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  1. Last 7 days
    1. infections

      Case#: Patient 14

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Malignant disease, Neurodevelopmental delay, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    2. thickening

      Case#: Patient 15

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    3. %

      Case#: Patient 16

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Chronic diarrhea, Adenopathy, Malignant disease, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    4. of

      Case#: Patient 17

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Malignant disease, Neurodevelopmental delay, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    5. identified

      Case#: Patient 18

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    6. Invasive

      Case#: Patient 20a

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Malignant disease, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, EBV chronic replication, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    7. who

      Case#: Patient 20b:

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Malignant disease, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, EBV chronic replication, CMV chronic replication, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    8. Chronic

      Case#: Patient 21

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    9. patients

      Case#: Patient 22

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    10. EBV

      Case#: Patient 23a

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    11. patients

      Case#: Patient 23b

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Chronic diarrhea, Adenopathy, Malignant disease, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    12. Thirty

      Case#: Patient 24

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Neurodevelopmental delay, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    13. mentioned

      Case#: Patient 25

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    14. 36

      Case#: Patient 26

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    15. Tonsil

      Case#: Patient 27a

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    16. Fig

      Case#: Patient 27b

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Malignant disease, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    17. 40

      Case#: Patient 29

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    18. Six

      Case#: Patient 30

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Neurodevelopmental delay, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    19. The

      Case#: Patient 31

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant:

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    20. Ten

      Case#: Patient 10

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Neurodevelopmental delay, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant: c.1425+2_+3delTG

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID:

      gnomAD:

    21. Results

      Case#: Patient 1

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant: c.1425+1G>T

      HGVS:

      ClinVar: 156008

      CAID:

      gnomAD: absent

    22. Patients

      Case#: Patient 2

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant: c.1425+1G>C

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID: 156009

      gnomAD: absent

    23. of

      Case#: Patient 8

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Adenopathy, Growth retardation, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant: c.1425+2T>G

      HGVS:

      ClinVar:

      CAID: 446498

      gnomAD: absent

    24. related

      Case#: Patient 19

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Splenomegaly, Malignant disease, Neurodevelopmental delay, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia, Splenomegaly

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant: c.1300-1G>C

      HGVS:

      ClinVar: 446500

      CAID:

      gnomAD: absent

    25. Ten

      Case#: Patient 28

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS2

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infections, Pneumonia, Adenopathy, Malignant disease, Growth retardation, Increased IgM, Decreased IgA/IgG, Inverted ratio CD4/CD8, ENT lymphoid hyperplasia

      CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA from patients presenting with genetically undefined primary antibody deficiency was screened for mutations at the splice sites of exon 11 (coding exon 10) of the PIK3R1 gene by using whole-exome sequencing or targeted Sanger sequencing.

      Gene: PIK3R1

      Variant: c.1425+2T>A

      HGVS:

      ClinVar: 446497

      CAID:

      gnomAD: absent

    1. The first case is that of a female whose clinical onset was at 56 years old with a diagnosis of hemolytic anemia due to the presence of warm antibodies and inguinal lymphadenopathies in 2006.

      Case#: Female, age of onset: 56, age at testing: 69, age of last documented clinical stability: 74

      DiseaseAssertion: suspected hyperactivation of the PI3K pathway; implied earlier in the paper as "activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS)"

      FamilyInfo: no relevant family history

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001878, HP:0012735, HP:0000975, HP:0002716, HP:0012387, HP:0001744, HP:6000143, HP:0004313, HP:0002721, HP:0006530, HP:0002788 (hemolytic anemia, cough, diaphoresis, lymphadenopathy, bronchitis, splenomegaly, perforated appendicitis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency, interstitial lung disease, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections)

      CaseHPOFreeText: asthenia, sarcoidosis due to chronic granulomatous sarcoid-type inflammation without necrosis, bronchiectasis with bronchiolitis, wound infection, abdominal wall dehiscence, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with immune dysregulation, CVID-associated interstitial lung disease, granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0012759 (neurodevelopmental abnormalities)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: dysmorphic features, learning difficulties

      CasePreviousTesting: clinical exome sequencing targeting genes associated with primary immunodeficiencies

      GenotypingMethod: sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: NM_181504.3(PIK3R1):c.5A > T (p.Tyr2Phe)

      ClinVar: not found

      CAID:CA3290217

      gnomAD: 0.3004% https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/5-67586561-A-T?dataset=gnomad_r2_1

      SupplementalData: There is no supplemental data, clinical timeline and schematic with noted variants are in Figure 2 and Figure 3

    2. The second case of interest that we report here is that of a 13-year-old female who presented in 2002 with recurrent diarrhea, fever, and bloody diarrhea.

      Case#: Female, age of onset: 13, age at testing: 32, age of last documented clinical stability: 34

      DiseaseAssertion: suspected hypoactivation of the PI3K pathway

      FamilyInfo: maternal grandmother with rheumatoid arthritis, eldest sister died at 4 months due to septic shock after enteritiis

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002028, HP:0001945, HP:0025085, HP:0100279, HP:0002090, HP:0012388, HP:0033256, HP:0004313 (recurrent diarrhea, fever, bloody diarrhea, ulcerative colitis (UC), pneumonia, and multiple episodes of acute bronchitis, pancolitis due to Clostridioides difficile infection, hypogammaglobulinemia)

      CaseHPOFreeText: salmonellosis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy affecting large joints, reduced B-cell compartment, bronchiectasis suggestive of CVID, unresponsive vaccination test, esophageal dysphagia, neutrophilic esophagitis

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001249 (intellectual disability)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: dysmorphic features, patient has normal psychomotor and cognitive development,

      CasePreviousTesting: clinical exome sequencing

      GenotypingMethod: sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD): [c.2608C > T (p.Arg870)] ; [c.2608C > T (p.Arg870)]

      ClinVar: not

      CAID:CA338307789

      gnomAD: 0.0003%

      SupplementalData: There is no supplemental data, clinical timeline and schematic with noted variants are in Figure 2 and Figure 3

    1. age of 13

      CTLA4 Alteration and Neurologic Manifestations: A New Family with Large Phenotypic Variability and Literature Review

      Case#: III:3, female, 45 years old, Italian

      DiseaseAssertion: Celiac disease/IBD with immunodeficiency (CVID) and CNS demyelination

      FamilyInfo: non-consanguineous Italian parents, history of autoimmune disorders (Hashimoto thyroiditis, psoriasiform dermatitis, celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis), see Figure 1 CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002028, HP:0002721, HPO:0001888, HPO:0008897, HP000:6515, HP:0002110, HP:0011108, HP:0001878, HP:0001973, HP:0031688, HP:0007185, HP:0002140, HP:0001081, HP:0011097, HP:0001945, HP:0007305, HP:0000238, HP:0200063, HP:0004313, HP:0000939, HP:0030252

      CasePreviousTesting: whole-exome sequencing on the proband and parental DNA samples (trio-WES) from peripheral blood

      GenotypingMethod: Reads aligned against GRCh38/hg38, variant calling using in-house pipeline according to international guidelines, variants with a frequency of <5% in gnomAD v4.1.0 and an in-house database, virtual panel of 564 genes related to primary immunodeficiency and inflammatory bowel disease (PanelApp version 7.21), CNVs detected with Control-FREEC and EXCAVATOR tools

      **Variant: ** NM_005214.5:c.436G>A; p.Gly146Arg

      ClinVar: VCV000849622.11

      gnomAD: 0.000001696 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/2-203870912-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    1. Case 3 is a 10‐month‐old Japanese female born at 37 weeks of gestation with a birth length of 40.0 cm (−2.9 SD relative to the average for this gestational age) and birth weight of 1,676 g (−3.1 SD relative to the average for this gestational age) (Table 1). A clinical diagnosis of Silver‐Russell syndrome was tentatively made on the basis of IUGR and her distinctive facial features—including a pronounced forehead, triangular facial structure, and underdeveloped alae nasi (Figure 1c,d)—but no genetic testing was performed until the current evaluation. Her height and weight were 60.3 cm (−4.0 SD relative to the average for her age) and 4.01 kg (−7.6 SD relative to the average for her age), respectively, at the time of evaluation for the present study. She was suspected to have SHORT syndrome given that her father (case 4) manifested diabetes and facial characteristics consistent with this syndrome. Her fasting plasma glucose, serum IRI concentrations, and serum C‐peptide were 83 mg/dL, 2.6 μIU/mL, and 1.34 ng/mL, respectively, with an HbA1c level of 4.6%. Her HOMA‐IR was 0.53, and her HOMA‐β was 46.8%.

      Case#: 10-month‐old Japanese female

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have “SHORT syndrome” and “harbor either a common or a previously unknown mutation in PIK3R1 as well as provide an in silico functional analysis of the mutant proteins.”

      FamilyInfo: Her father has SHORT syndrome, with the same variant of PIK3R1, NM_181523.3:c.1957A>T, further described in Case 4. Her paternal grandmother "also manifests some facial characteristics of SHORT syndrome as well as a hearing impairment."

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001511, HP:0011220, HP:0000325, HP:0000430, HP:0004322, HP:0000490, HP:0000684, HP:0000331, HP:0000963, HP:0007392

      CaseHPOFreeText: Born at 37 weeks of gestation with a birth length of 40.0 cm (−2.9 SD relative to the average for this gestational age) and birth weight of 1,676 g (−3.1 SD relative to the average for this gestational age) (Table 1). Her height and weight were 60.3 cm (−4.0 SD relative to the average for her age) and 4.01 kg (−7.6 SD relative to the average for her age), respectively, at the time of evaluation for the present study. Her fasting plasma glucose, serum IRI concentrations, and serum C‐peptide were 83 mg/dL, 2.6 μIU/mL, and 1.34 ng/mL, respectively, with an HbA1c level of 4.6%. Her HOMA‐IR was 0.53, and her HOMA‐β was 46.8%.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000819, HP:0000855, HP:0001382, HP:0000023, HP:0000558, HP:0000400, HP:0000369, HP:0000233, HP:0002714, HP:0005328, HP:0000540, HP:0000483, HP:0000545, HP:0000593, HP:0000501, HP:0100578, HP:0001249, HP:0000750, HP:0000365

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Readily visible veins

      CasePreviousTesting: NR

      GenotypingMethod: Initially, comprehensive sequencing analysis was conducted on all 22 exons of the INSR gene using the Sanger sequencing method, confirming the absence of pathogenic variants. Subsequently, sequencing was extended to encompass all 16 exons of the PIK3R1 gene.

      PreviouslyPublished: No

      Variant: NM_181523.3:c.1957A>T

      ClinVar: 3767319

      gnomAD: NR

      SupplementalData: Table 1, Figure 1c,d

    2. Case 1 is a 20‐year‐old Japanese male born at 39 weeks of gestation with a birth length of 45 cm and a birth weight of 1,990 g (−3.0 SD relative to the average for this gestational age) (Table 1). He was found to have glycosuria during a school urine test at the age of 12 years and started treatment with metformin for diabetes at 15 years. At the time of evaluation for the present study, he was taking an SGLT2 (sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitor in addition to metformin (1,500 mg/day). The addition of the SGLT2 inhibitor had reduced his glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level from ~8% to ~6%. His fasting plasma glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations, and serum C‐peptide at evaluation were 161 mg/dL, 35.8 μIU/mL, and 5.20 ng/mL, respectively. His HOMA‐IR was 14.2, and his HOMA‐β was 131.5%. He had a height of 163.4 cm (−1.2 SD) and weight of 38.5 kg (−2.7 SD), with a body mass index of 14.4 kg/m2 (−2.1 SD). He manifested facial characteristics of SHORT syndrome as well as adipose tissue atrophy in the upper body. He had hyperopic astigmatism and was diagnosed with anisometropic amblyopia at the age of 3 years. He had used an eye patch until the age of 8 years.

      Case#: 20‐year‐old Japanese male

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have “SHORT syndrome” and “harbor either a common or a previously unknown mutation in PIK3R1 as well as provide an in silico functional analysis of the mutant proteins.”

      FamilyInfo: No relevant family history

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001511, HP:0000819, HP:0000855, HP:0040063, HP:0000484, HP:0000540, HP:0000483, HP:0000646, HP:0000684, HP:0000325, HP:0011220, HP:0000430, HP:0000331, HP:0000233, HP:0002714, HP:0100578

      CaseHPOFreeText: Born at 39 weeks of gestation with a birth length of 45 cm and a birth weight of 1,990 g (−3.0 SD relative to the average for this gestational age). Weight at time of diagnosis was 38.5 kg (−1.2 SD), height 163.4 cm (−2.7 SD), body mass index 14.4 kg/m2 (−2.1 SD). He was found to have glycosuria during a school urine test at the age of 12 years and started treatment with metformin for diabetes at 15 years. Fasting plasma glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations, and serum C‐peptide at evaluation were 161 mg/dL, 35.8 μIU/mL, and 5.20 ng/mL, respectively. HOMA‐IR was 14.2, and his HOMA‐β was 131.5%. Patient has facial characteristics of SHORT syndrome and adipose tissue atrophy in the upper body.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0004322, HP:0001382, HP:0000023, HP:0000490, HP:0000558, HP:0000369, HP:0005328, HP:0000545, HP:0000593, HP:0000501, HP:0000963, HP:0007392, HP:0001249, HP:0000750, HP:0000365, HP:0000400

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Readily visible veins

      CasePreviousTesting: NR

      GenotypingMethod: Initially, comprehensive sequencing analysis was conducted on all 22 exons of the INSR gene using the Sanger sequencing method, confirming the absence of pathogenic variants. Subsequently, sequencing was extended to encompass all 16 exons of the PIK3R1 gene.

      PreviouslyPublished: No

      Variant: NM_181523.3:c.1945C>T

      ClinVar: 60763

      gnomAD: NR

      SupplementalData: Table 1

    3. Case 2 is a 6‐year‐old Japanese girl born at 36 weeks of gestation with a birth length of 43.1 cm (−1.3 SD relative to the average for this gestational age) and birth weight of 1,544 g (−2.7 SD relative to the average for this gestational age) (Table 1). At birth, she was suspected to have Silver‐Russell syndrome because of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Her height was 104.0 cm and weight 12.6 kg at the time of evaluation for this study, indicating no apparent short stature (−1.0 SD relative to the average for this age). Her fasting plasma glucose, serum IRI concentrations, and serum C‐peptide were 108 mg/dL, 56.4 μIU/mL, and 6.95 ng/mL, respectively, with an HbA1c level of 5.2%. Her HOMA‐IR was 15.0, and her HOMA‐β was 451.2%. She manifested facial characteristics of SHORT syndrome (Figure 1a,b) and had a hearing impairment, with a hearing threshold of 30 and 50 dB in the right and left ears, respectively. Otitis media was apparent in the right ear, but not in the left.

      Case#: 6‐year‐old Japanese female

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have “SHORT syndrome” and “harbor either a common or a previously unknown mutation in PIK3R1 as well as provide an in silico functional analysis of the mutant proteins.”

      FamilyInfo: No relevant family history

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001511, HP:0000855, HP:0004322, HP:0000490, HP:0000684, HP:0000325, HP:0000430, HP:0000400, HP:0000369, HP:0005328, HP:0000545, HP:0000963, HP:0007392, HP:0000365

      CaseHPOFreeText: Born with a birth length of 43.1 cm (−1.3 SD relative to the average for this gestational age) and birth weight of 1,544 g (−2.7 SD relative to the average for this gestational age). Her height was 104.0 cm and weight 12.6 kg at the time of evaluation for this study, indicating no apparent short stature (−1.0 SD relative to the average for this age). Her fasting plasma glucose, serum IRI concentrations, and serum C‐peptide were 108 mg/dL, 56.4 μIU/mL, and 6.95 ng/mL, respectively, with an HbA1c level of 5.2%. Her HOMA‐IR was 15.0, and her HOMA‐β was 451.2%. She had a hearing threshold of 30 and 50 dB in the right and left ears, respectively. Otitis media was apparent in the right ear, but not in the left. Patient had readily visible veins.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000819, HP:0001382, HP:0000023, HP:0011220, HP:0000331, HP:0000233, HP:0002714, HP:0000540, HP:0000483, HP:0000593, HP:0000501, HP:0100578, HP:0001249, HP:0000750

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: NR

      GenotypingMethod: Initially, comprehensive sequencing analysis was conducted on all 22 exons of the INSR gene using the Sanger sequencing method, confirming the absence of pathogenic variants. Subsequently, sequencing was extended to encompass all 16 exons of the PIK3R1 gene.

      PreviouslyPublished: No

      Variant: NM_181523.3:c.1945C>T

      ClinVar: 60763

      gnomAD: NR

      SupplementalData: Table 1, Figure 1a,b

    4. Case 4 is a 33‐year‐old Japanese male, the father of case 3 (Table 1, Figure 1e,f). He was born at 36 weeks of gestation with a birth weight of 1,970 g and has had a severe bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment and used hearing aids since infancy. He was also diagnosed with glaucoma shortly after birth and with diabetes at 32 years of age, having been treated with a DPP‐IV (dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV) inhibitor and an SGLT2 inhibitor and manifesting an HbA1c level of 7.4% at the time of the current evaluation. He underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test for the present study, and his blood glucose and serum IRI levels at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the glucose load were 130, 220, 238, 243, and 252 mg/dL and 8.0, 15.5, 25.6, 27.1, and 24.6 μIU/mL, respectively. His HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β, and insulinogenic index were 2.57, 43.0%, and 0.083, respectively. His mother also manifests some facial characteristics of SHORT syndrome as well as a hearing impairment.

      Case#: 33-year‐old Japanese male

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have “SHORT syndrome” and “harbor either a common or a previously unknown mutation in PIK3R1 as well as provide an in silico functional analysis of the mutant proteins.”

      FamilyInfo: His daughter has SHORT syndrome, with the same variant of PIK3R1, NM_181523.3:c.1957A>T, further described in Case 3. His mother also manifests some facial characteristics of SHORT syndrome as well as a hearing impairment.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0008619, HP:0000365, HP:0000501, HP:0000819, HP:0001511, HP:0004322, HP:0000023, HP:0000490, HP:0000558, HP:0000325, HP:0011220, HP:0000430, HP:0000331, HP:0000400, HP:0005328, HP:0100578

      CaseHPOFreeText: He was born at 36 weeks of gestation with a birth weight of 1,970 g. Weight at time of diagnosis was 44.2 kg (-2.4 SD), height 154 cm (-3.00SD) , body mass index 18.6 kg/m2 (-1.5 SD). He had been treated with a DPP‐IV (dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV) inhibitor and an SGLT2 inhibitor and manifesting an HbA1c level of 7.4% at the time of the current evaluation. His blood glucose and serum IRI levels at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the glucose load were 130, 220, 238, 243, and 252 mg/dL and 8.0, 15.5, 25.6, 27.1, and 24.6 μIU/mL, respectively. His HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β, and insulinogenic index were 2.57, 43.0%, and 0.083, respectively.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000855, HP:0001382, HP:0000684, HP:0000369, HP:0000233, HP:0002714, HP:0000540, HP:0000483, HP:0000545, HP:0000593, HP:0000963, HP:0007392, HP:0001249, HP:0000750

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Readily visible veins

      CasePreviousTesting: NR

      GenotypingMethod: Initially, comprehensive sequencing analysis was conducted on all 22 exons of the INSR gene using the Sanger sequencing method, confirming the absence of pathogenic variants. Subsequently, sequencing was extended to encompass all 16 exons of the PIK3R1 gene.

      PreviouslyPublished: No

      Variant: NM_181523.3:c.1957A>T

      ClinVar: 3767319

      gnomAD: NR

      SupplementalData: Table 1, Figure 1e,f

    1. P5

      Case#: P5

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (2 m), otitis media, bronchiectasis (6 y), Gastroenteritis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Oblique inguinal hernia, urinary tract infection, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor, HSCT.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    2. P6

      Case#: P6

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Skin pigmentation, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (1 y), otitis media, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Failure to thrive, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    3. P7

      Case#: P7

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (4 y), bronchiectasis, otitis media, eardrum perforation, hearing loss, Gastroenteritis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, ITP, Conjunctivitis, failure to thrive, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    4. P9

      Case#: P9

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Diarrhea, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (1.5 y), otitis media, bronchiectasis (5 y), pleural effusion, Chronic diarrhea, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Congenital patent foramen ovale, hypoproteinemia, failure to thrive, nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, thick corpus callosum, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    5. P11

      Case#: P11

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Diarrhea, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (1 y), bronchiectasis (9 y), Chronic diarrhea and rectocolitis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Hypothyroidism and thrombocytopenia, Failure to thrive, nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor, HSCT

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    6. P12

      Case#: P12

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (3 m), Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, AIHA, Leukoencephalopathy, failure to thrive, mastoiditis, demyelination, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    7. P13

      Case#: P13

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (2.5 y), bronchiectasis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    8. P15

      Case#: P15

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (8 m), bronchiectasis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Urinary tract infection, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor, HSCT.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    9. P16

      Case#: P16

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Splenomegaly, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (3 y), Chronic diarrhea and colonic ulcers, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, IBD, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    10. P18

      Case#: P18

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (6 m), bronchiectasis (9 y), otitis media, hearing loss, Chronic diarrhea and hematochezia, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, ITP, IBD, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor, HSCT.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    11. P19

      Case#: P19

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (8 m), bronchiectasis (12 y), Small intestinal ulcers, proctitis, colitis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, IBD, Ventricular septal defect, failure to thrive, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    12. P20

      Case#: P20

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (3 m), bronchiectasis (12 y), otitis media, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    13. P21

      Case#: P21

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (3 m), otitis media, hearing loss, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    14. P22

      Case#: P22

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Diarrhea, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (2 y), bronchiectasis (6 y), Proctitis, colitis, intestinal obstruction, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, IBD, Nasosinusitis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    15. P23

      Case#: P23

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Diarrhea, No sinopulmonary infections, Duodenitis and colitis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Hypothyroidism and IBD, Dysmyelination, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor, HSCT.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    16. P24

      Case#: P24

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (2 w), otitis media, Esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, colitis, rectitis, Lymphadenomegaly, hepatomegaly, IBD, Atrial septal defect, nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor, HSCT.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    17. P25

      Case#: P25

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (1 m), bronchiectasis (14 y), Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, SLE and lupus nephritis, Failure to thrive, nasosinusitis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    18. P26

      Case#: P26

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Axillary lymph node enlargement, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (2.5 y), bronchiectasis (4 y), Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Hematuria, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    19. P27

      Case#: P27

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (2 y), bronchiectasis (7 y), otitis media, hearing loss, Colon ulcer, gastritis, enteritis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, IBD, Hypoalbuminemia, nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    20. P28

      Case#: P28

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (3 m), otitis media, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, BCGitis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    21. P29

      Case#: P29

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (4 m), otitis media, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Thrombocytopenia, Mastoiditis, arachnoid cyst, dysmyelination, nasosinusitis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    22. P30

      Case#: P30

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Hematochezia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (6 y), Hematochezia, gastritis, colitis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, IBD, Urinary tract infection, chronic recurrent parotitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    23. P31

      Case#: P31

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Abdominal pain, No sinopulmonary infections, Intussusception, peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, acute peritonitis, acute appendicitis, multiple ileal polyps, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Inguinal hernia, nasosinusitis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    24. P32

      Case#: P32

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (1 y), bronchiectasis (10 y), Gastrointestinal bleeding, suppurative appendicitis, coloproctitis, duodenitis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, IBD, Severe malnutrition, Grade I AV block, conjunctivitis, hypertension, osteoporosis, failure to thrive, nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor, HSCT.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    25. P33

      Case#: P33

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Hematochezia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (4 y), Chronic gastritis and colitis, duodenitis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, IBD, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor, HSCT.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    26. P34

      Case#: P34

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (3 m), bronchiectasis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, Arthritis, Nasosinusitis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    27. P35

      Case#: P35

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (2 y), bronchiectasis, Chronic diarrhea, small intestinal nests, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, Inguinal hernia, nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    28. P36

      Case#: P36

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (4 y), otitis media, Chronic diarrhea, gastritis, duodenal bulb inflammation, colitis, rectitis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Thrombocytopenia, IBD, Urinary tract infection, failure to thrive, nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    29. P37

      Case#: P37

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (3 y), otitis media, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Osteomyelitis, contact dermatitis, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    30. P38

      Case#: P38

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Submaxillary lymph node enlargement, Otitis media, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Nasosinusitis, failure to thrive, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    31. P39

      Case#: P39

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (6 m), bronchiectasis (4.5 y), Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Osteomyelitis, nasosinusitis, thick corpus callosum, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    32. P41

      Case#: P41

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Purpura, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (6 y), bronchiectasis (8 y), otitis media, Hematochezia, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, ITP, Failure to thrive, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    33. P42

      Case#: P42

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Abdominal pain, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (3 y), otitis media, Lymphadenomegaly, Nasosinusitis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    34. P1

      Case#: P1

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    35. P2

      Case#: P2

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (1 m), pulmonary artery hypertension, bronchiectasis (16 y), Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Thrombocytopenia, Pericardial effusion, kidney injury, hypoalbuminemia, failure to thrive, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    36. P3

      Case#: P3

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Pneumonia, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (6 m), bronchiectasis (7 y), Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, Pericardial effusion, warts, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, intracranial hypertension, convulsion, failure to thrive, nasosinusitis, mastoiditis, brain atrophy, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    37. P4

      Case#: P4

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Splenomegaly, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (9 y), Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, SLE, lupus nephritis, AIHA, Flat warts, urinary tract infection, failure to thrive, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1021K

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3061G>A (p.Glu1021Lys)

      ClinVar: 88675

      CAID: CA145460

      gnomAD: https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-9726972-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

    38. P10

      Case#: P10

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Purpura, Recurrent respiratory tract infections, bronchiectasis (9 y), Chronic diarrhea, colitis, ileitis, gastritis, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, ITP, Mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E1025G

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.3074A>G (p.Glu1025Gly)

      ClinVar: 422410

      CAID: CA16617216

      gnomAD: absent from gnomad v4.1.0

    39. P17

      Case#: P17

      DiseaseAssertion: APDS1

      FamilyInfo: Chinese

      CaseHPOFreeText: Upper respiratory infection, Recurrent respiratory tract infections (1.5 y), bronchiectasis (7 y), otitis media, hearing loss, Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, ILD, Kidney stones, oblique inguinal hernia, failure to thrive, mastoiditis, anti-infection prophylaxis, IVIG, glucocorticoid, mTOR inhibitor.

      CasePreviousTesting: WES

      Variant: E525G

      HGVS: NM_005026.5(PIK3CD):c.1574A>G (p.Glu525Gly)

      ClinVar: 582515

      CAID: CA338303813

      gnomAD: absent from gnomad v4.1.0

    1. The patient was a 33-year-old woman

      Case#: 33-year-old Chinese adult female

      DiseaseAssertion: Patient is asserted to have “SHORT syndrome due to a PIK3R1 gene variant (c.1945C > T).”

      FamilyInfo: Both parents were healthy and non-consanguineous. Her father was 167 cm tall and her mother was 160 cm tall. The patient had a younger brother, aged 29, who was 175 cm tall and weighed 60 kg.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000684, HP:0000750, HP:0040270, HP:0000855, HP:0004322, HP:0001382, HP:0000858, HP:0000558, HP:0011220, HP:0000430, HP:0000331, HP:0000233, HP:0000369, HP:0005328, HP:0007392, HP:0000963, HP:0100578, HP:0001952, HP:0000819, HP:0000147, HP:0000325

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient has a spontaneous full-term vaginal delivery without birth trauma or asphyxia. At birth, the patient weighed 2000 g (< 3rd percentile), though her length was unknown. Her first primary tooth emerged at 9 months and her ability to say “mom” and “dad” developed at 10 months. Throughout childhood, the patient consistently lagged in growth and development compared with their peers. At 5 years of age, her height was only 99.7 cm (−3 SD) and her weight 11.5 kg(< 3rd percentile). By age 9, her height was 116.5 cm (−3 SD) and her weight was 15.0 kg(< 3rd percentile). Her test results revealed a fasting blood glucose (FBG) level of 5.48 mmol/L and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level of 8.04 mmol/L. Notably, her postprandial 2-hour insulin level exceeded the upper detection limit (> 2152.5 pmol/L), while her postprandial 2-hour C-peptide level was 0.4 nmol/L. Her glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 5.78%. Consequently, she was prescribed long-term voglibose monotherapy. The patient exhibited distinctive facial features. The patient also exhibited visible veins and had polycystic ovarian syndrome. Height: 147.50 cm, Weight: 37.50 kg, BMI: 17.24 kg/m2, Lean mass: 23.90 kg, Fat mass: 9.30 kg, VFA: 35.3 cm2, Total cholesterol: 4.20 mmol/L, HDL-c: 1.09 mmol/L, LDL-c: 2.92 mmol/L, Triglyceride: 1.47 mmol/L, Calcium: 2.19 mmol/L, Phosphorous: 1.25 mmol/L, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3: 14.5 ng/ml, TSH: 1.97 mIU/L, Free T4: 11.47 pmol/L, Total testosterone: 1.47 nmol/L

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001249, HP:0000956, HP:0002240, HP:0001397,<br /> HP:0000501, HP:0000488, HP:0009830

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Elevated plasma triglycerides, ocular hypotension, diabetic kidney disease, lower extremity arterial disease. The patient exhibited no lipid dysregulation, with fat mass and visceral fat area falling below the normal range, accompanied by a reduction in lean body mass.

      CasePreviousTesting: NR

      GenotypingMethod: Whole-exome sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: No

      Variant: NM_181523.3:c.1945C>T

      ClinVar: 60763

      gnomAD: NR

      SupplementalData: Table 1, 2, 3, 4

    1. P3

      Case#: P3, 9-years-old Saudi girl

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002028, HP:0005425, HP:0100281

      CaseHPOFreeText: P3 is a 9 years old girl with history of chronic diarrhea and recurrent sinopulmonary infections since the age of 4 months. Immunological evaluation at age of 3 years showed normal complete blood counts and differential, lymphocytes subsets, lymphocytes proliferation and oxidative burst assays. Her IgG level was 3.1 gm/L with normal IgA and IgM levels and her antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine could not be well assessed as she received conjugated pneumococcal vaccines (Table 1). Her recurrent chest infections improved after starting intravenous immunoglobulins. Upper and lower endoscopies showed architectural distortion with focal cryptitis from cecum, ascending and transverse colon biopsies and severe active chronic colitis with crypt abscesses and ulcerations from sigmoid and rectal biopsies with no viral cytopathic changes or granuloma. Her diarrhea was treated mainly with sulfasalazine therapy. Her weight and height are normal in spite of her chronic diarrhea.

      Variant: NM_005026.4: c.433delinsGA: p.Q145Efs*51

      GenotypingMethod: DNA from all individuals we had access to was submitted for whole-genome genotyping, to determine regions of autozygosity that are shared between all affecteds. This was done under the assumption of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, given the nature of the pedigree and the presence of parental consanguinity. Three such regions were highlighted by the software, of which the largest was a 12.3 Mb block on Chr 1 (Fig. 1B). Simultaneously we submitted the DNA from patient P1 for WES, and followed the NGS filtering scheme indicated in Fig. 1C. Once we had limited our search area to the regions of shared autozygosity which were exclusive to the three patients, no variants survived our filtering except for one

      CAID: CA3252646241

    2. P1

      **Case#: ** P1, 19-years-old Saudi male

      **DiseaseAssertion: ** P1 is asserted to have "Crohn disease" and "CMV gastritis"

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002028, HP:0005425, HP:0000964, HP:0011473, HP:0200120

      CaseHPOFreeText: P1 is a 19 year old boy with history of chronic diarrhea, recurrent sinopulmonary infections and dermatitis since the age of 2 months. At age of 1 year full upper and lower endoscopy showed duodenal villous atrophy and mild duodenitis, and antrum biopsy was suggestive of CMV gastritis with no significant colon biopsy findings. At 13 years of age he was evaluated by immunology service to rule out IEI. His complete blood counts and differential, lymphocytes subsets, lymphocytes proliferation and oxidative burst assays were normal. His IgG level was subnormal for age (4.2 gm/L) with undetectable IgM levels (Table 1). He was started on intravenous immunoglobulins with good clinical response in regard to his recurrent sinopulmonary infections. He continued to have chronic diarrhea that on frequent occasions was bloody, but he had normal weight gain and growth. Upper and lower endoscopies were performed on several occasions and showed severe chronic active colitis with ulcerations, epithelial reactive changes with granulomatous tissue formation suggestive of Crohn disease. His diarrhea responded partially to sulfasalazine therapy and short courses of steroids.

      Variant: NM_005026.4: c.433delinsGA: p.Q145Efs*51

      GenotypingMethod: DNA from all individuals we had access to was submitted for whole-genome genotyping, to determine regions of autozygosity that are shared between all affecteds. This was done under the assumption of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, given the nature of the pedigree and the presence of parental consanguinity. Three such regions were highlighted by the software, of which the largest was a 12.3 Mb block on Chr 1 (Fig. 1B). Simultaneously we submitted the DNA from patient P1 for WES, and followed the NGS filtering scheme indicated in Fig. 1C. Once we had limited our search area to the regions of shared autozygosity which were exclusive to the three patients, no variants survived our filtering except for one

      CAID: CA3252646241

    3. P2

      Case#: P2, 18-years-old Saudi girl

      DiseaseAssertion: P1 is asserted to have "eosinophilic colitis"

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002028, HP:0005425, HP:0000964

      CaseHPOFreeText: P2 is an 18 years old girl with history of chronic diarrhea, recurrent sinopulmonary infections and dermatitis since the age of 5 months. Immunological evaluation at age of 12 years showed normal complete blood counts and differential, lymphocytes subsets, lymphocytes proliferation and oxidative burst assays. Her IgG level was subnormal for age (3.6 gm/L) with undetectable IgM levels and poor antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Table 1). Her recurrent chest infections improved after starting intravenous immunoglobulins. She continued to have chronic diarrhea that was frequently bloody, but she also maintained normal weight gain and growth. Upper and lower endoscopies showed colonic heavy infiltration by eosinophils and focal eosinophilic abscesses consistent with eosinophilic colitis. Similar to her brother, the diarrhea responded partially to sulfasalazine therapy and short courses of steroids.

      Variant: NM_005026.4: c.433delinsGA: p.Q145Efs*51

      GenotypingMethod: DNA from all individuals we had access to was submitted for whole-genome genotyping, to determine regions of autozygosity that are shared between all affecteds. This was done under the assumption of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, given the nature of the pedigree and the presence of parental consanguinity. Three such regions were highlighted by the software, of which the largest was a 12.3 Mb block on Chr 1 (Fig. 1B). Simultaneously we submitted the DNA from patient P1 for WES, and followed the NGS filtering scheme indicated in Fig. 1C. Once we had limited our search area to the regions of shared autozygosity which were exclusive to the three patients, no variants survived our filtering except for one

      CAID: CA3252646241

    1. 18-year-old female patien

      Case#: III.7, an 18-year-old female patient

      DiseaseAssertion: immune thrombopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and Evans syndrome with infections early-onset herpes zoster and chronic Epstein-Barr virus

      FamilyInfo: Table 1

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001433, HP:0002716

      CaseHPOFreeText: severe necrotic dermohypodermitis of left leg caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, hypogammaglobulinemia

      Variant: c.379T >G variant in CTLA4

      GenotypingMethod: high-throughput sequencing

      CAID: CA350138665

    2. affected

      Case#: II.1, 61-years-old male (deceased)

      DiseaseAssertion: Hashimoto disease

      Variant: c.379T >G variant in CTLA4

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0034954

      CaseHPOFreeText: Anti-AChR antibodies without myasthenia gravis, unilateral uveitis, Staphylococcus aureus pneumoniae, Candida kefyr pneumoniae, Erythroderma, autoimmune alopecia, diffuse interstitial lung disease

    3. Table

      Case#: III.3, a diseased 31-year-old male relative, age of onset 7

      DiseaseAssertion: Evans syndrome (ITP and AIHA)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Lymphadenopathy, colic and renal nonclonal proliferation, Extensive chicken pox, viral encephalitis, EBV chronic viremia including inside tissues, Ear, nose and throat infections, pneumoniae, multiple Clostridium difficile colitis infections, Interstitial pneumopathy, Epilepsy, transverse myelitis C2 and T12, ADEM, Transplantation for interstitial fibrosis, late rejection with nonmalignant lymphoproliferation and EBV replication, Portal hypertension with diffuse nodular hyperplasia

      Variant: c.379T >G variant in CTLA4

      GenotypingMethod: high-throughput sequencing

      CAID: CA350138665

    4. are

      Case# III.6, 27-year-old male relative, unknown age of onset

      CaseHPOFreeText: Infectious mononucleosis, severe CMV infectious (nonautoimmune thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and hepatitis), Toxoplasma gondii infection, Dermatitis

      Variant: c.379T >G variant in CTLA4

      GenotypingMethod: high-throughput sequencing

      CAID: CA350138665

    5. relatives

      Case#: II.3, a 59 year old female, age of onset 58

      DiseaseAssertion: Inflammatory polyarthritis

      FamilyInfo: Table 1

      CaseHPOFreeText: presented with lymphoid proliferation, central nervous system inflammation (transverse myelitis and extensive disseminated encephalomyelitis), epilepsy, chronic kidney disease with one transplantation (benign polyclonal B-cell infiltration, interstitial fibrosis), interstitial pneumopathy, splenomegaly, hepatic abnormality with diffuse nodular hyperplasia, rectocolitis, extensive varicella zoster virus infection (VZV), viral encephalitis without documentation, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) chronic viremia, Clostridium difficile severe colitis

      Variant: c.379T >G variant in CTLA4

      GenotypingMethod: high-throughput sequencing

      CAID: CA350138665

    1. 20-year-old male

      Case#: 20-year-old male, Race: White (ancestry unavailable) DiseaseAssertion: The patient is asserted to have "CTLA4 haploinsufficiency" manifesting as aplastic anemia. FamilyInfo: Patient's father has disease variant Case PresentingHPOs: HP:0012378 (Fatigue), HP:0001962 (Palpitations), HP:0002875 (Exertional dyspnea), HP:0001903 (Anemia), HP:0001873 (Thrombocytopenia), HP:0002608 (Celiac disease), HP:0000608 (Macular degeneration), HP:0001876 (pancytopenia), HP:0001915 (aplastic anemia), CaseHPOFreeText: ** Diagnosis at age 20 when patient presented with persistent and profound incapacitating fatigue. Bone marrow biopsy was consistent to aplastic anemia. Table 1 summarizes presenting labs and flow cytometry results. Patient was first treated with high-dose IVIG, cyclosporine, and systemic corticosteroids. He initially responded well, but 6 months into therapy he developed renal impairment and was transitioned to sirolimus. His aplastic anemia relapsed. Patient underwent haploidentical (sibling, variant negative) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which was curative. CaseNotHPOs: HP:4000129 (Recent blood transfusion), CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A CasePreviousTesting: The following studies were negative: Bone marrow chromosome analysis; FISH hybridization for BCR/ABL1, monosomy 5, monosomy 7, trisomy 8, and 20q deletion; myelodysplastic syndrome mutation sequencing. GenotypingMethod: A primary immunodeficiency NGS panel was run (gene content not specified) and identified a paternally inherited heterozygous missense variant in CTLA4. Variant: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.5(CTLA4):c.385T>A (p.Cys129Ser). ClinVar: 1414930 CAID: N/A gnomAD**: This variant was not found in gnomAD v.4.1.0

    1. A 15-year-old girl,

      Case#: 15-year-old girl, ethnicity not specified DiseaseAssertion: The patient is asserted to have "CTLA-4 deficiency" FamilyInfo: CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002315 (Headaches), HP:0002205 (Recurrent respiratory infections), HP:0007359 (Focal-onset seizure), HP:0001744 (Splenomegaly), HP:0002028 (Chronic diarrhea), HP:0005231 (Chronic gastritis), HP:0002875 (Exertional dyspnea), HP:0003139 (Panhypogammaglobulinemia) CaseHPOFreeText: Brain MRI showed multiple inflammatory lesions. CSF analysis showed elevated white cell count and protein levels. Figure 2 provides overview of clinical history and medical management. CaseNotHPOs: CaseNotHPOFreeText: Infectious diseases were excluded, including CMB, EBV, HIV, and mycobacteria. CasePreviousTesting: GenotypingMethod: Patient was tested via a targeted NGS panel. PreviouslyPublished: Not previously published. Variant: The patient harbors the NM_005214.5(CTLA4): c.394G>A (p.Glu132Lys) variant in the heterozygous state. ClinVar: 662200 gnomAD: This variant was not found in gnomAD v4.1.0 SupplementalData: Supplementary Table S1 contains full immunological workup.

    1. 49-year-old woman

      Case#: 49-year-old woman

      DiseaseAssertion: CTLA-4 deficiency-associated GLILD

      FamilyInfo: Family history is negative for hereditary and immunological diseases

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0031246, HP:0033709, HP:0002094

      CaseHPOFreeText: Laboratory tests revealed decreased levels of serum globulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and pancytopenia. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels were elevated within the normal range for angiotensin-converting enzyme levels. Serum antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were within the normal CD4+ T-cell count limit at 1,079 /μL. A flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a decreased number of CD19+CD27+ memory B cells in the blood, with a selective decrease in IgG- and IgA-producing memory B cells. Chest radiography revealed bilateral infiltration of the lower lung fields while chest CT showed bilateral lower lobe reticular shadows as well as right middle lobe infiltrative and scattered nodular shadows in both the upper lobes. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) showed increased cell counts (5.5×104/μL) and increased eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the cell fraction (eosinophils, 7%; neutrophils, 3%; lymphocytes, 25%; macrophages, 65%). The CD4/CD8 ratio in the lymphocytes was within the normal range (CD4/CD8 ratio: 1.06). A transbronchial lung biopsy revealed mild lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration of the cell septa. A pathological examination at low magnification revealed collapsed alveolar spaces with surrounding fibrotic changes, and at high magnification, thickened alveolar walls, nodule formation with lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, and lymphatic follicles were found. Polypoid plugs of loose organizing connective tissue (Masson bodies) within alveoli and small granulomas were also present. The infiltrated lymphocytes were CD3- or CD20-positive.

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Autoantibodies also tested negative. Bacterial and mycobacterial culture for chronic lower respiratory tract infections were negative. IgG4-positive cells were not detected. There was no neutrophil accumulation or presence of fungus, Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria, or acid-fast bacteria that would have suggested infection. No findings of vasculitis or malignant tumors were noted.

      CasePreviousTesting: NR

      GenotypingMethod: NR

      PreviouslyPublished: NR

      Variant: NM_005214.5:c.160G>A

      ClinVar: 430905

      CAID: CA350138187

      gnomAD: NR

      SupplementalData: Table, Fig 1a-c, Fig 2a-f

    1. 15-year-old Chinese boy

      Case#: 15-year-old Chinese boy

      DiseaseAssertion: Patient was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at a young age and was recently found to carry heterozygous mutations in PIK3CD. Diagnoses: Activated PI3Kδ syndrome

      FamilyInfo: Family history revealed that his mother died of gastric cancer. Whole exome sequencing was performed in patient and in his father, when he was at the age of 15 and the PIK3CD gene was found to exhibit good coverage.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002725, HP:0005425, HP:0032218, HP:0002716, HP:0000093, HP:0020072, HP:0000790, HP:0001882, HP:0001903, HP:0003493, HP:0025289, HP:0001744, HP:0004322, HP:0550004, HP:0001873, HP:0003565, HP:0011227, HP:0020026, HP:0032230, HP:0002110, HP:6001383, HP:0033726, HP:0033493, HP:0012574

      CaseHPOFreeText: Serum level of complements was low, such as C3, C4, and CH50. Serum level of IgM and IgE was elevated, but IgG and IgA was normal. Lung CT scan showed partial consolidation of left upper lung with bronchiectasis and left upper bronchial stenosis. Renal biopsy was also done because of persistent hematuria and proteinuria, and it displayed moderately increased mesangial matrix and mesangial hypercellularity under the light microscope; subepithelial deposits was noted, and some mesangial changes may be present as seen in electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence was positive for C1q, C3, IgG, IgM, and Fb (Fig. 2). The patient was given oral prednisolone and hydroxychloroquine combined with mycophenolate mofetil. Six months later, the level of complement was restored to normal, hematuria and proteinuria disappeared, and liver function returned to normal. He was currently receiving intravenous immunoglobulin in association with hydroxychloroquine, low-dose prednisolone, and mycophenolate mofetil, with a good efficacy.

      CasePreviousTesting: NR

      GenotypingMethod: Whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: No

      Variant: NM_005026.5:c.3061G>A

      ClinVar: 88675

      gnomAD: chr1-9726972-G-A

      SupplementalData: Figure 1, 2, 3

    1. Patient 1 (P1)

      Case#: Patient 1 (P1) is a 24-year-old Chinese female.

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have "CTLA4 haploinsufficiency (CTLA-4 h).

      FamilyInfo: The patient's father carries the same CTLA4 variant as the patient but has been asymptomatic. No other family history reported.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0031245 (Productive cough), HP:0002105 (Hemoptysis), HP:0001878 (Hemolytic anemia), HP:0006532 (Recurrent pneumonia), HP:0004313 (Decreased circulating immunoglobulin concentration, HP:0033608 (Pulmonary nodule), HP:0002716 (Lymphadenopathy), HP:0001596 (Alpecia),

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient first presented at age 14 with respiratory symptoms. She was hospitalized at age 16 with hemolytic anemia and recurrent pulmonary infections. Lab work showed hypogammaglobinemia. Chest CT showed scattered solid and ground-glass density nodules bilaterally in the lungs, Lung biopsy demonstrated lymphocytic infiltration and siderophages. Treatment with corticosteroids achieved temporary remission, but the patient relapsed with dose tapering. She developed Evans syndrome, alopecia, and skin lesions. Disease stabilized with weekly subcutaneous abatacept (125mg) and the interval was subsequently extended to once every 4 weeks.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0003493 (Antinuclear antibody positivity), HP:0032230 (Cytoplasmic antineutrophil antibody positivity).

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed by whole exome sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished: No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.4(CTLA4):c.155G>T(p.Gly52Val) variant.

      ClinVar: 1420586

      gnomAD: The variant was not found in gnomAD v4.1.1.

      SupplementalData: No supplemental data provided.

    2. Patient 2 (P2)

      Case#: Patient 2 (P2) is a 23-year-old Chinese male.

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have "CTLA4 haploinsufficiency (CTLA-4 h).

      FamilyInfo: The patient's father and oldest sister are both positive for the same CTLA4 variant. Both the parents and two older sisters are asymptomatic. The TNFRSF13B variants were not found in the parents or sisters.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002254 (Intermittent diarrhea), HP:4000055 (Intestinal inflammation), HP:0002582 (Atrophic gastritis), HP:0004313 (Decreased circulating immunoglobulin concentration), HP:0030167 (Antimitochondrial antibody positivity)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient presented at 12 years old with intermittent diarrhea, predominantly mushy stools with ocassional watery stools. Colonoscopy at age 21 demonstrated histopathological evidence of acute and chronic inflammation. Gastroscopy showed chronic atrophic gastritis and duodenitis. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and biweekly subcutaneous abatacept (125 mg) led to clinical improvement.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0003493 (Antinuclear antibody positivity), HP:0032230 (Antineutrophil antibody positivity)

      CasePreviousTesting: None reported.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed via whole exome sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished: No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant1: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.4 CTLA4):c.538C>T (p.Leu180Phe) variant.

      CAID1: CA350139042

      gnomAD1: This variant has a minor allele frequency of 0.0001370 in gnomAD v4.1.1. (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chr2-203871458-C-T?dataset=gnomad_r4).

      Variant2: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_012452.3(TNFRSF13B):c.83G>A variant.

      ClinVar2: 1063279

      gnomAD2: This variant has a minor allele frequency of 0.00009130 in gnomAD v4.1.1. (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chr17-16952562-C-T?dataset=gnomad_r4)

      Variant3: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_012452.3(TNFRSF13B):c.716C>T

      ClinVar3: 471370

      gnomAD3: This variant has a minor allele frequency of 0.0002962 in gnomAD v4.1.1. (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chr17-16939713-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4)

      SupplementalData: There is no supplemental data.

    3. Patient 3 (P3)

      Case#: Patient 3 (P3) is a 20-year-old Chinese female.

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have "CTLA4 haploinsufficiency (CTLA-4 h).

      FamilyInfo: The patient's brother died at age 15 from pancytopenia. The patient's mother was diagnosed with large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Patient's mother (Patient 4) also harbors the same CTLA4 variant as the patient. Authors do not indicate if patient's brother had genetic testing.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001744 (Splenomegaly), HP:0001369 (Arthritis), HP:0020062 (Decreased hemoglobin concentration), HP:0011873 (Abnormal platelet count), HP:0002254 (Intermittent diarrhea), HP:0001876 (Pancytopenia), HP:0020026 (Positive Coombs test)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patients symptoms onset at 9 years old with chronic eczema, Evans syndrome, and splenomegaly. Initially responded well to corticosteroids and IV Ig, but relapsed after steroid tapering. She developed polyarthritis at age 16, diagnosed as juvenile idiopathic arthritis. She also developed photosensitive rashes. She was hospitalized due to pancytopenia and heavy vaginal bleeding. Anti-kertain antibody (AKA) and antiperinuclear factor were negative. Treatment with subcutaneous abatacept injections (125mg) resolved joint pain and brought hemoglobin and platelet counts to normal range.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0003493 (Antinuclear antibody positivity), HP:0034092 (Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positivity), HP:0002923 (Rheumatoid factor positive),

      CasePreviousTesting: None reported.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed via whole exome sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished: No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.4 CTLA4):c.347T>A (p.Ile116Asn) variant.

      ClinVar: 2430678

      gnomAD: The variant was not found in gnomAD v4.1.1.

      SupplementalData: There is no supplemental data.

    4. Patient 4 (P4)

      Case#: Patient 4 (P4) is a 60-year-old Chinese woman.

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have "CTLA4 haploinsufficiency (CTLA-4 h).

      FamilyInfo: Patient's daughter is Patient 3 and harbors the same CTLA4 variant.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001954 (Recurrent fever) HP:0011110 (Recurent tonsillitis), HP:0000155 (Oral ulcer), HP:0005558 (Chronic leukemia)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient's symptoms onset in childhood with recurrent fever and tonsillitis. She experienced recurrent oral ulcers starting around age 50. She was diagnosed with large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia for which she was treated with long-term corticosteroids for three years. She is currently treated with oral cyclosporine.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000988 (Skin rash)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Patient denied history of rash, dry mouth, or dry eyes.

      CasePreviousTesting: None reported.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed via whole exome sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.4 CTLA4):c.347T>A (p.Ile116Asn) variant.

      ClinVar: 2430678

      gnomAD: The variant was not found in gnomAD v4.1.1

      SupplementalData: There is no supplemental data.

    5. Patient 5 (P5)

      Case#: Patient 5 (P5) is a 19-year-old Chinese female.

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have "CTLA4 haploinsufficiency (CTLA-4 h).

      FamilyInfo: The patients mother, who harbors the same CTLA4 variant reported a history of chronic urticaria, alopecia areata, and intermittent diarrhea for over 10 years.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001903 (Anemia), HP:0007418 (Alopecia totalis), HP:0002254 (Intermittent diarrhea), HP:0000964 (Eczematoid dermatitis), HP:0002716 (Lymphadenopathy), HP:0004818 (Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), HP:6000344 (Anti-intrinsic factor antibody positivity), HP:0000988 (Skin rash), HP:0004386 (Gastrointestinal inflammation), HP:0034839 (Lymphoid hyperplasia), HP:0040088 (Abnormal lymphocyte count), HP:0020062 Decreased hemoglobin concentration, HP:0025066 (Decreased mean corpuscular volume), HP:0025547 (Decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient's symptoms onset at age 10. Gastrointestinal endoscopy showed chronic inflammation and lymphoid hyperplasia. Patient has been treated with subcutaneous injections of abatacept (125mg) with notable clinical improvement. Fine white hair has started to regrow on her scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes, and facial skin shows mild scaling.

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Autoimmune screening including antinuclear antibodies were negative.

      CasePreviousTesting: None reported.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed via whole exome sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.4 CTLA4):c.151C>T (p.Arg51Ter) variant.

      ClinVar: 161109

      gnomAD: The variant was not found in gnomAD v4.1.1.

      SupplementalData: There is no supplemental data.

    6. Patient 6 (P6)

      Case#: Patient 6 (P6) is an 18-year-old Chinese male.

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have "CTLA4 haploinsufficiency (CTLA-4 h).

      FamilyInfo: Patient denied family history of inborn error of immunodeficiency. The patient's father harbors the same CTLA4 variant as the patient. No symptoms are reported in the patient's father.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001954 (Recurrent fever), HP:0012735 (Cough), HP:0002829 (Arthralgia), HP:0002113 (Pulmonary infiltrates), HP:0002716 (Lymphadenopathy), HP:0006532 (Recurrent pneumonia), HP:0004313 (Decreased circulating immunoglobulin concentration

      CaseHPOFreeText: MRI of knees showed patchy abnormal signals in the right femoral and lateral condylar regions suggestive of bone marrow edema, with surrounding soft tissue edema. Mild joint effusion and suprapatellar bursa fluid were also noted. Treatment with avatacept was started and at the six-month follow-up the patient reported clinical improvement. He had no fever or sputum production and symptoms of lymphadenopathy and joint pain had improved.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0001386 (Joint swelling), HP:0000988 (Skin rash), HP:0002014 (Diarrhea), HP:0003493 (Antinuclear antibody positivity), HP:0034092 (Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positivity), HP:0002923 (Rheumatoid factor positive), HP:0032230 (Cytoplasmic antineutrophil antibody positivity)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      CasePreviousTesting: None noted.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed via whole exome sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.4 CTLA4):c.436G>A(p.Gly146Arg) variant.

      ClinVar: 849622

      gnomAD: This variant has an allele frequency of 0.000001696 in gnomAD v4.1.1. (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chr2-203870912-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4)

      SupplementalData: There is no supplemental data.

    7. Patient 7 (P7)

      Case#: Patient 7 (P7) is a 50-year-old Chinese male.

      DiseaseAssertion: Patients are asserted to have "CTLA4 haploinsufficiency (CTLA-4 h).

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0012735 (Cough), HP:0002014 (Diarrhea), HP:0000988 (Skin rash), HP:0001596 (Alopecia), HP:0004313 (Decreased circulating immunoglobulin concentration), HP:0004386 (Gastrointestinal inflammation)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient's symptoms onset in his late 30s with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. He developed pruritic rashes on the abdomen and bottom of the feet, as well as alopecia. Gastrointestinal histopathology finding included intestinal metaplasia in the gastric angle and pyloric mucosa, as well as lymphoid follicle formation in the descending duodenum.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0003493 (Antinuclear antibody positivity), HP:0034092 (Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positivity),

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Patient was negative for inflammatory bowel disease antibodies.

      CasePreviousTesting: None reported.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed via whole exome sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant1: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.4 CTLA4):c.151C>T(p.Arg51Ter) variant.

      ClinVar1: 161109

      gnomAD1: The variant was not found in gnomAD v4.1.1.

      Variant2: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_012452.3(TNFRSF13B):c.788C>T (p.Thr263Ile) variant.

      ClinVar2: 1696714

      gnomAD2: This variant has an allele frequency of 0.00009138 in gnomAD v4.1.1. (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chr17-16939641-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4)

      Variant3: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_012452.3(TNFRSF13B):c.178C>T (p.Arg60Cys) variant.

      CAID3: CA8414096

      gnomAD3: This variant has an allele frequency of 0.00006666 in gnomAD v4.1.1. (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chr17-16952467-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4)

      SupplementalData: There is no supplemental data.

    1. A 14-year-old adolescent girl first developed a relapsing-remitting inflammatory CNS disorder and thrombocytopenia in 1999

      Case#: The patient is a 39-year-old female with symptom onset at 14.

      DiseaseAssertion: The patient is asserted to have "CTLA-4 happloinsufficiency." "Affected patients develop cytopenia, lymphoproliferative disorders, and hypogammaglobulinemia and are prone to a variety of autoimmune phenomena."

      FamilyInfo: None provided

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001873 (Thrombocytopenia), HP:0001888 (Lymphopenia), HP:0001903 (Anemia), HP:0004313 (Decreased circulating immunoglobulin concentration), HP:0002028 (Chronic diarrhea), HP:0002024 (Malabsorption), HP:0001596 (Alopecia), HP:4000055 (Intestinal inflammation), HP:0006824 (Cranial nerve paralysis), HP:0002090 (Pneumonia), HP:0001269 (Hemiparesis)

      CaseHPOFreeText: CSF analysis showed intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins G and M. MRI showed disseminated T2-hyperintense lesions, some lesions indicated long-lasting gadolinium enhancement (Figure 1A). PET scan-guided brain biopsy showed sustained myeline integrity, massive infiltration of T cells, and presence of few perivascular B cells. Infectious or neoplastic conditions were ruled out.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Laboratory testing was negative for infectious or rheumatologic conditions. Brain vessel angiography was normal.

      CasePreviousTesting: None reported.

      GenotypingMethod: Sequencing of the LRBA and CTLA4 genes was performed. Authors did not elaborate on methodology or assay.

      PreviouslyPublished No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.5(CTLA4):c.322_323insT (p.Ser108MetfsTer46) variant.

      CAID: CA3270658428

      gnomAD: This variant is not found in gnomAD v4.1.1.

      SupplementalData: Figure 1A shows MRI scans from 2014-2021. Figure 1B shows immunomodulatory treatment of the patient. Figure 1C shows blood lymphocyte count and lymphocyte subsets over time. Figure 1D shows Crohn disease activity index, blood platelet count, and serum immunoglobulins. Figure 2 shows single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood monocular cells.

    1. We present a case

      Case#: 3-year-old male

      DiseaseAssertion: Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS)

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0034839, HP:0005425, HP:0020071, HP:0012189

      CaseHPOFreeText: We describe a 3-year-old patient with a novel variant in the PIK3CD gene (c.58G > A p.(Val20lle)) presenting with EBV viremia, Hodgkin lymphoma, upregulation T follicular helper cells and CD10 + B cells consistent with a phenotype of APDS in a 3-year-old boy.

      Variant: c.58G > A p.(Val20lle)

      CAID: 1359338

    1. A 51-year-old woman

      Case#: A 51-year-old woman

      FamilyInfo: the patient (and her affected family members) were heterozygous for a novel, likely pathogenic frameshift deletion variant in CLTA-4 exon

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0002018, HP:0002141, HP:0003474, HP:0002110, HP:0001891, HP:0000964, HP:0001973, HP:0011108, HP:0100512

      CaseHPOFreeText: necrotising granulomatous lymphadenitis, osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by bisphosphonates, diverticulitis, and bowel salt malabsorption. The patient’s daughter had recurrent episodes of CNS inflammation as a child and in adulthood she developed autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and bronchiectasis.

      FamilyInfo: The patient’s daughter had recurrent episodes of CNS inflammation as a child and in adulthood she developed autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and bronchiectasis. The patient’s son was known to have type I diabetes, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia and autoimmune encephalitis. FAS sequencing for autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) was normal and, at the time of presentation, extended panel screening for primary immunodeficiency was ongoing. There was prior exposure to corticosteroids but no other immunomodulatory treatment.

      Variant: c.81dup p.(leu28Serfs*32)

      ClinVar: 644629

      GenotypingMethod: a virtual sub-panel of 194 genes associated with primary immunodeficiencies screened using Agilent ‘Focused Exome’ custom target enrichment system (SureSelectXT) and Next Generation Sequencing demonstrated that the patient (and her affected family members) were heterozygous for a novel, likely pathogenic frameshift deletion variant

    1. Here, we report a patient who presented with recurrent infections and inflammation at the age of 2 years.

      Case#: Patient 16 (P16) is a female child, ethnicity not specified.

      DiseaseAssertion: The patient is asserted to have CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency with autoimmune infiltration (CHAI)

      FamilyInfo: Sanger sequencing of other family members revealed the same CTLA4 variant in seven females across four generations, all of whom are symptomatic with autoimmunity and/or recurrent infections. See Figure 1A for pedigree.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0004880 (Respiratory infections in early life), HP:0003256 (Abnormality of te coagulation cascade), HP:0001954 (recurrent fever), HP:0000967 (Petechiae), HP:0002014 (Diarrea), HP:0003270 (Abdominal distention), HP:0025085 (Bloody diarrhea), HP:0001943 (Hypoglycemia), HP:0034315 (Chronic cough), HP:0000010 (Recurrent urinary tract infections), HP:0000076 (Vesicoureteral reflux)

      CaseHPOFreeText: In infancy the patient was hospitalized multiple times for respiratory viral infections and an episode of transient coagulopathy. She continued to experience respiratory infections, prolonged bleeding with transient coagulopathy, and intermittent bloody diarrhea. Patient had intermittent elevated lactate. Flow cytometry demonstrated normal lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin concentrations were within normal limits. Soluble IL-2 receptor levels were elevated. Gastrostomy tube was placed at 26 months due to recurrent hypoglycemia and poor growth.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: Whole exome sequencing performed at 18 months old reported no diagnostic variants. Mitochondrial genome analysis was normal.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed via whole exome sequencing, which initially did not identify any diagnostic variants. Research analysis of the clinical exome data identified the CTLA4 variant.

      PreviouslyPublished No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant: The patient is heterozygous for the NM_005214.5: c.654T>A (p.Tyr218*) variant.

      ClinVar: 2440604

      gnomAD: This variant has an allele frequency of 0.0006536 in gnomAD v4.1.1 (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chr3-38011318-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4)

      SupplementalData: N/A

    1. A boy aged 3 years and 10 months was referred to the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology due to thrombocytopenia (18 x 103/μl).

      Case#: The patient is male, 3 years and 10 months old. Ethnicity not specified

      DiseaseAssertion: The patient is asserted to have CTLA-4 insufficiency.

      FamilyInfo: Patient's mother has type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis. The patient's maternal aunt has celiac disease and Lenox-Gastaut syndrome.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001873 (Thombocytopenia), HP:0011947 (Respiratory tract infection), HP:0000988 (skin rash), HP:0000967 (Petechiae), HP:0034752 (Axillary lymphadenopathy), HP:0001047 (Atopic dermatitis), HP:0001903 (Anemia), HP:0012234 (Agranulocytosis),

      CaseHPOFreeText: Patient had a mild upper respiratory tract infect followed by a small-spotted hemorrhagic rash and skin bruising. Physical examination was significant for punctate petechiae on skin and soft palate, as well as enlarged axillary lymph nodes bilaterally. On a subsequent visit patient was

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Bone marrow biopsy did not reveal any abnormalities.

      CasePreviousTesting:

      GenotypingMethod:

      PreviouslyPublished No prior article is known to contain information on the same proband.

      Variant:

      ClinVar:

      gnomAD:

      SupplementalData:

  2. Apr 2026
    1. AB-MCTS(Adaptive Branching Monte Carlo Tree Search)です。これは、推論のプロセスを「木の探索」として捉え

      将蒙特卡洛树搜索(MCTS)——一个 AlphaGo 时代的博弈 AI 技术——应用于商业调研推理,这个跨领域迁移令人惊讶。MCTS 的本质是在不确定的巨大搜索空间中,通过「探索-利用」平衡找到最优路径。商业研究的本质也是如此:在无数假设和信息源中,判断哪条线索值得深挖。Sakana 用博弈论的搜索框架重新定义了研究工作流——这在学术上已被 NeurIPS 2025 认可为 Spotlight 级贡献。

  3. Apr 2025
    1. ブレンステッド=ローリーの定義までであれば(=高校の化学までであれば)、酸化還元と酸塩基との違いは、電子かプロトンかの違いですよという理解もできたのですが、ルイスによる酸・塩基の定義にまで拡張すると(=大学で化学を勉強すると)、本質的な違いは何か?を再度考える必要があったというわけです。
    2. アレニウスの定義、ブレンステッド=ローリーの定義、ルイスの定義と拡張してきたので、結局大学生になったらルイスの定義で全てを済ませればいいのかというとそういうものでもないようです。多くの場合はブレンステッド=ローリーの定義によって化学反応を理解し、その定義に収まらない化学反応に関してはルイスの定義で理解するというスタンスみたいですね。 (特に水溶液系では)ブレンステッド・ローリーの定義は今でも大切です。そもそもルイスによる定義はプロトンが関与しないので,pH(水素イオン濃度)で酸の強さを表すことができず,それだけを考えても不便です。ですから概念としてはルイスで統一できたとしても,ブレンステッド・ローリーが使える範疇ではこちらを使うというのが実際です。
  4. Sep 2024
  5. Jul 2024
    1. Please sign these letters to legislators, telling them that misguided AI laws will hurt startups and small companies and discourage AI innovation and investment in California.AI offers tremendous benefits, but many fear AI and worry about potential harm and misuse. These are valid concerns for everyone, including legislators, but laws that promote safe and equitable AI should be fact-based, straightforward, and universally applied. Legislators in Sacramento are considering two proposals, AB 2930 and SB 1047, that would impose costly and unpredictable burdens on AI developers, including anticipating and preventing future harmful uses of AI. Though well-intended, these bills will dampen and inhibit innovation, permanently embed today’s AI leaders as innovation gatekeepers, and drive investment and talent to other states and countries.

      https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeR5VrXxDJA3sJtkWDAKLH1TT0havDxmCf9PYAupxECu1BQYw/viewform

  6. Feb 2023
    1. If, on the other hand, I were to show you a brain scan taken before I believed it was going to rain, and after, there is no one in the world who could have the faintest clue what ideas these pictures were illustrating.

      They're working on it, for example, The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing

  7. Aug 2022
  8. andrewbrown.substack.com andrewbrown.substack.com
  9. Nov 2021
  10. Mar 2021
  11. Oct 2016
    1. space exploration is important

      Its not only important for our curiosity but for the future of mankind too. It inspires people to be scientists, astronauts,and engineers that will even further help the space program. Nasa also does a lot of environmentally friendly projects even though they burn a lot of rocket fuel. They also study a lot of how to help the earth out from energy usage to climate change. Nasa also improves our daily lives with many objects they have created such as baby formulas, cell phone cameras, shoe insoles, and memory foam. Not only does he space program help on earth and beyond it, it also helps us put ourselves and the universe in perspective.

    1. "Dismissing violent misogynists as 'crazy' is a neat way of saying that violent misogyny is an individual problem, not a cultural one,"

      McEwan expertly phrases this important point! This excerpt could be used to support my claim that culturally, white males are privileged and coddled which can lead to violent outbursts.

    2. (Only last month, a young woman was allegedly stabbed to death for rejecting a different young man's prom invitation.)

      By offering further evidence of misogynistic crime, the reader begins to understand how pressing this issue is. This plays to both the ethos and logos of Valenti. Ethos, because the author includes a link to the source, and logos because a list of examples can be seen as data, as evidence of wrongdoing.

    3. But to dismiss this as a case of a lone "madman" would be a mistake.

      Valenti is aware of the way in which crimes of this nature (and their perpetrators) are typically addressed in the media, and she makes a point to not allow the excuses. Too many times, excuses are made for men who commit heinous crimes like this. The perpetrator is referred to as the "lone wolf" who got in over his head, or was in some other way irresponsible for his own actions. By addressing this issue head on, Valenti gains trust from the reader and grows her ethos.

    4. We should know this by now, but it bears repeating: misogyny kills.

      Valenti addresses her claim head-on here. Misogyny is toxic ideology that contributes to white male privilege. When that privilege is disrupted, and self-image is threatened, disaster can ensue.

    5. Elliot Rodger's California shooting spree: further proof that misogyny kills

      Valenti, Jessica. "Elliot Rodger's California Shooting Spree: Further Proof That Misogyny Kills." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 24 May 2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.

    1. Tal Fortgang is a freshman from New Rochelle, NY.

      In all fairness, Fortgang is considerably younger than any other author whose work I annotated. However, his work is published to be read and evaluated by whomever sees it, and he is still responsible for any stance he chooses to take on an issue.

    2. Opinion Education

      TIME is a well-trusted source across the United States and around the world. However, reading this article makes me wonder how loosely regulated the publishing process is. This article comes off largely as a complaint regarding human interaction, and less of a professional essay on privilege in America.

    3. Behind every success, large or small, there is a story, and it isn’t always told by sex or skin color.

      This excerpt is a piece of Fortgang's claim. On a broader scale, this article's purpose is to address those who attempt to remind Fortgang of his privilege and explain why those people are out of line.

    4. Perhaps my privilege is that those two resilient individuals came to America with no money and no English, obtained citizenship,

      Objectively, this article is full of evidence to support the author's claim, but all of this so-called evidence is personal information. Personal information is impossible to corroborate which leaves the reader to simply trust the author to report honestly. However, in some respects, personal anecdotes can contribute to an author's ethos and pathos. Some audiences may find the content relatable, and agree with Fortgang that privilege is something to embrace and not to be ashamed of. If a reader agrees with Fortgang's assertions, their common frustration will build trust and emotional connection.

    5. When we similarly sacrifice for our descendents by caring for the planet, it’s called “environmentalism,” and is applauded. But when we do it by passing along property and a set of values, it’s called “privilege.”

      Personally, I do not believe that I am sacrificing anything in trying to better our environment, and that makes this comparison fall short. Separately, one thing to make clear in teaching people about privilege is that no one is at fault, and having privilege is not inherently bad. This article is somewhat difficult to argue because Fortgang's understanding or description of privilege is surface level. "Property and a set of values" are arbitrary to the discussion of pervasive, institutional racism.

    6. Assuming they’ve benefitted from “power systems” or other conspiratorial imaginary institutions denies them credit for all they’ve done, things of which you may not even conceive.

      This article serves as a perfect example of what the "other side" believes about white privilege and institutional racism.

    7. Now would you say that we’ve been really privileged? That our success has been gift-wrapped?

      Fortgang has a narrow view of privilege. An audience that disagreed with the author would assert that privilege is not just freedom from oppression, it is entwined in every aspect of society. Privilege is bigger than a family name or "legacy" as Fortgang states. It is layered, and its effects seep into every level of culture, economics, law enforcement, and further.

    8. But I do condemn them for diminishing everything I have personally accomplished, all the hard work I have done in my life, and for ascribing all the fruit I reap not to the seeds I sow but to some invisible patron saint of white maleness who places it out for me before I even arrive.

      Again, a little too over-embellished, this sentence forces readers to piece things together. On another note, this sounds interestingly similar to the hypotheses of Lowery and Unzueta. When faced with evidence of white privilege and the myth of meritocracy, whites will feel their personal hardships have been downplayed and will be threatened by the thought that their accomplishments may have been handed to them because of their race.

    9. The phrase, handed down by my moral superiors, descends recklessly, like an Obama-sanctioned drone, and aims laser-like at my pinkish-peach complexion, my maleness, and the nerve I displayed in offering an opinion rooted in a personal Weltanschauung.

      Beginning the article with this statement will either hook or alienate the audience, depending on their opinions regarding these current issues of political correctness. Either way, from a writing standpoint, the casual yet dramatized tone makes for a strange introduction.

    1. References

      Unzueta, Miguel M., and Brian S. Lowery. "Defining Racism Safely: The Role of Self-image Maintenance on White Americans’ Conceptions of Racism." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44.6 (2008): 1491-497. Elsevier. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

    2. White privilege represents an external attribution for Whites’ personal success that threatens to discount their internal attributions (e.g., talent and effort) for such success.

      This is a powerful point that illustrates why many individuals, when faced with evidence of white privilege, want to deny the facts: they feel threatened by the downplay of their own contributions to success (e.g. merit).

    3. Defining racism safely: The role of self-image maintenance on white Americans’ conceptions of racism

      While reading this, I kept considering the authors' names and could not understand why, until I remembered that these writers also contributed to the second article I annotated, "Deny, Distance, or Dismantle"! This helps me as a reader to trust that these experts truly know what they are talking about.

    4. Unlike the individual conception of racism, the institutional conception of racism suggests that racism can occur without the deliberately discriminatory actions of prejudiced individuals

      Lowery and Unzueta explain the differences between the individual and institutional conceptions of racism, giving examples for each. This keeps the audience on the same page as the writers, and encourages ethos.

    5. We argue that

      This short paragraph states all sides of the claim in understandable concise sentences, part by part. First, white Americans may deny racism as an institutional issue because it makes the individual more aware of the privilege he or she possesses due to the color of their skin. The authors found that is it is much less threatening to white individuals when they consider race an individual issue, a case-to-case offense, because then they are not faced with their privilege.

    6. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 518 Memorial Way Stanford, CA

      Author Brian S. Lowery is currently a professor of Organizational Behavior at Stanford Graduate School of Business in California. He earned his doctorate at the institution for which his co-author currently teaches, UCLA. Lowery's work also focuses on inequality experienced by individuals. In fact, his findings indicate that "individuals distinguish between inequalities framed as advantage as opposed to disadvantage," and that this correlates to "how individuals perceive inequality and the steps they take, if any, to reduce it," (Stanford Graduate School of Business).

      Both authors have focused their academic passion on the issue of diversity, social inequality, and perception of racial inequality. In sharing their findings on white's perception of racial in equality, the authors can shed light on the psychology behind the issue, hopefully having a positive impact on future race relations.

      Biography and information on Lowery: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/faculty/brian-lowery

    7. Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior, Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles

      Author Miguel M. Unzueta is an associate professor of Management and Organizations at the UCLA Anderson School of Management. Unzueta's work focuses on the interworkings of social hierarchy and how that affects the way in which we view social in equality as a society. A short biography is available at the School of Management's website: http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/management-and-organizations/faculty/unzueta

    1. To cite this article: Annesa Flentje PhD, Nicholas C. Heck PhD & Bryan N. Cochran PhD(2014) Experiences of Ex-Ex-Gay Individuals in Sexual Reorientation Therapy: Reasons forSeeking Treatment, Perceived Helpfulness and Harmfulness of Treatment, and Post-TreatmentIdentification, Journal of Homosexuality, 61:9, 1242-1268,

      This is the MLA citation: Flentje, Annesa, Nicholas C. Heck, and Bryan N. Cochran. "Experiences of Ex-Ex-Gay Individuals in Sexual Reorientation Therapy: Reasons for Seeking Treatment, Perceived Helpfulness and Harmfulness of Treatment, and Post-Treatment Identification." Journal of Homosexuality 61.9 (2014): 1242-268. Web.

    2. Sexual reorientation therapy remains a controversial area of practice; thereare widespread concerns that reorientation therapy is harmful, and recentstudies (e.g., Spitzer,2003) that are cited to support the effectivenessof reorientation therapy have been heavily criticized on methodologicalgrounds.

      The psychologists behind this study and article respond to the idea that conversion therapy is useful to the lgbt+ community because through their experiment they disprove this 'logic' of the other side's arguments. They want to prove that conversion therapy causes more issues for people then if these people were able to just express their lgbt+ identities. People with extreme religious backgrounds may disagree with this article because they want to believe that even though they are putting their children in harms way through this therapy, that the end result of their children being able to live an eternal life in heaven is more important.

    3. Showed me that ex-gay ministries/mentalitywas cult-like and destructive, overall, byproffering false hopes and promotingfurther/more rigid thinking and selfcondemnation.”Mental health or otherhealth issues addressed5 (4.4%) “He recognized I was really depressed andconnected me with medical professionalswho diagnosed my depression and suppliedantidepressants–-possibly saving my life.”

      Through the study that these authors conducted on lgbt+ people who had underwent conversion therapy at some point of their lives, the data and quotes from these people who have experienced the harshness of the therapy, they establish pathos. Pathos is shown because these people went through traumatic events and still identify as lgbt+. This study shows that the harm that they went through to become heterosexual was not worth it in the end.

    4. The purpose of this study is to thematically examine the experiencesof people who have undergone reorientation therapy and have determinedthat an ex-gay life is not for them: ex-ex-gay (or ex-ex-lesbian) individuals.This study seeks to identify the reasons that led these individuals to seekreorientation therapy and the reasons that they later chose to claim a gay orlesbian identity.

      This study is interesting to me because it shows that conversion therapy may never actually work on anyone. It makes me question if there is anyone who would say that it helped them realize that they are heterosexual instead of homosexual? If there are people out there who believe conversion therapy was a good thing for their identity, are they in denial because of the pain that conversion therapy brings or did it truly change their identity? This is something I would like to investigate more with in the future.

    5. Despite the shift away from clinical interventions designed to changesexual orientation after homosexuality was depathologized, Zucker (2003)described a movement that began in the early 1990s that advocated forthe existence of sexual reorientation therapy, with the position that clients’wishes to change their sexual orientation should be honored by theirtherapists

      Flent Je, Heck, and Cochran decide to use arguments of the other side's perspective in order to show that the controversy of conversion therapy has multiple arguments and sides that show the complexity of the topic at hand. This evidence is reliable because they also cite their sources and invite the other side into the conversation. It may not be a recent discovery, since Zucker's argument appeared in 2003; however, it is an excellent idea on the authors' of this article to include to show the history of the controvery of conversion therapy being used on lgbt+ individuals. Since, they include arguments of the other side, it helps establish even more ethos because they are willing to acknowledge the people who have not agreed with their views on this therapy in the past. This shows that the authors are not bias and have done research on all angles of the controversy.

    6. Sexual reorientation therapy, or interventions that are designed to changesomeone’s sexual orientation from lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) to hetero-sexual, continues despite the fact that homosexuality and bisexuality are notmental disorders. These interventions are controversial and possibly iatro-genic, as most major mental health organizations have noted while criticizing

      This is the claim that the authors are making through their observations of the certain lgbt+ individuals that they decided to write about. They state that homosexuality is not a mental disorder and should not be treated as one, especially not with conversion therapy, since it causes the individual more pain.

    7. ANNESA FLENTJE, PhDDepartment of Psychology, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana; Department ofPsychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USANICHOLAS C. HECK, PhDDepartment of Psychology, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana; Department ofPsychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USABRYAN N. COCHRAN, PhDDepartment of Psychology, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA

      Flent Je, Heck, and Cochran are the authors of this article. They are all professors in Psychology, which establishes their ethos because they are all professionals in their field of study and will be able to analyze the harmful affects of conversion therapy successfully.

    1. Another activist went as far as to undergo the shock treatment and can be seen twitching on a hospital bed as an assistant zaps his body.

      [](https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/09/20/gay-pride-china-activists-fight-conversion-therapy/ This is a link to an article that is about a man who went through conversion therapy in China and how he is planning to fight for it becoming banned. This helps relate this article to what it is like in another country besides America.

    2. Shen, who is deputy director of one of China’s largest gay rights groups, said often parents who are unwilling to accept their child’s sexuality may forced them to undergo the painful treatments.

      The documentary establishes pathos through talking to Chinese lgbt+ youth, as well as by showing disturbing clips of the conversion therapy process in China. The documentary does not include bias because it gives insight on what the doctors who perform conversion therapy in China believe and provides insight on what lgbt+ youth are subjected to.

    3. Shen, who is deputy director of one of China’s largest gay rights groups, said often parents who are unwilling to accept their child’s sexuality may forced them to undergo the painful treatments.

      The documentary amplifies that conversion therapy is something that Chinese parents are willing to make their lgbt+ youth go through in order to make sure that they will not shame their family. In China, it is less about the religious aspect of homosexuality and more about how lgbt+ youth affect the honor and status of the entire family. The documentary shows that the conversion therapy that happens in China is hurtful to the individuals that are forced into it by their family members to restore honor. The people who would disagree with this documentary, as to why conversion therapy is harmful, would be the families who feel that their lgbt+ youth should feel ashamed that they cannot bring future generations to their families. Personally, I think this documentary will be an excellent source to include in the future because it shows the perspective that China has on lgbt+ youth and also brings a new direction with how another country feels. Usually with the homosexuality argument and the conversion therapy debate, the opposing side is arguing due to their religion, but this debate is more about honor of a family.

    4. Unreported World, China’s Gay Shock Therapy, will air on Friday at 7.30pm on Channel 4.

      The author of this article is Amy Willis; however, she is not the person who created the documentary. She is just reporting on the documentary that the source 'Unreported World' created.

      The article appears on the internet to get the word out there that there is a documentary that will be airing live in order to show that conversion therapy takes place in more than just one country in the world.

    5. Doctors in China were secretly filmed by Channel 4 reporters selling bogus ‘conversion therapy’ treatments for homosexuality for hundreds of pounds.

      The stakeholder in this video article are the lgbt+ individuals in China as well as the viewpoints of the doctors who are subjecting these people to conversion therapy. It is reliable because they interviewed both sets of people, since it was filmed it is known that this is exactly what they said about the topic.

  12. illiad.library.colostate.edu illiad.library.colostate.edu
    1. Nursing standard

      This article would not let me use hypothesis.is in the actual article; however, I decided to write the entire source needs up here.

      Erin Dean is the author of this article that appeared in the news. As a reporter, Dean is expected to research conversion therapy through out time. This source does not provide much insight on the conversion therapy or the lgbt+ youth that are subjected to it; however, it does provide an interesting viewpoint on how it affected the people who were on the other side of these tests.

      Dean suggests that this 'cure' of conversion therapy on lgbt+ individuals through out the ages is unpleasant and harsh; however, it also explains that conversion therapy was not just harsh on the patients, but those involved with administering these treatments were also affected.

      Dean explains that conversion therapy is harmful to more than just one group, which may be an unpopular opinion to people who believe this is solely an lgbt+ individual's issue because they may believe that by talking about the nurses and doctors involved in this practice that it takes away from the issue at hand.

      The author of this article uses the facts of historic occurrences and suicides that happened to people who were involved in conversion therapy.

      I would need to do more research on how the stakeholder of nurses and doctors involved are affected by doing following orders of hurting the lgbt+ individuals for their 'treatments'. The nurses are stakeholders because they have opinions on the horrifying therapy that they placed on another human being. [](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/28/gay-conversion-therapy-ruins-lives-lgbt-rights This article explains that conversion therapy hurts lgbt+ the most, however, it should affect the community as a whole.

    1. In his 2006 article in theJournal of the Islamic MedicalAssociation of North America(JIMA)

      This source is goes into more depth on the Islamic views on homosexuality, which provides a base on what their views on conversion therapy may be.

    2. Junaid B. Jahangir, PhDaand Hussein Abdul-latif, MD

      These are the authors of the article and are professors with PhD's. This shows that they are qualified and have knowledge in their field of study for homosexuality and conversion therapy.

      This is a journal that this article is derived from in order to critique the journal that was created by Ahmed, as well as to explain the Islamic viewpoint on the situation of conversion therapy.

    3. Kutty’s juxtaposing of pornography, in the context of gays and lesbians,allows some conservative Muslims to establish causality between pornogra-phy and sexual orientation. However, confessions on a site on asexualityreveal how some heterosexuals and asexuals occasionally watch homosexualpornography despite having no desire in masturbation or establishing asexual relationship with members of the same gender (

      Junaid B. Jahangir and Hussein Abdul-latif establish credibility through the evidence that they use throughout their article. They explain that Kutty's reasons for supporting conversion therapy are not justifiable, and then provide statistics and research based evidence, as to why these reasons are not logical reasons for conversion therapy to be needed.

      I think for the future of my research, that this source will be helpful because I will be able to include other countries views and reasons for using conversion therapy to strengthen my argument against it.

    4. Assuch, the intended audience for this critique is Muslim counselors, profes-sionals, and community leaders, who continue to ignore the predominantposition among professional psychologists and psychiatrists on the accep-tance of the sexual orientation of gays and lesbians and on the harms ofreparative therapy, and who persist in perpetuating the framework used bythe National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality(NARTH) due to their religious convictions.

      Since the author of this article is an American, he could be bias to the Islamic faith and viewpoints. However, this may be unlikely considering America has individuals who are religious as well with the same kind of approach to conversion therapy that doctors have over there.

    5. reparative therapy groups. He also associated mental health issues and fataldiseases with homosexuality rather than societal prejudice. As such, hedistinguished between orientation and action, and based on“Islamic values”he counseled permanent celibacy for homosexuals.

      The author of this article is arguing against the ideas of a different homosexual viewpoint through the perspective that Islam has. The author uses evidence from an Islamic source to point out the flaws of the idea that sexuality can be changed through a variety of ways that may be harmful to an individual. Also this compares and contrasts America's ideas of homosexuality versus another country. In the American culture many arguments against homosexuals is mostly based on religious affiliations, which seems to also be the same approach many of the Islamic faith have as well.

    6. no evidence of people being born gay and to underscore the need forhaving positive loving male figures to help with identity development. Inanother online response, the questioner is informed that homosexuality is asevere illness that must be treated, one that arises due to weakness of faith orfailing to pray (Muslims of Calgary,2011). He is counseled that throughrepentance theharam(prohibited) desires of many homosexuals have dis-appeared, and he is therefore advised to get married

      Junaid B. Jahangir and Hussein Abdul-latif are responding to the views of the Islamic faith and their views on homosexuality and the treatment that would be best for this 'mental illness'. The author's disagree with the point of views that are explained by conservative Muslims, who would also not share the viewpoints of the authors of this article. Since, the Islamic faith categorizes homosexuality under a mental illness, the way they handle it is harsh and meant to be solutions to an actual disease.

      Not only would the Islamic faith disagree with the viewpoints presented in this article, but they would also be considered a stakeholder in the topic of conversion therapy. Since, conversion therapy is different for other cultures and does happen around the world, they do have different ways to go about the therapy. This is a reliable source for the Islamic faith viewpoint on homosexuals and conversion therapy because the article features many thoughts by a Muslim doctor.

    1. thoughts of unearned racial privilege made highly identified Whites feel insecure about their superior social position, which they in turn attempted to justify by derogating the less fortunate group

      The study the authors identified earlier in the paragraph is summed up excellently in this one statement. When faced with examples of the privileges of whiteness, those who identified strongly with their whiteness tended to feel threatened and insecure, consequently directing that negativity toward the outgroup.

    2. identification with whiteness was associated with what the historian George Lipsitz (1998) termed a “possessive investment in whiteness”—manifested, in this case, by opposition to policies that diminish White privilege.

      Said in other terms, increased pride in whiteness equates to increased opposition to legislation that could negatively impact white privilege. This reminds me of the fact that most violent or murderous incidents in the news lately have been committed by white men who have considerable white pride and act out against people or groups threatening their privilege.

    3. So, what are the arguments for the invisibility thesis, and how compelling are they?

      The authors interestingly admit that they disagree with the invisibility thesis, yet still want to discuss what it means and how credible it is. Continuing to give the audience both sides of the argument further solidifies ethos.

    4. We argue that this view is inaccurate

      Before this statement, the authors are addressing what those with opposing views think about the topic of whiteness and privilege. This plays toward their ethos because it clearly outlines for the reader both sides of the issue, helping the reader to feel informed and to trust the authors to deliver credible information.

    5. deny, distance, or dismantle (3D) model articulates three identity-management strategies: denial of White privilege, distancing from whiteness, and dismantling of privilege. Further, we argue that Whites’ choice of strategy shapes their concern for racial inequality and commitment to measures that might reduce it.

      Furthermore, the authors use the terminology and apply it to their theory that when faced with evidence of white privilege, a white person will react in one of three ways, each reaction relating to their "concern for racial inequality and commitment to measures that might reduce it."

    6. White identity management—actively “tuning” their cognitions concerning whiteness in ways that immunize the self from threat

      Knowles, Lowery, Chow and Unzueta give the reader vocabulary, defining and explaining the terms they use to discuss their theories. This works to hold the audience at the same academic level as the writers, assuring there is nothing lost in translation, so to speak.

    7. We argue that this view is inaccurate and that racial inequality cannot be adequately understood without accounting for Whites’ perceptions of, and reactions to, their race and privileged position in the social order.

      The authors directly address their claim in this statement. Beginning the article with the reference to Ebony magazine vaguely introduces the topic of discussion, then by the end of the second paragraph it is understood by the audience what the intention and argument of the article is.

    8. Deny

      Knowles, E. D., B. S. Lowery, R. M. Chow, and M. M. Unzueta. "Deny, Distance, or Dismantle? How White Americans Manage a Privileged Identity." Perspectives on Psychological Science 9.6 (2014): 594-609. PsycINFO [EBSCO]. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.

    1. While!Pakistan!was!created!with!the!intention!of!equal!rights!for!all!citizens,!ZiaEulEHaq’s! militaryEcoup! and! subsequent! presidency! from! 1977E1988! shifted! the! track!by!changing!many!of!these!laws.!In!line!with!his!notorious!Islamization!process,!Zia!believed! in! his! own! version! of!‘true! Islam’! and! there! in! implemented! the! Hudood!Ordinance!in!1979,!enforcing!Qur’anic!punishments!in!their!literal!form.

      I would use this source by integrating the history of Pakistan and Pakistani women to better understand the reasons why Pakistan got to be where it is now, in terms of both women's and other citizens oppression throughout past years. Also, it shows how Islamic ideals and misinterpretations came to play such an important role as an underlying reason to inflict such harsh conditions on women. This piece selected from the article also gives evidence in supporting the author's original claim. It's stating how equal right was the original goal for Pakistan, however the shift in presidency form 1977-1988 played a substantial role in the islamization process. This reflects what the author was saying about women's oppression being a long time problem.

    2. From!1956!onwards,!women!were!allowed!the!right!to!vote!in!national!elections!and!were!allotted! a! number! of! seats! in! the!Parliament.3(I

      This demonstrates how there was attempts at progression in Pakistan when it comes to women's rights but it was never successful. It relates back to Rathore's claim because it shows that women's rights have been a problem for a long period of time and have continued to be a problem.

    3. The! 1950sE1970s! were! progressive! years! for! women’s! rights! in! Pakist

      The authors is claiming that Pakistani women still struggle with equal rights today just as they have for a mass amount of time.

    4. Women's Rights in Pakistan: The Zina Ordinance& the Need for Reform

      Rathore, Minah Ali, "Women's Rights in Pakistan: The Zina Ordinance & the Need for Reform" (2015).Center for Public PolicyAdministration Capstones.Paper 38

    1. That was the most eye-opening finding in a Pew Research Center study on science literacy undertaken in cooperation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and released in January. The survey represented a sample of 2,002 adult citizens and 3,748 scientists, all members of the AAAS.

      A company that has vested interest in making GMOs appear safe.

    2. Yes, there is a vigorous public discussion over GMOs. Yes, the thought of tinkering with our food in a lab—unaccountable scientists mixing steaming flasks—conjures up visions of soylent green and grotesque deformities. Let us acknowledge it; no one wants “technology” for dessert. The thought of GMO foods is not appetizing!

      The author really connects to the opposition here, voicing their concerns and somewhat agreeing with them.

    3. then tested the heck out of them for safety and allergenicity

      In all the previous articles I've read it has been stated that these GMOs are not required to be tested, so I would probably like to research this topic more so I could determine whether or not these products are tested for safety.

    4. You may have read, from anti-GMO websites or oh so reliable sources like Dr. Oz, or Jeffrey Smith’s Institute for Responsible Technology or Food Babe that the use of GMOs has unleashed a pesticide tsunami that is sweeping across the plains. Not

      The overtly sarcastic tone in this article is just obnoxious. With such a controversial topic I think it would be wise for the author to be a bit more serious.

    5. Introduced barely a decade ago, now upwards of 90 percent of Indian cotton is grown using Bt seeds

      While bragging that the crops have been introduced very recently and their benefits in such a short time the author is missing the very controversial point that these crops have not been tested for their long term effects.

    6. Among other nefarious tactics, anti-GMO activist posing as journalists have been telling farmer that their children could become paralyzed from eating Br brinjal.

      This statement seems overly defensive possibly turning away the author's intended audience. It also has improper grammar, further lessening the author's credibility.

    1. Westerners usually associate the plight of Pakistani women with religious oppression, but the reality is far more complicated. A certain mentality is deeply ingrained in strictly patriarchal societies like Pakistan. Poor and uneducated women must struggle daily for basic rights, recognition, and respect. They must live in a culture that defines them by the male figures in their lives, even though these women are often the breadwinners for their families

      This passage builds the author's ethos. By acknowledging that although religion is associated with women's oppression it is not the only thing that affects their rights, treatment, and accessibility to education.

    2. On the night of his birth, while my whole family was celebrating, I went to my uncle's house to get more bread. I didn't know a young man was there. In the empty home, he took advantage of me; he did things that I didn't understand; he touched my chest. Before I could realize, there was a cloth over my mouth and I was being raped. I was having trouble walking back home; I felt faint and I had a headache. This happens a lot in villages. Young girls are raped, murdered, and buried. No one is able to trace them after their disappearance. If a woman is not chaste, she is unworthy of marriage. All he did is ask for forgiveness and they let him go as it was best to avoid having others find out what had happened. He didn't receive any punishment even though he ruined me. People may have forgotten what he did, but I never forgot. Now, he is married and living his life happily. I blame my own fate; I am just unlucky that this happened to me.

      I will use this an example of what happens to girls. Not only are they raped but they are thought to be unworthy. This is a perfect example of how Pakistan is a patriarchal society. The man didn't receive any punishment or repercussions for his actions while the young girl is dealing with the loss of worth. All of these cases help to build the author's logos and ethos. These are real life events that reflect that there are several different reasons why this is happening and several different factors for why nothing gets done about it.