From MCCONNELL 224: extensions

From DANAHAY 127: new branches of "black smoke"

From DANAHAY 127: blob

GANGNES: gunpowder for cannons and other artillery

to make a problem worse

From DANAHAY 99: "a vaudeville type of entertainment in a theater comprised of singing, comedy and dancing"

From MCCONNELL 192: Sunday Leagues were "religious groups which gathered to protest the opening of pubs on the Sabbath"

From DANAHAY 99: a Sunday League was a group "opposed to opening the pubs on Sundays [who] organized wholesome alternatives such as excursions"

From MCCONNELL 193: "light cavalry specializing in swift attack"

From DANAHAY 100: "a collection of wild or foreign animals kept for exhibition"

From DANAHAY 101: small carriages with two wheels

From DANAHAY 102: evening prayer

From DANAHAY 102: young women

From MCCONNELL 195: "The reorganization of the British Army included an emphasis upon the reserve forces; but there was considerable doubt throughout the years before World War I whether a 'reserve' soldier would really be able to function in a battlefield situation."

From DANAHAY 102: "somebody in the army reserve force"

From DANAHAY 102: working-class young men

From MCCONNELL 196: "heavy cannon mounted on carriages"

From MCCONNELL 196: "Field pieces with finely-wound wire, coiled under tension, inside their barrels. An early form of rifling (introduced in 1855), the wire coil made it possible to construct a much thinner and lighter barrel than previously, and also increased greatly the effective range of the projectile. Wire guns were used extensively during the period, and in the First World War."

From DANAHAY 103: "artillery with wire wound in the barrels that increased their power and range"

From DANAHAY 104: "people who sold in the streets by shouting out the name of their product"

From MCCONNELL 198: "the 'Coventry' tricycle, two wheels with a much larger supporting wheel to one side, current around 1876"

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 213: sometimes nicknamed "Tuppence-farthing bikes" (because of their appearance)

From DANAHAY 105: "people dressed in their best clothes out for a stroll"

From MCCONNELL 199: courting

GANGNES: early hours after midnight ("wee hours")

From DANAHAY 106: alarm bell or warning

GANGNES: In this case, not unintelligent, but rather, unaware or unknowing.

From MCCONNELL 202: "in a body, in a crowd"

From DANAHAY 107: "in one huge mass"

From MCCONNELL 203: "prepared to fire"

From MCCONNELL 203: "crying or moaning"

From DANAHAY 109: "a high-pitched cry that goes up and down the scale"

From MCCONNELL 206: "guns designed to fire at intervals of one minute"

From STOVER 148: "Small hills of South African locution made familiar to English readers in accounts of the Boer War, from behind which Boer guerrillas sniped on English troops. Although the war did not officially break out until 1899, the landscape of the coming conflict was reported by [Rudyard] Kipling."

From MCCONNELL 191: "an advanced student or younger teacher who, for a fee, tutors other students in preparation for their examinations"

From DANAHAY 98: a crammer was/is "somebody who helps students 'cram' for their exams. This was usually a graduate student or somebody with an advanced degree; Wells himself worked as a 'crammer' preparing students for science exams."

From MCCONNELL 173: "four to eight guns in the Horse Artillery of the time"

From MCCONNELL 175: "a surveying instrument with a telescopic sight, for establishing horizontal and vertical angles"

From DANAHAY 85: "A mirror mounted on a pole, used in this situation to communicate the whereabouts of the Martians and warn the artillery of their approach."

From MCCONNELL 175: "a moveable mirror, usually mounted on a tripod, used to transmit signals by sun flashes"

From DANAHAY 85: "An apparatus for telegraphing by means of the sun's rays flashed from a mirror."

Note: There is a photograph of heliograph operators in DANAHAY Appendix I.

From DANAHAY 86: busily

From MCCONNELL 177: "Guns capable of firing a twelve-pound ball. Heavy artillery, like every other aspect of warfare, underwent a gigantic growth in the late nineteenth century--especially after the German munitions maker, Alfred Krupp, developed the first all-steel gun in 1851."

From DANAHAY 86: "artillery, heavier than field guns described previously"

From DANAHAY 87: "a broad embankment raised as a fortification"

From DANAHAY 87: a horse-drawn bus

From DANAHAY 87: "literally means day of worship; people are dressed as if for going to church on Sunday"

From MCCONNELL 178: "the priest of a parish"

From MCCONNELL 178: "Originally, grenadiers were especially tall soldiers in a regiment employed to throw grenades. This practice was discontinued by the end of the eighteenth century, though the tallest and finest soldiers of their regiments continued to be called 'grenadiers.' After 1858, the only regiment officially referred to by the name was the Grenadier Guards, the First Regiment of the Household Cavalry."

From DANAHAY 88: "originally 'grenade throwers,' but by this time an elite army regiment"

From MCCONNELL 180: "willows cut back to the trunk, so as to produce dense masses of branches"

From DANAHAY 90: a large travelling bag or suitcase

From MCCONNELL 182: "The first portable camera, the Kodak, had been patented by George Eastman in 1888. Wells himself was an ardent amateur photographer."

From DANAHAY 91: "These were very large, box-like cameras."

From MCCONNELL 182: "an abrupt rise of tidal water flowing inland from the mouth of an estuary"

From MCCONNELL 183: "The word [used in this way] was still new at the time, and referred primarily to factory whistles."

From MCCONNELL 183: "a path along the bank of a river for the horses or men who tow boats on the river"

From DANAHAY 92: a loud, metallic ringing sound

From MCCONNELL 184: "welt or ridge"

From DANAHAY 93: "a member of the clergy who is either in charge of a parish or who is serving as an assistant in a parish."

From DANAHAY 94: "small clumps of trees, not large enough to be a wood"

From DANAHAY 95: "A mackerel is a seawater fish that has rows of dark markings on its back. The rows of clouds resemble these markings."

From MCCONNELL 190: European scarab beetle

From DANAHAY 97: large European flying beetle

From DANAHAY 68: weariness, lack of energy

From DANAHAY 68: a word for cart

From MCCONNELL156: "military engineers, builders of trenches, fortifications, etc."

From DANAHAY 69: "engineers who built bridges, forts and other structures the army might need"

From MCCONNELL156: "The famous 'Blues,' or Royal Horse Guards, consolidated in 1819."

From DANAHAY 69: the Royal Horse Guards: elite British army cavalry unit

From DANAHAY 71: "a piece of mobile artillery, usually pulled by horses"

From DANAHAY 71: large group

From MCCONNELL 159: "a light, two-wheeled vehicle with two seats, back to back: horse-drawn"

From MCCONNELL 159: fence pickets

From DANAHAY 72: a large metal cover used to keep food hot

From DANAHAY 73: speeding

From MCCONNELL 161: "European variety of rose, with very pale red flowers"

From DANAHAY 74: "a round of coordinated fire by a body of soldiers"

From DANAHAY 74: good luck

From DANAHAY 75: struck or hit

From MCCONNELL 163: "Any three-legged support, although the most common instance of the 'tripod' for Wells's readers would probably have been the tripod on which older cameras were mounted."

From DANAHAY 76: in its path

GANGNES: In the 1898 edition, "wallowing" is removed.

From DANAHAY 76: jointed, able to bend and/or move

From DANAHAY 76: without consciousness

From DANAHAY 77: a squatter is "a person living in a building without paying rent"

From DANAHAY 78: force

From MCCONNELL 169: "giant figures"

GANGNES: an exclamation to quietly get someone's attention; similar to "Psst!"

From MCCONNELL: "To 'unlimber' a gun is to detach it from its limber, a two-wheeled carriage drawn by four to six horses, and prepare it for firing."

From DANAHAY 81: "the part of the carriage on which the gun is pulled, and from which it has to be 'unlimbered' or detached"

From MCCONNELL 171: "formation for a conventional attack"

From DANAHAY 82: disjointed, told in short bursts

From DANAHAY 83: the hood of a monk's garment

From DANAHAY 56: "spoke to or grabbed hold of"

From DANAHAY 57: thin

GANGNES: In this case, as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary: "a body of persons appointed to go on a mission on behalf of another or others"

From MCCONNELL 143: "a spiny shrub with yellow flowers, very common throughout England and Europe"

From DANAHAY 59: "Literally collecting together, but here figuratively meaning becoming more numerous."

From DANAHAY 60: bowl shaped

From DANAHAY 60: immediately

From DANAHAY 60: twilight

GANGNES: riding a horse

GANGNES: In this case, an attack or conflict. Stent and Ogilvy sent their telegraph before there was any sign of overt hostility from the Martians; they contacted the barracks so that the soldiers might come to the pit and protect the Martians from being attacked by humans, not the other way around.

From MCCONNELL 146: "a small knoll or hill"

From MCCONNELL 148: "Collars at the time were detached from the shirt, generally made of celluloid, and fastened around the neck with a stud."

GANGNES: In this instance, unbelievable; the narrator is relieved that his wife believes his story about what happened to him because his neighbors did not.

From DANAHAY 64: a cloak or cape

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 205: "a chemically inactive, odorless, colorless, gaseous element, no. 18 on the Periodic Table of the Elements. It had just been discovered and was in the news. Wells had written it up in 'The Newly Discovered Element' and 'The Protean Gas,' Saturday Review 79 (February 9 and May 4, 1895): 183-184, 576-577."

GANGNES: The above articles from the Saturday Review are available in scanned facsimile here ("The Newly Discovered Element") and here ("The Protean Gas").

GANGNES: An artillery projectile. See Wikipedia entry) on different kinds of shells.

From MCCONNELL 151: "term describing an unusual state of irritability or stimulation in an organism"

From MCCONNELL 151: burning/roasting

From DANAHAY 66: a joke or hoax

GANGNES: In this case, courting.

GANGNES: MCCONNELL is somewhat at odds with HUGHES AND GEDULD and STOVER here; H&G's identification of "Smith" as referring to the newsagent W. H. Smith is important to the print culture of Victorian Britain. I include MCCONNELL to show that critical/annotated editions are not infallible.

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 205: "Cutting into or 'poaching on' W. H. Smith's monopoly of selling newspapers inside the station. The chain of W. H. Smith to this day has the exclusive rights to selling newspapers, magazines, and books in m any British railroad stations."

From MCCONNELL 153: "'Trenching' means encroaching. The newsboy is selling his papers at a station where Mr. Smith has a permanent newsstand."

From STOVER 91: "Reference to W.H. Smith, whose chain of stationery stores to this day has the exclusive rights to sell newspapers, books, and magazines in British railway stations."

From DANAHAY 66: "the Victorian term for any large detached modern house"

From MCCONNELL 154: "Hussars are light cavalry. The Maxim is the Maxim-Vickers, the first truly automatic machine gun, manufactured in the 1880s." The Cardigan regiment is from Cardiganshire: a county in West Wales.

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 206: "The Maxim gun, patented in 1884 by Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim, was an early form of machine gun. After some modification it was adopted by the British Army in 1889. In the field, Maxims were usually mounted on wheeled carriages. ... The Cardigan regiment was named for Cardiganshire, a western county of Wales located between Fishguard and Aberystwyth."

From DANAHAY 41: minute organisms, protozoa

From MCCONNELL 124: ages-long

From DANAHAY 42: thinner; less dense

From MCCONNELL 126: "opposition" means that Mars is at the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun; the nearest Mars gets to Earth. The opposition of 1877 was when Schiaparelli discovered the Mars canali and an American discovered Mars's moons. The opposition of 1894 allowed for further examinations of Mars.

From MCCONNELL 128: a timepiece

GANGNES: tall windows that open out as glass double-doors

From DANAHAY 48: "ash that has formed a hard crust"

GANGNES: British "pubs"/bars

From DANAHAY 49: "a bartender opening the public house (pub) for the day"

DANAHAY 49: "the pub room where beer is served 'on tap'"

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 202: the game of "tag" in Britain

From DANAHAY 51: "a gardener who does occasional work for different people"

From MCCONNELL 135: "a hollow tube or ball used to regulate the flow of a liquid or gas"

From STOVER 69: "a harbor beacon erected on a floating hull containing bottled gas to fuel it"

From MCCONNELL 135: "Any chemical compound containing oxygen. The surface of the cylinder has been oxidized in the heat generated by its fall through the atmosphere."

GANGNES: You will see below that three different annotated editions of the novel give three different definitions of this reference, and they do not agree as to whether it is Wales or Ireland that is meant to be the "third kingdom."

From HUGHES AND GEDULD 203: England, Ireland, and Scotland

From STOVER 70: Of Great Britain

From DANAHAY 52: England, Scotland, and Wales

From DANAHAY 52: "Flys" and "basket chaises" are light horse carriages with two wheels pulled by one horse.

From MCCONNELL 143: "a spiny shrub with yellow flowers, very common throughout England and Europe"

From MCCONNELL 139: fungus-like

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound

a portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct

never to be broken, infringed, or dishonored

Difficulty of 4pl definition 1

There are two general approaches to automatic summarization: extraction and abstraction. Extractive methods work by selecting a subset of existing words, phrases, or sentences in the original text to form the summary. In contrast, abstractive methods build an internal semantic representation and then use natural language generation techniques to create a summary that is closer to what a human might express. Such a summary might include verbal innovations.—Wikipedia

Definition of a greenhouse gas.

defining personalized learning This link is included because there is a degree of research-based sources behind their comments. There is an easy to read graphic that succinctly characterizes personalized learning. It is written for someone who is beginning their understanding of this type of learning and plans to implement it at a future point. rating 3/5

what is the definition of mobile learning This is a brief article that explains mobile learning for a layperson (not an academic). It is described in the context of schooling. It does not necessarily relate to informal learning specifically. The advantages (such as motivation and distance) are discussed, as well as the disadvantages (such as the potential for distraction). It is adequate as a definition. rating 3/5

clear definition of the sharing economy

Gives a clear definition of what is the sharing economy

Brief definition of a Japanese Garden.

for those who didn't know/forgot "the process by which U.S. citizenship is granted to a foreign citizen or national after he or she fulfills the requirements established by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)"

"A tenement is a multi-occupancy building of any sort, but particularly a run-down apartment building or slum building" for those who don't know

"former term for psychiatrist" for those who didn't know

lurid - "very vivid in color, especially so as to create an unpleasantly harsh or unnatural effect" For those of you who didn't know

human beings under the age of 18

I don't know what this is so I looked it up "A wigwam, wickiup or wetu is a semi-permanent domed dwelling formerly used by certain Native American and First Nations tribes, and still used for ceremonial purposes"

"A speech act in which a decision is made regarding action; examples include orders and grants of permission."

pre-conceived view or bias

"denoting a speech act or sentence that is a statement declaring something to be the case"

A somewhat indirect construction of human? Language is located in the mind? Therefore, humans have minds that they use for language? Or language that they use for minds?

Articulate:

Definition: (noun) Having or showing the ability to speak fluently and coherently; having joints or jointed segments; (verb) pronounce (something) clearly and distinctly; express (an idea or feeling) fluently and coherently; form a joint.

Origin: Mid-16th century: from Latin articulatus, past participle of articulare ‘divide into joints, utter distinctly’, from articulus ‘small connecting part.’

Elocution:

Definition: The skill of clear and expressive speech, especially of distinct pronunciation and articulation; a particular style of speaking.

Origin: Late Middle English (denoting oratorical or literary style): from Latin elocutio(n-), from eloqui ‘speak out’ (see eloquence).

I applaud Sheridan's attempt to enlighten our understanding of language in this way. He paints himself into a corner, but rather than stopping, he just keeps painting.

So while words vary widely and have no direct relation to the ideas they represent, tone is universal. Here we have another claim about the human: it is one who uses tone in a certain way.

This seems like a break from Locke, and possibly even from Hume.

A hu(man) has things other than ideas running through its mind.

In the style of Locke and Plato's Socrates, let us start....with definition!

Censure vs. censor...

Express severe disapproval of vs. suppress what is deemed unacceptable....

She frequently uses one and not the other.

This step is somewhat similar to the EEC (Evidence/Example Effect Change/Challenge) model, often used with Feedback?

(helps me distill the argument in this piece)

So Vico's definition and practice of rhetoric allows for one's self to be both the agent and subject of eloquence. Interesting.

Oxford reference: "Not common sense in its ordinary meaning, but in Aristotle (De Anima, II, 1–2) and following him Aquinas and others, a central cognitive function that integrates and monitors the delivery of the other distinct senses, as when a shape is both seen and felt."

Kant discusses this concept extensively, but his definition is closer to "common sense" than Aristotle's.

Limitations are being set. If organs cannot be affected or if the affect isn't "sensible", what of the one experiencing it?

Hence why definition is needed to start, not once the argument's already gathered steam (as Locke also points out). While I find merit to this, I dislike agreeing with anything Socratic/Platonic on principle.

Locke assumes that such a person does not exist, defining human as "one who understands all simple modes/ideas."

Thanks, Socrates (she said sarcastically).

Restrictions on intelligibility and comprehension, which by extension imply a restriction on what's human or universal

More specifically, meaning: "the study of formal speaking in pronunciation, grammar, style, and tone."

Meaning: "containing or presenting the essential facts of something in a comprehensive but concise way"

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system

This seems unnecessarily narrow. Yes words have the power to represent preexisting things, but words also define things not yet in existence.

The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world.

Again, tagging for definition

tagging for definition

commenting just to tag this

A caliphate (Arabic: خِلافة‎ khilāfa) is a state ruled by an Islamic leader known as a caliph. This is a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire muslim community.

This is going back to the typical "problem" of not being able to define rhetoric. On one hand, it seems like we have a handle on what rhetoric can be(triangle, joystick), but if we want to stick to that one solid definition, we will miss out on everything else it can be/not be/do/try to do, etc.

what does this mean

artistic survival

Definition: low, base, undignified, lesser than.

i.e. one story's version of being human compared to another.Similar to what I was saying in the prior paragraph.

This brings us back to the point that the definition of human is similar to the definition of rhetoric. The more you try to define either, the more confusing and exclusionary each can get. Just like rhetoric, there is no one way to define human, but instead you stack all definitions on top of each other, without one superseding the others. The definitions are also situational, like Le Guin being human by this definition, but not by the previous one about killing.

Le Guin gives a definition of what it means to be human; the idea of theorists that humans must kill. Then, she makes it clear that this isn't the only definition of human, considering she's human and wouldn't/couldn't act in such a way. Then there's this awesome and gross little paragraph about women possibly not being human, but rather, defective and unworthy of having a say. Ouch.

Relates back to my earlier notion of the freedom that comes with not being definitely defined (or boxed in).

I have been asked by numerous audiences, "what exactly is rhetoric?" They understand the composition part of my studies, but are perplexed by my inability to explain/define the rhetoric portion. The fact that I can't nail down a definition doesn't make me uncomfortable like it does some. Most definitions I end up giving are to wordy for most... so they stop asking.

Without a limiting definition, rhetoric's reach is practically limitless.

Transmedia storytelling

Affective economics - branded content/sponsored content

black box fallacy

Media (from Lisa Gitelman):

1. technology that enables communication
2. set of associated protocols, or social or cultural practices, that grow up around that technology

Axiom: a statement or proposition which is regarded as being established, accepted, or self-evidently true.

"(of a flora, fauna, or ecosystem) lacking in numbers or variety of species"

A thesaurus' way to say herbivore, or feeding on plants.

Reductionism: "the practice of analyzing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of phenomena that are held to represent a simpler or more fundamental level, especially when this is said to provide a sufficient explanation" or rather, many biologists are interested in the big picture rather than smaller details for how ecosystems work.

the definition of literacy.

post-structuralist: people from different cultures make sense of and experience reality differently; no one culture is better than the others.

structuralism: belief that all cultures are built on shared structures; they have the same basic building blocks but use them in different ways.

realism: belief that one's own culture is the only correct way of knowing.

Causal responsibility: what/who is the source of the problem Treatment responsibility: who has the power or the responsibility to alleviate the problem

Pegs: key topical events that journalists use to provide broader coverage and commentary about an ongoing issue. Aka "critical discourse moments" (Chilton, 1987)

Balance Norm, a media practice that influences framing

Interpretive packages: the clusters of metaphors, catchphrases, visual images, moral appeals, and other symbolic devices that characterize the discourse around a policy issue, giving meaning to relevant events.

Cultural resonances: ideas or language within an interpretive package that resonate with larger cultural themes, increasing the appeal of the package.

Media practices: journalists' working norms and practices that add value to the process of constructing interpretive packages