There's got to be a great journal article on this!

—Gildas, Chapter 26 of De excidio et conquestu Britanniae (On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain)

We don't have a specific date or exact location for the siege of Mount Badon, roughly in the 5th century, but Gildas writes about the battle within the timeframe of his own life, and thus places a timeframe on the original Arthur.

Gildas also writes about Ambrosius Aurelianus, who he identifies as having Roman heritage. Some scholars believe that this is another name for King Arthur.

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Is there any relation to the Mountbatten family from Battenberg in Hesse, Germany? (Unlikely due to distance, though Saxon invaders may have renamed a place location in Britain after a local Batten or Battenberg related name from their homeland.)

Or the location Mount Batten? Likely not, as the previously known How Stert in Plymouth Sound, Devon, England was renamed after Sir William Batten (c.1600-1667), MP and Surveyor of the Navy.

• Llyn Bochlwyd (lake gray cheek)
• Foel Fawr
• Coed Llugwy
• Cwm Cneifion

Erasure of culture

Memory and place names

"A nation which forgets its past has no future." - Winston Churchill (check quote and provenance)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLQ6XlG0MQ4

https://en.forum.saysomethingin.com/t/hills-and-mountains-in-welsh/36923

• twyn - hill(ock), mound, knoll, hummock, heap, peak, dune, molehill
• tyle - hill(ock) (with a suggestion of steepness)
• allt - hill(side), steep gradient, cliff, wooded slope
• bryn - hill, hillock, mountain
• gallt - slope, hill, cliff, rock, wooded hillside
• garth - mountain ridge, promontory hill, wooded slope
• rhiw - steep slope, hill(side) (more commonly used in the SW)
• bryncyn - hillock, knoll, tump, mound, heap
• poncen/ponc/poncyn - hillock, tump, knoll, rising ground (more commonly used in the N)
• trip - steep hill (relating to a road or path) (more commonly used in SE)
• banc - rising ground, hillock, ridge, slope
• moel - bare mountain, treeless hill, summit, rounded mountain
• mynydd - mountain, large hill
• ban (pl. bannau) - top, tip, summit, crest, peak, beacon, hill, mountain, bare hill

https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-pagan-gods-that-still-exist-in-israeli-city-names-1.8924898?v=1647845941967

Cities in Israel named after Semitic gods of the ancient Near East.

Jerusalem was likely originally Ir Shalem ('The City of Shalem') because the central shrine was dedicated to the Canaanite god Shalem, aka Salem, the personification of the Evening Star.

Shahar, the twin brother of Shalem, was the personification of the Morning Star and was presumably the tutelary god of Zareth-Shahar. This town is in modern day central Jordan and was mentioned in Joshua 13:19.

While the original Zareth-Shahar didn't survive into modernity, another town dedicated to the same god may have existed on the southern shore of the Sea of Galilee at a site known by the Arabic name for the morning star. A kibbutz named Ayelet HaShachar was built there after 1915. Ayelet HaShachar is a poetic biblical term for the Morning Star (Psalms 22:1).

Jericho may have taken it's name from the tutelary god Yareakh, the moon god.

Similarly the site Beit Yarekh may attest to that moon god being worshiped there as well.

The sun god Shemesh may have created the eponymous names for cities Beth-Shemesh ('House of Shemesh', Joshua 15:10), En-Shemesh ('Spring of Shemesh", Joshua 15:7), and Ir-Shemesh ('City of Shemesh", Joshua 19:41). The modern day city Beit Shemesh was established in 1950 at a site with the Arabic place name 'Ain Shems which was believed to be the site of the ancient city Beth-Shemesh.

The storm god Baal is the root of cities including Kiryat Baal (Joshua 18:14), Baal Perazim (II Samuel 5:17), Gur Baal (II Chronicles 26:7), Baal-Gad (Joshua 11:17), Baal-Hermon (Judges 3:3), and Baal-Hazor (II Samuel 13:23). There are also cities Baal-Peor (Numbers 23:28) and Ball Shalishah (II Kings 4:42).

Canaanite god El was the tutelary god of the town Bethel mentioned frequently in the Old Testament including in Genesis 12:8. The Palestinian town Beitin is thought to be the site of the ancient Bethel. Beit El, an Israeli settlement, was created near it in 1977.

Dagon was the namesake of Beth Dagon (Joshua 15:41). It continued until 1948 when the Palestinian town Bayt Dajan was depopulated leading up to the Israeli War of Independence. The site is now an Israeli town called Beit Dagan.

Reshef, an ancient Semitic god from Elba and later identified with Apollo lent his name to the todays Arsuf, which is also known as Apollonia. During the Persian period, the Phoenicians had named a town there for Reshef.

Horon, possibly a desert god with power over animals and snakes, is the inspiration of Beth Horon (I Chronicles 7:24). A modern settlement Beit Horon was founded in 1977.

In the West Semitic pantheon of gods, El was the father of Dagon who was in turn the father of Baal. El Elyon is mentioned in Deuteronomy 32:8-9 and his name is a root word of the endonym Israel.

Here's the video version of this article: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLQ6XlG0MQ4

Place names and songlines together reminds me of a great BBC segment "Disappearing Welsh Names" I saw recently: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLQ6XlG0MQ4

It highlights by analogy the value of indigenous culture, knowledge, and creativity which the survival of songlines also provides us with. (It also saddens me because it starkly reminds me of all the knowledge and languages we've lost already.)

I've been learning Welsh since the pandemic started and just a few simple words of Welsh has given me a far greater appreciation of places in the UK and what they mean. It's helped not only to expand my vocabulary, but increased my creativity in creating local songlines. It's also made it much easier to learn to say and remember the town of Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.

<table> <thead><tr> <th>Cymraeg</th> <th>Meaning</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Aber</td> <td>Where one river flows into another body of water (example: Aberystwyth)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ban, Bannau</td> <td>Peak(s), beacon(s)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bron</td> <td>Breast of a hill</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bryn</td> <td>Hill</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Caer</td> <td>Fort</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cas</td> <td>Castle</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Crug</td> <td>Hill, tump</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cwm</td> <td>Valley</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Derw, Deri</td> <td>Oaks</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dinas</td> <td>Hill-fort</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dyffryn</td> <td>Valley, vale</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ffin</td> <td>Border, boundary</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isaf</td> <td>Lower, lowest</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Llan</td> <td>Church, church land (often followed by the name of the saint to whom the church was dedicated, eg, Llangatwg - a place with a church dedicated to St Catwg)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Morfa</td> <td>Salt-marsh</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nant</td> <td>Brook, dingle</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pont</td> <td>Bridge</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Porth</td> <td>Gate</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rhos</td> <td>Moor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tyle</td> <td>Hill-side, ascent</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Uchaf</td> <td>Upper, highest</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ystrad</td> <td>Vale</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

It also uncovers quirks of place names like Breedon on the Hill which translates from Brythonic, Saxon, and Modern English to "Hill Hill on the Hill" and crystalizes, as if in amber, the fact that Brythonic, Saxon, and English speakers all conjoined for a time on a hill in England. Similarly there's also Barnack Hills in England which translates from old Celtic (barr), Scottish Gaelic (cnoc) and English as "flat topped hill hill hills". It's almost hillarious.

Article about the renaming of Welsh place names into English which erases culture and history.

This place name in Welsh translates to "peat moorland"