They are getting these damaged people that they are in no way shape or form able to support.

The quality of sleep is critical for work performance and other aspects of life as well

I actually hadn't thought about how my mac has the same keyboard shortcuts as other Apple products across the whole system. It makes sense and probably contributes to some people's choice to use mainly, or even exclusively, Apple products. Consistency seems like a very important heuristic when designing for a company that has multiple products, to ensure users have an easy experience with the interface.

I think this is a great point to consider. In the previous video, the record button had an icon and it would be interpretable by tech savvy people, but maybe not young children or older people who are not as familiar with newer technology. They could've done a walkthrough where they test the design against multiple personas, ensuring that their design is inclusive. Of course, there is the fact that designers want their product to work for their target audience. However, it is important to make designs more inclusive for every user base.

I found this section interesting because it shows how persona design can move beyond surface traits and actually reflect the way people think and behave. I agree that this approach makes evaluations more inclusive by considering these specific traits. It made me realize that realistic personas aren't just creative writing but they're grounded in real psychology and can reveal deeper issues pertaining to usability.

In this passage I know that In recent years, anxiety, depression, and damaged self-esteem have been on the rise among teenagers (especially girls). Meta's internal research shows a "perceived impact" rather than a clear "causal mechanism." For example, Meta's research asked teenagers, "How do you feel Instagram has affected your emotions?", rather than using a randomized controlled trial to measure it. Therefore, I think it's difficult to measure the specific effects and how they occur, because it's a very personal and emotional question. Therefore, one crucial detail remains unclear: whether "social media causes mental health problems" or "teenagers with mental health issues are more likely to use social media."

An interesting detail I found in a study they linked is that emotional contagions can be given in the absence of nonverbal cues. This may help us understand the significance of how social media having less ways of conveying body language.

I totally agree that social media influence on mental health. Because many people's actions are amplified online, and anyone can express their opinions to the poster, a lot of different ideas emerge. People may argue or post comments that are detrimental to their mental and physical health. This leads to people suffering from cyberbullying. Many people become depressed or choose to end their lives because of cyberbullying, so I think this is a terrifying thing. We should focus more on ourselves, instead of on the Internet.

I think that extreme cases, such as 4chan's incel community, should just be removed. If it's an obvious cycle of harm that only causes more problems, it's their responsibility to rectify that harm or at the very least prevent more of it.

This Wikipedia entry describes the evolutionary path of cetaceans, starting with the discovery of cetacean fossils on land, then moving to shallow waters, and finally becoming entirely marine. Modern cetaceans also fall into two main categories, such as Mysticeti and Odontoceti. Their evolution involves not only genetic and skeletal development but also cultural behaviors, such as the use of different tools for foraging. Environmental factors also influenced the divergence of cetaceans. One such detail is the radioactive events; I observed three large-scale radioactive events, the last one occurring 12-2 million years ago.

I looked at [l48] “We Need to Talk About Digital Blackface in GIFs” from Teen Vogue (2017). This article really stood out to me because it explains how using GIFs of Black people to express exaggerated emotions can unintentionally repeat old stereotypes — similar to how blackface mocked Black expression in the past. What I found powerful was how it connected something as casual as sending a reaction GIF to deeper issues of race and representation online.

This source made me think about how easy it is to participate in cultural appropriation without realizing it. It also connects to the chapter’s point about “copying” — that not all copying is harmless or funny; sometimes it carries history and meaning that needs to be respected. I think this article pushes readers to be more self-aware and ethical about what we share, even in small everyday actions on social media.

The Selfish Gene written by Richard Dawkins was mainly about how the evolution of genes was. The main goal was to change and survive. The book also mentioned “memes”, how people spread the picture from person to person, just like how genes work.

This article by Rick Paulas provides a visceral, first-hand feel for what it means to go “viral” in social media contexts—describing it as something like “doing cartwheels on the water-spout of a giant whale.” That kind of metaphor really brings home how thrilling yet unstable virality is: fun, exhilarating, but also out of control and potentially dangerous.

By the definition that a meme is a gene like organize that replicates and adapts, to a degree it can be argued that languages, or words in a language are also a form of memes. Certain words can adapt and change depending on circus stances in order to best suit the time's culture. This is also the case with words that become memes, as seen through the usually uninteresting number "67", which has since become a viral meme. Due to its meme status, this also changes how people perceive existing instances of the number "67".

By reading the wikipedia I learned the why memes are called memes, and understanding a viral word with the biological explanation is very interesting. Before reading the article, I thought the memes were just pictures we share online, but after learning the theory of memes, I realized that these online pictures are also a form of evolution.

This is an emoji reply from Monica Lewinski about the "worst thing she's ever done". It is a great example of how the internet adds onto each other still going with the thought of how it evolves.

I've seen this kind of video before and I thought this type of video could enormously improve the depth of communication among people online. Because people who filmed these videos with others need to spend a lot of time. Although their main purpose was to make their videos look good and receive more people's likes, the emotion these videos express followed the virtue ethics to make the platform community friendly and strongly emotionally bonded.

As much as I respect her efforts to create light out of her situation, part of me feels like this is an attempted grab at relevance. The Clinton scandal is so old now, and in my opinion, many of her joke tweets are unfunny and not meaningful in any way. Just feels like her bringing up something that many Internet users now weren't even alive for.

I find the origins of the term meme very interesting because I had never really considered how the term was coined. According to the article, meme is short for mimeme which means "imitated thing," and is also modeled after the word "gene." However, the explanation for the word meme makes sense because it's a piece of media that evolves and adapts through time and is shared by people. Furthermore, I found it surprising how the term was coined by Dawkins in 1976, long before the internet became widely available and accessible.

Ghyslain Raza became known as the "Star Wars Kid" after he recorded a video of himself pretending o fight in the Star Wars movie. A classmate posted the video online and it became viral. He was bullied severely and had to finish school is a psych ward. There are a lot of negative side effects of going viral and how that subjects you to unwanted and negative attention.

The "Star Wars Kid", aka Ghyslain Raza was a child featured in a viral video of a mock lightsaber battle. The video is estimated to have amassed over a billion views, and the internet was struck by the hilarity of the video. However, Raza was psychologically damaged and suffered emotionally from the video, even finishing school in a psych ward. This example demonstrates the dangers of the internet and how someone can suffer greatly from going viral.

This article caught my eye because I can remember listening to a podcast when I was younger about a pyramid scheme that someone didn't realize they were apart of. They just thought they were joining a good business to make some money in and then it all fell apart and they got in trouble for it. A pyramid scheme is a business model that asks its employees to pay a certain amount of money when they join and then are told that for every person they can recruit they will get a cut of their payment. This goes on to just make a ton of money for the higher ups in the pyramid and screws everyone else up and is nota legitimate business.

This source discussed the consequences that occur when you post your children without them being able to have a say in what they are posted in. One mother in particular suffered the consequences of this because she posted videos of her daughter dancing around the house, and most of the comments were on her daughter's appearance, which quickly prompted her to take the videos off the internet.

The reason that these types of videos are able to go viral is due to the experimental nature. Because no one is going to personally make something like that, they go online to see others do it for them. It’s interesting to see how people can find a niche like this and create a fan base and online persona.

This web page is dedicated to a chained letter campaign in the 80s and 90s. A chain letter is a letter that you send to someone with the intent for them to pass it on. This one specifically says please send a copy of this letter to 20 people. On the website you can open each iteration of the letter to see if it changes overtime.

As much as i dislike the song, it does bring me nostalgia. I'm surpised and sad to see that Rebecca got bullied for it. I though people liked the song.

A bean dad is about a person named John Roderick who tweeted a story of his 9-year-old daughter asking him to open a can of beans, but John Roderick thinks she should figure out how to open it herself. His daughter ended up spending hours just to open the can of beans. After he posted the tweet, people started accusing him, saying it is an abuse for him to treat his daughter like that. After this drama, people discovered more about John Roderick’s past controversies. Shortly, people turned this into a meme. Users edited this story to fit in a different scene. 

This article is a compilation of lots of Tweets made by Monica Lewinsky. The writer praises her humor and says she is a "light" in the cesspool of Twitter. I appreciate how she makes light of a bad situation. She knows that there are many eyes on her and she isn't fazed by it. I think this is a positive example of using social media for good. She uses it to make people laugh, instead of using it to tear people down.

This is content I often see on social media, it could be content related to books, shows or movies ("I read ___ so you don't have to"). However this kind of content related to food reminds me of tiktok trends in 2020 where people were trying weird food or watching people try weird foods out of pure boredom. This could be a kind of trolling, people trying bad or weird food combinations to get views, engagement or create discourses online.

This article really resonates with people. The author describes "going viral" as "doing a cartwheel in the blowhole of a giant whale" - it sounds funny, but just imagine how out of control it is. You post something on your social media, and suddenly it becomes the topic of discussion all over the world overnight. The pressure and absurdity hit you all at once. It reminds us that although going viral on the internet seems glamorous, it often comes with huge psychological burdens, exposure of privacy, and completely unpredictable consequences. In other words, "the light of going viral" has a lot of "burning heat" in it.

I'm surprised I haven't heard of this before. To be a little critical of the idea, I feel like the main character tends to be a few people exchanging the spotlight every time. Especially now that Musk has proven he is willing to rig the system

This article explains how social media rewards whatever grabs attention, even if it's shocking or negative. It connects really well with this chapter's idea of selection: the posts that get the most reactions are the ones that survive and spread. I thought it was interesting but also a bit depressing that success online often means being louder, not smarter. It made me realize how easily the attention economy can shape what we see and believe.

For my experience, nowadays meme is kind of trends. People will put the most hottest influencers on meme, or some funny graph or words on meme. A particular type of meme may become trendy for a period of time, but meme trends change very quickly. A new meme trend might emerge roughly every month. People frequently showcase currently popular memes on social media. For example, the Madagascar penguin is a very popular meme on Chinese social media right now; it's both funny and well-known.

Some of the memes are meaningless, so many of the people are actually seeing memes as downsides to our existing culture. For example, people think that if everyone is using these abstract words to express their feelings, especially for the young generation, they would lose their ability to express their thoughts formally, and not be willing to learn how to communicate with each other offline.

I think the consideration of the role of evolutionary forces in spreading true and false information is meaningful. Especially nowadays the internet allows the efficient spread of information, and it is hard for people to tell the reality of information online.

This reminds me of something quite silly but I think it's worth mentioning. While this term was later adapted to refer to what we today call a meme, it was still in use a this definition before and did circle through media, which made the media retroactively very comedic through the redefining of the word meme. My favorite example of this is the 2013 game Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, which has a plot points revolving around how the only thing that truly matters to a persons self and decisions is memes and the ideas that their culture pass on to them. But with our modern definition, all the thoughtful speeches throughout the game become unintentionally very funny.

Before reading this chapter I had never tied meme with the biological evolution, and I didn't know that the term "meme" comes from gene. It is very interesting to me how memes are spreading just like evolution process. Memes are spread super easily, and people edit it and spread it in so many different ways but still keeps the main theme. It is very interesting how people find different ways to express themselves on the internet with different memes.

This passage made me think about how memes are almost like a game of telephone throughout online communities and across generations. A millennial may see the same meme in a completely different way than someone in generation z or alpha and visa versa.

The lack of knowledge held on these specific words can be weaponized as polarization to involve the aforementioned ingroup/outgroup thinking.

getting dryer

thickness band, open savanna, herbs specialized to grasses

like everglades

erosion

mud that becomes rock

dip + high sea levels, warming period

sharps = ended 28 mya

rocks buliding up

Main Takeaway: Bilingualism in class helps learning. teaching should be flexible, and not English only.

Teachers mostly used English, but would switch to Norwegian for clarity.

They are challenging English only teaching as they argue for balance.

Observed classes in Norway

How much L1 is considered too much?

Main idea: finding balance between target language and students first language.

Reading this section made me think about how normalized copying has become online. Platforms like TikTok, Twitter, and even meme pages thrive on remixing and reposting, but most people never think about who originally made something. Personally, I’ve shared memes and gifs without even realizing they came from artists who might want credit. I think Confucius’s idea of “li”—doing what’s proper and respectful—applies here: giving credit isn’t just a rule, it’s a way of showing respect for the creator and the community.

At the same time, I agree with Michael Wesch’s point that remixing can be a form of cultural expression and creativity, not just theft. It’s tricky, though, when remixing turns into cultural appropriation—like when certain slang or imagery from Black culture is taken and used for jokes by people outside the culture. I think the line between cultural exchange and appropriation comes down to intent and respect. If you’re sharing something to appreciate and understand, that’s exchange. But if it’s just for clout or laughs, it’s exploitation.

This section really made me rethink how I use memes and social media. I’m going to start paying more attention to where things come from—and maybe even give credit when I can, even if it’s just a tag or mention.

We should notify who made the content. For instance, if we repost a video or a picture, the author’s name or related tags should be mentioned in order to show respect. If the author mentioned that this is their private property, we should ask permission for its copyright and tagged all their information on it.

Memes are a great way to get an insight into the culture of people but what is important is that it is those people making memes about themselves. Looking at memes made by black people that are poking fun or making references in black culture can be a great way to better understand black culture. What is problematic is white people making memes about black culture, because that is not coming from a place of deep understanding and critique but from prejudice. Its kinda like doing accents, if you as a white person do a impression of a marginalized group it better be really damn good or its gonna be racist. And if you can do a really good impression its likely that you are coming from a place of deep understanding of the culture because you have spent a lot of time with its people or something else.

To be honest, this statement is not an exaggeration at all. Nowadays, memes, pictures, and jokes on the internet spread so fast that the original creators can hardly keep up. By the time you notice them, they have already been repackaged, filtered, and had their fonts changed by a dozen netizens. In the end, it's impossible to tell who the original creator is. Although the internet has a memory, sometimes it seems more like it remembers who spreads things faster. However, giving credit is not difficult. A simple "cr: original creator" can show respect and prevent you from becoming a "content pirate". Everyone will feel much more comfortable this way.

When your body builds a molecule (such as an amino acid or a sugar), its "left-handed" enzymes will only make the "left-handed" form. It doesn't create a 50:50 mix of both left and right gloves; it just makes a pure batch of left ones.

Compounds from living things (like sugar from a plant) are almost always pure "left-handed" or pure "right-handed."

The Result: Because life's enzymes are so specific, the compounds they produce are also specific. This purity (not being a 50:50 mix) is what makes them optically active.

How Racemates are Formed? If you make a "handed" (chiral) molecule using only symmetrical, "non-handed" (achiral) ingredients, the reaction has no preference. It's like flipping a coin—you'll end up making 50% "left-hand" molecules and 50% "right-hand" molecules. The result is always a racemate.

The only way to avoid getting a 50:50 mix is to use a "handed" ingredient (a chiral catalyst) in the reaction. This "handed" ingredient acts like a template, forcing the reaction to make more of one hand than the other.

What is a Racemate? A racemate (or racemic mixture) is a 50:50 mix of both "hands."

Because you have an equal amount of the "left-twister" and the "right-twister," their effects cancel each other out completely. The final mixture doesn't twist light at all—it has no optical activity.

Start with Special Light: The machine uses a special light (monochromatic) that is passed through a fixed filter (the polarizer). This filter acts like a vertical slot, forcing all the light to vibrate in only one direction (e.g., up-and-down).

The "Empty" Test: Before you add a sample, you have a second, movable filter (the analyzer) at the other end.

Max Light (0°): If you line up this second filter perfectly with the first one (both vertical), all the light passes through.

No Light (90°): If you turn the second filter sideways (to 90°, making a "+"), it completely blocks all the "up-and-down" light from the first filter. No light gets to the detector.

This "no light" position is the starting point. When you add a sample (like sugar water), if it's "optically active," it will twist the light. The "up-and-down" light might become "diagonal." This twisted light can now sneak past the 90° filter, and the detector will once again see light. You then have to turn the analyzer to find the new "no light" angle, and that angle tells you exactly how much the sample twisted the light.

I think the way the book compares all of these different examples of evolution and loops back around to how its related in social media is really well done. I believe it leaves me feeling engaged and intrigued to read more.

It is due to this phenomena of replication and reposting that created the common idea that anything on the interest will forever stay on the interest, and be impossible for any party to completely scrub of the interest. This is also the case for memes, and specifically the people who are features in the memes. Often times, due to different factors, the people in a given meme might face back clash from other users on the interest, resulting in the person being harassed and bullies, such was the case with the star wars kid back in the late 2000s. This also is the catalyst for interest cringe culture and the reasoning for the effectiveness of mutual surveillance by other users.

I think nowadays the algorithms will only provide information that people are interested in, which helps people have better access to the information they need. However, this also prohibits people to have a wider access to all type of information.

As someone who uses social platforms and watches how memes / posts spread, I’ve observed that sometimes the version that goes viral isn’t the original but a mutated one (someone adds a caption, remix, or cross-posts to another network). The chapter’s point that inheritance matters jumped out: once a variation exists and spreads with the change, future copies carry that change. That resonates with seeing e.g. a tweet being quote-retweeted, then everyone repeats the quote-tweet version, not the original tweet.

I think that this comment is very interesting and I would like to add my personal experience with the mutation of social media and the memes of social media that evolved into what memes are today. Memes have evolved from one another and continue to do so every day, an example of this being "brainrot," a form of memes that first began around 2020 but still evolved into being relevant today.

The ease at which things are able to duplicate and spread across the internet is what creates trends online. Being able to show your friends a funny video allows for more eyes to be on a video which leads to the algorithm picking it up and getting more people to see it.

I like how this section compares social media to evolution, and it actually makes a lot of sense. A post can reproduce when people share it, mutate when someone adds a caption or emoji, and then survive if it goes viral. It's funny but a little scary to realize how fast ideas can change and spread online. Sometimes the meaning of the original post completely disappears after being shared so many times. It made me think that maybe memes evolve faster than anything in nature!

what if the speaker deems her dreams “little” bc she never got the chance to make it a reality so she downplays the dream as a result?

The Chemicaal trsucturs of MJ and heroin mimics how neurotransmitters work

It allows the drugs to attach and act on the neurons

I find this part very interesting. The concept of "cringe" in the 2010s was so prevalent, but now the lines are so blurred, as content many people enjoy can also be widely mocked as cringe. And on top of that, intentionally cringe content (which often goes viral and gets lots of success) makes this distinction even more difficult. But is this a good thing? It facilitates more diverse discourse and leads us away from homogenous thinking and opinions, as now there is disagreement. Which I think might actually be a good thing for internet culture.

I hated this song so much. I remember it was all my friends and siblings would sing and replay over and over. It got to the point were I just didn't find it funny or enjoyable.

questo è un commento di test dell'intera pagina

questo è un test

This passage significantly advances the essay's core argument by incorporating the concepts of deep time and the Anthropocene into the analysis of Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide. It argues that the geological timescale evoked by the Anthropocene, which the novel weaves into its historical narrative of the Sundarbans, adds a vital new dimension to the novel's central conflict.

Specifically, the author claims that framing the transcultural conflict between Western environmentalism and subaltern refugee agency in the Sundarbans within deep time suggests that these tensions are not merely historical (colonialism vs. decolonization), but are part of a broader, planetary crisis of agency unfolding across immense temporal scales, both past and future.

This perspective implies that concerns over biodiversity loss and social injustice are fundamentally linked at the level of planetary change. Consequently, addressing these complex tensions such as the historical trauma of the Morichjhapi massacre requires a "longer temporal perspective." This expanded view is necessary to fully grasp the history that conditioned past events and, critically, to anticipate the increasing agential challenges that geology and climate change will pose to cases of forced migration in South Asia in the future.

the thesis of an academic essay analyzing Amitav Ghosh’s novel, The Hungry Tide. The author frames their argument within recent scholarship on postcolonial ecocriticism, specifically addressing climate change and the Anthropocene, concerns previously underexplored in novel scholarship.

The central claim is that the novel demonstrates the political value of a utopian approach to refugee agency in South Asia, particularly for populations facing climate-induced migration. This focus shifts critical attention to how the text models imaginative, hopeful solutions for empowerment and survival, moving beyond discussions solely focused on ecological degradation and conflict.

this part shows the methodology of postcolonial ecocriticism. It argues that analyzing complex conflicts between human and nonhuman interests requires a three-part lens: ecocriticism, environmental and postcolonialism. This confluence defines the field's mission: to critically assess representations of how mainstream environmentalism interacts with subaltern agency (marginalized groups). The field exists to analyze tensions and potential reconciliations, ensuring environmental action does not perpetuate historical injustices against the world’s most vulnerable populations. It is a necessary, synthesizing approach.

It's interesting to see this as I remember in the early days of the internet when digital chain mail would go around with a negative or scary incentive to repost the image or thread.

I think this is interesting because it reminds me of copypastas that can be found on the internet. Sometimes, there will be a TikTok in my feed that is of the same nature, urging people to repost and use the audio for good luck. I did not know chain letters were a thing and it's really interesting to see how they are carried over in the digital age.

This reminds me so much of the chain texts people sent in middle school. I remember receiving these texts and actually being scared that bad things would happen. I think it's interesting that this format has stayed the same and that it exploits people's superstitions through a carrot and stick method.

I like the analogy of sourdough for the Internet. It seemed silly to me at first, but it actually is quite accurate. The sourdough starter grows and develops over time. In the same way, a meme or an online joke starts with one user / one event, and morphs depending on who interacts with it. People can put viral topics in new contexts and give them a new light. The sourdough starter can be used into multiple different loaves.

It's a blessing in disguise, at least to the T&L world.

There are other possible normalisations: e.g. requiring P_n(1)=1 instead of P_n monic

I had an interesting experience during covid when we were all locked indoors of going viral on tik tok and I will never forget it. I was always a bit obsessed with going viral during covid as any middle schooler in the time was. It was right when the video game among us was going viral itself and I decided to try and benefit off of that. I played the game a lot and really enjoyed playing, I decided to create a fresh tik tok account that would post funny among us content. Videos would be 60 seconds and of my game play along with funny sound effects over the gameplay and my videos went pretty viral. I worked up to 170 thousand followers and a total of around 5 million likes and even more views. It was a very fun but also stressful experience because once I reached that viral status, I was constantly worried about keeping it and not going down in views.

I agree that while A/B testing can help provide evidence of causality, there may be issues in verifying if the results can be trusted or not. This makes me think about concepts such as validity. How do we know that the results are because of the specified variable, and not other extraneous variables that may have influenced the results?

I like this section because it highlights how valuable failure can be in the process of designing something. I agree that usability testing is less about providing a design and more so about finding out where it breaks down. It reminded me that good design comes from observing and understanding in order to fix those breakdowns, until the interface works for people.

I think this highlights the most prominent weakness of these user studies. Despite that weakness, it seems like usability tests can be very valuable and worthwhile when designing an interface. It seems like all of the design methods we learn about are strong in one way and weak in another, so it's really starting to click for me why we should do so many types of tests and use different methods.

I like how the content from this chapter relates to the content from INFO 300 and all the ideas from randomized tests. I am also taking INFO 370 which approaches many concepts in parallel as well on how difference design choices for the participants have different pros and cons depending on which validities the study/research is aiming for.

La Guerra Civil española

V

Religioso mercedario

Muy de los idolos, como mucha gente de las periferias

See Ezra Klein's argument against using ChatGPT for writing even the first draft. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-write/id1700171470?i=1000710273359

Fun = sense of accomplishment following a challenge.

кто «дал свободу» новгороду?

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5. Cuáles
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Предлагается какая-то теоретико-игровая модель?

2/3 задач вокруг Гуалы, но в цели ничего про его теорию. Нужно либо сделать целью заполнение лакун у Гуалы, либо задачи не связывать с его теорией

Это очень абстрактно

странный глагол

Как из этого примера с племенами возникает матрица? Нужно прописать, возможные разные интерпретации.

Вы приводите пример про высохшее русло как иллюстрация для специфической координации у людей. Если основной пафос в отсутствии реальной границы, то такого рода вещи типичны и для биологии. Линия Уоллеса и пр. реальной границы нет, но животные эту линию не персекают.

Противоречие: максимальный выигрыш 2

Как раз зависит от физического маркера, русло же осталось

Мне казалось, что вы выдвигаете натуралистический тезис, а тут онтологическая обособленность социального

Получается, Гуала это альтернативная программа Серлю. Но Гуала позиционирует себя как синтетическую программу, в которой соединяется Серль и равновесные подходы Льюиса и Вандершраафа.

О какой дихотомии идет речь?

Зачем нам состояние исследований, если интересует сама проблема?

Двусмысленное выражение: от факта, что мы думаем или от того, что именно думаем

Que linda expresión

Mismo apellido que el Obispo actual de la diocesis de San Juan, Argentina: Jorge Lozano, y tmb similar su vida en la participación activa (como apostolado) en la Acción Catolica de jovenes

Hoewel het voor mensen denk ik normaal is om vast te houden aan onze 'bijzondere' menselijkheid, ben ik het niet eens met deze stelling. Zodra wij mensen de AI-systemen zo kunnen instellen en ontwikkelen dat zij bijna ons als mens evenaren en onze waarden aanhouden, geloof ik dat AI ons ook op dit vlak enorm kan helpen. Wij moeten als mens de controle soms misschien ook iets meer loslaten en denken dat wij speciaal zijn. Dit kan overigens alleen als AI zich nog veel verder ontwikkelt naar onze kritische standaarden.

Is het grote verschil dat generatieve AI maakt dan vooral een kwestie van (aanzienlijke) schaalvergroting? Een kwantitatief verschil?

Hier ben ik het erg mee eens, vooral gezien het feit dat AI-gegenereerde 'creativiteit' tamelijk zielloos aandoet.

Dit lijkt me sterk afhankelijk van wat je allemaal toelaat in je grote dataset. Wie weet verschuift de zaak als je meer controle hebt over de input aan de voorkant.

rood

blauw

Point 3 primary source for references

where is the ann

test

It is ALL about RELATIONSHIPS!!

Elena Aguilar has so many great resources! We focused on her work as an academics team last year. It is so important to "pay attention" to our biases.

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It's really awesome that you developed these tools and processes to enable protein production in plants!

I wonder if you could also integrate a DSF or nano-DSF protocol to confirm folding/thermal stability of your protein as well. It could be another good indicator of successful protein production.

That's great!

this is a cool feature!

Given this is a membrane protein, did you have issues with solubility? Do you have data showing the protein is well folded after purification?

How long is this stable for? Do you have to make it fresh for each purification you do?

Are you treating with TEV in whole plant lysate?

I am not sure that co-localization of those tags is the best way to confirm that the protein integrity contains both tags. It is unlikely that you could see single proteins based on your image resolution - I think the stronger claim is the western blot you have that shows the size change upon cleavage (fig 2E,D)- and also just the fact that your protein is of expected size with the two tags.

It is super helpful that you included so many tag designs already in the construct. It really adds to the usability right off the bat.

change to "Qualtrics"

delete this

insert a comma here!

just change this to "sociodemographics"

delete this "of" to fix the grammatical flow of this sentence!

Continuación de contemplación

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Médico divino

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Humildad

Místico

Austericidad

Que lindo 🥹

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This sets up the reason epigenetics matters in schizophrenia: not just genetic inheritance but modifiable environmental impacts shape risk and progression. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, ncRNA regulation, histone modification serve as bridges between what you inherit and what you experience.

Key schizophrenia/autism genes with varying lifetime methylation patterns. Important for understanding neurodevelopment. This fits with article summary that epigenetic mechanism like methylation influence schizophrenia development. DLG4, DRD2, NOS1 and SOX10 are genes with varying methylations that influence schizophrenia.

Interesting how politics can play such a role in the welfare of general public. Even stepping out of line to help has negative consequences, perhaps it's mirrored in our society in other ways. (Politics & Public Health)

I agree with this terminology a lot. Social media tends to make people feel fake already and the incentivization of fame only makes it worse. It's very annoying to go onto social media and need to differentiate ragebait, trolls and people being genuine.

Kimmerling's voice analyzes Benny Morris's shocking moral and political shift. Kimmerling critiques the notion that ethnic cleansing could be justified by the "overall, final good". This tackles the moral conundrum of nation-building (Q4). Morris’s quote, used here to frame the debate, provides an explicit, utilitarian justification for mass violence and expulsion, linking the successful establishment of the exclusive nation-state (rigidity) to necessary moral compromises such as breaking an egg for an omelette. The metaphor of breaking something for a better and more useful end result. My synthesis of this critique highlights the danger of using historical necessity to legitimize atrocities, fearing this intellectual legitimacy fuels current radical impulses for future ethnic cleansing, because I can't ever see myself thinking humans are mere eggs waiting to be broken in order to create a better territory.

This quote from Morris’s interview refers to the atrocities committed by Israeli forces during the 1948 war, some of which involved rape. The main point of this quote is that the number of 12 is unreliable because the reported cases are not even the entire story. Morris argues that because of the typical pattern of underreporting sexual assault, the number must be higher. He uses the metaphor of the iceberg to reveal the hidden realities of sexual violence. Morris’s quote shows that the Israeli “acts of massacre” and wrongdoings are more than the ones documented.

exocap?

nah

Hi what's new

Test comment

I think that a standard english is quite unreasonable for the average person to use consitently, and that even in professional situations, often when I have broken out of that mold, even for a joke or passing comment, it not only humanizes me but connects me to others, even when I say something standard english would not deem acceptable.

I agree with this, as making one use only a standard english takes away from their unique perspectives.

I think this does complicater someideas, as I think one can successfully code mesh but much of the success is deppendent on understanding ones audience and if they will understand the purpose of code meshing. I often speak to friends and family in multiple dialects, which I determine how and when to do such based of of my relationship with and knowledge of my audience. However, in education, such as grading, how does one differentiate bad writing vs code-meshing? I believe this can be determined from the usage and context, such asif code-meshing can add a stronger argument or foundation for ones work.

back to the students refered to earlier, when they are miscatorgized as unprofficeint reader, it harms their further education, their sense of self and confidence, and especially for younger students this can affect the rest of their education

This ssue is not about race, but about encouraging students and nuturing thier language skills

Minimizing the racial aspects of code switching can actually help people be more accepting to code-switching. When race is added to the equation, it becomes one of the only aspects people will focus on. Perhaps the racism that is equated with code-switching is actually peoples own biases, as they are not seeing the whole picture.

The racial aspects of code-switching cannot be denied, bit their are many other factors that would cause one to 'switch'

Even slight shifts in dialogues is normal across many different regions and dialects. This shift can depend on many different factors. How does one learn what shift they should use for different circumstances?

What I have been refering to as proffessional vs personal, many people will change their dialect depending on their situation, sometimes without meaning to. I have often used the so called 'customer service voice' at jobs and ets, but without even thinking about it conciously. I do make this switch to make others around me either more comfortable, or in some cases, to lessen aggression from others. By changing my tone and word choices, it is easier to navigate with certain people and their percetions of how a service worker should speak and act.

Language is used in many ways, and even subconciously can affect people's biases

Differences in dialects stem from more than just race, and I agree with the idea of a class difference. Along with this, those in higher classes are usually the ones to set the standards, even though they are not the majority of people.

So what is racist? code meshing/switiching? not using it in education bc using it?

This line really stood out to me because it captures both empowerment and unity. Sojourner Truth reminds her audience that women’s strength has always been transformative, Eve “turned the world upside down,” and now women collectively have the power to restore justice and balance. I find this message timeless because it speaks not only to women’s resilience but also to the importance of solidarity in achieving equality. Truth’s words challenge the idea that women are passive or fragile; instead, she reframes them as powerful agents of change who can reshape society when they work together.

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Referee #2

Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

Summary:

The manuscript by Shukla et al described the "chromatin states" in the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha and compared it with that in Arabidopsis thaliana. They described the generally common features of chromatin states between these evolutionally distant plant species, but they also find some differences. The authors also studied the connection between chromatin states and TF bindings, mostly in Arabidopsis due to the scarcity of the TF binding data in Marchantia. Their analyses lead to interesting finding that specific transcription families tend to associate with specific chromatin state, which tend to associate with specific genomic regions such as promoter, TSS, gene body, and fucultative heterochromatin. Overall, the authors provide novel piece of information regarding the evolutional conservation of chromatin states and the relationship between chromatin states and TFs.

Major comments:

1. In the end of the abstract they state "The association with the +1 nucleosome defines a list of candidate pioneer factors we know little about in plants", which is one of their major points. This is based on the results Fig4F and 4G, described in P27 L16-17. Question is, is cluster 1 TFs really associated with the +1 nucleosome? From Fig. 1C, +1 nucleosome is characterized mostly by E1 state and also by E2, F3, F4. However, from Fig. 4F, cluster 1 TFs are not associated with E1/E2 and association is not particularly strong for F3/F4. Indeeed association with E1/E2 is much conspicuous for cluster 4 TFs. Therefore, authors should reconsider this point and consider rephrasing or showing further results of analyses.

2. P17 last line to P18, they state "The facultative heterochromatin states were primarily associated with the intergenic states I1 to I3, based on their enrichment in H3K27me3 and H2AK121ub, low accessibility, and low gene expression". I'm not sure about this statement. How can they say "primarily associated" from the data they cite? As far as the PTMs and variants patterns, I1 to I3 and facultative heterochromatin look different. The authors should explain more or rephrase.

3. P20 L15, the authors state "Contrary to Arabidopsis, the promoters of Marchantia defined by the region just upstream of the TSS showed enrichment of H2AUb and the elongation mark H3K36me3, along with other euchromatic marks. " I have a concern that the TSS annotation could be inaccurate in Marchantia compared to more rigorously tested annotation of Arabidopsis thaliana, so that the relationship between TSS and histone PTMs could be different between species. The authors should make sure this is not the case.

4. P21 last line to P22, they analyzed only H3K27me3 and H2Aub in the mutants of E(z) (Fig. 2E) and states that "we analyzed chromatin landscape in the Marchantia...". Is analyzing two histone marks enough to say "chromatin landscape"? In addition, they state "These findings suggest a strong independence of the two Polycomb repressive pathways in Marchantia. " However, they did not analyzed the effect of loss of PRC1 on H3K27me3; the opposite way. Actually, in Arabidopsis loss of PRC1 causes loss of H2Aub AND H3K27me3 (Zhou et al (2017) Genome Biol: DOI 10.1186/s13059-017-1197-z).

5. Related to the above comments, they states "To further compare the regulation by PRC2 in both species,". However, they did not describe the knowledge about regulation by PRC2 in Arabidopsis. They should consider describing.

6. P25 L14: "With this method to estimate TF activity, the scores of TF occupancy and activity converged. To look at different patterns of chromatin preferences among TFs, we kept ChIP-seq and DAP-seq data for ~300 TFs in Arabidopsis (after filtering out TFs with low scores of occupancy and activity)." This part is a little hard to follow. Perhaps better to explain in more detail.

7. In discussion section P30 L19-21: "This could be due to open chromatin, which is associated with highly expressed genes and permissive for TF binding, generating highly occupied target regions (HOT) with redundant or passive activity (19)." This part needs further explanation; espetially for the latter part, It's not clar what the authors claim.

Minor comments:

1. P17 L21: H2bUb should be H2Bub.

2. Legend of Fig. 4D: later should be latter.

3. Legend of Fig. 4G and H: "clusters defined in figure-H" should be "defined in Fig. 4F"?

Referee cross-commenting

Reviewer #1 raises thorough and important points that should be addressed before the manuscript is published. Particularly about the comparison of chromatin states between Arabidopsis and Marchantia, as this paper will make foundation for further research in the future and serve as a resource for community, the authors should thoroughly look into the points raised by reviewer #1 including annotation of transcriptional units.

Significance

Strength and limitation: Strength of this paper is the insights into chromatin-based transcriptional regulation by defining chromatin states using combination of many epigenome data and compare it with TF biding data. Limitation is lack of experimental support for their interesting claims by perturbing histone PTMs, for example. Also, a limitation is that comparing only two species can tell subjective "similar" or "different" between species.

Advance comparing past literature: One clear advance is studying chromatin states in a plant other than Arabidopsis thaliana. Another one is revealing that TFs can be classified into a number of groups according to the relationships with chromatin-based transcription regulation. However, experimental tests for these are awaited.

Audience: Epigenetics, chromatin, and transcription researchers, plant biologists interested in transcriptional regulation.

My expertise: Epigenome, genetics, histone PTMs, plants

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Referee #1

Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

Summary:

The authors characterize chromatin states in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha. Here, they draw from ChIP-seq data that was previously published, and from data generated as part of this study, in particular for Marchantia H2.A variants (H2A.X.1, H2A.X.1, H2A.Z, H2A.M.2). The authors compute chromatin states, which enables a comparison over more than 450 million years of land plant evolution. While comparisons of plant chromatin to other species highlighted conservation as well as differences, this study targets a knowledge gap of evaluating chromatin conservation during land plant evolution. The authors investigate a connection between Transcription Factors binding sites and chromatin states. They propose a list of candidate pioneer factors associating with the +1 nucleosome.

Major comments:

• For the Association of chromatin states with expression, the authors use the TAIR10 annotation for extracting TSSs and promoter sequences. When investigated, a comparison of data resolving TSS with this annotation (or Araport11) shows a pretty poor overlap between the TSS based on Tair10/Araport11 and experimentally derived TSSs. This information was captured in Arabidopsis genome annotation files where the experimental TSS matches the genome annotation. What is the advantage of using an annotation with the inaccurate TSSs in TAIR10? It seems to confound the study.

• The TSS annotation in Marchantia polymorpha (Tak1 v7.1) may also match poorly to the experimentally derived TSS. I suggest that the authors generate data to detect TSS in their tissue of choice and compare the positions to the genome annotation they use (f.x. PMID: 38831668).

• I am not convinced that it is a wise choice to utilize fewer ChIP-seq data in Marchantia than Arabidopsis. Can the missing Marchantia ChIP-seq experiments not be performed and included to complete the comparison?

• P. 26 onwards, the authors investigate different TF clusters and their association with chromatin states. They state "cluster 1 TFs primarily associated with the first nucleosome downstream of the TSS". However, if the gene is not really expressed in these "leave" tissues, then how can the authors be sure that the same TSS position would be used in "flower" tissue? It could be an artifact of a genome annotation file that misses flower-tissue TSS data. It is not an obvious to conclusion to name these factors "pioneer TFs". Experiments testing this are missing as far as I can gather.

Minor comments:

• Can the authors add files ( e.g. .bed) with their segmented chromatin states as part of their GEO submission? That could improve the impact and make the findings more accessible.

• Can the authors rule out issues with the Marchantia annotation, for example missing read-through transcription or alternative isoforms, that would essentially have the effect that the genomic segmentation they use contains elongating upstream transcripts in from of promoter TSS? This could be an alternative explanation for the enrichment of H2AUb/H3K36me3 just upstream of the TSSs as they describe on p.21. If it can´t be ruled, the limitations from genome annotations, and examples offering improvements could be highlighted in the discussion. This may also be supported by the long persistence of E4 after the TTS p.23.

• P.23 - This further suggests that in Marchantia, the orientation of genes defines

• distinct chromatin environment in their vicinity, through mechanisms yet to be uncovered. Does this correlate with the distance of the closest (annotated) transcript pairs?

• The E1 state highlighted on p.24 and in Fig.3A/d is not annotated in Fig.3A/D. It is also not clear in the legends which number it is.

• P.30 - The marks H3K4me1 and H3K36me3 reflecting transcriptional elongation and confined to the gene bodies in Arabidopsis, extend beyond the TTS in Marchantia, suggesting that signals for transcriptional termination differ between flowering plants and bryophytes. There are multiple alternative explanations. Likely a combination of missing transcripts in their genome annotation (e.g. lncRNAs), annotation errors (e.g. wrong ends) and the segmentation of these regions (e.g. the transcripts are closer than in Arabidopsis). The discussion could extended significantly to address these issues and include the efforts to improve the genome annotations.

Referee cross-commenting

Reviewer #2 raises fair and valuable questions.

Significance

Significance: The authors corroborate prior chromatin state analyses in Arabidopsis and provide a chromatin state analysis for Marchantia. These data represent a resource that will be used and appreciated by the plant and ChromEvoDevo communities. The quality of the analyses are high and the description is transparent. I am not aware of a similar study comparing bryophytes and a land plant, so this study addresses a gap in knowledge.

General assessment: The quality of the manuscript is high. The analyses are described well, and in sufficient detail to be understood. The effort going into documentation is high, I rate the study as reproducible. The linked github deposition looks good. The data generated as part of this study is available in the linked GEO deposition. An experimental design of 2 biological repeats is used, which is OK, but the lower limit. The GEO-deposited .bw files should be of interest to the ChromEvoDevo community, and researchers interested in Marchantia epigenetics and gene expression. The manuscript is written clearly and to the point. The figures condense a lot of data and match the text. The figures are rather complex and not easily accessible to someone browsing through a journal issue. However, that is fine for these types of papers. The manuscript is strong on data analysis. Other approaches, for example mutants to validate their hypothesis, are not utilized. The calculation of chromatin states offers a way to condense complex information into simpler terms. Nevertheless, it re-organizes information that largely existed before. To me, the biggest value of this study appears to be to regard it as a resource that calculated the chromatin states in a comparable fashion between organisms.

Advance: The manuscript provides several advances. It provides new ChIP-seq data for Marchantia, it generates a chromatin state map for Marchantia, it compares Chromatin state maps between distant evolutionary time, and it generates a new hypothesis regarding pioneer TFs in plants. Some of the points described in the article hold true for even larger evolutionary distances, for example comparing plants to yeast and metazoans. The manuscript fills a knowledge gap and has offers a comparison via the computation of comparable chromatin states.

Audience: The audience will be colleagues interested in chromatin and epigenetics, the Marchantia and plant communities as well as researchers interested in EvoDevo of chromatin organization. Even though the study uses plant models, it is highly relevant for non-plant models.

Wikipedia: Millenarianism

Ik denk dat hier een groot gevaar in schuilt. Alhoewel, afhankelijk van hoe dit wordt gebruikt. Als het voorspellen van gebeurtenissen op basis van historie wordt gebruikt om te kunnen anticiperen op en voor het voorbereiden van onderwerpen die waarschijnlijk nieuwswaardig gaan zijn, voegt het zeker toe. Dat geeft rust. Als dit wordt gebruikt om voorspellende nieuwsberichten naar buiten te brengen of feitelijke zinnen met wat de samenleving te wachten staat, kan dit juist een schadelijke 'self fulfilling prophecy' worden, dat de lezer er vanuit gaat dat iets zo zal lopen en daar mogelijk naar gaat gedragen. Kortom: misschien interessant voor vervolgonderzoek.

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