late. Luckily, I was always taught to be aware of what I was sending and where I was taking pictures. Sadly, many people post and comment things on social media and forget about it until it is brought up when they least expect it.
Think carefully before you post. Anything you share online can stay there a long time, even after you delete it.
Very important, you never know who is watching and nothing really disappears.
Social media can bring people together
Social media is how people communicate today, so it is a main way if bringing people together, but it is also a way of splitting people apart as well.
Social media can provide a safe place for some teens to get support: 68% of teens surveyed in the Pew survey said they had asked for and received support through social media during difficult times in their lives.
Social media and technology can be used for good when used correctly. Social media has a lot of negatives but this statistic proves that it is not always bad. Digital citizenship is important to teach our students to use social media in a meaningful way.
Are your devices affecting your health and wellness?
My health and wellness will almost always be affected by devices. It's just up to me to make sure it affects me positively.
Cyberbullying is harassment through electronic technology. This may include harassment using text messages, social media, or online chat. Cyberbullies may harass their victims anonymously and can easily share their harassing messages and content with a large audience.
This part really reinforces why teaching empathy and kindness online is just as important as teaching safety. The anonymity of the internet can make students forget there are real people behind the screen. I think modeling respectful communication in class discussions could help prevent this behavior early.
Additionally, the blue light emitted by computing devices affects levels of melatonin, the sleep-inducing hormone that regulates the body’s natural clock, or circadian rhythm. Disruptions to your circadian rhythm can cause fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, and an overall decrease in mental functions. Students who feel they must use their computer at night can use an app such as f.lux, which will adjust the light from the screen to match their local level of daylight in real-time.
This connects to the “balanced” aspect of digital citizenship, which focuses on learning to manage technology use in ways that support well-being. It also relates to ISTE 2.3a, where educators create positive experiences with technology that encourage responsible habits rather than overuse.
Some researchers have addressed these flaws in persona choice by contributing more theoretically-informed persona. For example, GenderMag is similar to the cognitive walkthrough like the one above, but with four customizable persona that cover a broad spectrum of facets of software use
I find this section on GenderMag and theoretically informed personas really fascinating. I agree that traditional personas often oversimplify users, and I like how GenderMag introduces specific cognitive and motivational dimensions to make design more inclusive. The five factors, such as information processing style and risk-taking, reveal that people approach technology in very different ways, and designers must account for this. This made me realize that inclusivity isn’t just about who uses the product, but also how they think, learn, and make decisions when using it.
There’s really nothing that can substitute for the certainty of actually watching someone struggle to use your design, but these analytical approaches are quick ways to get feedback, and suitable fallbacks if working with actual people isn’t feasible.
I like this sentence because it recognizes both the value and the limits of analytical evaluation. The author acknowledges that while direct user observation provides the most authentic insight, analytical methods still play a vital role when testing with users isn’t possible. This balance between practicality and depth reflects a realistic approach to design research. It reminds me that good designers use every tool available but never lose sight of real human experience.
For example, if you are designing a course planner for students, you would want to recruit students (but what kind of students)?If your representative users are challenging to recruit, you might have to get creative. I’ve often had to walk into coffee shops and ask random strangers, or spam mailing lists to ask people to participate. You have to be a bit bold and courageous to find participants, and find ways of compensating them for their time and attention. If you’re working for a company that invests in a whole team to find people to participate in user studies, you might be able to delegate this recruiting work to them.
I like this point about how recruiting participants often requires creativity and courage, like approaching strangers or using mailing lists. It shows that good research isn’t just about having a solid plan; it’s also about being proactive and resourceful. I agree that finding representative users is one of the hardest parts of user research, since not everyone will fit the target audience or be easy to reach. This made me appreciate how much behind-the-scenes effort goes into designing a good study and how researchers often have to step outside their comfort zones to get meaningful results.
Observation, of course, requires empirical methods
I found this sentence powerful because it highlights the importance of grounding design evaluation in real evidence rather than assumption. The author emphasizes that observation allows designers to see how users truly interact with a system, revealing insights that intuition alone might miss. This focus on empirical methods encourages a more objective and reliable approach to improving design. Overall, it reminds me that true understanding in design comes from watching people, not guessing their needs.
diascopy
Presión y blanquea = inflamación Presión y no blanquea = hemorragia
acral
Manos, pies, alejado del centro del cuerpo
rhytides
Arrugas
turgor
Rigidez o elasticidad
.Even when they are not,'by abundant testimony of the medical fraternity continuancefor a -long time on her feet at work,' repeating this from day today, tends to injurious effects upon the body
The same is true for men, but likely not noticed or focused on by doctors because there is no focus on them having to carry children
although not- the wisest or best, are yet'not plainly and palpably unauthorized by law, then the courtcannot interfere
Isn't this from the dissent in Lochner? Wasn't the stance of the majority that the state needed to prove the restriction was justifiable?
The statute of Oregon of 1903 providing that no female shall work in certainestablishments more than ten hours a day is not unconstitutional so faras resjects laundries.
The last part of this line "as respects laundries", seems to indicate that it varies from job to job, and that the court might find that for certain jobs, it is beyond the police power of the state to regulate them.
Dona Gelsinger. Sacred Heart of Jesus Canvas Wall Art. URL: https://www.glowdecor.com/products/sacred-heart-of-jesus-canvas-wall-art (visited on 2023-12-08).
This website talks about The Sacred Heart of Jesus is an important devotion in the Catholic Church, symbolizing God's infinite love and mercy for humanity. This devotion originates from medieval mysticism and is celebrated annually on the third Friday after Pentecost.
Evolution of cetaceans. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186568602. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_cetaceans&oldid=1186568602 (visited on 2023-12-08).
This article goes in detail on the evoltuion of cetaceans. Describing their evolutinary process of going from land to sea. Ging through eacch form of evolution for instance the last form for whales, basilosauridae. Animals of years ago incrementally evolved into something as specialized as whales.
Oliver Tearle. Who Said, ‘A Lie Is Halfway Round the World Before the Truth Has Got Its Boots On’? June 2021. URL: https://interestingliterature.com/2021/06/lie-halfway-round-world-before-truth-boots-on-quote-origin-meaning/ (visited on 2023-12-08).
This article is trying to find out who said "A Lie is Halfway Round the World Before the Truth Has Got Its Boots On". Many people think Winston Churchill first said this, but a different version of this sentence appeared earlier. So ironically, the origin of this sentence itself is also a lie. The spreading of this sentence is just like the way that information on internet spreads. We receive some information and build our own understanding of it then tell the edited information to others, leading the fake information to spread in a speed that we cannot imagine.
generation is as deep and widespread as today’suncertainty over what constitutes British values. But this isonly one of the problems for English
How this is different generations
The book Writing on the Wall: Social Media - The First 2,000 Years [l6] describes how, before the printing press, when someone wanted a book, they had to find someone who had a copy and have a scribe make a copy. So books that were popular spread through people having scribes copy each other’s books. And with all this copying, there might be different versions of the book spreading around, because of scribal copying errors, added notes, or even the original author making an updated copy. So we can look at the evolution of these books: which got copied, and how they changed over time.
This reminds me that, before the printing press, the version of book might be slightly different due to the error of coping. This might cause the misunderstanding for the past people. Also the way of approaching a book was pretty hard, and this limit the spread of knowledge in ancient time.
AAL, Spanish, and other languages are valid and rule-based.
Code-meshing = combining languages in writing, not separating them.
Recognizing linguistic diversity builds equity and student voice
Teachers can support code-meshing with mentor texts, rewriting activities, and asset-based assessment.
unlearn the myth
Code-meshing supports identity, cultural pride, and literacy growth.
“hidden gems”
"Good writing" doesn't have to mean only DAE. Multilingual writing can show higher thinking and awareness.
This challenges traditional grading that penalizes nonstandard English.
use of mentor texts
Flossie and the Fox, The House on Mango Street, and Chato's Kitchen.
Letting students see bilingual/multilingual books helps them feel their languages belong in school.
Teachers can also remix monolingual stories; add home languages to make them culturally relevant.
Ms. Raniya created spacefor multilingual students’ code-meshing in her lit-eracy instruction.
Jacobi's line "My mom is the prettiest when she smile" shows AAL grammar rule: no "s" on verbs after third person.
Ana and clarita mix English and Spanish in their wrestling story, similar to author Garza's bilingual text.
Students show audience awareness; they know their readers understand both languages.
language integrationhas not characterized curricular instantiations ofcode-switching with respect to Spanish or AAL usein the classroom.
Code-switching = changing between languages depending on setting; code-meshing = mixing them together freely.
Code-meshing helps students express identity and creativity, not just "fit in" to school English.
white middle and upperclass Americans as “standard” English
This belief connects to racism and classism; society labels "White middle-class" English as "standard." "Which languages or language varieties are deemed 'standard' has more to do with who is speaking them."
The idea that language = power is important. It shows why some students' voices are silenced in school.
“she getclothes on and go outside and barbeque.”
The teacher, Ms. Raniya, chooses to write exactly what Jayda says. This is an example of code-meshing, mixing AAL and DAE.
Interesting how the teacher respects Jayda's dialect instead of correcting it.
. The ways of your culture are familiar to you, often so deeply ingrained that they come naturally. Culture itself feels like home.
Just things we don't think about are thought about so much within different countries and cultures.
Of course, a wink can mean different things in different societies.
Just depends on the culture and those norms.
debris. Humans are born knowing how to blink; nobody has to teach us. On average, humans blink 15 to 20 times every minute.
Never really think about this because it's just something we always do subconsciously like breathing.
The room for cooking (the kitchen) used to be separated from the room where people socialized (the living room or great room), as it was assumed that one person (the wife) would cook in the kitchen while another person (the husband) relaxed alone or with company in the living room.
These have been general societal norms but we are evolving and things are changing throughout time.
home? For some people, home is a large, angular structure made of wood or brick, fixed on a permanent foundation of concrete, and rigged with systems to provide running water, electricity, and temperature control.
Home can just be opening a door (literally or not), or finding a way to help someone when they need it mentally. Shedding light on a person when they may be down.
they assigned the ones they considered more rudimentary to earlier evolutionary stages, while the ones they considered more complex were assigned to the more advanced stages.
Who gets to decide which culture is 'advanced' or 'rudimentary'?"
A “good” mother is a mother who puts her children at the center of her life at all times,
this idea of a ‘good’ mom being someone who gives up everything for her kids is so common. And like, it’s kind of true in how moms are expected to act but it really shouldn’t all fall on the mom. That’s a lot of pressure, and it feels unfair.
we must use shared ways of thinking about them.
This kinda of sums it all up we don’t just see we interpret through what we’ve learned together.
What do you do in the morning to get ready for the day? That is cultural practice. What do you do when someone comes over to your house? That is cultural practice. What do you do when you’re hungry? That is cultural practice.
I like that this connects culture to everyday stuff. It makes it easier to see how everyone lives in a culture not just people in other countries.
Blinking is biological. Acquired human behaviors—that is, behaviors that people are taught—are cultural. Winking is cultural.
This clear contrast really shows how culture adds layers of meaning to even small physical acts
How do you think attribution should work when copying and reusing content on social media (like if you post a meme or gif on social media)?
I think when people are copying and reusing content on social media the original creator should be given credit too. It provides them the recognition and popularity that so well deserved and earned. But besides giving credit there should be a watermark features on their content to ensure that they are given credit too. Often times original creators aren't provided with credit so other big creators take it from them and profit off of it.
“Even the great American democracy could not have been created without the annihilation of the Indians. There are cases in which the overall, final good justifies harsh and cruel acts that are committed in the course of history.”
This quote surprised me because it demonstrates how Benny Morris attempts to defend murder and displacement by drawing comparisons between Israel's conduct and those of other powerful countries. He leverages the faults of the past to justify more harm rather than taking lessons from them. What strikes me is how carelessly he handles human misery, as though mass executions or expulsions might be justified as essential steps toward advancement. Because it normalizes cruelty when it serves one side, this way of thinking seems risky. I became aware of how quickly morals may be skewed when people think their objectives are more significant than human life after reading this.
优点：墨奇辅助码属于音托辅助码，记忆负担比较小（小鹤音形的辅助码属于形码，记忆负担大，而且辅助码至少两字母否则不出字）
缺点：不支持模糊音（按FAQ修改过，但不生效，文档也说得比较含糊）。
建议改到万象。万象支持多种辅助码，支持模糊音
were
are
steps
step
likelihood to be a confounder in the relationship
recommend rephrasing
verifies
verify
TipIn development
While commendable to show that RSG has improvements planned, I wonder if we are setting ourselves up to deliver more work beyond project contract if we set this expectation?
Browser and Call Center
be consistent in how platforms are referenced. See previous note
The adjustment procedure operated at the linked trip level. Each linked trip was classified into a mutually exclusive trip type, and trip rate factors were then estimated and applied to linked trips. Unlinked trips and tours received their weights from linked trips.
Review for tense. This is all past tense, while previous chapters were mostly present
In the same way that one might start an argumentative essay byreviewing the literature, staking out an intervention, making that interven-tion, defending it from counterarguments, and summarizing and suggestingnew avenues for research in the conclusion, a DJ might engage in stylisticpractices that referenced a song’s sampling pedigree, challenged one songwith another, sped up the beats per minute of one song so that it came intobetter rhythm with another, and leave the crowd with a body-jarring headbanger of an outro. The compositional elements are not dissimilar.
connects directly to what I was saying about how DJ's and writers use the same methods and techniques.
In this way DJs might be understood asperforming a literature review, paying tribute to the Marvin Gayes, the Slyand the Family Stones, and other artists who came before the newer sound.Such acts of mixing demonstrated a DJ’s bona fides.
Again showing the compositional innovation of hip hop but also how DJ's and writers aren't that different.
Hip-hop’s willingness to sample and appropriatewords, lyrics, and beats has allowed hip-hop artists to do much more withmusic than was previously done. Far from the way white artists would stealblack artists’ songs in the early days of rock and roll, hip-hop artists oftenwillingly acknowledge what they take as a demonstration of their musicalknowledge. For example, DJs used to comb through record stores looking forthe most obscure beat to sample
I think this sentence really highlights the difference hip-hop made to the musical field it also shows the diversity, but it also relates to the compositional innovation of hip hop and how DJ's use samples and make an important note to acknowledge the work that their sampling, just like writers try there best to find the best sources possible and make sure not to steal work and if they need to reference something from someone else's work they make sure to give credit to the original work.
“Real Gs move in silence like lasagna” is a prime exampleof how seriously hip-hop artists take language and wordplay. Upon hearingthe line, it doesn’t make much sense to most people. What do lasagna andsilence have in common? Yet, when one has the line printed, the messagebecomes clear. The silent “g” in “lasagna” makes the point about a “G” mov-ing in silence, “G” being the slang for a gangsta
I love this sentence it shows the complexity of word play when it comes to lyrics and how meanings are hidden anywhere when it comes to hip-hop, but largely go unrecognized, again highlighting why studying hip-hop to gain a different perspective on composition and English is important.
These sorts of connections and complexrhyming make rap so interesting because words that do not seem to rhymeare actually quite connected together.
this line connects to one used earlier when the author mentions Lil Wayne's lyric “Real Gs move in silence like lasagna” and how it rhymes but also has a deeper meanings.
One does not need to understand the complexities of language tohear the ways in which these sounds connect in complex ways to producenot simply the rhyme at the end of the line but also the internal rhymes thatdraw on consonance and assonance to make some of the most complex raplyrics
This sentences argues that its not just the end of line rhyming techniques its the ones in the middle as well which highlights the complexities and poetic devices that certain rappers use in there lyrics.
Hip-hop has reshaped language. Hip-hop culture has added words nowprominent across music disciplines and the world. Terms such as “trap,”“ratchet,” “gully,” “twisted,” “gold digger,” “wanksta,” “bling,” “crib,” and “lit”all have a hip-hop provenance or have been popularized through hip-hop.To be sure, not all hip-hop linguistic innovations make their way into themainstream, but those that do often have a lasting influence
again really interesting to see where certain slang originated, also when he says "a lasting influence" is a very true statement much of the slang he mentions is still used today.
simplistic notion of the ways in which brain cellstransmit electrical charges, but that is what makes it powerful. From braincell transmissions to fires, the idea of it being lit expresses a kinetic form ofenergy that is both passionate creativity and a rocking good time.
The fact that the author was able to derive that meaning from that lyric shows that hip-hop can be studied to show deeper meanings.
ne of the first to use the term “lit” as a laudatory statement.
it's really cool to see the development of modern slang over time and where it originated.
Now this workseems to occur largely in the iPhone’s notes app, but it still happens regularly,and I catch myself doing it as if I had a record deal and was going to be fea-tured on the next remix of a popular song. Big Daddy Kane rapped about hislyric creation process that
I really enjoy this segment the way he illustrates the lyric writing but also studying the process rather then the product is really interesting, I think If I was the read a draft of a book it would be a lot more interesting because you get to study the words the author did and didn't use and you get to ask your self the question "Why did he change it" I think I would find a lot more texts more engaging if all I read were hand written drafts.
offers a new way to think aboutcomposition by asking writers to consider how the audience or the readermight respond and what role that response should have in composition.
I think that studying hip-hop doesn't necessarily introduce new concepts into composition I highlights the concepts already there, for example he says that studying hip-hop "offers a new way to think about composition by asking writers to consider how the audience or the reader might respond and what role that response should have in composition." these are things you already do in composition thinking about what the reader would think and how to improve the clarity of your text based on the audience. However hip-hop makes it easier to think about these concepts because a lot of the time your studying abstract ideas or songs related more heavily to culture and your able to relate more with you audience and as a writer relate more to the text you yourself are writing.
English would arguethat Tupac is Shakespeare, that kind of comparison is not necessary to justifyhip-hop’s study. Shakespeare and Tupac are different, and both are worthy ofstudy in the same classroom
I really like the way Sciullo worded this I think it adds a lot to his perspective and opinion but I think it adds a nice twist on the concept of "Code-Meshing" but also encourages dialect diversity a educational environment.
push “practical” knowledge and application in English andvirtually every other discipline. The turn toward studying hip-hop helps thisby breaking down the high-culture/low-culture divide that has caused someto be suspicious about the utility of English in college
When I read this I thought of Young's argument of ASE, and how while important to learn "Practical knowledge and the application of it in English" it important to preserve your way of speaking and writing this include hip-hop and graffiti.
This change hasled English studies to bridge the gap between the academy and popular cul-ture, allowing English as a discipline to push back against criticisms that allit does is read Shakespeare
even though it doesn't directly touch linguistic discrimination this is a clear example of it.
Blackauthors of the city have long represented some of the most interesting writ-ing of the last century or so. Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, and ChesterHimes are virtuosos worthy of more study than they currently receive. Inmany ways, today’s hip-hop artists carry on the legacy of these authors
this stood out to me when reading I think it has a really close connection to a lot of the things we've been learning in class, especially since one of most recent topics we covered is American standard English (ASE) and black standard English (BSE).
01118 1111118 lnto the (total) cost curve, wh ch tellsUS deCs±ZnVhen bVf AUtPUt iS aSSUming 1 alWayS hire the number
how does it turn into the total cost curve
he tuition fee was reasonable
Vague. Adding a comparison to other tuitions or evidence from an ancient text would be stronger.
In order to take part in trade and politics, the demand of skills in reading and writing arose
Oversimplifying. Literacy served as an asset to not just trade and politics but also private affairs and culture.
through the practical perspective, education in literacy was the most important among the three disciplines
"Most important" is a strong claim, and works if there is an explanation as to why it is the most important. Soften the claim, or expand.
Old Education lacked heavy structure and only featured schooling up to the elementary level.
Define "Old Education". Needs sourcing.
这个rime配置不错：支持多种双拼、多种辅助码，支持模糊音，支持声调(7890用作1234声)
双拼方案: 首次部署(指调用rime的【部署】功能）后，通过 /flypy 切换到小鹤双拼。
辅助码： 由下载包决定，不同辅助码应该下载不同的安装包。本人比较适合手心或者自然辅助码。参考：萌新该选哪个辅助码方案
模糊音默认未开启，需要修改%APPDATA%/wanxiang_pro.custom.yaml第四行，放出模糊音一项。该文件末尾有模醐详细配置。修改后需重新部署。
e) Hijos biológicos
3
d) Padre soltero
1
c) Padres del mismo género
5
b) Padres divorciados
4
a) Hijo único
2
_______________
Witman
_______________
Luke
_______________
Hales
Muere en un éxtasis de amor
Una muerte asi quiero Dios
Muere en un éxtasis de amor el 2 de noviembre de 1889 a los 21 años y medio
Awww 🥹
Next, focus in on several of these impossible wishes and use them as creative stimuli to generate ideas that are novel but more realistic.
I don't necessarily disagree with this as a tactic for generating good ideas but "saying impossible wishes" and "more realistic" seem contradictory, Dreaming allows you to come up with ways to approach a challenge but it also means someone might struggle to come up with ideas if they already see certain wishes as impossible.
Each member of the group gets a marker. Participants write their ideas on a paper and then rotate, adding their thoughts own original and ideas to the page as well as building upon those of their colleagues.
This is the ideation equivalent of "Yes, and?" improv and I really appreciate that this was included as a form of ideation. In improv, building on the prompts and imagination of your improv partners requires a willingness to let go of your idea and let it morph into something bigger than you and turn a 2-dimensional idea, into something truly interesting.
The foreign language programs in secondary schools and colleges established the effectiveness of the audio-lingual technique in teaching French, German, Spanish, and other world languages to English speakers learning a second language. These foreign language programs, as well as the ESL audio-lingual programs implemented during the late 1950s and early 1960s, were influenced by advances in the fields of structured linguistics and behavioral psychology.
Audio-lingual method - viewing language as habit-building through drills. Worked better for motivated adults than for children Reveals how early ESL borrowed from foreign language teaching models before adapting to learner diversity.
At the turn of the twentieth century, in the midst of one of the largest waves of immigration into the United States, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, President Theodore Roosevelt urged that all newcomers learn English : “We should provide for every immigrant... the chance to learn English; and if after say five years he has not learned English, he should be sent back to the land from whence he came.” The national push for the rapid assimilation into American culture of all non-English-speaking populations, as reflected in President Roosevelt’s proclamation, provided the catalyst for the enactment of laws by state legislative bodies requiring English as the sole language of communication in both government affairs and education. This further spurred the growth of special curricula to help US-born and immigrant language-minority children learn English. In many cases, educators in American Indian boarding schools and in the segregated Mexican schools of the Southwest and other school settings applied these laws with so much force that students who were caught speaking their mother tongues were punished, sometimes physically, and parents were admonished for not encouraging their children to speak English.
Reflects assimilationist policies and linguistic oppression. Early programs lacked understanding of language acquisition, relying on “sink-or-swim” methods that often harmed student learning. Contextualizes why modern ESL evolved toward more inclusive and research-based models.
The ELT (English Language Teaching) world continued to develop during the early twenty-first century, and new pedagogies were explored. While English language learners are, by definition, a diverse group, new attention was paid to understanding the implications of this diversity and how it could translate into more inclusive policies. Technology such as virtual reality was being explored to allow students to acquire language in a more stress-free and situational setting. The 2020s has also seen a rise in the use of artificial intelligence (AI), and it is also being explored as a tool to assist with language learning. Finally, interest in teaching English based on life skills increased, as some experts believed this was most helpful for English language learners. New strategies were also developed to manage the growing numbers of English language learners in the US. As migrant populations rose, many parts of the country saw significant increases in its English learning populations, raising new questions in school districts in how to best allocate state and federal funds to support the influx in students.
Marks the shift toward technology-enhanced learning and personalized education. AI and VR aim to create immersive, low-stress environments. Reflects adaptation to increasing migrant populations and funding challenges.
One type of ESL education is provided in the Newcomer Centers that originated in California schools. The Newcomer (or Welcome) Center is a school-within-a-school-type program for recent immigrant students. These centers typically operate in middle and high schools, preparing new arrivals for transition to mainstream education. English-language development is provided within class environments that are nurturing and supportive of language and cultural diversity.
Newcomer Centers: Specialized transitional environments for immigrant students. Collaborative teaching: ESL and subject teachers integrate language support into academic instruction. Aligns with Common Core Standards and inclusion policies.
Children and adolescents who are new arrivals without previous formal education present the greatest challenge. These students do not have the cognitive/academic skills underlying literacy in their first language, much less English. Even children who come to the United States as young children or are born in this country to parents who are poor and illiterate experience adjustment and learning difficulties in school. Children born in the United States of immigrant parents (also first-generation immigrant students) may be more fluent in English than in their heritage (home) language, or they may be more proficient in their native language than in English. Some of these first-generation immigrant students may even be balanced bilinguals, meaning they have equal proficiency in the heritage language and English.
Distinguishes among recent immigrants, refugees, and U.S.-born children of immigrants. Important for understanding bilingualism, cognitive skills, and academic adjustment.
The inadequacy of the audio-lingual programs, as well as the growth in the enrollment of a new generation of English-language learners different in many ways from those immigrant and nonimmigrant populations served by the earlier models of ESL, resulted in the expansion of English-language education. These new programs offer many instructional options to accommodate the varied needs of the learners. Recent immigrant students, for example, and a large number of first-generation immigrant students present distinctive challenges to educators based on the learners’ differing levels of English proficiency and prior education. Recent immigrant students with previous schooling in their home countries have greater ease in learning English and possess the basic knowledge and skills to cope with the academic demands of American schools.
Modern ESL reflects diversity and differentiation. Introduces federal mandates.
English-language education for non-English speakers has gone through various phases of development since the early twentieth century.
Highlights historical origins and social purpose
Language instruction programs for young learners and adults whose native languages are not English
This defines ESL as structured educational programs aimed at helping non-native speakers develop English skills.
this claim is now accepted by most scholars.
"Most scholars" is vague. Adding recent citations or specifying whom these scholars are would strengthen the claim.
The ancient Greeks believed that Troy was located near the Dardanelles
Good claim but needs specific citation.
The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology
Subjective claim. Who says so? Needs a source to add backing, or remove altogether.
African American Vernacular English
Important term — phonetic transcription means writing speech sounds using symbols. Understanding this helps avoid bias toward Standard English.
This article summarizes AAVE phonological features from the perspective of phonetic transcription. Some features are relatively easy to transcribe with familiar the International Phonetic Alphabet base symbols (e.g., [baef] for bath), whereas others may require the use of diacritics (e.g., [mae] for man or [bae:d] for bad). The importance of transcription detail when differentiating dialect variation from phonological delay or disorder is critical.
Main idea — authors explain how to represent AAVE pronunciation accurately so it isn’t judged by Standard English rules.
Error
note multiple errors listed in this chapter
day trip class
add a descriptor
Error in eval
Is this supposed to be an error?
rMove data
Is a key/definition of rMove data=app data explained?
four
three? There are only 3 categories listed
GLMs
what are GLMs?
9
typo?
trip
can these uniformly be referred to as "unlinked trips"?
applied
applies
that
with
I am unable to highlight or annotate - But the first thing that stood out to me as I'm reading this, which was already mentioned by someone, is the mention that sometimes "Changing the context is necessary". Sometimes we the caregivers, our responses, or even failure to clearly state expectations in a age-appropriate way can sometimes be the cause of challenging behavior. I appreciate the mention of it so I can now consider that when deciding the best way to support children through guidance. I also appreciate the mention of staying away from blaming the child. Someone say "The problem is the problem, the child is not the problem" which is a great way of putting it and an effective mindset to adopt. A question that comes to mind after reading is how can I stay mindful of these steps and how to apply them to my guidance of children in the moment? sometimes chaos and a focus on student safety causes us to jump to discipline or frustration.
O. C.
Orden del Císter (San Bernardo)
By Emily BazelonSept. 26, 2018
Judging by the fact that Emily Bazelon is listed as a senior writer for this magazine company and that she works at Yale, I would say that for the topic (she researches constitutional law and social justice issues), she is a credible source to read when it comes to legal issues. The intention in writing this was to look at Florida's Amendment 4 (to restore voting rights to felons) in the context of it being a racial-based issue, similar to the post-Reconstruction era when Black citizens were kept from voting through new laws/policies. Moreover, The New York Times is highly receptive when it comes to editing, having policies in place regarding when information needs to be updated or corrected. So despite this article being far from an academic journal, the information within it was still gathered and published with journalistic integrity. This includes the court cases, statistics, and experts referenced throughout the article (and interviews). The article was published in 2018, but I believe it's still incredibly relevant because Amendment 4 has sparked more conversations on letting felons vote while incarcerated, making the information in this article important. Especially since Bazelon's analysis relied heavily on examining Florida law in its historical context. I would choose this source over another because it checks my boxes for credibility and it relies on qualitative accounts (observing and interpreting things to understand why something is the way that it is) rather than quantitative, which makes it unique.
distributions
ditto
adjustment
Perhaps add an interpretation example, and suggested next steps, based on the figure below?
household
"household- "
.csv
bold
對齊VMS第五階段的功能
VMS phase 5 在 add device -> error handling 有調整，這份文件沒有提到。是有改嗎?
版本說明
如果可以條列與上一版有哪些新增的功能就更好了
雲事件的有效性必須與雲方案期限一致 KMOBILE-496
有相關 UI/UX figma 可參考?
Armagh
Irlanda
'Considera-se como preconceito racial uma disposição (ou atitude) desfavorável, culturalmente condicionada, em relação aos membros de uma população, aos quais se têm como estigmatizados, seja devido à aparência, seja devido a toda ou parte da ascendência étnica que se lhes atribui ou reconhece."
Os impactos do racismo velado dentro do brasil cria a ideia que os obstaculos criados pela exclução da cidadania não branca no brasil, já foram superados e aniquilados da vivencia atual
Early literacy research has certainly not ignoredquestions about young children's dialogues with oth-ers around written language, or even the impact ofthese dialogues on literacy development (e.g.,Dyson, 1989; Eldredge, Reutzel, & Hollingsworth,1996; Ninio & Bruner, 1978; Whitehurst et al.,1999). But, there are many questions not yet an-swered or that merit further research, and relevant
important to know what merits the research
focus on symbols as used to communicate withothers. This point comes through not only in themore socially oriented chapters but also in thosewith a more classic cognitive thrust (Gentner &Loewenstein; Goldin-Meadow). Common in the ac-quisition of different symbolic systems are the inter-actions with others, around and within that system.
cognitive thrust
symbolic dia-logues in spurring development of symbolic commu-nication and its attendant cognitive consequences.Despite the substantially different contexts
symbolic communication
semiotic
relating to signs and symbols.
In the concluding chapter, editors Amsel andByrnes do a laudable job
laudable worthy of high praise. “laudable motives of improving housing conditions” synonyms: applaudable, commendable, praiseworthy. worthy. having worth or merit or value; being honorable or admirable.
Goldin-Meadow characterizes as imagistic and analogrepresentation. Further, Goldin-Meadow reviewsevidence associating gesture with learning, problemsolving, and memory. Gesture is not language, but itaffects thought.
gesture doesn't associate with language?
Goldin-Meadow then turns to gesture when itdoes accompany conventional oral language amonghearing children. Her evidence suggests that such ges-tures are idiosyncratic and are not typically even in-tentional.
important for her view
These children havenot been exposed to conventional language. Herpremise is that these unique cases allow us to examinewhat happens when thought is unaffected by expo-sure to oral language
written learning only and not oral?
effect of language onthought, but, on the other hand, she also reminds us,with a compelling data set
data mixed with thoughts
hat does this chapter have to do with earlyliteracy? Broadly speaking, as with the book as awhole, discussions ofsymbolic communication de-velopment of any kind are relevant to early literacybecause literacy is about symbolic communication. Itseems likely that there are lessons about development
gives us reasoning
imply a conse-quence of cognitive development, but actually spurscognitive development. Inscription and mathematiz-ing cause new ways to
not a consequence but a finding
for the develop-ment of model-based reasoning: inscription andmathematizing. Inscription refers to symbolic toolssuch as graphs, diagrams, and maps that are used torepresent the world. Mathematizing
good definition
hich Lehrer and Schaubleview as a form ofsymbolic communication and onethat is especially important to development in math-ematics and science
it helped with math and science
The program of research addressed in thischapter focuses on how children become literate inmodel-based reasoning
model based reasoning
ocially Shared Symbolic System(SSSS
important to know
explain the acquisition of symbolic sys-tems. The case under greatest consideration in thechapter involves developing shared meanings forindividual words
shared meaning between words
We are reminded in these chap-ters about how much commonality exists among is-sues and concerns in research on the acquisition oforal and written language,
compare and contrasting oral and written language
hese three chapters are focused most distinct-ly, though not exclusively, on oral language
oral learning is important
The chapter is, perhaps, less respon-sive than the others to those questions.
less how?
he uses differentmethodological tools and includes children from adifferent age group. We believe their work should beviewed as complementary, not competitive.
not competitive and complementary
Amsel and Byrnes argue compellingly, achild must coordinate multiple representational sys-tems. Multiple systems structure and are structuredby thought. Ferreiro and Teberosky s (1982) workillustrated clearly the complexity of sorting out sym-bolic systems, as children work to understand writ-ten language as distinct from and complementary tooral language, number systems, and related concepts.In the introduction, Scholnick suggests a part-nership metaphor for conceptual, linguistic, andnotational systems:
children must use different learning strategies
search onother symbol systems, even those associated withlearning in mathematics and science, as in Lehrerand Schauble's work, merits inclusion as well. We donot want to miss the forest of symbolic systems forthe tree of written language.
symbols and written language
nly Daiute's chapter in this volume focusesalmost exclusively on written language
written language
Lehrer and Schaubleare grappling with similar questions when consider-ing both the costs and benefits of inscription in thedevelopment of model-based reasoning
compare and contrast
That interest is centered in determining whatcosts and benefits accrue from these different sourcesfor learning, when one is better suited than the otherfor a particular learning goal
learning goals
ndeed, we found ourselves making many con-nections to early literacy when reading the Lehrer andSchauble chapter on mathematics and science
connection
nscriptions such as diagramsand maps is quite relevant
for symbolic literacy
inscriptional and mathematical literacy.
another way to learn
o use Ellin Scholnick's example (from theIntroduction), "Calling roses and daisies 'flowers' in-duces children to search for their similarities" (p. 14).The kinds of similarities recognized, however, varyover time and across domain. For example, whenasked to interpret the statement "A tape recorder islike a camera," 6-years-olds tended to identify similarsurface attributes (e.g., noting that they are the samecolor), whereas 9-year-old children and adults tendedto identify similarities in Ranction, that is, that theyboth can record something for later use (Centner,1988, as cited in the chapter, pp. 96-97).
a great example and something too remember
Centner and Loewenstein's chapter focuses onthe development of analogical processing. Makingcomparisons and seeking similarities are posited asimportant vehicles in cognitive and language devel-opment.
compare and contrast with the previous passage
it reflects the lack of agency many stu-dent users of nonstandard English perceive
Standard English also stifles the credibility of nonstandard speaking students as well as teachers.
Yet, in this exchange, the cooperatingteacher’s inquiry into Linda’s grammatical knowl-edge takes on a singularly evaluative aspect andoffers no evidence of guidance on how Lindamight phrase her statement in future lessons.
Standard English often creates these situations without teaching students anything of substance.
inimize their verbal participa-tion in class learning experiences
The social pressure that Standard English imposes is further shown to be an issue, by showing how it stifles the voices of various educators.
ccountive posi-tioning provides a means of centering the lan-guage-focused perspectives of Black and Latinxpreservice teachers in course-related interactions,in field experiences, and in teacher licensuretesting contexts.
McGriff explains how positioning helps teachers of color, by providing them with some ground to stand on.
Groups such as universityacademic departments use these to develop tea-cher licensure programs and accompanying cri-teria for program completion.
McGriff highlights the steps being taken to alleviate teachers of the restrictions of Standard English.
inguistically valid forms of communica-tion (Johnson et al., 2017). Unlike informal
McGriff stresses that these ways of communicating are just as valid as Standard English, and should be treated as such.
Efforts to address this under-representationinclude calls for teacher educators to consider howtheir pedagogies and programmatic structures maybetter support cultural and linguistic diversityamong preservice teachers
The lack of diversity is prevalent in the academic space.
organization biggest controversy and first problem- wether the company will be able adapt to new changes , its a constant change in thee business field ,