Parametric polymorphism - functions and data structures that parameterize over arbitrary values (e.g. list of anything). ML and Lisp both have this. Java doesn't quite because of its non-Object types.
generics so you've got a "template" collection e.g. Collectoin<animal> and you parametrise it with the Animal type in this example how is that broken by "non-Object types" in java</animal>
Encapsulation - the ability to syntactically hide the implementation of a type. E.g. in C or Pascal you always know whether something is a struct or an array, but in CLU and Java you can hide the difference.
is this because:
Following Christopher Strachey,[2] parametric polymorphism may be contrasted with ad hoc polymorphism, in which a single polymorphic function can have a number of distinct and potentially heterogeneous implementations depending on the type of argument(s) to which it is applied. Thus, ad hoc polymorphism can generally only support a limited number of such distinct types, since a separate implementation has to be provided for each type.
kind of like clojure multimethods but those can dispatch on arbitary function hence arbitrary "property"
In programming languages and type theory, parametric polymorphism is a way to make a language more expressive, while still maintaining full static type-safety. Using parametric polymorphism, a function or a data type can be written generically so that it can handle values identically without depending on their type.[1] Such functions and data types are called generic functions and generic datatypes respectively and form the basis of generic programming.
so essentially this is just a way to escape the contrains of types--overspecifying the type of argument for e.g. append function
I guess the behaviour implement cannot really implement on the type of value
Dynamic dispatch
a.k.a. Dynamic Method Dispatch
The considerations which have governed the specification of languages to be taught by the professor of Modern Languages were that the French is the language of general intercourse among nations, and as a depository of human Science is unsurpassed by any other language living or dead: that the Spanish is highly interesting to us, as the language spoken by so great a portion of the inhabitants of our Continents, with whom we shall possibly have great intercourse ere long; and is that also in which is written the greater part of the early history of America.
I found this excerpt very admirable, as it emphasizes the importance of teaching and learning different languages. This not only broadens the possibilities for someone, but in this day and age, it is necessary to be at least bilingual given the amount of languages people speak in the U.S. alone.
The considerations which have governed the specification of languages to be taught by the professor of Modern Languages were that the French is the language of general intercourse among nations, and as a depository of human Science is unsurpassed by any other language living or dead: that the Spanish is highly interesting to us, as the language spoken by so great a portion of the inhabitants of our Continents, with whom we shall possibly have great intercourse ere long; and is that also in which is written the greater part of the early history of America.
This excerpt Is remarkable because in order to feel the need to establish a new university, the board must have seen discrepancies in education amongst the other universities of the day. Languages being a missing component of a university that was of need to be changed is interesting since the board's purpose of including it so specifically shows that UVA was meant to be very cutting edge. It is mentioned that Spanish and French are needed to communicate with the other people of the Americas, which shows that the boar meant to educate generations of men who should amount to great stature in order to be needing these skills. This nuance shows me to me the thriving character of UVA, which is an education that is very practical.
Muhammad Amjad
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List of supported languages for ASR or Mechanical captions.
The tender age at which this part of education commences, generaly about the tenth year, would weigh heavily with parents in sending their sons to a school so distant as the Central establishment would be from most of them
The University set out a goal for the parents of young boys to begin their studies of the ancient languages at the year of age ten. This is an extremely young age, considering that the boys would be going to college eight years later. The minds of the young boys seem to be too young to be able to grasp this form of art. This correlates to my Engagement, Art Inside/Out, by focusing on the art aspect. Latin, Greek, and Hebrew are forms of art in the language aspect. This piece of art is powerful and intriguing; however, it may be too complex for the minds of ten year olds who are still trying to develop.
Alan Kay is on quora.
Suggestion for a programming language in which commands are displayed as comic strip panels, with each one showing the output up to that point.
a handful in a few major world languages
One might think that those other languages are well-represented. People connected with the Open Knowledge Foundation are currently tackling this very issue. Here, Open Education isn’t just about content.
Kotlin, a statically typed language that compiles to Java bytecode or JavaScript.
Swift GUI examples, and several links.
IBM has a Swift Sandbox.<br> Official guide: The Swift Programming Language
The Red programming language is based on Rebol (a Lisp-like interpreted language), but can compile binaries for several platforms. It is extremely lightweight. It covers the full range of programming tasks, from embedded systems to scripting. It's very young: they are working on a GUI library. http://www.red-lang.org/
In my opinion one of the key properties of a scripting language is not to be found in the language itself, but rather the tools that are used to deploy it. Traditionally a script in Perl or Python can just be run, without explicitly invoking a complex compilation and linkage script.
A good point, but unlike the author, I still feel that having a REPL is also important for distinction as a scripting language, as it facilitates rapid prototyping.
almost all languages are dynamic and involve dynamic typing, even languages like Ocaml and Haskell. Every time your code interprets data and makes choices based on that, you have dynamic typing. The simple fact is that there's no hard and fast distinction between type information and data: constraints on data, such as the format of a stream of text, are type constraints which are beyond the static type system to check, so the checks are done dynamically at run time by your code, and that's dynamic typing!
An interesting perspective, which is a bit like the dual of the Lisp mantra: "code is data".
Learning new programming languages
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Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in the early 90s. It is now one of the most popular languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its syntactic clarity. It’s basically executable pseudocode.
Helpful concise, Python syntax doc
Full Text Beginning Perl Modern Perl Impatient Perl Extreme Perl Embedding Perl in HTML with Mason Picking Up Perl Perl 5 Internals Practical Mod Perl Perl & LWP
Full e-books on Perl
Lisp Quickstart
Fairly comprehensive guide to LISP Programming language- includes syntax
The goal of this site is to provide a set of materials in support of my Python for Informatics: Exploring Information book to allow you to learn Python on your own. This page serves as an outline of the materials to support the textbook.
http://www.pythonlearn.com/ | A great resource for starting programmers looking to build knowledge and gain skills. Open Source Course
The Benjamin Franklin Programming Practice Model
The hard part is teaching the consequences of each choice.
Once you get the syntax and basic language idioms out of the way this is the real problem that faces us no matter what language we pick.
The study of Latin ought, therefore, to follow at no long interval, and soon after to keep pace with the Greek; thus it will happen that when we have begun to attend to both tongues with equal care, neither will impede the other.
Languages were taught in grade school as a rule in modern times, but are no longer integral to public secondary education, as a rule.