Você e eu estamos na praia?

A moça responde ao professor?

O presidente está perto da janela?

we also build ChatUniTest Mod-els[13 ], which provides fine-tuned models for Java test generationtasks based on Code Llama

I never saw my mother, to know her as such, more than four or five times in my life; and each of these times was very short in duration, and at night.

never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs,

When and how to use Standard English Maybe you have cousins or friends in other parts of the country, and there have been times when you have misunderstood each other? Perhaps you were trying to play a game that has different names in different parts of the country. Such local words, which are not Standard English, should not be used in formal situations such as in an exam or going for a job interview. In formal situations, it is required that you use Standard English, which also means not using slang words that you would use with your friends.

For some people, it is not difficult to use Standard English, because it happens to be their local dialect. But for others in different parts of the country, they may have to remind themselves to follow the rules, including the sentence order and grammar of Standard English, when they are speaking or writing in a formal context. However, Standard English can be spoken in any accent, and must not be confused with talking ‘posh’.

An important influence then came from the Normans who invaded England with William the Conqueror in 1066. The Normans settled here permanently, bringing with them the French language and Latin. Old English was still spoken by most of the ordinary people, while French and Latin became the languages of the ruling classes, and was used for legal and religious duties.

Standard English today Although language changes all the time – think of new words like Internet, Web site, and so on – we still use Standard English as the formal form of our language. Standard English is the form that is taught in schools, following set rules of grammar and spelling. Newspapers are written in Standard English and it is used by newsreaders on national television, who need to be understood by people with different local dialects, all over the country.

This standardization spread across Britain, replacing all other dialect forms, that is, the other local styles of English spoken around the country. Latin and French were no longer used in law or academic work, which culminated in the 18th century, when dictionaries and grammar books were first written. Dr Johnson wrote an influential dictionary in 1755, which fixed many of the spellings we still use today.

Middle English developed at a crucial time in history, forcing the English language into some stability. One of the main reasons for this was that language started to be written down, and in 1458, the German Johannes Gutenberg invented printing, a process that William Caxton introduced to England in 1475. With all the differences and varieties in the language, Caxton had to make some choices about printing, which served to stabilize and standardize English to a certain extent. Because of where Caxton lived, he chose the east Midlands dialect, the language form used in London and around the southeast. The fixed spellings of what came to be known as Standard English, had been born, and were now, literally, set down in black and white.

The next 300 years acted like a big melting pot, in which all these languages and different influences were mixed, until the language that gradually emerged was Middle English.

Standard English The history of English is quite a story in itself, with dramatic changes and great variety. Up to about 450, British (Celtic) tribes spoke languages related to modern Welsh, Scots Gaelic, and Irish (Erse). However, the years between 450 and 1066 brought about great change. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded from North Germany in around 450, and settled on the eastern side of what is now called England. Their language, Anglo-Saxon, spread across to the west of England and developed into what we now call Old English. Many of the words we use today still relate back to Old English – but this was soon to change too. Other invasions, this time in the form of the Vikings from Scandinavia, influenced the language with new words from the Viking's language Old Norse that entered Old English between 800 and 900.

Do you speak more than one language? Perhaps you are taught French or German at school, or English is your second language, and you speak a different tongue at home. But have you ever thought that you also speak different forms of language? For example, you probably speak to your friends in a way that you would never speak to, say, an interviewer in an interview. Hopefully, you would write differently in an exam than you would in a text message or e-mail! When we communicate with different people and in different situations, we naturally follow different sets of rules and patterns, often without having to think about the switches and transitions we are making. The most used form of English is Standard English.

The equator cuts the continent in half, and the rainforest is along the equator. Tropical climates occur around the equator because this area receives direct or relatively direct insolation (incoming solar radiation) for the entire year (Figure 4.4b&4.4c).

Some of us might see a downtrodden, impoverished woman forced simultaneously to care for her child and to farm with simple tools. Others might interpret the tree-filled field in the background as a sign of backwardness, of potential farmland unused, or the fallen wood behind her as evidence of deforestation.

In Africa South of the Sahara, women produce roughly 70 percent of the food. The woman photographed here is farming peanuts that she will use in her family's meals or sell at the market. Why the simple farming implement? She uses a short-handled hoe because these are heavy clay soils, making long-handled hoes less effective. A motorized plow would destroy the soils in this area after only a few years of use.

San had more time for leisure, slept more, ate a more balanced diet, and worked less than their “more developed” farming neighbors. The San and other hunter-gatherers around the world know where they can find different resources, including food, shelter, and water, during the course of the year, and they migrate seasonally and purposely to find resources necessary for survival

The San people of the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa are one remaining such group. What thoughts come to mind when you see a picture of hunter-gatherers? Most Westerners see such groups as primitive, backward, or underdeveloped. We may think of hunter-gatherers as “less developed” than city dwellers in New York or London. Whether we are conscious of it or not, we likely place people on a continuum of development, a scale typically linked to indicators of material well-being. What criteria do we use to measure development in our mind, and why do we use these criteria? Development implies progress, but progress in what? Does development mean amassing wealth? Does development mean access to clean water and a steady food supply? Can people be poor and developed at the same time? While we may perceive hunter-gatherers as primitive or underdeveloped, hunter-gatherers necessarily worse off than we are? Studies suggest that one group of San spent 12 to 19 hours per week working to obtain food as compared to the 40-some-hour workweek of most people in the so-called developed world.

Symbolic knowledge structures

Neurosymbolic AI refers to AI systems that seek to integrateneural network-based methods with symbolic knowledge-based approaches

Heuristic evaluation55 Nielsen, J., & Molich, R. (1990). Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing (CHI).  is a collection of user interface design principles that, when applied systematically to a user interface, can identify many of the same breakdowns that a user test would identify. We’ll discuss this method here.

Design has a long way to go before its methods are truly equitable, focusing on the edge cases and margins of human experience and diversity, rather than on the dominant cases. It’s your responsibility as a designer to look for those methods and demand their use.

Will the user try to achieve the right effect? In other words, would the user even know that this is the goal they should have? If not, there’s a design flaw.

Will the user try to achieve the right effect? In other words, would the user even know that this is the goal they should have? If not, there’s a design flaw.Will the user notice that the correct action is available? If they wouldn’t notice, you have a design flaw.Will the user associate the correct action with the effect that the user is trying to achieve? Even if they notice that the action is available, they may not know it has the effect they want. If the correct action is performed, will the user see that progress is being made toward the solution of the task?  In other words, is there feedback that confirms the desired effect has occurred? If not, they won’t know they’ve made progress. This is a design flaw.

The fundamental idea of a walkthrough is to think as the user would, evaluating every step of a task in an interface for usability problems. One of the more common walkthrough methods is a Cognitive Walkthrough77 Polson, P. G., Lewis, C., Rieman, J., & Wharton, C. (1992). Cognitive walkthroughs: a method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. . Despite having been published in the early nineties, the technique is quite general, since it focuses on what people are thinking while using an interface rather than the interface.

Walkthroughs77 Polson, P. G., Lewis, C., Rieman, J., & Wharton, C. (1992). Cognitive walkthroughs: a method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies.  are methods where an expert (that would be you, novice designer), defines tasks, but rather than testing those tasks with real people, you walk through each step of the task and verify that a user would know to do the step, know how to do the step, would successfully do the step, and would understand the feedback the design provided. If you go through every step and check these four things, you’ll find all kinds of problems with a design.

Observation, of course, requires empirical methods. These contrast to critical methods in that they remove expert judgement from evaluation, leaving only observable phenomena in how someone interacts with a design. This has the benefit of limiting subjectivity, which can, in some circumstances, be quite wrong in its interpretations and predictions.

The ease with which A/B tests can run, and the difficulty of measuring meaningful things, can lead designers to overlook the importance of meaningful things.

First, you need to decide who is representative of the stakeholders you are designing for and then find several people to invite to participate. Who is representative depends entirely on whose problem you think you’re solving and partly on your ability to get access to people that have that problem.

but they generally can’t help you learn about whether the design achieves its larger goals (whether it’s useful, valuable, meaningful, etc.). This is because a usability test doesn’t occur in the context of someone’s actual life, where those larger goals are relevant.

Usability tests can help you learn about lower level problems in a user interface (layout, labeling, flow, etc.), but they generally can’t help you learn about whether the design achieves its larger goals (whether it’s useful, valuable, meaningful, etc.). This is because a usability test doesn’t occur in the context of someone’s actual life, where those larger goals are relevant.

We’re here to test this system, not you, so anything that goes wrong is our fault, not yours.

In this respect, the deployment of AI technologies certainly implies the emergence of new professions, which must be properly understood. For example, new technical professions such as health data analysts, experts in knowledge translation, quality engineers in ehealth, and telemedicine coordinators, as well as professionals in social and human sciences such as ethicists of algorithms and robots are to be imagined [141, 142]. The construction of the organization’s ethical culture will depend in particular on its ability to identify areas of ethical risk, deploy its ethical values, and engage all its members in its mission [143].

However, if these kinds of tasks become more widespread, might AI endanger jobs or even replace health professionals, as is often feared in technological transitions [130]?

Healthcare systems, professionals, and administrators will all be impacted by the implantation of AI systems. The first impact consists in the transformation of tasks. The integration of AI is transforming professional tasks, creating new forms of work [131], and forcing a readjustment of jobs (e.g., changing roles and tasks, modifying professional identities, evolving of professional accountability). For the WHO, readjusting to workplace disruption appears to be a necessary consequence of the ethical principle of “sustainability” identified by the committee of experts on the deployment of AI. In particular, governments and companies should consider “potential job losses due to the use of automated systems for routine healthcare functions and administrative tasks” [27]. Image recognition, for example, makes radiology one of the most advanced specialties in AI system integration [132]. AI is now able to “automate part of conventional radiology” [133], reducing the diagnostic tasks usually assigned to the radiologist. The authors of the French strategy report believe that this profession could then “evolve towards increased specialization in interventional radiology for diagnostic purposes (punctures, biopsies, etc.) for complex cases or therapeutic purposes guided by medical imaging” [133]. The practice of electrocardiograms in cardiology [133] or that of dentists in their routine and laborious tasks [134] is already undergoing upheaval. The field of general medicine is also being impacted by applications available to the public, such as “medical assistant” chatbots that can analyze users’ symptoms and direct them to a specialist or pharmacist. In the case of minor ailments, such technologies de facto diminish the role of the general practitioner.

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In the medical context, increasing importance is placed on patients’ co-participation in their care [54] and their ability to refuse care or request additional medical advice

Considering the intimacy and sensitivity of health data and the many actors potentially involved, AI highlights the question of individual privacy.

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hese policies included its insistence thatIndians plant commercial crops such as indigo, jute, and opium poppies inplace of rice and other food crops; its monopoly on trade; its seizure of landfrom hereditary landowners; and its extraction from the Indians of high taxes

the Commander-in-Chief of BritishIndia from 1756-1760, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief from 1764-1767

Open notebook science is a gathering movement across a number of fields to make the entire research process transparent by sharing materials online as they are generated.

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Finally, the assumptions of utilizing a multiple linear regression model may have limited the study data and conclusions that can be drawn from modeling as a linear model assumes a clear cut relationship between a predictor and the outcome.

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Merely making material available online - however well intentioned - is not sufficient to democratize learning or to give actual access.

The Museum has restored ownership of both works to the artist’s known descendants, returning one to the family and purchasing the other back.

Excel is a black box. When we use it, we have to take on faith that its statistics do what they say they are doing

These may be characterised as 'cognitive artefacts': human-made physical objects that we employ as a means of assisting us in performing a cognitive task, and which are able to represent, store, retrieve, and manipulate information

Such cognitive artefacts may operate in different ways and using different functions such that they complement human cognition – in effect they extend what the human mind can do, rather than replicate it.

Similarly, the pages of the annual Computer Applications in Archaeology conference proceedings are filled with accounts of applications and case studies of their use, but examples of failure are rare, not least because the incentives for authors and publishers to report successes are naturally greater.

Of course, while the process of measurement may be objective, its value and effectiveness relies on appropriate use and application which often remains dependent on the human component.

As survey instrumentation becomes digital and increasingly automated, so the level of human engagement changes: the cognitive load is transferred to the digital device while the survey strategy and (for now) the physical assembly and setup of the instrumentation remains on the human side of the relationship.

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Within the past thirty years, the narrative established by sympathetic colonial administrators, pioneer African American scholars, nationalist African historians, and the standard explanations of state formation here and elsewhere have been challenged. Recent archaeological research, com-bined with that of historians, art historians, and anthropologists, necessi-tates the rethinking of these established narratives. Excavations in Jenne-Jeno (old Jenne in the modern nation of Mali) have opened an entirely new paradigm of the origins of complex urban-centered societies in Africa (and by extension elsewhere in the world). The emergence of towns in the west-ern and probably central Sudan occurred far earlier than indicated by Arab chronicles and oral traditions.

These scholars sought to “decolonize” the African past by demonstrating that, far from being the “primitive” realm of European imperialists’ mythologies, Africa had a long and noble tradition of statebuilding like other areas of the world.

Until recently, scholars attributed state formation in the savannas of West Africa to the introduction of the camel into the western Sahara sometime after 1700 BCE.

The largest and best known of these is the trans-Saharan trade network, which “extended throughout the Sahara Desert, an expanse of 3,320,000 square miles” (Schraeder 2004a:36). “If you traveled across the United States from Boston to San Diego, you still would not have crossed the Sahara

deter-minist views that Africans were incapable of organizing stable “civiliza-tions” or states without external leadership. The once commonly accepted premise that the first states in Africa were the result of common patterns of “divine kingship,” diffused from Egypt or elsewhere, have been gradually abandoned by most knowledgeable scholars of African history. The equally misguided view that civilization originated in sub-Saharan Africa is also unacceptable to most scholars.

The Igbo are neighbors of the highly politically centralized Yoruba, but their political system is much dif-ferent. Instead of centralized kingdoms headed by powerful “kings” and their advisers, the Igbo had no centralized system of governance. Rather they lived in politically autonomous villages. That is, each village was politically separate and was politically not directly connected to neighbor-ing villages. Within the villages, there was not a system of hereditary chiefs. Village decisions were made by a headman and a council of elders that selected the headman. The absence of a centralized system of govern-ment did not mean that there were no systems or institutions of governance among the Igb

crop-raising revolution was a great step forward for humankind. Clearly, it is only with the invention of crop cultivation that the human species could create the elaborate social and cultural patterns with which most people today would be familiar. Furthermore, it is in advanced hoe-farming and agricultural societies (those using animal traction) that the separation between rulers and ruled, inequality between men and women, and the institution of slavery evolved.

Major fishing communities in Africa most likely predate the development of techniques for growing food crops and taming animals. Many settle-men

As in most gathering and hunting societies, women’s economic functions, along with childbearing, are absolutely crucial. Women typically generate more food through gath-ering than the men who hunt animals or look for game that has already been killed. Gathering and hunting societies appear to have developed d

The role of the

Many experts now include knowledge as a fifth factor, acknowledging its key role in business success.

We can involve students in the process of curating content for courses, either by offering them limited choices between different texts or by offering them solid time to curate a future unit more or less on their own (or in a group) as a research project

Digital archaeology resists the (digital) neo-colonialism of Google, Facebook, and similar tech giants that typically promote disciplinary silos and closed code and data repositories.

Digital archaeology should exist to assist us in the performance of archaeology as a whole. It should not be a secret knowledge, nor a distinct school of thought, but rather simply seen as archaeology done well, using all of the tools available to and in better recovering, understanding and presenting the past.

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# Print and save to the plots folder print(SH_19_T1_vs_SS) `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'

This plot shows the distribution of SH_11, SH_14, and SH_19,

Reliability Statistics for Activating, Nonsleep, And Environment SH Items

pping = aes( x = SH_T1, y = SLEEPSCORE)) + geom_point(position = "jitter")

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source: https://fripublichealth.quarto.pub/zerosum/report-preview.html#introduction, r manual combined <- combined %>% filter(!is.na(SH_10_T2)) %>% mutate(

carty.github.io/FRIplaybook/composite.html scoreItems(keys = SH_T2_keys, items = combined) Call: scoreItems(keys = SH_T2_keys, items = combined) (Unstandardized) Alpha: SLEEPHYGIENE_T2 alpha 0.7 Standard errors of unstandardized Alpha: SLEEPHYGIENE_T2

wide_17data %>% left_join( wide_dailydata_clean %>% select("PASSWORD", "SLEEPSCORE_T1",

<- day17data %>% pivot_wider( id_cols = PASSWORD, names_from = SURVEYDAY, values_from =

indicate areas for improvement in future studies that may lead to different results.

Not for nothing were chemists known as ‘spagyrists’ or workers by fire, or placed in the same category as smiths and farriers.

If Boyle’s support for a mechanical philosophy that resolved matter and its sensory qualities into shaped particles in motion seems like later physical chemistry that was not the way other practising chemists saw it.

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Culture refers to many characteristics of a group of people, including attitudes, behaviors, customs, religious beliefs, and values that are transmitted from one generation to the next

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“America’s refugee program was built to reflect our values, and the thousands of individuals we’ve closed our doors to represent thousands of missed opportunities of people who could have strengthened a local community or economy.”

“Do you support having a refugee admissions policy in this country that only admits white refugees?” Mr. Murphy

“This decision doesn’t just lower the refugee admissions ceiling. It lowers our moral standing,” said Krish O’Mara Vignarajah

The Trump administration, however, made the refugee determination official on Thursday, without consulting with the required congressional committees,

Police statistics do not show that white people are more vulnerable to violent crime than other people in South Africa.

He then created a carve-out for South African descendants of Dutch and French settlers who arrived there in the 17th century, even as families hoping to escape war in Sudan, Iranian religious minorities previously approved to travel to the United States and people in refugee camps around the world remained in limbo.

The administration lowered the ceiling of refugee admissions to just 7,500 for the fiscal year that started this month, down from the cap of 125,000

The Trump administration is drastically cutting the number of refugees it will admit to the United States, rejecting thousands of people fleeing war and persecution while reserving the record-low number of slots for mostly white Afrikaner

For Alexis, it wasn’t until reading Young’s article and learning more aboutcode-meshing, code-switching, double consciousness, and “Standard Eng-lish” that she realized how this structural linguistic racism had been harmingher since first grade.

First,the narrative erases the four decades of civil rights struggle before 1969 toend racial exclusion at white American colleges. Second, it erases the historyof the Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) that educated hundreds ofthousands of Black students before 1970. Third, it ignores the pressure thatwas building for CUNY to end its systemic exclusion of Black and Brownstudents through 1965 and the desegregation programs that did end itbetween 1965 and 1970

She learned at once that “standard” English was thegoal and anyone who couldn’t quickly assimilate would be considered “lessthan” their peers.

To Kynard, this integrationist narrativeand stance in fact rationalized the “admissions and enrollment schemes”which have been “always used to keep students of color out of white colleges”by casting those students as “outside the bounds of school culture” either tobe excluded or “paternalistically saved”

Keyword Argument

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r all. If Ben-Gurion had carried out a large expulsion and cleaned the whole country - the whole Land of Israel, as far as the Jordan River. It may yet turn out that this was his fatal mistake. If he had carried out a full expulsion - rather than a partial one - he would have stabilized the State of Israel for generations.

If Ben-Gurion had carried out a large expulsion and cleaned the whole country - the whole Land of Israel, as far as the Jordan River. It may yet turn out that this was his fatal mistake. If he had carried out a full expulsion - rather than a partial one - he would have stabilized the State of Israel for generations.

By tracking how a student responds to failure within the AI tutor, we can generate a productive struggle score

By analyzing the digital trace data from student interactions in shared documents and team chats

systematic, personalized reinforcement

But we no longer live in an age of information scarcity. The lecture is a solution to a problem we no longer have. The challenge for colleges and universities in the twenty-first century is to deliver artisanal-quality learning at an industrial scale. For decades, this has been an impossible dream. Until now.

Cuando Gregorio ya era Papa, Silvia ya había entrado al convento y su esposo ya se había convertido en sacerdote simultáneamente

Madre de San Gregorio Magno