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  1. Feb 2024
    1. Constructing Prompts for the Command Model Techniques for constructing prompts for the Command model. Developers
    1. Now, let’s modify the prompt by adding a few examples of how we expect the output to be. Pythonuser_input = "Send a message to Alison to ask if she can pick me up tonight to go to the concert together" prompt=f"""Turn the following message to a virtual assistant into the correct action: Message: Ask my aunt if she can go to the JDRF Walk with me October 6th Action: can you go to the jdrf walk with me october 6th Message: Ask Eliza what should I bring to the wedding tomorrow Action: what should I bring to the wedding tomorrow Message: Send message to supervisor that I am sick and will not be in today Action: I am sick and will not be in today Message: {user_input}""" response = generate_text(prompt, temp=0) print(response) This time, the style of the response is exactly how we want it. Can you pick me up tonight to go to the concert together?
    2. But we can also get the model to generate responses in a certain format. Let’s look at a couple of them: markdown tables
    3. And here’s the same request to the model, this time with the product description of the product added as context. Pythoncontext = """Think back to the last time you were working without any distractions in the office. That's right...I bet it's been a while. \ With the newly improved CO-1T noise-cancelling Bluetooth headphones, you can work in peace all day. Designed in partnership with \ software developers who work around the mayhem of tech startups, these headphones are finally the break you've been waiting for. With \ fast charging capacity and wireless Bluetooth connectivity, the CO-1T is the easy breezy way to get through your day without being \ overwhelmed by the chaos of the world.""" user_input = "What are the key features of the CO-1T wireless headphone" prompt = f"""{context} Given the information above, answer this question: {user_input}""" response = generate_text(prompt, temp=0) print(response) Now, the model accurately lists the features of the model. The answer is: The CO-1T wireless headphones are designed to be noise-canceling and Bluetooth-enabled. They are also designed to be fast charging and have wireless Bluetooth connectivity. Format
    4. While LLMs excel in text generation tasks, they struggle in context-aware scenarios. Here’s an example. If you were to ask the model for the top qualities to look for in wireless headphones, it will duly generate a solid list of points. But if you were to ask it for the top qualities of the CO-1T headphone, it will not be able to provide an accurate response because it doesn’t know about it (CO-1T is a hypothetical product we just made up for illustration purposes). In real applications, being able to add context to a prompt is key because this is what enables personalized generative AI for a team or company. It makes many use cases possible, such as intelligent assistants, customer support, and productivity tools, that retrieve the right information from a wide range of sources and add it to the prompt.
    5. We set a default temperature value of 0, which nudges the response to be more predictable and less random. Throughout this chapter, you’ll see different temperature values being used in different situations. Increasing the temperature value tells the model to generate less predictable responses and instead be more “creative.”
  2. Aug 2023
    1. As for using blue-light-filtering eyeglasses for eye health, for now, Rosenfield says, “there’s nothing to support people buying them.”
    2. The study’s authors found that wearing blue-light filters does not reduce the eyestrain people feel after using computers. The results were inconclusive on whether wearing these specialized lenses before bedtime improves sleep quality.

      eye health

    3. Do Blue-Light Glasses Help with Eyestrain?

      eye health

    1. Types of Golf WedgesPitching Wedge (PW)Gap Wedge (GW)Sand Wedge (SW)Lob Wedge (LW)
    2. Wedges form a category of golf clubs designed to send the ball onto the green from shorter distances. Their shafts are shorter than on irons, their club face angle loftier, and at least a few of them will generally find their way into a golfer’s bag.

      wedge

    1. Handicap Definition<img decoding="async" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-8743 lazyload" src="https://www.golfdistillery.com/wp-content/uploads/handicap-full-procedure-2020-300x300.png" alt="Procedure to calculate your Handicap Index in golf" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://www.golfdistillery.com/wp-content/uploads/handicap-full-procedure-2020-300x300.png 300w, https://www.golfdistillery.com/wp-content/uploads/handicap-full-procedure-2020-150x150.png 150w, https://www.golfdistillery.com/wp-content/uploads/handicap-full-procedure-2020.png 576w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" />A golfer’s handicap is a number used to quickly give an indication of the golfer’s potential at a given point in time.The higher the number, the more strokes a golfer is expected to require in finishing up a round, and therefore the worse he is. It is used in Net competitions as a way to level off the field and provide every golfer a chance at winning.

      Handicap Golf

    1. A typical golfer will usually make room for three such clubs in his bag, and the classical makeup of those would be the 1-Wood, also known as the driver, a 3-Wood and a 5-Wood

      woods and driver

    2. A category of golf clubs that includes the driver and the fairway woods. Compared to the other types of clubs woods are longer and feature bigger and rounder clubheads that are designed to shoot the ball over long distances.
    1. When players talk about ‘feel’ in irons, they tend to be talking about knowing when a ball has been hit off-centre. Golfers want to hit the ball out of the middle of the clubface to achieve the maximum distance and desired trajectory. But some of the bigger-headed irons are so forgiving that they hit the ball pretty straight even when hit off the toe or the heel.

      Feel is important to get feedback if your shot was done right.

    2. Forged Irons Forging involves taking a piece of soft steel and stamping or beating it into shape. Because the steel used in forging is so much softer (due to the higher carbon content), some players claim that forged clubs offer better ‘feel’. The process of forging is more labour-intensive which is why they generally cost more.
    3. Perimeter-weighted Then someone had a bright idea. What if we place more weight around the perimeter of the head? That way, if you mistakenly hit the ball from the toe of the heel rather than right out of the middle of the face, the momentum of this extra weight will prevent the clubhead from twisting as much at impact. Would that make life easier?
    4. You do sometimes still see 1 and 2 irons, but they are generally used by better players so let’s try and keep it simple.
    5. Overview of Irons Which Model? Iron Manufacture Steel or Graphite shafts Shaft Flex Loft and Lie
    6. Irons buyers' guide
    1. As a rule, shorter golfers will generally benefit from slightly flatter lies; taller golfers may need more upright clubs. If you want to check quickly have someone take a photo of your clubface when you're naturally over the ball. If the grooves are level then the clubs suit your stance, if they pointing up (from heel to toe) then you might need flatter clubs, if the point down (heel to toe) then you might need more upright. You can also check with tape on the sole of your clubs. The tape will wear through where the sole impact the ground - and then the same as above applies. If you find your clubs need their lie angle changing, most PGA Professionals will be able to do this in a few minutes using a particular bending vice.

      Shorter or Taller Golfer

    2. What is lie angle? It's with lie angle that things get a little more complicated, but in lay man's terms, it is the angle created between the shaft and the ground. It is important because a lie angle that's too flat or upright will cause the wrong part of the clubhead (toe or heel) to come into contact with the ground first.
    3. What is loft? The loft of a golf club is the angle created between the clubface and the ground - and will be different for every club in your bag. The loft will have a direct impact on the distance the ball travels - the lower the loft, the further the ball will go. Your driver will have about 10-degrees of loft and will hit the ball the furthest. Your wedges, on the other hand, could have as much as 60-degrees of loft and will hit the ball the highest, but not very far. All the other clubs in your bag will fill the 50-degree gap between these clubs, ideally in even gaps to make sure you have a club to hit any distance you need. It's worth noting that not all golf clubs have the loft on them, some (mainly irons) only have a number or letter on them. To make things more complicated, a 7-iron from a set of Callaway irons is not necessarily the same as one from a set of TaylorMade irons. The table below demonstrated this.

      g

    4. Although golf clubs are lumps of metal on a shaft, every millimetre of the clubhead is sculpted to the tightest of manufacturing tolerance to make sure they perform as expected, when required. Two of the major influences on how you golf ball launches, flies, and spins are the loft and lie angle. These terms can be challenging to get your head around (primarily lie angle) but a fundamental understanding of how they change the dynamics of golf can be advantageous.
    5. Guides & Advice Buyer's GuideBuyer's GuideLoft and lie buyers' guide require(['jquery'], function($){ $(document).ready(function () { var title = $(".category-title-hidden").data("text"); var category=$(".category-breadcrumbs-post").data("category"); if(title !== undefined){ $( ".list-breadcrumbs" ).append( '<li class="last hide-for-medium mobile-nav"><a href="https://www.golfbidder.co.uk/guides-and-advice" class="link-button">Guides & Advice</li>' ); $( ".list-breadcrumbs" ).append( '<li class="last show-for-medium item-breadcrumbs">'+title+'</li>' ); } if(category !== undefined){ var slug=$(".category-breadcrumbs-post").data("slug"); var post=$(".post-title-hidden").data("text"); $( ".list-breadcrumbs" ).append( '<li class="last hide-for-medium mobile-nav"><a href="https://www.golfbidder.co.uk/guides-and-advice/'+slug+'" class="link-button"><span>'+category+'</span></li>' ); $( ".list-breadcrumbs" ).append( '<li class="show-for-medium item-breadcrumbs"><a href="https://www.golfbidder.co.uk/guides-and-advice/'+slug+'" class="link-button"><span>'+category+'</span></a></li><li class="last show-for-medium item-breadcrumbs"><span>'+post+'</span></li>' ); } }) }) Loft and lie buyers' guide
    1. Pitching Wedge The pitching wedge is often the final and most lofted club in most modern iron sets. Pitching wedges are generally in the range of 44 to 48 degrees loft and used for hitting the longest wedge shots into a green. Pitching wedges are also quite handy for short pitch and run shots around the green. Sand Wedge The sand wedge is more lofted than a pitching wedge, generally between 54 and 58 degrees. As the name suggests, one of its main functions is to hit from the sand in bunkers. To help with this you'll notice sand wedges have a wider, more rounded sole which allows the club to slide under sand but bounce back out the other side rather that getting stuck in it. This of course is not their exclusive use. Sand wedges can be used of regular wedge shots, they’ll just go a shorter distance because of their increased loft. Gap / Approach Wedge The next wedge is called a Gap Wedge. If your pitching wedge is 46- degrees and your sand wedge 54-degrees there will be a distance gap of about 30 yards between these clubs. A gap wedge is designed to bridge that 30 yard "gap". Your gap wedge will have more loft than your pitching wedge and less loft than your sand wedge. In our example a 50-degree gap wedge would do perfectly! Gap Wedges are also known as approach or utility wedges but "gap" is a very handy way to remember them because that's what they do. Lob Wedges The final wedge is known as a lob wedge and will be the most lofted club in your bag. Coming in from between 58 and 62-degrees, as the name suggests they are used for very short approach shots where you need to send the ball up high in the air so that it drops and stops quickly on the green. So there you are, pitching wedges to go long, sand wedges for bunkers and shots that go short, gap wedges which go in between and lob wedges for the spectacular aerial shots around the green.
    2. What's the difference between PW, AW, SW, & LW? Thomas Tanner Mar 02, 2018 3 minutes Wedges are the clubs used for the shorter and more accurate shots in golf. Approach shots, chip shots, pitch shots, bunker shots, lob shots to mention just a few. There are different types of wedges generally defined by the lofts they have. This is measured in degrees and each one is designed to do a certain job. Understanding the different types of wedges and knowing a little about their degree of loft can help you choose the most appropriate one for any situation which may arise on the course.
  3. Jan 2022
    1. Formats for Disk Images Another piece of the packaging puzzle is disk image formats. There are many. Each has its own benefits and detriments, but I’m not going to get into those here. Again, this is nowhere near a comprehensive list — just something to help with getting your bearings. I’d like to comment on a couple of the formats that I’ve recently encountered. VDI – VirtualBox’s internal default disk image format is VDI. Nevertheless, this is not what is used by Vagrant boxes. VMDK – One of the most common formats. VMWare’s products use various versions and variations of VMDK disk images. Several versions and variations exist, so it’s very important to understand which one you’re working with and where it can be used.
    2. Open Virtual Appliance (OVA) An OVA is an OVF file packaged together with all of its supporting files (disk images, etc.). You can read about the requirements for a valid OVA package in the OVF specification. Oftentimes people will say “an OVF” and really mean “an OVA.”
    3. File Formats for Virtual Machines Open Virtualization Format (OVF) The OVF Specification provides a means of describing the properties of a virtual system. It is XML based and has generous allowances for extensibility (with corresponding tradeoffs in actual portability). Most commonly, an OVF file is used to describe a single virtual machine or virtual appliance. It can contain information about the format of a virtual disk image file as well as a description of the virtual hardware that should be emulated to run the OS or application contained on such a disk image.
    1. Virtual machines (VMs) revolutionized the data center. With the ability to easily spin up a machine and even roll back to a working state, VMs bring a level of ease IT would never have enjoyed. Rolling back your VM is handled by way of snapshots.

      File Formats for Virtual Machines Open Virtualization Format (OVF)

      The OVF Specification provides a means of describing the properties of a virtual system. It is XML based and has generous allowances for extensibility (with corresponding tradeoffs in actual portability). Most commonly, an OVF file is used to describe a single virtual machine or virtual appliance. It can contain information about the format of a virtual disk image file as well as a description of the virtual hardware that should be emulated to run the OS or application contained on such a disk image.

      Oracle VM VirtualBox can import and export virtual machines in the following formats:

      Open Virtualization Format (OVF). This is the industry-standard format. See Section 1.14.1, “About the OVF Format”.
      
      Cloud service formats. Export to and import from cloud services such as Oracle Cloud Infrastructure is supported. See Section 1.15, “Integrating with Oracle Cloud Infrastructure”. 
      

      1.14.1. About the OVF Format

      OVF is a cross-platform standard supported by many virtualization products which enables the creation of ready-made virtual machines that can then be imported into a hypervisor such as Oracle VM VirtualBox. Oracle VM VirtualBox makes OVF import and export easy to do, using the VirtualBox Manager window or the command-line interface.

      https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/UserManual.html#ovf

      Using OVF enables packaging of virtual appliances. These are disk images, together with configuration settings that can be distributed easily. This way one can offer complete ready-to-use software packages, including OSes with applications, that need no configuration or installation except for importing into Oracle VM VirtualBox.

    1. Credential Directory Please be advised that while the AICPA has verified the credential status of a member listed in this directory, all other information is compiled from materials submitted by its members and cannot guarantee its accuracy, reliability, or completeness. AICPA specifically disclaims any liability or responsibility for any actions or statements made by any individuals listed. Non-Commercial Use Only This directory is intended strictly as a method to locate a credential holder for the purpose of securing his or her services, and is not to be used for any other purpose, including for marketing products or services to credential holders. Persons violating this restriction by using the data in this directory for any purposes other than securing a credential holder’s services may be subject to legal action

      CPA Search

  4. Nov 2021
    1. ConfigureSystem ConfigureSystem storefront 4.5 out of 5 stars91% positive in the last 12 months (152 ratings) About Us ConfigureSystem has been the leader in refurbished servers, networking equipment, and IT services for over 25 years. We are committed to earning your trust and becoming your primary source for any IT needs. We are tirelessly achieving these goals by offering amazing customer service, rapid delivery, and quality inspections of every part in our warehouse. With a team that always wants what is best for the customer, and with a fully operational headquarters we earn the loyalty of both e-s... About Us ConfigureSystem has been the leader in refurbished servers, networking equipment, and IT services for over 25 years. We are committed to earning your trust and becoming your primary source for any IT needs. We are tirelessly achieving these goals by offering amazing customer service, rapid delivery, and quality inspections of every part in our warehouse. With a team that always wants what is best for the customer, and with a fully operational headquarters we earn the loyalty of both e-shoppers and distributors alike. We offer customers our time for any questions they may have related to technology and we give them our full support to help them make any decision. Once they made that decision we professionally package and ship all products directly to the location of your choosing. At ConfigureSystem, we believe service truly begins after the product you ordered arrives at your doorstep. We follow through on this commitment with exceptional customer service. Our team of service associates are available via phone, e-mail and online chat to help ensure your utmost satisfaction. We've dedicated ourselves to making sure that everyone enjoys shopping at ConfigureSystem. We take great pride in working passionately to exceed your expectations each and every time you shop with us. Read more Read less Have a question for ConfigureSystem?Ask a question Customer Service Phone: 240-803-4003 Detailed Seller Information Business Name:ConfigureSystemBusiness Address:561 Commerce DriveUpper MarlboroMD20774US
    1. What is Amazon Renewed? Amazon Renewed is your trusted destination for a huge selection of smartphones, computers, video games, power tools, and even more products that work and look like new and are backed by the Amazon Renewed Guarantee.

      refurbished

  5. Jan 2021
    1. In this video I'll be showing you several different things you can make from old, dead laptops! Also, head to http://squarespace.com/diyperks​ to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain using offer code PERKS

      as

    1. TAP-AND-GO - Just tap YubiKey 5 NFC to NFC-enabled Android, Windows 10 and iOS devices and applications | YubiKey 5 NFC also slips into any standard USB-A portDURABLE - Fiberglass reinforced bodies and military-grade hardened gold protect YubiKey from everyday life | YubiKey 5 NFC features water and crush resistancePORTABLE - Fit YubiKey on a keyring and carry without any worryWORKS - YubiKey 5 Series Works with the most web services
    1. The Yubico Developer Program provides resources for organizations implementing strong authentication. We offer free workshops, documentation, implementation guides, APIs and SDKs. Join our mailing list to get early access to resources for implementing the FIDO2, WebAuthn specification.
  6. Nov 2020
    1. 30-year fixed-rate mortgages; those tend to move with the 10-year Treasury yield.
    2. The difference between APR and interest rate is that the APR (annual percentage rate) is the total cost of the loan including interest rate and all fees. The interest rate is just the amount of interest the lender will charge you for the loan, not including any of the administrative costs. The APR is a more accurate picture of how much the loan will cost you.
  7. Oct 2020
    1. It doesn’t matter how you turn the capacitor but usually there are two different colors of wires – the top wire should be the same color and the bottom wires should be the opposite.

      same color wires on same side. Imporant.

  8. Sep 2020
    1. Install AIY software on an existing Raspbian system Follow these steps to install the AIY drivers and software onto an existing Raspbian system. Note: This process is compatible with Raspbian Buster (2019-06-20) or later only. Before you start, be sure you have the latest version of Raspbian.
  9. Jul 2020
    1. How you set up your artwork in Illustrator will affect the resulting SVG file. Keep in mind the following guidelines: Use layers to add structure to an SVG file. When you save artwork in SVG format, each layer is converted to a group (<g>) element. (For example, a layer named Button1 becomes <g id="Button1_ver3.0"> in the SVG file.) Nested layers become SVG nested groups, and hidden layers are preserved with the display="none" SVG styling property. If you want objects on different layers to appear transparent, adjust the opacity of each object instead of each layer. If you alter opacity at the layer level, the resulting SVG file will not display transparency as it appears in Illustrator. Raster data is not scalable in the SVG Viewer and cannot be edited like other SVG elements. If possible, avoid creating artwork that will be rasterized in the SVG file. Gradient meshes and objects that use the Rasterize, Artistic, Blur, Brush Strokes, Distort, Pixelate, Sharpen, Sketch, Stylize, Texture, and Video effects are rasterized when saved in SVG format. Similarly, graphic styles that include these effects also produce rasterization. Use SVG effects to add graphic effects without causing rasterization. Use symbols and simplify the paths in your artwork to improve SVG performance. Also avoid using brushes that produce a lot of path data, such as the Charcoal, Fire Ash, and Scroll Pen, if performance is a high priority.Use slices, image maps, and scripts to add web links to an SVG file. A scripting language, such as JavaScript, opens unlimited functionality to an SVG file. Pointer and keyboard movements can invoke scripting functions such as rollover effects. Scripts can also use the document object model (DOM) to access and modify the SVG file—inserting or deleting SVG elements, for example.
    1. How to Conduct an Ohm Meter Test You can use an analog or digital multimeter. Set it to its highest ohm (Ω) setting, at least 1 kΩ (1,000 ohms). At this setting, the meter generates a small current when you connect the meter leads to the capacitor terminals. After connecting the leads, hold them there for several seconds. If you're using an analog meter and the capacitor is good, the meter needle will start at a low reading, and as charge builds up in the capacitor, the needle will climb steadily toward infinity. If the capacitor is bad, the needle won't move at all. If you're using a digital multimeter and the capacitor is good, the number on the digital display will increase steadily until the capacitor discharges, then it will return to 0 and begin climbing again. If the capacitor is bad, you'll get a very low resistance reading – possibly 0 – and it won't change. That means the insulating material inside the capacitor has worn out.
  10. Jun 2020
    1. IR-2020-107, May 28, 2020 WASHINGTON — The Internal Revenue Service announced today that later this summer taxpayers will for the first time be able to file their Form 1040-X, Amended U.S Individual Income Tax Return, electronically using available tax software products.
    2. IRS announces Form 1040-X electronic filing options coming this summer; major milestone reached for electronic returns
  11. May 2020
    1. Credit for employer-provided childcare facilities and services (Form 8882).This credit applies to the quali-fied expenses you paid for employee childcare and quali-fied expenses you paid for childcare resource and referral services. For more information, see Form 8882.

      Business Credits

      What are Business Credits?

      You can take business credits if you pay for certain business expenses. Business credits include:

      • Investment credit
      • Low-income housing credit
      • Passive activity credits
      • Disabled access credit
      • Credit for employer pension plan start-up costs
      • Credit for employer-provided child-care facilities and services
      • Indian employment credit
      • Credit for increasing research activities
      • Orphan drug credit
      • New markets credit
      • Renewable electricity production credit
      • Credit for alcohol used as fuel
      • Geothermal energy credit
      • Solar energy credit
      • Microturbine energy credit
      • Advanced coal project ended after August 8, 2005
      • Biofuels credit
      • Low sulfur diesel fuel production credit
      • Nonconventional source fuel credit
      • Alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit
      • Distilled spirits credit
      • Qualified railroad track maintenance credit
      • Mine rescue team training credit
      • General credits from an electing large partnership
      • General Business Credit carryover

      More Information

      • IRS Publication 334 - Tax Guide for Small Business Publication 334 is not included in this TurboTax product, you may request a copy.
    1. Scripts In addition to plug-ins, which are programs written in the C language, GIMP can also make use of scripts. The largest number of existing scripts are written in a language called Script-Fu, which is unique to GIMP (for those who care, it is a dialect of the Lisp-like language called Scheme). It is also possible to write GIMP scripts in Python or Perl. These languages are more flexible and powerful than Script-Fu; their disadvantage is that they depend on software that does not automatically come packaged with GIMP, so they are not guaranteed to work correctly in every GIMP installation.
    2. Channels A Channel is a single component of a pixel's color. For a colored pixel in GIMP, these components are usually Red, Green, Blue and sometimes transparency (Alpha). For a Grayscale image, they are Gray and Alpha and for an Indexed color image, they are Indexed and Alpha. The entire rectangular array of any one of the color components for all of the pixels in an image is also referred to as a Channel. You can see these color channels with the Channels dialog.
    3. Layers If a simple image can be compared to a single sheet of paper, an image with layers is likened to a sheaf of transparent papers stacked one on top of the other. You can draw on each paper, but still see the content of the other sheets through the transparent areas. You can also move one sheet in relation to the others. Sophisticated GIMP users often deal with images containing many layers, even dozens of them. Layers need not be opaque, and they need not cover the entire extent of an image, so when you look at an image's display, you may see more than just the top layer: you may see elements of many layers.
    4. A GIMP image may be quite a complicated thing. Instead of thinking of it as a sheet of paper with a picture on it, think of it as more like a stack of sheets, called “layers”. In addition to a stack of layers, a GIMP image may contain a selection mask, a set of channels, and a set of paths. In fact, GIMP provides a mechanism for attaching arbitrary pieces of data, called “parasites”, to an image.
    1. A procedural database for calling internal GIMP functions from external programs, such as Script-Fu
    2. Full Alpha channel support for working with transparency
    3. Features and Capabilities The following list is a short overview of some of the features and capabilities which GIMP offers you: A full suite of painting tools including brushes, a pencil, an airbrush, cloning, etc. Tile-based memory management, so image size is limited only by available disk space Sub-pixel sampling for all paint tools for high-quality anti-aliasing Full Alpha channel support for working with transparency Layers and channels A procedural database for calling internal GIMP functions from external programs, such as Script-Fu Advanced scripting capabilities Multiple undo/redo (limited only by disk space) Transformation tools including rotate, scale, shear and flip Support for a wide range of file formats, including GIF, JPEG, PNG, XPM, TIFF, TGA, MPEG, PS, PDF, PCX, BMP and many others Selection tools, including rectangle, ellipse, free, fuzzy, bezier and intelligent scissors Plug-ins that allow for the easy addition of new file formats and new effect filters.
    1. Your Gateway supports networking using coaxial cables, Ethernet, or Wi-Fi, making it one of the most versatile and powerful gateways available.
    1. Introduction         Many are not aware or not very clear about the Copyrights in Music and therefore functioning of Indian Performing Right Society Limited (IPRS). They often ask, “What is the business of IPRS?”          In short, IPRS is to legitimize use of copyrighted Music by Music users by issuing them Licences and collect Royalties from Music Users, for and on behalf of IPRS members i.e. Authors, Composers and Publishers of Music. Royalty thus collected is distributed amongst members after deducting IPRS’s administrative costs. Composers are those who are better known as Music Directors, Authors are better known as Lyricists, Publishers of Music are the Music Companies, or those who hold Publishing Rights of the Musical & Literary Works. Authors and Composers are sometimes referred to as Writers which can mean any or both of them.
    1. About us:Founded in 1941, Phonographic Performance Limited India, also known as PPL India, is a performance rights organization licensing its members’ sound recordings for communication to public in the areas of public performance and broadcast. PPL owns and/or controls the Public Performance rights of over 356 music labels, with more than 3 million international and domestic sound recordings.Who are we?PPL India represents a lion’s share of the total sound recordings in international and domestic music. PPL India represents some of the world’s and India’s largest record labels, including Aditya Music, Lahari Music, Sony Music Entertainment, Speed Records, T-Series, Universal Music, Warner Music and is India’s largest and most respected public performance rights organisation, in terms of both membership and revenue.By purchasing a PPL licence, you have exclusive access to the entirety of our collection spanning a plethora of genres including Bollywood, Pop, EDM, Rock, Hip-Hop, Classical, Jazz, Country, Dance and others by thousands of iconic Artistes from across the globe.What do we do?Under the Copyright Act 1957, every business entity or individual must receive permission from the copyright owners of the sound recording before any public performance takes place. We enforce the rights of our members by ensuring that businesses comply with the law and pay copyright holders for the music they consume. We are a non-profit organisation and the royalties we collect are given to the rightful owners of the music.
    1. Copyright Law: What Music Teachers Need to Know     By Ken Schlager Intellectual property has emerged from the legal backwater to become major news, with frequent high-profile cases of individuals and companies being prosecuted for the illegal use and distribution of copyrighted material. While teachers enjoy many exemptions under copyright law, the classroom does not shelter all uses. As teachers choose materials for their students, it is essential that they know where the legal lines are drawn. The principle of copyright protection in the United States can be traced back to the Constitution. Over the years, Congress has codified these protections in succeeding versions of the Copyright Act. Acknowledging that education is a unique case, the 1976 act went out of its way to address teachers’ pedagogical needs, creating exceptions to the law that allow certain uses of copyrighted material in a classroom setting. These exceptions were clarified in a set of voluntary guidelines jointly hammered out by parties representing the copyright holders and the educators, including MENC. Here’s the bottom line: Before using any printed or prerecorded material in the classroom or for any type of school performance, educators must evaluate whether the use falls under one of the Copyright Act’s specific exemptions or those described in the voluntary guidelines.
    1. How do I find my bookmarks? To find a page that you've bookmarked, just start typing its name in the address bar. As you type, a list of web pages that you've bookmarked, tagged and visited will appear. Bookmarked pages will have a star next to them. Simply click one of the pages and you'll be taken there instantly. To learn more, see Address bar autocomplete in Firefox - Search your bookmarks, history and tabs.
    1. Consider the final output while filming If you are planning to create a YouTube video, shoot the video in landscape mode.
    1. Hooks .toc-jump { text-align: right; font-size: 12px; } .page .toc-heading { margin-top: -50px; padding-top: 50px !important; }TopicsActions vs. Filters More Resources Hooks are a way for one piece of code to interact/modify another piece of code at specific, pre-defined spots. They make up the foundation for how plugins and themes interact with WordPress Core, but they’re also used extensively by Core itself. There are two types of hooks: Actions and Filters. To use either, you need to write a custom function known as a Callback, and then register it with a WordPress hook for a specific action or filter. Actions allow you to add data or change how WordPress operates. Callback functions for Actions will run at a specific point in the execution of WordPress, and can perform some kind of a task, like echoing output to the user or inserting something into the database. Actions do not return anything back to the calling hook. Filters give you the ability to change data during the execution of WordPress. Callback functions for Filters will accept a variable, modify it, and return it. They are meant to work in an isolated manner, and should never have side effects such as affecting global variables and output. Filters expect to have something returned back to them.
  12. Apr 2020
    1. Public Domain Music ( pdmusic.org ) is a place to learn about music and hopefully get inspired to pick up an instrument and start playing. So many people are interested in music, but they think they can’t learn how to play an instrument because it’s too difficult. Or worse, they want to learn how to play an instrument, but they get discouraged in the beginning and never end up following through on their goals.
    1. What is this site all about?This is a community music remixing site featuring remixes and samples licensed under Creative Commons licenses. Music on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons license. You are free to download and sample from music on this site and share the results with anyone, anywhere, anytime. Some songs might have certain restrictions, depending on their specific licenses. Each submission is marked clearly with the license that applies to it. Sometimes, however, a contributor might accidentally upload copyrighted materials he or she doesn’t have permission for. If you know of such a case or are the copyright holder of something posted here without your permission or a Creative Commons license, please let us know. 
    1. What is CPDL? The Choral Public Domain Library (CPDL), is an Internet-based free sheet music website which specializes in choral music. Begun in December 1998, CPDL is one of the world's largest free sheet music sites. The goal of CPDL is to host a large collection of music scores and other supporting files (such as midi or other sound files) which can be freely downloaded and used. Most of the scores on CPDL are modern editions based on older works whose copyright has lapsed (or which are otherwise in the public domain), but some scores are newly composed and offered for download by the composer. The primary goals of CPDL are: To make vocal sheet music available for free. To create a website for public domain music that includes only legally downloadable scores (we operate under United States law). To allow development of a viable collaborative model for sheet music distribution. To publish scores that are not otherwise commercially viable. To create a website that catalogs a large number of other free sheet music websites. To encourage (through the CPDL Bulletin Boards) sharing between lovers of vocal music. As well as scores, you can use CPDL to find texts and lyrics, translations, and information about composers - all available for use under a license such as the CPDL license. In August 2005, CPDL was ported to a wiki system. The following page details the transition:
    1. IMSLP stands for International Music Score Library Project and started on February 16, 2006. It is a project for the creation of a virtual library of public domain music scores based on the wiki principle; it is also more than that. Users can exchange musical ideas through the site, submit their own compositions, or listen to other people's composition; this makes IMSLP an ever-growing musical community of music lovers for music lovers.
    1. FreePD.com - 100% Free Music - Free for Commercial Use, Free Of Royalties, Free Of Attribution, Creative Commons 0 * It is "copyright free" to the extent that the law allows.
    1. bout Freesound What is this site anyway? Freesound aims to create a huge collaborative database of audio snippets, samples, recordings, bleeps, ... released under Creative Commons licenses that allow their reuse. Freesound provides new and interesting ways of accessing these samples, allowing users to: browse the sounds in new ways using keywords, a "sounds-like" type of browsing and more upload and download sounds to and from the database, under the same creative commons license interact with fellow sound-artists! We also aim to create an open database of sounds that can also be used for scientific research and be integrated in third party applications. Using the Freesound API researchers and developers can access Freesound content a retrieve meaningful sound information such as metadata, analysis files and the sounds themselves. See the developers section and the API documentation for more information. Freesound API usage is free for non-commercial use, but it can also be licensed for being used in commercial applications.
    1. About Open Music Archive The Open Music Archive is situated within the current discourse surrounding notions of authorship, ownership and distribution, reanimated by a porting of Free/Libre and Open Source software models to wider creative contexts. The Open Music Archive concerns itself with the public domain and creative works which are not owned by any one individual and are held in common by society as a whole. Under copyright law, a music recording has two automatically assigned property rights: A musical composition has a property right and a recording has a separate and independent property right. These property rights are limited by term. In the UK, the term of copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is limited to the life of the author plus 70 years, while the term of copyright in a sound recording is limited to 50 years from the date of recording. The archive attempts to gather recordings and information about recordings whose proprietary interests have expired and make them accessible to a wider public. Artists Ben White & Eileen Simpson have initiated this project following a series of projects which involved researching and gathering music which has fallen out of copyright. Much of this music, although legally in the public domain, is tied to physical media (for example gramophone records) and locked away in archives or private collections which are not widely accessible. The Open Music Archive aims to digitise as much of this music as possible in order to free it from the constraints of a physical collection. The project aims to share the existing resource and to build a larger archive in open collaboration with others. The archive aims to distribute this music freely, form a site of exchange of knowledge and material, and be a vehicle for future collaborations and distributed projects.
    1. Musopen (www.musopen.org) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit focused on improving access and exposure to music by creating free resources and educational materials. We provide recordings, sheet music, and textbooks to the public for free, without copyright restrictions. Put simply, our mission is to set music free.Musopen is a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible non-profit charity, operating out of Palo Alto, California. To verify our non-profit status, please click this link and search for Musopen.
    1. Scores Available for Adoption These items link to a listing of "tiff" files from a scanned set of printed scores. In several cases, we already have some items from the scores (see below). These items have already been granted copyright clearances. Note that these tend to be fairly large files. Alkan (various scores) Beethoven
    1. The Sheet Music Project From Project Gutenberg, the first producer of free eBooks. Jump to: navigation, search From approximately 2001-2006, Project Gutenberg volunteers were been engaged in digitizing public domain sheet music, using a variety of techniques, to enable study and performance. For the most part, the musical pieces created were chamber music, with composers such as Brahms and Beethoven. This sub-project is no longer active, because there are other efforts that have stronger workflows for sheet music. Project Gutenberg is, mostly, focused on text. Completed scores ready to download and enjoy. The Sheet Music Project In Progress List, including scanned scores ready for transcription. No longer maintained. The Music HOWTO, describing how to get started. No longer maintained. Thanks to ClassicalArchives.com, source of musical performances for many composers, in many formats. ClassicalArchives.com worked with Project Gutenberg on our sheet music project. Project Gutenberg also received a donation from an anonymous family foundation to help start the sheet music project. Interested in other similar projects? We recommend the Mutopia Project, which has many pieces of sheet music.
    1. Free Sheet Music for Everyone 2124 pieces of music – free to download, modify, print, copy, distribute, perform, and record – all in the Public Domain or under Creative Commons licenses, in PDF, MIDI, and editable LilyPond file formats.
    1. The Open Music Archive aims to gather together information about and recordings of public domain music. This is music whose copyright has expired. This music can be used by anyone for any purpose.
    1. How Long Does Copyright Protection Last? How long does a copyright last? The term of copyright for a particular work depends on several factors, including whether it has been published, and, if so, the date of first publication. As a general rule, for works created after January 1, 1978, copyright protection lasts for the life of the author plus an additional 70 years. For an anonymous work, a pseudonymous work, or a work made for hire, the copyright endures for a term of 95 years from the year of its first publication or a term of 120 years from the year of its creation, whichever expires first. For works first published prior to 1978, the term will vary depending on several factors. To determine the length of copyright protection for a particular work, consult chapter 3 of the Copyright Act (title 17 of the United States Code). More information on the term of copyright can be found in Circular 15a, Duration of Copyright, and Circular 1, Copyright Basics. Do I have to renew my copyright? No. Works created on or after January 1, 1978, are not subject to renewal registration. As to works published or registered prior to January 1, 1978, renewal registration is optional after 28 years but does provide certain legal advantages. For information on how to file a renewal application as well as the legal benefit for doing so, see Circular 15, Renewal of Copyright, and Circular 15a, Duration of Copyright.
    1. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie Andrew CARNEGIE (1835 - 1919) This autobiography of Andrew Carnegie is a very well written and interesting history of one of the most wealthy men in the United states. He was born in Scotland in 1835 and emigrated to America in 1848. Among his many accomplishments and philanthropic works, he was an author, having written, besides this autobiography, Triumphant Democracy (1886; rev. ed. 1893), The Gospel of Wealth, a collection of essays (1900), The Empire of Business (1902), and Problems of To-day (1908)]. Although this autobiography was written in 1919, it was published posthumously in 1920. (Summary by William Tomcho)
    1. About LibriVox LibriVox Objective To make all books in the public domain available, for free, in audio format on the internet. Our Fundamental Principles Librivox is a non-commercial, non-profit and ad-free project Librivox donates its recordings to the public domain Librivox is powered by volunteers Librivox maintains a loose and open structure Librivox welcomes all volunteers from across the globe, in all languages
    1. Project Gutenberg is a library of over 60,000 free eBooks. Choose among free epub and Kindle eBooks, download them or read them online. You will find the world's great literature here, with focus on older works for which U.S. copyright has expired. Thousands of volunteers digitized and diligently proofread the eBooks, for enjoyment and education.
    1. The future of eBooks is not in the production of digital photocopies you can read by the pool. The future of eBooks lies in re-imagining the book as an open, easily accessible, immersive experience; a connected community of discovery. Scott Abel The Content Wrangler
    1. Learn Piano – The Complete Guide This is the ultimate guide for beginners and intermediates to learn piano. This guide teaches you how to play the piano from the very basics to advanced music concepts. This Guide is divided into 7 Parts starting with Introduction to Piano and then moving on the concepts like Hand Positions, Reading Music, Scales, Chords and creating a practice program to master the instrument.
    1. The Lyric Hyphenator is a free online linguistics program that automatically hyphenates English words into syllables. It is great for use with music notation software like Finale. The resulting text can simply be pasted into the program and automatically lined up with the musical score. This is great for choir directors who can simply and easily paste code into their music writing programs. This prevents the need from paying for expensive module in programs like CakeWalk. The hyphen notation allows each syllable to be easily and quickly paired with its corresponding note.It is also a great tool for English teachers and students.
    1. Für Elise Composed by Ludwig Van Beethoven - Digital Sheet Music Musicnotes Edition: Full performance and recording rights and unlimited prints.
    1. Over two million songs, ad freeGet access to an exclusive library of songs from Amazon Music without any ads.
    2. Prime members read FREEPrime members can now read as much as they want from over a thousand books, magazines, comics, Kindle Singles, and more
    3. Check out what's included with your Prime membership:
    1. With the ProtonVPN Free plan, you will have access to seven ProtonVPN servers in three countries: the Netherlands, Japan, and the US.
    1. Allergen immunotherapy - administering small amounts of the substance - has been shown to reduce the sensitivity of allergic patients and can protect against accidental exposure. A immunotherapy drug trial found 67% of peanut-allergic subjects could consume the equivalent of two peanut kernels after a year, compared to 4% of the control group. Nevertheless, they are still allergic.
    2. It is thought that allergies and increased sensitivity to foods are probably environmental, and related to Western lifestyles. We know there are lower rates of allergies in developing countries. They are also more likely to occur in urban rather than rural areas. Factors may include pollution, dietary changes and less exposure to microbes, which change how our immune systems respond.
    1. We believe that everyone can take great photos. Here are some tips and techniques to help you take even better ones — and enjoy them — with your iPhone.
    1. How to change video width and height in Premiere Pro

      change video height and width,

    1. The FounderCharlie WilsonCEO, Salvex Corp.The founder, Charlie Wilson, has been dedicated for 30 years finding solutions in the circular economy through repurposing commercial assets. Putting social responsibility in front of profit has been our mission since 1990.
    2. Salvex is a global auction platform that handles the sale of surplus, salvage, scrap, damaged, bankrupt inventories for asset recovery, insurance, transportation
  13. Mar 2020
    1. Papagayo is free and open source, lip sync software for matching pre generated or custom mouth shapes to a recorded audio file for use in 2D animation. Its available on Windows, Linux, and Mac.
    2. Inkscape is professional, free, open source Vector Graphics software.
    3. basic beginners guide tutorial for new users to give you an introduction to GIMP to get you started
    4. A tutorial of transforming any photo to a line art vector using Inkscape. Line art is easy to create with the help of Bazier Tool from Inkscape, Bazier Curves are precise in tracing and easy to work with. It is similar to the Pen Tool option of Illustrator.
    5. set up a drawing tablet (I'm using a Wacom tablet) in the latest version of GIMP
    1. Using + to trace Spam Some site collect your information to sell to other people. To detect this, you can use a custom tag in your email address for every site you sign up for. For instance, if you were joining the Washington Post email list, you could sign up with your_username+washingtonpost@protonmail.com. This will deliver the email into your account, while allowing you to identify where you inputted the email address. If you receive email to this address from anyone other than the Washington Post you will know they either sold your data or experienced a data breach. To learn more about using + in your email address, please see: Addresses and Aliases.
    1. Krishna and friends in the forest of Vrindavan The theme of this miniature painting from India is taken from Bhagavata Purana, the most popular and widely read of all Indian scriptures. The artist depicts a carefree and lighthearted Krishna and his friends sporting in the forest of Vrindavan at the end of the rainy season. After the rains, the earth is carpeted with verdant grass, trees are covered with bright foliage and flowers bloom in profusion in every plant and shrub. The abundance and gaiety that the rainy season has bestowed on nature finds a resonance in the hearts of Krishna and his companions who gambol in the forest, while the calves look on placidly. This Pahari painting in Kangra style is a splendid example of the art of miniature painting that flourished in India.
  14. Feb 2020
    1. Port mappings By default Spinnaker binds ports according to the following table Service Port Clouddriver 7002 Deck 9000 Echo 8089 Fiat 7003 Front50 8080 Gate 8084 Halyard 8064 Igor 8088 Kayenta 8090 Orca 8083 Rosco 8087

      The configuration manager is at Halyard 8064

      Deck 9000, THE UI

      The Service Layer for Cloud and its authentication.. Clouddriver 7002 Fiat 7003

      Front50 8080 Orca 8083 orchestration engine to run pipelines, BPELs Gate 8084 - Service Proxy the gateway for all services Rosco 8087 makes roscot biscuits in bakery and AMI Igor 8088 Echo 8089 the notification system Kayenta 8090, the Kibana of Spinnaker for canary analysis...

  15. Jan 2020
    1. Cut and erase artwork Transform your artwork by cutting and erasing content.
    2. Transform artwork Learn how to transform artwork with the Selection tool, Transform panel, and various transform tools.
    1. Scale objects Scaling an object enlarges or reduces it horizontally (along the x axis), vertically (along the y axis), or both. Objects scale relative to a reference point which varies depending on the scaling method you choose. You can change the default reference point for most scaling methods, and you can also lock the proportions of an object.
  16. Dec 2019
    1. Fortunately, the latest-model iPhones feature camera resolutions up to 12 MP; and DSLR cameras often feature 18 MP and up, so you don’t need to be a professional photographer to start with a high-resolution image.
    2. Another name for 7.2 million pixels is 7.2 megapixels (MP); which means you’ll need a minimum 7.2 MP camera to get the best resolution for your 8” x 10” photo.
    3. You can multiply both 8 and 10 by 300 to get the full pixel dimensions of the finished image. 8(300) X 10(300) = 2,400px X 3,000px You can multiply both 8 and 10 by 300 to get the full pixel dimensions of the finished image. 2,400 X 3,000 = 7.2 million pixels
    4. What is the best resolution for printing? What resolution should photos be for printing? What should DPI (or PPI) be for printing high-quality artwork? In many cases, the best resolution for printing is 300 PPI.
    5. Often, PPI and dots per inch (DPI) are used interchangeably; however, PPI and DPI are not identical. Though they are similar, PPI refers to the pixels per inch on your computer screen, while DPI refers to the ink dots per inch applied by a printing press.
    6. What is image resolution? Image resolution can be defined as the level of detail in an image. Raster images are comprised of a series of pixels, where resolution is the]]> total number of pixels along an image’s width and height]]>, expressed as pixels per inch (PPI).
    1. For the first time, a nonresident alien can take an equity stake in an S corporation, albeit indirectly as a trust beneficiary, without terminating the ESBT and S corporation statuses. This change presents a new opportunity for a nonresident alien to invest in an S corporation without compromising the entity's S corporation status. To be clear, the long-standing prohibition on a nonresident alien's being a direct S corporation shareholder (Sec. 1361(b)(1)(C)) was left intact. Accordingly, it is still necessary to ensure that under no circumstance could the trust distribute S corporation shares to a nonresident alien beneficiary, as such a distribution would jeopardize the trust's status as an ESBT as well as the S corporation status.
    1. Out-of-pocket Limit The most you could pay during a coverage period (usually one year) for your share of the costs of covered services. After you meet this limit the plan will usually pay 100% of the allowed amount. This limit helps you plan for health care costs. This limit never includes your premium, balance-billed charges or health care your plan doesn’t cover. Some plans don’t count all of your copayments, deductibles, coinsurance payments, out-of-network payments, or other expenses toward this limit. See a detailed example.
    2. How You and Your Insurer Share Costs - Example Jane’s Plan Deductible: $1,500 Coinsurance: 20% Out-of-Pocket Limit: $5,000
    1. Welcome to Matrix 3.0 Matrix showcases some of the freshest travel search ideas from ITA Software. Version 3.0 has been completely rebuilt to run on Google technology. Let us know what you think. Cost per mile filter Geo Search – search by airport code, city, or nearby airport Interactive Calendar – explore date ranges and lowest fares Real-time Filters – focus on flights that suit your preferences Color-coded Time Bars – compare flights at a glance
    1. ITA Matrix is a no-frills way to find the cheapest-possible flight thanks to its handy calendar index, which allows users to see the best possible itinerary.All you have to do is search your destination and preferred length of stay and click on "See calendar of lowest fares." The flexible search option lets travelers see what flying on each day of the week would cost them.
    1. Theme Store You may establish the appearance of your Shopify Store with a design template from Shopify’s Theme Store (“a Theme”). If you download a Theme, you are licensed to use it for a single Store only. You are free to transfer a Theme to a second one of your own Stores if you close your first Store. To initiate a transfer of a Theme to a second one of your Stores, please contact Shopify Support. You are not permitted to transfer or sell a Theme to any other person’s Store on Shopify or elsewhere. Multiple Stores require multiple downloads and each download is subject to the applicable fee. Shopify gives no assurance that a particular Theme will remain available for additional downloads.
    2. Staff Accounts Based on your Shopify pricing plan, you can create one or more staff accounts (“Staff Accounts”) allowing other people to access the Account. With Staff Accounts, the Store Owner can set permissions and let other people work in their Account while determining the level of access by Staff Accounts to specific business information (for example, you can limit Staff Account access to sales information on the Reports page or prevent Staff Accounts from changing general store settings).
    3. Your Shopify Store can only be associated with one Store Owner. A Store Owner may have multiple Shopify Stores. “Store” means the online store or physical retail location(s) associated with the Account.
    4. To access and use the Services, you must register for a Shopify account (“Account”) by providing your full legal name, current address, phone number, a valid email address, and any other information indicated as required.
    1. These Web pages presents a set of examples using ImageMagick ("IM," for short) from the command line. However, they also illustrate what can be done using the ImageMagick Application Programming Interface (API). As such, these pages should be the first stop for IM users after reading the terse Command Line (CLI) Option manuals.
    1. We see that ImageMagick is very good about preserving aspect ratios of images, to prevent distortion of your favorite photos and images. But you might really want the dimensions to be 100x200, thereby stretching the image. In this case just tell ImageMagick you really mean it (!) by appending an exclamation operator to the geometry. This will force the image size to exactly what you specify. So, for example, if you specify 100x200! the dimensions will become exactly 100x200 (giving a small, vertically elongated wizard)
    2. Image Geometry Many command-line options take a geometry argument to specify such things as the desired width and height of an image and other dimensional quantities. Because users want so many variations on the resulting dimensions, sizes, and positions of images (and because ImageMagick wants to provide them), the geometry argument can take many forms. We describe many of these in this section. The image options and settings that take some form of a geometry argument include the following. Keep in mind that some of these parse their arguments in slightly different ways. See the documentation for the individual option or setting for more specifics. ‑adaptive‑resize • ‑border • ‑borderwidth • ‑chop • ‑crop • ‑density • ‑extent • ‑extract • ‑frame • ‑geometry • ‑iconGeometry • ‑liquid‑rescale • ‑page • ‑region • ‑repage • ‑resize • ‑sample • ‑scale • ‑shave • ‑splice • ‑thumbnail • ‑window The geometry argument might take any of the forms listed in the table below. These will described in more detail in the subsections following the table. The usual form is size[offset], meaning size is required and offset is optional. Occasionally, [size]offset is possible. In no cases are spaces permitted within the geometry argument. size General description (actual behavior can vary for different options and settings) scale% Height and width both scaled by specified percentage. scale-x%xscale-y% Height and width individually scaled by specified percentages. (Only one % symbol needed.) width Width given, height automagically selected to preserve aspect ratio. xheight Height given, width automagically selected to preserve aspect ratio. widthxheight Maximum values of height and width given, aspect ratio preserved. widthxheight^ Minimum values of width and height given, aspect ratio preserved. widthxheight! Width and height emphatically given, original aspect ratio ignored. widthxheight> Shrinks an image with dimension(s) larger than the corresponding width and/or height argument(s). widthxheight< Enlarges an image with dimension(s) smaller than the corresponding width and/or height argument(s). area@ Resize image to have specified area in pixels. Aspect ratio is preserved. x:y Here x and y denotes an aspect ratio (e.g. 3:2 = 1.5). {size}{offset} Specifying the offset (default is +0+0). Below, {size} refers to any of the forms above. {size}{+-}x{+-}y Horizontal and vertical offsets x and y, specified in pixels. Signs are required for both. Offsets are affected by ‑gravity setting. Offsets are not affected by % or other size operators. Note that positive X and Y offsets are in the inward direction towards the center of the image for all ‑gravity options, except 'center'. For East, +X is left. For South, +Y is up. For SouthEast, +X is left and +Y is up. For center, the normal X and Y directional convention is used (+X is right and +Y is down). Basic adjustments to width and height; the operators %, ^, and ! Here, just below, are a few simple examples of geometry, showing how it might be used as an argument to the ‑resize option. We'll use the internal image logo: for our input image. This fine image is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high. We say its dimensions are 640x480. When we give dimensions of an image, the width (the horizontal dimension) always precedes the height (the vertical dimension). This will be true when we speak of coordinates or offsets into an image, which will always be x–value followed by y. Just think of your high school algebra classes and the xy–plane. (Well, almost: our y–axis will always go downward!) magick logo: -resize '200%' bigWiz.png magick logo: -resize '200x50%' longShortWiz.png magick logo: -resize '100x200' notThinWiz.png magick logo: -resize '100x200^' biggerNotThinWiz.png magick logo: -resize '100x200!' dochThinWiz.png The first of the four commands is simple—it stretches both the width and height of the input image by 200% in each direction; it magnifies the whole thing by a factor of two. The second command specifies different percentages for each direction, stretching the width to 200% and squashing the height to 50%. The resulting image (in this example) has dimensions 1280x240. Notice that the percent symbol needn't be repeated; the following are equivalent: 200x50%, 200%x50, 200%x50%. By default, the width and height given in a geometry argument are maximum values unless a percentage is specified. That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the specified width and height value while maintaining the aspect ratio (the ratio of its height to its width) of the image. For instance, the third command above "tries" to set the dimensions to 100x200. Imagine gradually shrinking the original image (which is 640x480), keeping is aspect ratio constant, until it just fits into a 100x200 rectangle. Since the image is longer than it is tall, it will fit when its width shrinks to 100 pixels. To preserve the aspect ratio, the height will therefore have to be (480/640)×100 pixels=75 pixels, so the final dimensions will be 100x75. Notice that in the previous example, at least one of the specified dimensions will be attained (in this case, the width, 100 pixels). The resulting image fits snugly within the original. One can do just the opposite of this by invoking the ^ operator, as in the fourth example above. In that case, when 100x200^ is given as the argument, again at least one of the dimensions will be attained, but in this case the resulting image can snugly contain the original. Here the geometry argument gives minimum values. In our example, the height will become 200 and the width will be scaled to preserve the aspect ratio, becoming (640/480)×200 pixels=267 pixels. With the ^ operator, one of those dimensions will match the requested size, but the image will likely overflow the dimensions requested to preserve its aspect ratio. (The ^ feature is new as of IM 6.3.8-2.) We see that ImageMagick is very good about preserving aspect ratios of images, to prevent distortion of your favorite photos and images. But you might really want the dimensions to be 100x200, thereby stretching the image. In this case just tell ImageMagick you really mean it (!) by appending an exclamation operator to the geometry. This will force the image size to exactly what you specify. So, for example, if you specify 100x200! the dimensions will become exactly 100x200 (giving a small, vertically elongated wizard). Bounding the width, height, and area; the operators >, <, and @ Here are a few more examples: magick logo: -resize '100' wiz1.png magick logo: -resize 'x200' wiz2.png magick logo: -resize '100x200>' wiz3.png magick logo: -resize '100x200<' wiz4.png If only one dimension is given it is taken to be the width. When only the width is specified, as in the first example above, the width is accepted as given and the height is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio of the input image. Similarly, if only the height is specified, as in the second example above, the height is accepted and the width is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio. Use > to shrink an image only if its dimension(s) are larger than the corresponding width and/or height arguments. Use < to enlarge an image only if its dimension(s) are smaller than the corresponding width and/or height arguments. In either case, if a change is made, the result is as if the > or < operator was not present. So, in the third example above, we specified 100x200> and the original image size is 640x480, so the image size is reduced as if we had specified 100x200. However, in the fourth example above, there will be no change to its size. Finally, use @ to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image, again while attempting to preserve aspect ratio. (Pixels take only integer values, so some approximation is always at work.) In the following example, an area of 10000 pixels is requested. The resulting file has dimensions 115x86, which has 9890 pixels. magick logo: -resize '10000@' wiz10000.png In all the examples above and below, we have enclosed the geometry arguments within quotation marks. Doing so is optional in many cases, but not always. We must enclose the geometry specifications in quotation marks when using < or > to prevent these characters from being interpreted by the shell as file redirection. On Windows systems, the carat ^ needs to be within quotes, else it is ignored. To be safe, one should probably maintain a habit of enclosing all geometry arguments in quotes, as we have here. Offsets in geometry Here are some examples to illustrate the use of offsets in geometry arguments. One typical use of offsets is in conjunction with the ‑region option. This option allows many other options to modify the pixels within a specified rectangular subregion of an image. As such, it needs to be given the width and height of that region, and also an offset into the image, which is a pair of coordinates that indicate the location of the region within the larger image. Below, in the first example, we specify a region of size 100x200 to be located at the xy–coordinates x=10, y=20. Let's use the usual algebraic notation (x,y)=(10,20), for convenience. magick logo: -region '100x200+10+20' -negate wizNeg1.png magick logo: -region '100x200-10+20' -negate wizNeg2.png magick logo: -gravity center -region '100x200-10+20' -negate wizNeg3.png Note that offsets always require +/− signs. The offset is not actually a true location within the image; its coordinates must be added to some other location. Let's refer to that as the current location. In the first two examples above, though, that location is the upper-left hand corner of the image, which has coordinates (0,0). (That is the default situation when there are no other directives given to change it.) The first example above puts the 100x200 rectangle's own upper-left corner at (10,20). A negative offset can make sense in many cases. In the second example above, the offset is (-10,20), specified by -10+20. In that case, only the portion of the (virtual) rectangle obtained that lies within the image can be negated; here it is equivalent to specifying the geometry as 90x200+0+20. In the third example above, the ‑gravity setting precedes the others and sets the current location within the image at the very center of the image. In this case that is at pixel (320,240), since the size of the image is 640x480. This means that the offsets apply to that location, which thereby gets moved, in this case, to (320-10,240+20)=(310,260). But the 100x200 region itself is affected by the ‑gravity setting, so instead of affecting its upper-left corner, the region's own center (at (+50,+100) within it) is determined. Therefore the center of the 100x200 rectangle is moved to (310,260). The negated rectangle's upper-left corner is now at (310-50,260-100)=(260,160).
  17. Nov 2019
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  18. Jan 2019