PMID: 40401218

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

Annotating here since the article is a PDF.

This variant is mentioned in table 2 as a "disease associated mutation", but only as being present in the NBD/NBD interface. No further details are provided.

Case#: P3, male, 16yo at report, 9yo at dx, US with Indian ethnicity

DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

FamilyInfo: n/a

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA (logMAR)= OD=20/160 (0.90), OS=20/125 (0.80)

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText: ocular comorbidities such as diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, or glaucoma

GenotypingMethod: "genetic testing"

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.2453G>A; c.4532C>A (p.Pro1511His)

ClinVar: 99135

CAID: CA227000

SupplementalData: table 1

This variant is listed in supplementary tables S2 and S3. Proband KN-187 is a "solved" patient, meaning the phenotype matches the genotype. Compound heterozygous (c.6290C>T p.P2097L; c.6445C>T p.R2149X) male with Stargardt disease- all that is provided.

Case#: MD-0790, Spanish

DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

FamilyInfo: n/a

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText: "STGD1 was determined according to initial symptoms of VA loss; fundus images showing orange-yellow flecks in the retina, a beaten-bronze appearance; and normal or cone-altered ffERG results"

CaseNotHPOs:

CaseNotHPOFreeText:

GenotypingMethod: Index cases were studied by different next-generation sequencing (NGS) strategies, including targeted gene panels, clinical exome, and/or whole-exome sequencing

PreviouslyPublished: n/a

Variant: c.1715G>C p.(Arg572Pro); c.4918C>T p.(Arg1640Trp)

ClinVar: 99073

CAID: CA226919

SupplementalData: Table S1

PMID:328843395

Gene: ABCA4

HGNC ID: 34

This variant is mentioned as being on 8 individual alleles in Spanish families from a previous publication (PMID: 19028736)

This variant is found in table S2A to have an OR of infinity with a CI (14.02-infinity), so PS4 is applicable

https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/1wjdcjs/removed_by_reddit/

Do connected notes actually work better than folders?<br /> via u/Purple_Clock5044 on 2025-09-17

Q: Oates says theater isn't really "about" the dialogue, the real meaning is something underneath it. Does she mean subtext or something else entirely?

O: While theater may be one of a few places that can simply "display" the character without direction or added context. descriptions, or remarks, written prose that can seem rather complex and alive also exist, if the character is demonstrated through actions, background or incentives, internal thinking or self-muses, which brings out a more vivid character, whose actions are realistically dependent on previous influences, instead of being a "character sheet" character or Mary Sue, or of that who follows a classical trope. The character is not created as a plot driven device, and acts with intention, but also unconscious decisions, much like what happens in real life, which illustrates and adds "noise" that creates more complex and compelling characters, continuous instead of something discrete, free from defined tropes, vast and liberating. This type of fiction is often called literary fiction.

Meant to submit this annotation on thursday's class, completely forgot to submit

This entire scene and before is handled really well in the hoffman version, and compared to the BBC version it's night and day. I enjoyed the shift between humor and seriousness in Flute's acting in the Hoffman version, and didn't like theseus' death distracting from that in the BBC version.

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Мы никак не можем шевелить эти плитки.

только порядок можем выбрать. никакие манипуляций не разрешены с ними. ни перемещение не перевороты.

нужно сделать получившуюся фигуру минимальной высоты

This is what Robustness refers to

early development of sexual organs

Ah, legend has it that if one like Mr Tibbs puts on his Charizard costume, he has the power to roar and breathe fire!

That costume would be perfect-a-mongo for Sargent Tibbs, or as I call him now, Mr Tibbs. all we need to do is get an edible bamboo leaf with cat food on it and vioila!

same Q as before.. 16 > 32 > 64 - wy would throughput not increase in the same proportiton? you are effetively adding replicas

reduce the size of this section too. by 70%.

keep the terminology consistent.. latency bound vs kv cache bound is not in the same group. keep it flops vs vram vs b/w

this section has too much detail. try to keep it simple with fewer numbers and state the constraint clearly towards the end - flops or vram or b/w.

why? you are adding replicas. thruput and cost should increase in the same proportion.

experimenation is expensive, not the question

Compare telecalling CRM vs regular CRM and learn how the right tools help outbound sales teams manage calls, leads, follow-ups, and conversions more effectively.

In the BBC version, this was changed into "Give me your hand". No kid is mentioned, but still Titania gets mad, refuses. This adaptation changes a lot of things: we go from a dispute about an exterior factor that they disagree on, to a couple fighting. Oberon is a humiliated husband in this scene, which makes it way more personal.

Two different version, the same sentence. This one survives because the structure of the refusal does not depend on the object

In Davies version, Oberon, speechless, cannot speak. Pucks intervenes and take these lines, which shows his importance to his master

Elizabeth I. The compliment is that Cupid's arrow missed her and she stayed unmarried by choice. The arrow lands on a flower instead and causes everything that goes wrong for the next three acts.

Beginning of my passage

The BBC version stands out for many changs, and this one is one too: Oberon threatens Titania even though she is still here, compared to after she leaves in the original version

In Bennett's version, Titania keeps the invitational, but in the BBC one, same thing: it is cut. Its now Oberon's turn to try and make the move

This passage is completely cut in the BBC version, because the kid is not mentioned. This is the main reason why the fight in this version is more personal: no exterior element is included

A good reminder and solid foundation for beginning writing a hypothesis.

I enjoyed this point as it made me aware of how to properly convey my voice when in situation where I may need to explain multiple things.

I think this is an important and true point. Having specific examples of experience tailored to individual sections can show your strength across multiple areas.

This is a good summarizing point and also important to consider who you're doing work for.

I agree with this point and think it is very important to consider when forming a team for a writing project.

I think this is an example of mudslinging or ad hominem because they are attacking Bernie Sanders personally instead of just talking about whether the 32-hour workweek would work. They bring up how long he has been getting a salary from taxpayers and use that to question his knowledge about the issue. This takes attention away from the actual argument.

I think this is an example of sensationalism because the article starts with “Get ready for a long weekend at Bernie’s!” instead of just introducing the bill. The phrase is meant to catch the reader’s attention and make the story sound more entertaining. It also connects Bernie Sanders to the idea of a long weekend before the reader even learns the details of the proposal.

I think this is an example of word choice because the author says Ben Shapiro believes Americans should “work until they drop dead.” That wording makes Ben Shapiro’s position sound much more extreme then simply saying he supports raising the retirement age. The author then describes Bernie Sanders as believing Americans “deserve more time off,” which gives Sanders a more positive description. The way its wording makes one seem bad and one good which can influence bias.

I think that “dismal” shows subjective bias because it makes the situation sound very negative. The author could have just explained that workers have less free time and more unpredictable schedules, but instead they call it a “dismal situation.” This makes the reader see the situation in a negative way before they can form their own opinion.

Transparent Peer Review

Download the complete Review Process [PDF] including:

• reviews
• authors' reply
• editorial decisions

</br>

Utilitarian Lens: The purpose of safety regulations in general is to efficiently manage and prevent hazards and/or risks, and in turn, any resulting incidents. The purpose of setting restrictions in this scenario is to more easily keep track of and manage progress, and the frequency at which it is occurring. Preventing any significant losses (for instance, inefficient time and/or resource usage), that could potentially occur due to a lack of awareness. In the process of decision-making, regulations can also be beneficial in determining which decisions would result in the best possible outcome for a business.

Common Good Lens: Assuming that Amodei is referring to the general public, the idea of reliance on "society" (Amodei) in (at least, partially) determining the extent of AI may be somewhat complicated due to the inevitability of divisive responses. Though alternatively, this could be in reference to the idea of constructive feedback and/or criticism, in that responses from the general public will contribute to the decisions regarding and improvement of AI in the near future. Regardless, it is most likely the businesses responsible for creating and/or holding ownership of AI technologies will ultimately make the final decision, which could be based on feedback, and/or a variety of other factors (legality, ethics and values, etc.).

Justice Lens: The implications in this part of the essay focus on keeping the US, the "good guys", ahead of China, as the "bad guys". The argument here is right versus wrong based on the idea that we need to punish or restrict the "bad guy", based on the US view of the CCP.

Utilitarian Lens: I find it interesting that so much of the focus is on China as the most likely to match the US in the race to build the biggest and best AI. It seems short-sighted to ignore that there are other authoritarian powers that would be willing to do as much as China but not so much in the public eye. I appreciate that his focus is on the biggest, most obvious "enemy", but he is also simplifying his argument a lot. This argument does put most of the focus on the highest, fastest "common good", and would be the least expensive way to do it as well, in a highly utilitarian way.

While all of this sounds good especially when looking at it through a Common Good lens. It doesn't really consider any of the consequences. Curing diseases is great and something that society has been aiming towards for a long time. We have made a lot of progress when it comes to medicine but there are still diseases that are uncurable. If we can speed up the rate in which medicine is developed more people can be saved. If most diseases are cured, then more people will also live. When looking at the same phrase with a Utilitarian lens things look a bit different. AI has consequences it greatly affects the environment by needing a lot of water to cool systems. With less water, plants and animals suffer. A lot of disease treatments have been found within plants and nature. While AI might be able to quickly figure out what is needed to cure a disease, we may not have the recourses to make the cure because they were put towards AI. If the environment is significantly destroyed to further AI development then we can't even use the information that AI gives us (curing diseases). There is also the idea of living rather than surviving. AI could help cure diseases and allow us to survive longer but if the world is seemingly destroyed is there really any point? Do the pros outweigh the cons? If AI is handled carefully and more research is done to be able to develop it in a more sustainable way, and the pros outweigh the cons, then AI could be beneficial.

Utilitarian Lens: Dario Amodei shows us how he thinks our world with AI is a race to the top and how we must pace the frontier. I think that AI is being used by a lot of companies and is replacing jobs that humans had before. We need to think about how this is affecting the population and the jobs being lost. Slowing down AI and regulating it is important before there is more harm or damage. AI is growing and evolving fast, so continuing to prioritize caution over speed and prudence over product is vital. While AI can have the benefits of advanced technology, regulating the use of AI before it grows too quickly is important.

Applying the Utilitarian Lens, pacing AI serves as both a detriment and a positive for us. AI is at a weird stage where everyone in the world is competing to develop a more advanced system; however, the rate at which things are moving raises an eyebrow regarding public safety and privacy concerns. Slowing down the process of developing AI seems to be the obvious response when it comes to taking everyone into consideration—because the attention is literally going off of AI and onto the people. However, the reason it would be nice to speed up AI, for the population's sake, would be to help solve world issues such as disease. I don't know if we're quite at that because if we're weighing it out, the developing/understanding ratio is skewed; in other words, can we progress enough with AI at this speed in order to truly stay intellectually on par with it? If it becomes too advanced, would we know what to do? Applying a different lens like the Virtue, we arrive at a very similar conclusion. Honesty is something that I think most people can value in other people. If it's clear that AI is developing to the nth degree, why does the general public not know more about it? If these organizations were more candid about how little they truly understand as far as safety is concerned, then maybe we would take a step back. That would be the responsible thing to do, which is another trait people value.

When applying the Utilitarian lens, Amodei points out how it would be beneficial to slow the production of AI so that we can better align with it so that there are safety protocols in place. This way would cause the least harmful affect because if AI companies were to slow down to better understand all aspects of what they are creating, they can better ensure that they will not get any unwanted or unfriendly outcome from their AI creations. This helps to keep everyone safe while still advancing the AI field, albeit a little slower than it is currently being developed. With that, while it may be beneficial to society in order to ensure its safety, it does come with the pitfall that it will take longer to find solution to different problems that they are using AI for which could cause harm along the way.

Utilitarian Lens: One of the potential benefits that we may lose in pacing or delaying AI development is the creation of new drugs to prevent disease. Research shows it takes on average 10-15 years to develop a new drug that can be ready for patient use, and by slowing the development of AI, we could be slowing the development of these drugs when it already takes so long in the first place. On the contrary, slowing the growth of AI could be beneficial to saving the enviroment. The constant creation of new AI technology needs large data centers to help power it, and these data centers take tons of water and invade the forests and parks that were once there. If we slow the progress of AI, we could potentially cut back of the number of data centers needed until we can develop more laws and regulations for them. Before I can make a conclusive statement that slowing development causes more good than harm, I'd have to do research into the major fields that benefit from AI technology like medicine, and ask professionals in those fields on their opinion of slowing the progress of the AI they use. I highlighted what I believe is an assumption Amodei is making that also affects my judgement aswell. He actually should have a bias towards speeding up the development of AI because of its help in curing him of an early stage of cancer, yet he still takes the opposite stance. It seems he's not letting his personal bias get in the way of what he believes to be right. Hearing how AI has helped save lives does affect how I feel about this specific branch of its use as seen in my earlier comment, yet like Amodei, I'm trying to look at things objectively. If you apply the Care Ethics Lens to this same argument, you have to be wary of the patients this decision may affect if you slow AI's development, as it does have a positive use in the medical field.

According to the Rights Lens, the AI companies wouldn't have the right to expose the public to potentially harmful experiments. If at any point one person doesn’t want to participate in this, they are having their own rights violated, and therefore the company shouldn't do it. Through this lens, the line between being a means to an end and not, is drawn almost immediately. This would be especially true if it meant people forfeiting their right for the sake of the company and what they are making. When we look at this through a Utilitarian Lens, things change a little bit. If the work of the AI companies results in more people benefiting than without them developing it, it would be ethical. In the utilitarian lens, they would look to see who and how the companies are affecting the people. If the product that the company would invent would prevent generational hurt and damage, I would argue through this lens, it's worth the potential ‘bad’. It would start treating people as a means rather than an end if the end result was no longer needed, or it was more costly to produce the potential benefits.

Applying Utilitarian lens for pacing AI, the benefit that can be lost is rather a lot. AI is already causing enormous amount of money to be spent in today's time already with more harm being done than good. With pacing AI, it would be an enormous operation, in training, data centers, millions of chips and thousands of people working overtime, not to mention how some AI's are rather invasive to privacy.

According to the article pacing AI, AI focuses more on what could help the majority of people in terms of physical safety and economics. Not what they need or want.

I would need to know a lot. Such as would there start to be credit for the works that artist and writers receive from their works are being stolen? Kinda like a watermark? Would I be able to work freely without the stress that my job is going to get taken simply because I work with technology? Cause I know that still is happening. I would need to know a lot, especially if AI is still going to be around.

I think the quote "Carefully wielded, AI can be the latest in a long line of technological miracles that have uplifted and ennobled humanity." Cause I was assuming if wielded carefully would AI be able to be accessible to the medical field. In diagnosing a patient, in being an alert for major things, in assisting nurses in charting or printing just overall being helpful but not taking their jobs.

Looking at this line through the Utilitarian lens is really interesting. I mean, the sentence itself is exactly that. Where do you cause less harm? Thinking about my previous comments using the care lens and narrowing that focus with the Utilitarian lens, we are weighing the harm done minus the efforts to counterbalance that harm with the possible good and bad for the future. Is it possible that AI could cure more diseases than the destruction it causes to Earth? How do you even weigh these things?

Justice Lens: Amodei's proposal to coordinate pacing to help AI developers keep a commercial advantage and allow the US to keep leading in the AI frontier gives these groups a distinct advantage over workers, citizens of other countries, and future generations. The Justice Lens focuses on making choices that give people fair or equal treatment; however, this is not what this proposal does. AI developers, especially those working on more developed models, are put above smaller developers and workers. They are allowed to keep their commercial standing while other companies may struggle to keep up because the pacing would restrict them more. Also, this could impact workers in this field because they could lose jobs due to the lack of work, also putting strain on other fields with a potential flood of people looking for work. By allowing the US to keep a geopolitical advantage in terms of AI, our citizens would have an unfair advantage in terms of access to AI tools compared to the citizens of other countries. This lack of technology could also impact the ability for other countries to create solutions to problems they face. Going back to the top of the article, AI does have the ability to further medical studies, so other countries won't have access to the technology that could help its people with medical issues.

Common Good Lens: I chose to focus on the Common Good lens to complicate my response because it focuses on some systems I mentioned prior, as well as some I want to mention. I do understand that having pacing good positively impact the AI development community, but the tradeoff is the harm to other communities. As I mentioned earlier, citizens in other countries may not have as much access to AI if the US is able to keep its lead in AI. Their communities are impacted because they will be unable to use this technology to create solutions that could strengthen the systems that uphold their community, such as education or medical care. I also want to touch on future generations now. One thing that is a community-wide (and humanity-wide) need is access to clean water and an overall clean environment. One thing that AI, particularly Generative AI, does is use water to cool down data centers. There have been many people who have shared stories of living near data centers and have their water become dirtier or almost non-existent when they turn on the faucet. This not only affects drinking water, but also these people's ability to cook and clean. If AI continues to grow, even with pacing, with the US at the forefront, it is likely that this issue will become more widespread as we need more data centers to keep up with the demands of AI. This could continue these issues into future generations, potentially even worse. This would go against the common good and could impact the healthcare and other systems communities rely on for health and maintaining a safe standard of living.

https://pendrivelinux.com/boot-from-usb-ubuntu/

Why did he fail to discover resources from asia, did he not find any resources or any other people that lived their?

I found this interesting because it makes a good point. In America, people tend to say the female sex qualifications involve the identification of breasts. However, young adolescents do not have breasts until puberty, and even then, breasts don't always form for all females. Does that make them less female for lacking a certain quality that ties them to their sex?

This part of the passage is almost, if not exactly criticizing the viewpoint of this concept. It states the fact that the sex-gender binary and nature-nuture/culture binary isn't considering the outside viewpoints of what sex and gender are across different cultures and enviorments. That they aren't considering that there might not be a definite universal way of viewing gender.

Though I'm not sure this counts as a valid bias annotation; I can identify that two biases are being addressed. It is talking about two concepts of sex and gender. One group believes in a more conservative way of viewing the topic, in which there are only two possible sexes and that male qualities are valued over females. While the other view explores a more open-viewed way of seeing the concept of sex and gender across different variations.

This is such a key point and speaks to China adaptability. In a time when crud oil prices spike. China is able to cut consumption of jet fuel. How was China able to cut it's use and is this something the United States can do.

The author is arguing that studying history helps us understand problems we face today. New events and new research can change what questions we ask about the past.

This shows us how environmental history has become more relevant over time. The author is stating that humans do not exist separately from nature, but that our actions can affect entire ecosystems.

This is important because it challenges the typical way history is taught that Europe is the main force behind global development.

This stands out to me because it explains that history is not just a big collection of facts together, history is constantly being reexamined rather than one simple answer.

This causes some problems as it becomes naturally harder to support more and more people.

People mainly lived in numbers back then, as it was not wise to live without community and not close to people.

This shows the authors credentials by stating that he is a primarily environmental historian.

I find it interesting that they changed their religion as time passed.

It is easy to be narrow minded when you dont have all the information.

The authors mention of Columbus made me think about how much of a bad guy was. Many historical events show us the true colors of people and it makes me think: were there any good people? I suppose history focuses on the big, rich figures, and rich people can often be greedy. There were probably great men who were lost to time.

Today this is a crazy thought to have because there is controversy in almost everything. I guess back then world peace didn’t seem unattainable. It was a simpler time.

If this was 2023 I wonder how much it has risen since then.

It's nice to see that students similar to myself were able to give their feedback, and have that feedback addressed in later editions.

The majority of this reading after this point is the author, Robert B. Marks, thanking and giving credit to his colleges and organizations that helped or funded this fifth edition and older editions of this book.

I always wondered why schools never really talked about the great recession. Was it too recent? If so, when do major historical events start being put into general education?

I also found it interesting how fast our focus on past events can change.

This shows how problems in the past relate to today and still effect us now

It’s crazy how much damage humans have done to the climate in such a short amount of time

These are big events in the 21st century but I wouldn’t say that if I would them, about how we changed are relationship with the earths environment

It’s important to remember that the past doesn’t change just how historians write it and how they use issues in there time to influence there writings

Even after retiring from teaching, the author remained an active scholar, and continued researching environmental history, showing that learning and contributing knowledge can continue throughout a person’s life

This means history is not just a collection of past events. It continues to affect the present and studying. It helps us understand today’s problems and how the world keeps changing.

This shows that human activities is not only causing climate change, but is also affecting natural systems on a scale that has never been seen before

eLife Assessment

This study presents valuable findings regarding the role of the P2X7 receptor in retinoic acid signaling-mediated retinal remodeling following photoreceptor degeneration. However, the evidence supporting the main conclusions is currently incomplete, as key comparisons are confounded by differences in genetic background, and the cellular source of receptor expression is not sufficiently resolved. While the work offers mechanistic insights of interest to researchers studying retinal degeneration, additional experimental controls are needed to fully support the authors' claims.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

In this study, Telias et al. identify the P2X7 receptor as a key component of retinoic acid signaling-mediated remodeling in the degenerating rd1 retina. The authors report increased P2X7R expression in the inner retina following photoreceptor loss and link P2X7R signaling to retinal ganglion cell hyperactivity, membrane hyperpermeability, and altered calcium homeostasis. Genetic deletion of p2rx7 abolishes ganglion cell hyperpermeability and reduces several features of pathological remodeling in the rd1 retina. The study provides valuable mechanistic insight into retinal remodeling following photoreceptor degeneration. However, several issues currently limit the strength of the conclusions. In particular, key comparisons are confounded by differences in genetic background, the cellular source of P2X7R expression is not sufficiently resolved, and several experiments require additional controls and more cautious interpretation.

Major comments:

(1) The Methods state that C57BL/6J mice were used as wild-type controls, whereas rd1 mice were maintained on a C3H/HeJ background, and the rd1-p2rx7 knockout line is on a mixed background. Direct comparisons among these groups are therefore potentially confounded by strain-specific differences. Authors should use littermate rd1 het mice as healthy controls in all their experiments.

(2) The authors do not demonstrate P2X7R expression in RGCs. The P2X7R signal in the rd1 retina shown in Figure 1B appears saturated and is therefore difficult to compare directly with the WT image in Figure 1A. Furthermore, Figure 1E indicates that overall P2X7R fluorescence in the GCL is not significantly different between WT and rd1 retinas, whereas the representative images appear to suggest a marked increase. The authors should provide images acquired and displayed under identical settings and consider including retinal whole-mount staining with an RGC-specific marker. P2X7R abundance should then be quantified specifically within identified RGCs in both healthy and rd1 retinas. As mentioned above, het rd1 mice should be included. As an additional control, the authors also should include the staining of rd1 p2x7r KO retinas.

(3) Does the increase in P2X7R abundance correlate with photoreceptor loss? Please include staining of younger rd1 mice along with het rd1 littermates.

(4) In Figure 1G-H, the description of the reporter is internally inconsistent: the Results refer to an artificial mini-Pax6 promoter, whereas the Figure 1 legend describes the Ple344 neuronal mini-promoter derived from Tubb3. Please clarify which promoter is used and what cell population the ECFP signal labels. Figure 1G should explain the function of each reporter element and how RAR activity is inferred. Figure 1H should include an RGC marker such as RBPMS and provide quantitative analysis of RBPMS-positive, reporter-positive, and Yo-Pro-positive cells. Additional controls are needed to exclude effects of viral transduction or retinal inflammation on Yo-Pro uptake. They should include rd1 retinas without AAV, rd1 het retinas with and without the reporter AAV.

(5) In addition, lines 143-144 state that two experiments were performed, but only one is described in that paragraph; the text should be reorganized or clarified.

(6) Yo-Pro-1-positive cell density in rd1 mice between Figure 1H and Figure 2D is different. Why?

(7) Constitutive deletion of p2rx7 may cause developmental or compensatory changes that could contribute to the observed phenotype in Figures 2 and 3. Additional controls are therefore needed to distinguish acute effects of p2rx7 loss from developmental consequences. The authors should assess whether p2rx7 deletion alters retinal cell-type composition, including RGC density, or affects the timing or extent of photoreceptor degeneration. Perform a rescue experiment to determine whether overexpression of p2rx7 in the knockout background restores the phenotype. For all experiments, het rd1 control mice should be included.

(8) Figure 3D and E experiments should include control AAV expression such as GFP.

(9) Figure 5 experiments should include control rd1 het mice.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors used genetic, transcriptomic, imaging, and electrophysiological approaches to investigate the role of P2X7R in retinal remodeling in rd1 mice. The authors propose that RA signaling upregulates P2X7R, leading to altered Ca²⁺ signaling, HCN1 expression, and spontaneous RGC hyperactivity.

Strengths:

Multiple lines of experiments were conducted, focusing on an important question in the field.

Weaknesses:

However, some aspects of the experimental design, statistical analysis, and interpretation require clarification. In particular, the genetic controls and causal evidence should be strengthened before the proposed RA-P2X7R-Ca²⁺-HCN1 pathway can be fully supported.

Some major issues:

(1) The Abstract states that P2X7R deletion prevents the upregulation of RA-responsive genes, whereas the Results state that RAR-dependent genes were not consistently changed by P2rx7 deletion. This central statement should be corrected and clarified.

(2) The P2rx7 knockout model requires further discussion. JAX strain 005576 targets exon 13 and has previously been reported to retain truncated P2X7 transcripts with residual activity (Masin et al., 2012). The authors should avoid describing this allele as complete loss of the entire P2rx7 gene unless additional isoform-specific validation is provided.

(3) The evidence that RAR directly regulates P2rx7 transcription remains incomplete. Predicted promoter motifs and reduced P2X7R protein after BMS-493 treatment are supportive, but they do not establish direct transcriptional regulation. Measurement of P2rx7 mRNA, RAR promoter occupancy, or promoter mutagenesis would strengthen this conclusion.

(4) Several statistical results require verification. In Figure 2H, four paired eyes are analyzed using an unpaired Mann-Whitney test, and the reported p<0.001 is difficult to reconcile with n=4. Similarly, the significance levels in Figure 5A-D are not compatible with a two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test using n=3 mice per group. The statistical unit, exact P values, and number of biological replicates should be rechecked.

(5) The overall causal pathway remains partially inferential. The study does not directly show that increased Ca²⁺ causes HCN1 upregulation or that HCN1 is required for RGC hyperactivity. These steps should either be experimentally tested or presented as a proposed model rather than an established mechanism.

Best practice. A button with a distinctive call to action and high visual contrast, making it easier for people with low vision to locate.

Good practice. It is connected to other tools—such as ChatGPT or Perplexity—that facilitate reading or text comprehension for readers who might otherwise struggle with the material.

Good practice. Organizing information using headings and numbered lists or markers makes it possible to process the complexity of the webpage in a clear and predictable way.

Good practice. Images must include descriptive labels so that people with visual impairments can perceive the visual content using screen readers usch as the picture of the writer "AccessiBe Team".

Typeface Identification

It's a lot easier to identify typefaces of typewriters if you include a few things in your photos: <br /> - Full frontal picture of the machine with clear shot of one or more of the rulers (so one can attempt to determine pitch as well as more easily identify the make/model for cross referencing).<br /> - A full typed sample of all the characters, especially some of the more unique ones like Q, 3, 5, 4, 7, &, G, A, E, and W in both upper and lower case.<br /> - A close up shot of the slugs which clearly shows the foundry marks (generally found in the middle of the slug) of both letter slugs and special character/number slugs as sometimes the latter are different.

Princess 300 with RaRo Elite Imperial typeface

The "AR" foundry mark is a shorthand for Albert Rodrian, one half of RaRo. If you ever see an R inside an octagon that's the mark for the other half, Alfred Ransmayer.

The "84" on the foundry mark is typical of RaRo's 12 pitch Elite Imperial which can be found with a sample at: https://typecast.munk.org/2023/02/04/1961-adler-typewriter-type-font-styles/

You can also compare other known Princess typefaces at the database: https://typewriterdatabase.com/twdb.0.typefaces?mfr_search=70&model_search=100#

If you put a ruler up to your type, you should find that there are 12 characters per inch.

You can also cross reference the following: - the Hass catalog, page 3, row 1:<br /> https://archive.org/details/typewriter-foundry-marks-haas/page/n1/mode/2up<br /> - RaRo Catalogue Page B3-4 "Elite-Schatten Ro 84":<br /> https://www.sommeregger.name/typewriters/files/RaRo/rarotype_katalog_1980_OCR_20160523.pdf

Reply to u/CaptainCulinary at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1wjb0gk/princess_300_with_typeface/

【局限】作者指出这些问题需要在数学界、AI开发公司以及更广泛的社会层面紧急解决，反映了这一问题的复杂性和紧迫性。这一局限表明AI对数学领域的影响只是更广泛社会变革的前奏。

【非共识】作者强调AI对数学领域的影响最终取决于控制这项技术的人类决策，而非技术本身。这一观点挑战了技术决定论，强调了人类选择和价值观在塑造AI发展方向中的核心作用。

【局限】作者指出AI使用结果与其初始目的之间存在错位，这对智力工作构成了普遍威胁。这一局限不仅限于数学领域，而是扩展到所有创造性工作，反映了当前AI技术应用的系统性问题。

【方法】作者阐述了传统训练的双重目的：不仅产生最终答案或产品，还发展理解能力和提出新问题的能力。这一方法论视角强调了学习过程本身的价值，而非仅关注结果，这与当前AI只关注结果输出的模式形成对比。

【非共识】作者认为没有数学家的积极参与，AI产生的想法永远不会真正"活起来"，人类数学家之间的关键传承链将会断裂。这一观点挑战了AI可以独立推动数学进步的假设，强调了人类在数学知识传承中的不可替代性。

【局限】作者指出AI解决方案常常仓促公布，缺乏适当的文档编写、新方法与思想的提炼以及对他人相关工作的引用。这一局限揭示了当前AI生成数学内容的质量控制和学术规范缺失问题。

【方法】作者详细描述了数学问题解决的理想过程：解决新问题带来新见解和方法，然后通过学术社区的长久讨论和简化过程最终形成教科书级内容。这一方法论强调的是数学作为人类集体知识的演进过程，而非单纯的答案获取。

【非共识】作者明确指出AI公司与数学社区的目标存在严重错位，这是一个非共识观点。在技术乐观主义者看来，AI应该辅助而非阻碍数学发展，而本文认为商业利益与学术追求的根本冲突可能导致数学研究的质变。

【数据】作者指出LLMs在数学能力上取得了戏剧性进步，能够解决许多数学领域的主要未解决问题。这一陈述暗示AI已经达到可以独立解决重大数学难题的水平，但未提供具体数据支持，这可能是一个需要验证的关键主张。

【非共识】这篇声明由25位菲尔兹奖获得者共同签署，代表了数学界最高权威对AI的集体担忧。这种顶级数学家的集体发声本身就是对AI在数学领域应用的强烈质疑，与主流科技界对AI能力的乐观态度形成鲜明对比。

eLife Assessment

This important work considerably advances our understanding of the nature of ongoing thought across individuals and across task contexts. Using a combination of fMRI brain data and experience sampling, they find that activation of the MDN leads to greater stability of deliberate task-focused thoughts during task performance. The evidence supporting the claims is convincing and both analytically strong and creative, offering a novel approach to capture thought stability and its relationship to independent brain maps. The findings will be of broad interest to cognitive scientists and neuroimagers.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This paper suggests an alternative model for the function of the multiple demand network. Specifically, its role is not necessarily to sustain cognitive control and maintain task sets, but rather to "stabilize task-appropriate modes of thought". Evidence for this would be that the MD network is responsible for maintaining a particular thought state during a task. To investigate this, they use a combination of fMRI brain data during a set of 14 tasks and experience sampling in a different set of participants performing the same tasks. Using dimensionality reduction, they reduced the space of task features (and brain systems) to a smaller, more tractable set of dimensions and examined whether stability in specific thought components was related to recruitment of specific brain systems during the task.

Strengths:

Overall, this is an interesting and creative study with strong analytic methods that do a good job accounting for confounds or alternative explanations (save one I mention below).

Weaknesses:

I have mostly minor comments and one major one.

Major:

The principal finding is that tasks that evoke brain activity patterns that resemble the MDN also had more stable "deliberate task focus" features. While all the analysis and controls are impressive, I'm still left with the sense that this is reifying something we already know or that alternative explanations are more parsimonious than the MDN induces stability in "thought".

I thought an example might be easiest to understand my point: If I gave participants a series of working-memory-related tasks. Some of these are the crème de la crème, and others are sloppy and poorly designed. Then suppose I assess them on measures related to deliberate thought; I'd likely find the "good" tasks elicit more consistent/reliable deliberate task focus. I also would bet money that these same tasks would evoke canonical WM and MDN activity patterns more than the sloppy tasks. This isn't evidence of MDN stabilizing patterns, but rather that both stable thought patterns and activity in the MDN share a common cause. Thus, I would predict that with my thought experiment, your analysis would find the same result. So it strikes me as a strong alternative possibility for these results is that tasks that reliably evoke deliberate task focus are also those that more strongly and consistently evoke working-memory demand (i.e., Figure 2 shows that they are primarily driven by the executive/WM tasks).

Minor:

(1) The PCA was reviewed previously, and I don't want to relitigate a prior method, but I had one minor concern. It would be useful to know how the principal results are based merely on the "deliberate" or "focus" items specifically. Is the thought space necessary, or do the individual items that likely drive the "deliberate task focus" PC essentially replicate the main result?

(2) I struggled with the motivation for projecting the task data onto a resting state FC analysis that focuses on "gradients". I understand that with 14 tasks activation maps, data reduction is a good thing. But as someone who isn't as enmeshed in this work, I didn't follow why this specific "atlas" was chosen over any other (parcellations, meta-analytic maps of canonical networks, etc.). Maybe a brief sentence saying why this and not that would help readers who find themselves in my shoes.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The study's aim was to establish whether stability in thought patterns relates to the particular thought pattern, the task context, or their interaction. And further, whether stable thought patterns could be linked with distinct brain patterns.

Strengths:

The core reliability framing is novel, and the trait/state/interaction decomposition is a fruitful way to pose the question, leading to the finding that stability is neither a pure trait nor a pure task property, but emerges from their interaction, which is a solid contribution.

The aim to characterise aspects of stability across individuals and across tasks was achieved and is well supported.

Weaknesses:

While the paper makes excellent use of existing data sets, the independent samples, i.e., one study sample for the cognitive/thought-sampling data, and several different study samples to generate the brain maps, do limit the brain-behaviour conclusions that can be drawn.

eLife Assessment

This important study presents compelling evidence for dopamine-based representation learning in the mouse olfactory tubercle. While this work suggests that gradient descent in deep networks serves as a helpful framework for understanding neural representations, the empirical evidence provided remains incomplete. Nonetheless, this work will be of significant interest to systems and computational neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, and machine learning theorists.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

This manuscript reports on simultaneous neural recordings in the olfactory tubercle (OTu) and ventral tegmental area in head-fixed mice performing a simple go-nogo odor-guided reversal task. In the task, there were 3 odors that predicted lick-spout water at 0%, 50%, and 100% probability, with 0% and 100% odors reversing at some point each session. The authors fitted this neural data to a value function approximator in which reward prediction errors fed back onto state representations, allowing the optimal set of representations to be learned. They found that model predictions of adjustments to state representations were correlated with trial-by-trial changes in OTu neural activity, from which the authors conclude that such a system, with dopaminergic errors feeding back onto OTu representations of states, which then generate reward predictions, is biologically plausible.

Strengths:

This is a novel and creative modeling approach that has important implications. It seems to be showing the biological plausibility of a model that can learn state representations rather than relying on a fixed set of states that are programmed into the model. This makes tremendous sense, because the real world is much less well-defined than the kinds of tasks conventionally used by neuroscientists to probe reinforcement learning. As such, it is an important demonstration.

Weaknesses:

The task used in this study is quite simple in its state space, and in particular in how it maps sensory stimuli (odors) onto states, such that the task would seem not to require a system that can learn state representations, or at least that it would not be ideal for testing such a model. This mismatch raises some questions about why this model would perform as well as it appears to be doing here.

The model has two updating functions, both using dopaminergic RPE's. One of these maps raw stimuli to state representations using a parameter termed theta; the second maps state representations to a value prediction, using a parameter termed w. The interaction of these two updating functions seems to be giving the model its interesting characteristics. But it is critical to test what the first of these updates is doing in this model, given that odor stimuli appear to map straightforwardly onto states. For example, one might test the effect of ablating this part of the model, leaving only updates of what the authors term w. Relatedly, one might test the extent to which OTu neurons show simple odor selectivity before and after reversals, asking whether these neurons reflect state representations in this model merely by being selective for a particular odor, or if they develop a more complex kind of responsiveness.<br /> The authors compare the full model, which uses a gradient descent update, to a series of alternatives. The fact that the full model performs significantly better than any of the alternatives leads to the conclusion that the brain is using something like this model in this task. But these alternative models are all reduced or simplified versions of the primary model. This suggests that the full model is the best version within the basic framework posed by the authors. But to draw the conclusion that this model is capturing what is occurring in the brain, one would want to test how this model would perform compared to a different class of model, in particular one that assumes a fixed set of states.<br /> A second weakness of the paper is that the authors do not show the behavioral or raw neural data, which would be important to summarize for the sake of transparency and to help readers get an intuitive sense of what is going on in the task and why the model performs as well as it does. One essential issue is: how much training do mice receive before neural data used in the analysis are collected? Do mice get pre-exposure to contingency reversals before analyzed neural data is collected? Relatedly, how quickly (i.e., in how many trials) do mice show behavioral evidence of having learned initial contingencies and then reversed contingencies? What is the behavioral criterion? With regard to the number of trials mice take to learn the reversals, this can change enormously over training, and such changes could have a big effect on how the model performs. Regarding the neural data, one would want to show some measure of odor selectivity of SPN's and DAN's and how each population responds to delivery and omission of reward in different conditions.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

In this paper, the authors use electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory tubercle (OTu) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of mice learning an olfactory Pavlovian conditioning task to demonstrate the consistency of changes in OTu odour responses with gradient descent updates minimising reward prediction error (RPE). The paper is clearly written and the work well motivated. The authors address a gap in the literature on animal reinforcement learning by providing neural evidence for gradient-based representation learning, something that had been proposed but not yet tested. The results are convincing and the limitations comprehensively addressed. Of particular interest is the proposal that OTu SPNs could solve the weight transport problem through knowledge of the sign of their downstream connections from their expression of either D1/D2 receptors. This makes a concrete experimental prediction that future research could test.

Strengths:

The paper provides one of the first demonstrations backed by neural recordings that representation learning in the brain is consistent with gradient descent. It shows how, although weight transport may be biologically implausible, the brain appears to find other ways to compute a gradient in multilayered networks for efficient learning. The study builds nicely on recent work in systems neuroscience and provides evidence for a concrete implementation in the OTu-VTA circuitry of mice.

The paper demonstrates that changes in OTu striatal projection neuron (SPN) activity over trials are proportional not only to the RPE relayed by VTA dopamine neurons, but also account for the influence of each particular SPN on the RPE. If an SPN decreases the RPE when active, its activity will increase on the next trial after a positive RPE. The activity will instead decrease for an SPN that increases the RPE. This relation is encapsulated in the update rule of Equation 5.

Weaknesses:

The main weakness of the paper is that it provides only indirect evidence for the update mechanism by inferring synaptic weights based on the (justified) assumption of VTA dopamine neurons encoding RPE. This is still a substantial contribution to understanding representation learning in the brain, though I do think that the authors could provide some additional evidence to further convince readers. One idea could be to analyse the distribution of inferred weights and validate whether it agrees with known statistics of connectivity between OTu SPNs and their downstream projections (e.g. fraction of D1/D2 SPNs).

Further, as dopamine neurons are known to have asymmetrical responses for positive and negative RPEs (with the dips in activity related to negative RPEs being generally smaller) I'd expect an improvement in the correlation of the learning updates particularly after the reversal if the authors account for this in the model.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Most models of reinforcement learning in the brain treat the question of how the external world is represented as an afterthought. In "Error driven representation learning in the mesolimbic system", the authors begin by calling attention to this limitation of previous work, then proceed to show that neural activity in part of the ventral striatum evolves in a manner consistent with dopaminergic RPE-driven representation learning. Overall, the question is interesting, the modeling is well done, and the claims are bold. While I am not convinced that olfactory tubercle outputs _mainly_ reflect state features acquired through error-driven learning (see main points below), I am now more willing to believe that they might. I am confident that this work will spark discussion.

Strengths:

The latent weight trajectory inference approach is a nice application of Kalman filtering, the model validation and comparison steps are well executed and thorough, the discussion is nicely written and includes an appropriate caveat about the weight transport problem, and the general idea of striatal output being value-like but also having state-like aspects that evolve over time is thought-provoking.

Weaknesses:

In my view, the main limitation of this work is that the authors do not clearly rule out (1) non-representation learning and (2) non-error-driven learning. This fits with the narrow research question stated at the end of the introduction (L71-72), which is confirmatory in nature and does not claim to exclude alternatives, but other aspects of the framing are less consistent.

Main points of criticism

(1) Representation vs. value learning

The first two pages of the manuscript gave me the impression that the authors wish to draw a clear distinction between representation and value learning, and that they would squarely position this paper as a study of representation learning. The substance of the work does not seem consistent with this positioning, a mismatch that could be addressed either by incorporating new analysis and discussion or by changing the framing.

Examples of emphasis on representation:

- Abstract L14-17 defines value and representation learning and states why they are different.

- First three paragraphs of introduction explain the power of learned representations.

- Results L103-108 attribute state representations to OTu and value to downstream regions.

For this level of emphasis, it would be good to see a convincing argument that OTu MSN activity is better understood as a state representation than as the output of a value function.

Options for establishing OTu as state and not value:

- Explicitly claim in the introduction that previous work has established this, and explain why evidence of stimulus valence being encoded in this area (citations on L68-70) does not favour the value interpretation. Discussing how OTu differs from other parts of ventral striatum that are canonically seen as value coding would also help.

- Directly compare the extent of state vs. value encoding in the present data. The $w=1$ control is a good step in this direction, but its connection to value coding is mentioned only in passing.

(2) Error driven learning vs. other types of learning

Similar to my previous point, the authors seem to claim that the representational changes they study are specifically error driven. While the authors include a good number of controls and ablations, it was not obvious to me that any of them correspond to a form of non-error driven learning that could plausibly generate useful representations. Adding Hebbian learning or a sparsifying learning rule would strengthen this aspect of the work.

I think there is a lot of good work on this page, but everything is shown together, so it feels a little messy. I would organize the projects into different categories, such as App Design, UI Design, Sketches, T-shirt Design, and Chinese-inspired Design. This would make the portfolio easier to understand and help users find specific projects more quickly.

Lastly, the webpage also contains distinguishable and readable content. Almost the entirety of the article is done with black text over a white background making it clearly readable, whereas the images and videos are placed in a proper manner far apart from the text without making it all clumped up.

The webpage also includes a video titled "The Greenhouse Effect" (Right above the highlighted title). This video shows commendable web accessbility practice as the video has closed captioning on videos, and the important sounds and contexts are communicated nicely.

The article also has images and videos. These are very important to consider when looking at web accessiblity because these types of media need to be accessible to different users. (Images and videos can make it accessble to a larger visual audience).

The webpage has the information organized using clear and proper heading and subheadings. The linked subheadings take the user to their preferred topic about climate change, and make it very easy for them to navigate and understand the entire article. Nice web accessbility practice!

The white text is placed over a busy background image, which can make some parts of the text difficult to read. Adding a darker overlay could improve the contrast. I also think the background image should be one of the artist’s most representative works because it is the first image visitors see. This could help people understand the artist’s style more quickly.

The navigation titles are clear and specific, so users can understand what each page is about before clicking on it. This also helps screen reader users navigate the website more easily because each link clearly describes where it will take them.

The color of the “Home” link is light purple, whereas all other navigation links have a black color. In my opinion, this is a good solution since a different color enables users to easily see that the current page is the Home one. Moreover, this color makes the navigation unique. On the other hand, it may be difficult to see the light purple color against a white background for users with vision problems or color blindness. Therefore, I would suggest making the “Home” text slightly bold so that it is easier to read while still keeping the purple colour.

https://www.instagram.com/p/DaqqSrUvM9I/?hl=en

Typing on an 1890s Odell model 3. Made in chicago, refurbished in chicago.<br /> via typewriter_chicago_

this line emphasizing that no ship had ever been more magnificently outfitteds for war and the after life.

This is similar to the dicussion we had in class classifying what treasure is.

the traditional Anglo-Saxon bond of loyalty between a lord and his loyal thanes through generous gift-giving

This Sheild sheafson grand ship burial one of the most vividly detailed funerals in all of world literature.

In a warrior society immortality was achieved not through a long life but through praise and fame generous leadership.

Forcing neighboring nations across the whales road to pay tribute wad the ultimate proof of a kings strength

this line introduces Beowulf the son of Sheafson being an early Danish king. The foundation anglo-saxon is ideal of a young prince should earn loyalty through gift

This the legendary history of Schefing this establish culture values of heroism.

At what point is the imposed tariff enough to stop Canadian producers from exporting their products? How detrimental is that to their overall income, and is only selling domestically sustainable for the Canadian economy?

To what extent can Canada position itself on the world stage as a victim to United States aggression, and will that have an impact on other nations trading with the United States?

I find it interesting how the tariff war is just as much about national identity and pride as it is about money and trade. Does Canada want to uphold their national pride and image on a world stage to incentivize trade from other nations? I wonder how Canada can stand their ground against America tarriffs without taking too large of a hit to their economy

About VB, VBA, Debug, and Portability

HC96925: CATVBA: COMPILE ERROR MSG: FUNCTION OR INTERFACE MARKED AS RESTRICTED, ETC ...

VB/VBA 对 CATIA 某些数组参数的类型库签名处理不了，所以编译时会报：

Function or interface marked as restricted...

官方给出的 workaround 就是：把调用这个方法的对象取消类型声明，让它走 late binding。

Hello my name is Alexander Reyes, I chose communications because previously I was a Psych major, who really only enjoyed the aspects of Psych that involved communication and interaction between people. I then decided it would be best if I took a step in a direction that was finally for me, and landed on the Communications Major. One thing I think our major could improve on is class sizes. Yes please add 500 people into one intro to argumentation class without giving the Prof. a raise that is how you do it! Oh and my high school mascot was a Cougar lol.

to assgin the value to the name

what values i want to use in the matrix the number of the row is 2 numbers as a table

charater vector

I found this interesting because it shows how important accurate financial statements are when evaluating a company and everything should be transparent.  Investors use financial information to determine how a company is performing and whether or not to invest. Kraft Heinz reported inflated adjusted EBITDA because some of its supplier discounts weren't recorded. This could make the company look more profitable than it actually was. This is one reason why investors cannot just look at a company's stock price, but also need to understand the financial records thoroughly.

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【方法】这种设计展示了数据处理的谨慎方法，通过分离素材生成和历史更新，防止了数据不一致问题。这种分阶段处理方法值得其他类似工具借鉴，特别是在处理增量数据时。

【非共识】文档明确标注Windows版本兼容性为实验性，这表明开发者对跨平台支持持谨慎态度。不同于许多工具宣称的全面兼容性，这种诚实的局限性说明有助于用户管理预期，避免在实际使用中遇到挫折。

【局限】这里强调了隐私保护的关键限制，但未明确说明如何确保数据安全。对于处理微信这类敏感数据的工具，应补充说明建议的加密存储方式和访问控制措施，以及如何验证本地环境的安全性。

I think this shows that the Great Wall was strong enough to stop or slow down the Mongol soldiers, even though they had powerful weapons and military skills. However, I wonder if the wall was always effective against invaders.

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After reading TWL pp 60-76 and looking over the annoations for various lines, this section, and lines like this in particular, stood out to me. Forgive me for not writing ragrding tarot cards, but i am wrapped up with the Christian element of this work from T.S. Eliot. He mentions both Ezekiel and Ecclesiastes in his annotations of lines 20 and 23 of 'The Burial of the Dead", which makes perfect sense as there are stark references to objects and organisms described in both biblical books. However, when he writes heavily about rock and water for 29 lines (330-359) and fails to mention anything regarding the story of Moses, i become confused and curious. Surely it can't be a coincidence. Eliot even mentions a spring just after mentioning water and rock together. In his annotations, these lines fall into the beginning of 'What the Thunder Said'. In his annotation of this section, the only biblical reference he mentions is the road to Emmaus, which does not have a relation to Moses. This section and the lack of clarity around it makes me wonder about what Eliot could have been thinking about whike writing it.

The direct translation of this from German to English is: "The wind blows fresh towards home; my Irish child, where do you live?" There are a couple of things that make this passage intriguing; firstly, Eliot made the conscious choice to continue these German excerpts. This continuous German connects to the past few stanzas that hint towards the archduke and his death as a catalyst for WWI. Additionally, this excerpt is a sailor song from the story of Tristan and Isolde, a story very similar to Romeo and Juliet in the sense that they die together as a result of their potion. The presence of the occult/witch alludes to Madame Sosostris, who appears later in the Burial of the Dead.

However, my main point of focus was how this excerpt connects with the hyacinths. Hyacinthia was loved by Apollo. This is the second (could be third) covert appearance of Apollo within the poem. He appears in the preface, as he is the one who punished Sibyl, and appears in the archduke section, as a prophecy that was told to Marie by a woman whose son died in the Starnbergersee lake. He appears in the myth of Hyacinthia, as he is the one who turned him into hyacinths. Despite that, the second version of the myth details Hyacinthia's death because Zephyrus (the god of the wind) envied the attention that Hyacinthia got from Apollo. Wind in this excerpt foreshadows the meaning of hyacinths as mourning flowers. This ultimately connects back to the death of Tristan and Isolde.

In the archives, H.D. kept an extensive record of multiple literary figures horoscopes including T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Sigmuend Freud.

Here we see a reference to a very important and specific tarot card: the Hanged Man. This tarot card traditionally signifies voluntary surrender, a necessary pause, and the possibility of gaining a new perspective by letting go of control. It is therefore significant that Madame Sosostris says, “I do not find / The Hanged Man.” Rather than presenting surrender itself, Eliot presents its absence. Perhaps the missing card symbolizes the speaker’s inability to surrender, pause, or relinquish control within a world consumed by despair and the aftermath of war. Yet it is also significant that the absence is explicitly acknowledged: the speaker recognizes what is missing. This recognition suggests an awareness that surrender or a new perspective may be necessary, even if it remains inaccessible. Sometimes we know, deep down, what must change, yet we wait for some catalytic symbol—like a tarot card or even a war—to force us to confront what we already know.

The tarot cards, regarded with a high degree of antiquity by many scholars, reflect an unsure ancestral line. Whether or not they are direct predecessors to modern playing cards or of a distinct group remains unclear. However, what they do certainly contain is a connection to Le Morte D'Arture. The Cup, Lance, Sword, and Dish, corresponding images from the aforementioned story, converge to represent the four distinct suits of a tarot deck. Within Le Morte D'Arture, these images can be percieved as harbingers of fertility, of healing to an emaciated landscape left barren by the impotence and perpetual illness of the king. Once they are found, procreation and naturalistic recovery are able to commence once again, cyclically so, providing reprieve from a constant state of waste land. Within the context of tarot, these symbols take a central role in the cards' common divination purposes, one that is relevant to the healing of land. Transcending the commonality of mundane tarot use, these symbols would - within the concept of the Grail - be used to represent a different form of divination, one that foretells the recovery and restoration of the landscape. The symbols thus become not just thematically connected with an evanescent prospect of rebirth, but also with a rich history of fortune telling that reveals their status as prophetically tied to the return of fertility. Critically, this status extends to the cited text. The card, borne aloft on the back, is noted as blank, seemingly absent of either of the four suits - thus non-indicative of restoration. However, the following phrase, describing the forbidden nature of the card's hidden visage, challenges this notion. If the card is indeed blank, what prevents wandering eyes from glancing at its empty surface? Eliot seems to be tantalizing the audience, questioning the candor of his own work. In the balance hangs the prospect of the card's prophetic powers. Obviously, if it is blank, no catalytic change will occur, no prophecy will return fertility to the land. On the off-chance that it contains one of the four suits, restoration seems within reach. In many ways, this ambiguous structure mirrors the poem's internal struggle to reconcile damnation, ruin, and waste, with an indefatigable hope for better things to come. The card may indeed be blank, and indeed, the pursuit of its visage may be in vain. It is in this near futility that the future remains uncertain. The prospect of divination is clear, but the land, and the audience, cannot quite grasp the prophecy.

There are many undertones in this part of Eliot's narrative of the girl who recieves flowers from the man who is courting her. Read after the initial foreign text from a sailor seeking kind winds returning him home to his lover on a distant Irsish shore, the quotation marks around this phrase and the previous 'You gave me hyacinths first a year ago;' could be a distant lover remembering fondly when he was last reunited with his girl uner positive terms. The quotation marks indicate that the words were said by someone else, or something that the speaker has heard before. Hyacinths have a deep purple color, and a sweet smell, and since Hyacinth himself was a close friend to Apolo, there is evidently deep affection beteween the speaker and the person they remember. However the second part from lines 36-39 take a dark turn, which is then foretold after the fact by the clairvoyante, who foretells "fear water" and there is a rememberence of wet hair, as if the person who went to collect flowers came back a changed person, not physically dead, but perhaps emotionally changed in an unalterable way.

Tarot cards depict vague images which may be adapted with symbology to indicate one of a myriad of things in modern life. For instance, one who draws the hanged man may not necessarily walk the gallows the very next day. However, the symbology remains pertinent even to this day. Similarly, the story of star-crossed lovers dying a tragic death together is one that is repeated throughout the ages. Tristan and Isolde, in addition to being a precursor to Le Morte D'Arthur, could also have images that remind the reader of Romeo and Juliet. Belladonna reminds the reader of the Virgin Mary. Any one card can be compared to and contrasted against millions of situations. A tarot card with the Virgin Mary is itself a form of irony, contrasting the occult with the Christian faith. However, that same card can evoke the story of Tristan and Isolde, albeit Tristan is an English sailor and not a Phoenician one, nor was his end one of drowning. However, his untimely and tragic death brings Isolde, seeking to heal him or at least die alongside him. She is the lady of situations, originally due to be wed to Mark and now in love madly with Tristan. Similarly, Mary did not expect to be with the child of God, however, it altered her life. As Isolde says before her death alongside her lover, "How softly and gently he smiles, how sweetly his eyes open - can you see, my friends, do you not see it? How he glows ever brighter, raising himself high amidst the stars? Do you not see it?" (25) Though his eyes may not be pearls, they are the eyes of a dead sailor, seen one last time by a woman who comes to heal him, love him, or die alongside him.

looked up an article about the Civil Rights Movement and compared it to the section in my textbook.

Questions I wrote for both:

• What is the main process / event being explained?

• What are the key steps or causes?

• Why is this important?

• Are there any diagrams or data that support it?

Most of the questions were similar. The textbook answers them in a more structured, step-by-step way with clear definitions and diagrams. The online article answered them more casually and skipped some details.

I tried the phrase “I’m so tired I could sleep for a week” in Spanish and then back to English. It came back almost the same. But when I used slang like That test was lowkey brutal it turned into something weird and didn’t make sense.

1 The quiet study floor of the library 2 A study carrel in the student center 3 my desk at home not the bed or couch the library quiet floor is best suited because i’s already designed for focus and has good lighting. To improve it even more I can go during less busy times, bring noise-cancelling headphones just in case, and make sure i have water and snacks so I don’t have to get up and break concentration

my biggest distractions are my phone notifications the urge to check social media and background noise people talking to control them I can put my phone on do not disturb and leave it in another room, use noise-cancelling headphones or go to the library, and set a 50 minute timer so I know I only have to focus for a short block

For my hardest textbook human geo, I can use the chapter learning objectives at the beginning, the bolded key terms, the summary at the end of each chapter, the review questions, and the diagrams tables those help me know what’s important before I even start reading and give me a quick way to check if I actually understood it

The four steps are 1 Preparing 2 Reading 3 Capturing the key ideas 4 Reviewing I think capturing the key ideas will take the most time because that’s when you have to really think about what you just read write good answers to your questions in the cornell notes define the bold terms and carefully highlight/annotate without overdoing it. It forces you to process the material instead of just passively reading.

yes knowing eactly what questions m trying to answer keeps my mind from wandering as much im not just reading words im hunting for specific answers.

definitely breaking it down into sections and knowing which parts look most important took away that this is so much material feeling definitely breking it down into sections and knowing which parts look most important took away that this is so much material feeling

yeah i do, having the questions written down in the left column of my cornell notes makes me feel like Im in control instead of just hoping Ill figure it out as I go

yes after scanning the chapter and turning the section titles into questions I already know what the main ideas are and what I should be looking for it feels less like Im just diving into a bunch of pages and more like I have a clear plan.

The color filter is clearly labelled, so users can easily understand what they can filter. Having the label along with the colour options makes it easier to navigate.

The all filters button has a clear and descriptive label that tells users what the control does. Clearly labeled interactive elements make websites easier to understand and navigate, particularly for users who rely on assistive technologies.

The product name is presented clearly with the product and its price. I think providing clear textual information about products means users do not have to rely solely on visual images to understand what is being offered.

The page has a clear sale heading that identifies the main purpose of the webpage. Descriptive and big headings help users understand the page structure and allow users, including screen-reader users, to identify the main content more easily.

I wonder how statistically accurate this is. Is the bay area in fact the best suited for success in that field?

This is a claim of fact because it is something that can be argued and proven through research or trials. This is a fact because of the research that proved it. I have friends who have claimed that smoking cigarettes isn't as bad as vapes, and that it's more natural. But it is foolish to claim that it isn't cancer causing, as there are mountains of research that prove the opposite.

Although it seems like federal governments, particularly Canada's, loves AI and data centres, I remain hopeful seeing people stand up against unregulated AI and the construction of these data centres. It reinforces that action does matter, it is not futile, and any positive shift can be substantial.

This is kind of terrifying for me in the context of education. With all the information compiled and summarized by an LLM, there is a lot of convenience that comes with that, but the price is that now teaching that skill is going to pose a lot of challenges. Not to mention the countless artists who get their hard work stolen from them to train LLMs, only to have their own work spat out in the form of slop.

I really resonate with the sentiment that actions can make a difference in the course we make in the future. All the tech overlords and Big Capitalists want us to believe that we can't avoid inevitable disaster, we are going to get left behind if we don't embrace technology, and there is nothing we can do as people. but that is simply never true! Standing up and resisting "bad AI" enables the people around to do the same, and every individual action adds up.

Bad: While Zara’s home page is visually appealing, it relies heavily on large images and minimal text to create that experience. This design creates accessibility barriers for users with visual impairments. Without descriptive text or context, screen reader users may struggle to understand the images, identify featured products, and theerefore, navigate the website effectively. This makes important information less accessible to users who rely on assistive technologies.

When Berman speaks in regard to cattle producing methane gas, it is a topic that most nod their heads on and do not give second thoughts about. Cows are natural = they are living beings that are supposed to be on earth. The biggest methane sources in the world are from humans. From a study in 2022, humans account for almost 70% of the world's total methane emission. 55% of methane is our waste and fossil fuel, while only 22% is from a combination of cattle enteric fermentation and manure management.

As great as eco-fonts could be, it is a shame that companies and businesses have not adopted the usage due to the video being 12 years old and this being one of the first times that I have personally heard of/seen eco-fonts. Unfortunately, it seems that companies and businesses are not as green-thinking as we have hoped.

To be accepted into something

Probation is when you get warned or monitored for breaking certain rules.

Enrollment means to be officially added as a student in a college class, or any class in general

This demonstrates egocentrism

Two stages of preoperational period

Definition

In short: help is given to you as a student and it is to your choice that you either can ask for it or ignore it but the sources will always be there.

This is very true, I find that there is lots more help than I recently thought there was when starting, you just have to reach out for it.

this makes sense, I find that figuring it out myself gives me more insight about the given objective or task I need to complee

helping students get the help they need and having the resources given to them

This created a unhealthy habit and teaches the kids to ignore their natural hunger cues

Does this create “picky eaters” due to knowing and eating what they’re used to?

Obesity affects about 40% of U.S. adults and significantly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart diseases

Healthy daily intake of calories for children and teens should start with school meals. Healthier choices can help reduce the lack of balanced diets.

This control makes them feel safe and secure.

Estatuto Nacional da Microempresa e da Empresa de Pequeno Porte.

Art. 42. Nas licitações públicas, a comprovação de regularidade fiscal e trabalhista das microempresas e das empresas de pequeno porte somente será exigida para efeito de assinatura do contrato.

Art. 43. As microempresas e as empresas de pequeno porte, por ocasião da participação em certames licitatórios, deverão apresentar toda a documentação exigida para efeito de comprovação de regularidade fiscal e trabalhista, mesmo que esta apresente alguma restrição.

Art. 44. Nas licitações será assegurada, como critério de desempate, preferência de contratação para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte. (Vide Lei nº 14.133, de 2021

§ 1o Entende-se por empate aquelas situações em que as propostas apresentadas pelas microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte sejam iguais ou até 10% (dez por cento) superiores à proposta mais bem classificada.

§ 2o Na modalidade de pregão, o intervalo percentual estabelecido no § 1o deste artigo será de até 5% (cinco por cento) superior ao melhor preço.

Art. 45. Para efeito do disposto no art. 44 desta Lei Complementar, ocorrendo o empate, proceder-se-á da seguinte forma: (Vide Lei nº 14.133, de 2021

I - a microempresa ou empresa de pequeno porte mais bem classificada poderá apresentar proposta de preço inferior àquela considerada vencedora do certame, situação em que será adjudicado em seu favor o objeto licitado;

II - não ocorrendo a contratação da microempresa ou empresa de pequeno porte, na forma do inciso I do caput deste artigo, serão convocadas as remanescentes que porventura se enquadrem na hipótese dos §§ 1o e 2o do art. 44 desta Lei Complementar, na ordem classificatória, para o exercício do mesmo direito;

III - no caso de equivalência dos valores apresentados pelas microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte que se encontrem nos intervalos estabelecidos nos §§ 1o e 2o do art. 44 desta Lei Complementar, será realizado sorteio entre elas para que se identifique aquela que primeiro poderá apresentar melhor oferta.

§ 1o Na hipótese da não-contratação nos termos previstos no caput deste artigo, o objeto licitado será adjudicado em favor da proposta originalmente vencedora do certame.

§ 2o O disposto neste artigo somente se aplicará quando a melhor oferta inicial não tiver sido apresentada por microempresa ou empresa de pequeno porte.

§ 3o No caso de pregão, a microempresa ou empresa de pequeno porte mais bem classificada será convocada para apresentar nova proposta no prazo máximo de 5 (cinco) minutos após o encerramento dos lances, sob pena de preclusão.

Art. 46. A microempresa e a empresa de pequeno porte titular de direitos creditórios decorrentes de empenhos liquidados por órgãos e entidades da União, Estados, Distrito Federal e Município não pagos em até 30 (trinta) dias contados da data de liquidação poderão emitir cédula de crédito microempresarial.

Art. 47. Nas contratações públicas da administração direta e indireta, autárquica e fundacional, federal, estadual e municipal, deverá ser concedido tratamento diferenciado e simplificado para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte objetivando a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social no âmbito municipal e regional, a ampliação da eficiência das políticas públicas e o incentivo à inovação tecnológica. (Redação dada pela Lei Complementar nº 147, de 2014) (Vide Lei nº 14.133, de 2021

Parágrafo único. No que diz respeito às compras públicas, enquanto não sobrevier legislação estadual, municipal ou regulamento específico de cada órgão mais favorável à microempresa e empresa de pequeno porte, aplica-se a legislação federal.

Art. 48. Para o cumprimento do disposto no art. 47 desta Lei Complementar, a administração pública: (Redação dada pela Lei Complementar nº 147, de 2014) (Vide Lei nº 14.133, de 2021

I - deverá realizar processo licitatório destinado exclusivamente à participação de microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte nos itens de contratação cujo valor seja de até R$ 80.000,00 (oitenta mil reais); (Redação dada pela Lei Complementar nº 147, de 2014)

II - poderá, em relação aos processos licitatórios destinados à aquisição de obras e serviços, exigir dos licitantes a subcontratação de microempresa ou empresa de pequeno porte; (Redação dada pela Lei Complementar nº 147, de 2014)

III - deverá estabelecer, em certames para aquisição de bens de natureza divisível, cota de até 25% (vinte e cinco por cento) do objeto para a contratação de microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte. (Redação dada pela Lei Complementar nº 147, de 2014)

§ 1o O valor licitado por meio do disposto neste artigo não poderá exceder a 25% (vinte e cinco por cento) do total licitado em cada ano civil.

§ 2o Na hipótese do inciso II do caput deste artigo, os empenhos e pagamentos do órgão ou entidade da administração pública poderão ser destinados diretamente às microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte subcontratadas.

§ 3o Os benefícios referidos no caput deste artigo poderão, justificadamente, estabelecer a prioridade de contratação para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte sediadas local ou regionalmente, até o limite de 10% (dez por cento) do melhor preço válido. (Incluído pela Lei Complementar nº 147, de 2014)

Art. 49. Não se aplica o disposto nos arts. 47 e 48 desta Lei Complementar quando: (Vide Lei nº 14.133, de 2021

I - os critérios de tratamento diferenciado e simplificado para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte não forem expressamente previstos no instrumento convocatório;

II - não houver um mínimo de 3 (três) fornecedores competitivos enquadrados como microempresas ou empresas de pequeno porte sediados local ou regionalmente e capazes de cumprir as exigências estabelecidas no instrumento convocatório;

III - o tratamento diferenciado e simplificado para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte não for vantajoso para a administração pública ou representar prejuízo ao conjunto ou complexo do objeto a ser contratado;

IV - a licitação for dispensável ou inexigível, nos termos dos arts. 24 e 25 da Lei nº 8.666, de 21 de junho de 1993, excetuando-se as dispensas tratadas pelos incisos I e II do art. 24 da mesma Lei, nas quais a compra deverá ser feita preferencialmente de microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte, aplicando-se o disposto no inciso I do art. 48.

one leads after the other.

they are all connected.

this has helped me alot.

summarize the source and helps organize.

start off with mind mapping outlining.

everyone can get different results

This sets clear boundaries and gives children to openness to be able to talk and express with their parents.